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THE JTOftTHERH" STAR SATURDAY, JANUARY 11, 1840.
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THE SOOTHERS STAR
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TO READERS AND COMtESPONJDENTS.
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SPECIAL COMMISSION.
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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EXPRESS FROM MOMOTJTH . C FICTION OF MR . FSOST . Northern Star Office , Thursday Evening , $ ; jr o'Clock . \ :-: bad just gone down to press for the early pcF -. when an express arrived from Monmouth , with th < ' . wa iliat Mr . Fiiost had been convicted . It
¦ wi oc seen irom our Correspondents letter of vet fday , that the Judge was then summing up tho taf . He continued to do so until about six in the eve- . ig ; the Jury then retired for about half an to \ . and on returninsr into Court , gave in their Ter : i-t of '"( iuiLir , " bub with a recommendation to v ; ercy ; on which the Court immediately adion : -il .
1 : < : h contrary excitement prevailed in Moneo : : li tt the announcement of the Terdict , but the more general feeling , even amonsr the uiiddlo and higher orders , seemed to be th ? of disappointment . The Court evidentl y nit dfora verdict of " Not Guilty . " It is prcsu ; I that sentence will not be passed until the op : m of the Judges on the reserved " poir . t" haa be ? Jvcn . The Court will most probably either ha' rt ( ijourn ; d this morning , or proceed with the
tn : - 'i the pnsonere charged with minor crimes , re ? .-ing the other eases of High Treason till the de < ' ion of the " point" which equally affects them all . -i the people now then be every where on the ale - . Let strong memorials , firmly , but respectful ; . worded , pour into the Home Office , from all qut : ers , like hail . Let every effort that can be ma ¦ ¦ < be made instantly ; BUT LET ALL BE D < -E PEACEABLY ; NOTHING WILL BE GO BY VIOLENCE .
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T' ' ¦ ¦ E Commissioners of Stamps haying at length eon forced into an Acceptance of Two Sureties , tei . ' red for tho Southern Slur , the First Number of ths Paper , edited by Bromerre O'Brien and Wi mi !! Carpextbr , will be published on Sunday , the 9 th instant ; with an early Edition for the rec ¦ e parts of the Country , on Friday , and others , for . 'ie Ies 3 distant parts , on Saturday . Price Sixpeu ¦ , containing more Matter than any other we * ... y paper , and writes features of public interest , wh : " i no other papers possess . The delay in the ap ( . ; ranco of the Southern Star , occasioned by the art -ary and vexatious conduct of thcCommissioners of ^ -. imps , has greatly increased the difficulties of the 'ropriefors—the publication of their Paper , but the ,- - cly with confidence upon the kitid and generous exe" : ions of tlieir Friendo , to overcome all the diffi-« uh \\ s which the oppressors of the people would int . , iose in the way of every thing calculated to pro .: ; te the cause of Political and Social
Emancipaao ; .. < i . - -lera should be sent as early as possible to the OS . - , 4 , Crane-Court , Fleet-Street .
The Jtofttherh" Star Saturday, January 11, 1840.
THE JTOftTHERH" STAR SATURDAY , JANUARY 11 , 1840 .
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Y \» : have this week displaced every other particle of t :: < matter with which Newspapers are commonly © ecu led , to make room for the one matter of allabsvbing interest—the trial of Mr . Fiiost . T : ore are many circumstances besides the intensity « f g . i-eral interest which mark this as tho most imporunt trial in the annals of our criminal
jurisprudence since that of Charles 1 . By no meaus the ]; i ast important of these is the fact , which establishes , in some degree , a parity between the cases of Mr . Frost and King Charles ; that Frost is bow being tried in defiance of the forms of law already existing , and without its being even pretended that there is at present any law strictly ippllrable to the ciicuiastances which constitute his peculiar position .
5 "he objection taken by Sir Frederick Pollock to the serring of the list of witnesses was clearly shewn by that ablo lawyer to be , according to the plain words of the statute , i&tal to the whole proceedings of the prosecution . It is vain for the Attorney-General to prate about compliance with the spirit of the Act ; with tie knowledge which lie must have that the practice of our Judge * , founded , we suppose , upon " tho wisdom of onr ancestors , " if ? , in all etsea t » decide ,
cot by tho rule of juEtice , but by tho forms of law ; which are constantly allowed to operate to the hang-Sag of one man or the acquittal of another , without any reference to guilt or innocence at all . Still more vain is it for tlie Attorsby-Gbseuil to insist upon the " Spirit of the law , " when the JudgeB , who at for the purpoas of administering the law , confess in open Court that they do not know what the law is . Such , startling as it may seem is in reality the confession of Sir Nicholas Tikdal and his Co-Judges in this matter . His word 3 as
reported ara No direct hecisiox has tike * fhics" on the point in question ; and therefore , because no direct decision has taken place , tho Judges considered the point to involve a doubt so tcrious that they declined the responsibility of deciding upon it , but would ro 3 erro it for the consideration of all the JudgC 3 . Now what is this bnt to declare that there h no law for their guidance in this matter until the Judges shall have made one by
iheir decision ? The law is not known to Chief Justice Tisdil , because it has never yet been declared , nor will it now be declared unless a verdict be given against the prisoner ; for it is only in that « &ge that the decision of the Judges will bo ought . At present there is , according to Chief Justice Tikdal , no law in existence applicable to tho case ; and if Mr . Frost and his fellow prisoners be ooademned it mast ba by an er post facto law made for the purpose ty th « judges , afier the trial and ttnviction .
Here » * pretty stateof things ! A man ' s life may be saerifi « ed by form 3 « f law which had mo 4 cistence at tho time when his alleged offence was aommitted . ltia first ascertained that he has committed certain acts , axd tiikx a law is made by tthich to rusisuHiM 2 ORTHHU . Nothing can be raore unjust than that thetbrms of law riiould be rctrospectiva in tlieir operation ; and if these men be hung on
the e . r pott facto decision of the judges , it will require more ingenuity than " plain John Campbell" ' has yet shown himself nuuter of to eonvince the people rf England that they are not murdered . ' The docicina ef all the books and courts of law , concurs with the testimony of plain sense , that men arc to be punished for the violation of laws already known and made ; not for the violation of what , tho Judges may afterward * declare and determine to be law .
If it be eontended that the law does exist , bat tb&t the particular Judges selected for this trial did not happen to la acquainted with it , we u 4 c what sort of a state of things is that iu which the Jadges ( thre 8 in number ) selected by Government from among all th * Judges o ; the land , as & » must wise , and ths beet qualified to « ofor « sad radical the law , acknowledge tfieir attter igneranu of the law they aro specially ap
pointed to enforce ? Or how can they expert the ebediaace of this subject generally to a law which their situ picked judges do not understand ! A law srhieh a man does not understand is to him no law at all : if the judges appointed to try Mr . Fausrdo n » t understand the law nt < ier which lie i 3 tricci , it ianol likely that Mr . Fkost should understand it : and , therefore , if Mr . Frost and his associates be banged under the operation of that law , T « sv auk WKAHLY Hl'KUMlKU .
The judicial murder , if it do take place , will not ba lessened iu atroriiy by the aid givea io the derision of the Juugis by the verdict of the Jury , uj-mi what are cslk : Lfacts of tae case teiug known to them . If the verdict be not agafcn tha prisoner , toe J « JKe 3 w : u e 9 » er oe aprnJiJ a , at iu ; - ^ u .. ^ . j . wiU
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give their decision npoa the law of tho case with the knowledge that that deciaon must deiide his fate . Now we have no desire to detract anything unnecessarily from the character of the Judges ; but wo may surely be allowed to contend that they are only men and that thoy are consequently liable to the ordinary frailties and prejudices of human nature ; and we do maintain that , therefore , a verdict of guilty oannot do otherwise than strongly predispose them to declare the fan against the prisoner . On this subject we havo the perfect concurrence of one of the most constant and powerful advocates tho wretched Government yet havo .
The editor of the Sun daily paper says : — " What influence the finding of the Jury as to tho facts may have on the minds of the Judges we cannot say ; BUT IX THE PRESENT STATE OP SOCIETY , AND DURING TJiE TRFSENT CONFLICT OF OPINION'S , TnAT THE FINDING WILL HAVK NO INFLUENCE ON THEM IS NOT in human hatuiie . " Now , why should the prisoner be subjected to this manifestly unfair disadvantage ! Why waa not the point of law decided before tho trial went on ; so that the Judges might have given their decision thereon with a 3 little bias as possible ? We shall be answered that it is the usual practice to decide points of law after the facts havo been determined on . We know it ; and this is another evidenco of the eort of "justice " dealt out by class legislation !
If Frost be saved after all , it will not bo from aay lack of malignity on the part of his prosecutors , who , by-the-bye , are not so much tho Government , as the masters of the Government , the monied and property men who , living on the spoils of labour , fear and hate its friends . Every possible disadvantage that could bo arrayed again 9 t any man has been arrayed against him . Tho mind of that portion of society from whom his jury was to be Eelectcd was maddened by the grossest and moEt rascally attacks upon his public aud private
character . In the midst of that excitement , the Commission for his trial was issued with tho knowledge that he could not have a fair trial , and , we have no doubt , with the hopethathe wouldtwthnre a fair trial . And now , that , by their own blundering , a loophole has been provided for him , advantage i 3 taken of tho most absurd and dishonest of all our legal usages to destroy , as much as possible , the benefit of it , by offering an inducement to the prejudices of tho Judges , if their decision be called for . '
In any case , the point" will secure the postponement of the business for at least two or three months ; during which period it must be the people ' s business to take care that a counterbalance to these prejudices be afforded in the most peaceful but determined and significant intimations of their anxiety for , aud sympathy with , the prisoner . This may work powerfully , in case a conviction beobtainedjbothuponthe Judges aud the Government . But let these intimations be peaceful . Wo cannot too strongly reiterate our advice ot last week upon this subject . The times are critical and
fearful . The consequences of a single falso step now may ba incapable of reparation for these many years , if ever . Again , therefore , and again , we warn tho people to watch well their doings ; to rely only on their unison of purpose , of expression , and of action , in all those legal and constitutional means , which are within their power ; and against the vigorous and determined use of which no power on earth can stand . If they lose sight of this for a moment , and determine on an effort to carry out their purposes of right by such means as are common in the neighbouring country of France ;
that is by sudden ententes and risings , they will find themselves most awfully deceived . Tho unmilitary habits of ths English people totally unfit them for it . Tho Whig 6 ystem of espionage is infinitely more perfect in all its developements and forms than most of the unsuspecting people have any idea of . Spies and traitors are in constant waiting , wo believe , between some portions of the people , and the " powers that be . " We see many most suspicious movements ; against which we wish most earnestly to put the people on their guard . Let not the few dupea of sccreey believe that they have any secrets from the Government . They were never more mistaken . A slight use of their own eyea may
undoceive them . What mean tho quiet marchiDgs and shifdDgs of the military , in small detachments , from one place to another , and the gradual concentration of them near or in all the principal townB ? Why have the centinels at Leeds Barracks been lately doubled ? Why arc tho " blue bottles" of Leeds quietly mustered iu the Cloth Hall Yard , and there , with locked doors , practised and drilled in the sword exercise ? Aud why are similar precautions carefully observed ia other places I Is it not evident that , however quietly and silently the " movemeut party" may be preparing , the authorities know every "movemeut , " aud are just as quietly and silently preparing to receive them .
We tell them that they aro every man sold ; that every single meeting of their committees and their delegates is faithfully reported to those who only wait the "time" to " give a good awount of them . " Wo feel strongly and deeply on this subject . We are not desirous to see tho struggle in which we have been bo long engaged entirely wasted . We
know , as we havo often said , that to oppose an unarmed , or ill armed , aud undisciplined multitude to organised and disciplined troops is to murder them . And , though we do not believe tho number of the misguided to be worth consideration , we know that any attempt , however mad or impotent , would bo hailed by the tyrants as a precious God-send , of which thoy would not fail to make ample benefit .
Again , therefore , we bid the people beware of spies and traitors—beware of secret confederationsaud beware of damaging the cause of Frost and his associates , aa well ad inflicting irremediable injury upon the causo of liberty in genoral , by any outbreak of physical violence . Let them do what they have never yet doneorganise , and emplot their moral powers . That will compel the tyrants speedily either to surccaso their tyrauny , at least in part , or at onca to throw off the guise , and mask , and forms , of law , and betake them to tho brute force of which thoy aro
masters . In this ca ^ e it will become the people ' s duty to defend themselves ; and , aa a provision agaiuet this contingency , we have always advisod , and do still advise them , to be universally armed . But let them take care that no inducement , no cajoling , no provocation , shall put them in the position of beginning the attack . If they do this , and act unitedly in concentrating aud putting forth their unquestionably legal powers of action , we beiiovo they need entertain no fears for Fkosf , nor any doubt of carryiug whatever just aud good measures thov desire .
bmco writing the above wo have received tho following : — ( From our Correspondent ai Monmonlh . ) Since 1 wrote yesterday , Mr . Kelly has made one of the moEt splendid speeches ever delivered iu a Court of Justice . He so completely hashed , smashed , and demolished every charge against Mr . TMHr , as to leave no doubt upon the minds of those present , of the complete aud entire insmfieiency of the evidence to support an indictment for Iii ;; h Treason . Hi * speech lasted five hours and five
aiiautes , aid ho , like Sir Fukderick Pollock , was much aflkted at the class ; aud not only was hf attested , but many very many in the Court wer e nioved even to tears . " He commented severel y aud jUly upon thn impropriety of the Crown withholding mote than sixseveistlis of the witac « es contained ia t " : e list H . rved upon the prisoner aud upon the ! iar < l-. . l : i ; j , " ih prisoner s lifi-ij ; olliired to call Mr . Wtiuams , a special CHUM *¦ . . ¦ , - . viifi fVjv .,:.. 1 .,. 1 ,-i ,.,- ,-i . _ . ; .: , KoYem-. eVjltt . ' .-.. . ' . " a ^ i ; r . , t i 2 i' juj , ..: ';
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who , though in the list , and oxai ^ ined before tho magistrates , was not called by the Crown . The Solicitor-Gbnbiul commenced nls re P ^ ^ four o ' clock with all tho fury of a »; abid wolf . 1 can now understand why the huntsman ol ^ ne ba 8 ° Whigs ; ( the Aitornet-General ) had hsei some what tame in laying the hounds upon the gesflk hoped to foil the prisoner ' s counsel . r J % ac was not one of clemency , nor yet of justice . K failed however in his object , aud the whippci * 4 s »
writhing under the castigation of Mr . Kellt , coi % " menced a most vigorous chaso for blood . He foamecf and acted and jumped aud so far exhausted himself and his assumed pathos in two hours , as to be compelled to divide his raco into heats ; accordingly the Court adjourned for his convenience to enablo him to renew his vigour for the attack in the morning . This morning ho came again to his work , and though cot subdued in purpose , yet unrefreshed by delay , he made a most miserable exhibition . Instead of
analysing tho evidence , as he was bound to do , he roamed into tho widest field of generalities ; indulging in a complete Whig declamatory haranguo ; in which he frequently substituted Newark , —( no doubt uppormost in his mind ) for Newport . Towards tho close he attempted to build evidonce in favour of Mr . Frost , but instantly demolished tho fabric as far as he could . He argued falsely , and concluded erroneously . As an instance of which , he argued aa if the prisoner had beon in possession , not only of the namos of the witnesses to be produced against him , but also of every word , to which they would swear , aud then marvelled why the
prisoner had not produced evidence to rebut this ( in many instances ) fabricated testimony . — This was the maiden speech of this mischievous law officer ; whoso mischief is considerably increased , by his admitted influence over one of the judge 3 . If we gain nothing more by a change of government than the removal of this spiteful and waspish prosecutor , we are bound to make tho attempt . Let us then at all hazards , turn out the Whigs , who would turn hangmen to execute the professors of their own principles . Your paper oirculates pretty extensively at Nowark and in the neighbourhood . The estimation in which this t fild . e man is there holden must therefore shortly bo tested .
Let the friends of liberty and justice assemble in their thousands and tens of thousauds , and use all constitutional means in expressing their full , free > asd unbounded hatred of tho damnable ; Whigs ' They must not be frightened by the buggaboo of Toryism ; let them rather tremble at the substance and existence of Whiggery . Let our cry be , let the universal cry be , Down , Down , DOWN , with the " BASE , BL 00 DT , and BRUTAL WlUGS . "
Thanks , eternal thanks , to the bravo men of Sheffield , for having routed , beaten , aud destroyod the Corn Law repeal humbugs . Let the example be followed throughout tho length and breadth of tho land . Any change must bo for the better . Come Tory , come Devil , come any frightful and appalling form , to relieve us from tho hellish spell of Whiggery I The whole of Frost ' s prosecution has been got up by tho most violent Reform partisans . Down with thorn 1 They are butchers and murderers alll If Frost be guilty of Treason , wo are all traitors , and only live upon the mercy of Campbell and Wildb .
Tho Judge is charging , but has not como to the "BUT GENTLEMEN" yet . 0 ! that Judge ' s "BUT ! " He is going on rather favourably . If the verdict eome in time for an express by Birmingham , you shall have it before this reaches you . You will not have this till a second edition . Pray God you may have " Not Guiltt , " for the whole impression . My Bketchea must necessarily be very hurried ; I am now running for post ; but 1 cannot conclude without giving you the following certificate from two of the most respectable men living at Nowport .
" We certify , that on tho 4 th of November last afteer the . riot had coased , we saw a poor man deBperately wounded , lying for more than an hour and a half , weltering in his blood , and rolling in an agony in the mud , opposite to the Wcstgato Inn ; that the poor follow made frequent attempts to rise , and that upon any individual of his own class going to his relief , the soldiers in the hotel instantly levollod their pieces , and threatened to shoot thorn ; that Mr . Blowitt , M . P . for Newport , passed close to tho wretched man , and only looked at him ; tfcat
the Rer . Mr . Taylor , Curate of Nowport , steppod ovor the hoa 4 of a person who was lying dead , and passed close to the wounded man , without offering tho slightest assistance ; and that the poor man died , and was taken by the legs and arms by soldiers iuto the yard . Phillip Bevan , Carpenter , Commercial-streot , Newport . Thomas Wells , Corn Merchant , Newport . Good God ! aud is this the advantage of a " religious education" !!
1 have collected many facts connected with this sad catastrophe , which will prove that the whole was a conspiracy of tho authorities , and that the GoTernmont have been made their " base tools . " It is now three : 1 have an express ready to start , and must send this by post . A iufiian of the name of Morgan , a neighbour of Mr . Frost ' s , a ohemist , has bet i' 10 to i'l that Frost will bo convicted !
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TO MR . 0 C 0 SX 0 K . January 8 , 1840 . Dear Sir , —In attswor to your Mter , I bey to suy , ( hot I haw fortcarded to you all tlie monies thai I lutiv rKciveii on aawmi of Frost and others up to the above dale . I haw not yd been able to obtain a stutetiwnt of Vie momp colketHl in another part ofllie him , which rrfleds m > endil to atty of the- parties coruxnied ; hoxvever , if a fair and correct statement be ml giivn , I wiUappccU h thox who Imv subscribed the nioiie ;/ , u # d ¦ puMisli , by plucard or otherwise , the , name , oj weft defautlvr . I do not- kww Chartism enee-jit in wjuvdion with honesty . Xtws RespcdfuUij , ABEL HEY WOOD . H . M . 0 . —It vkis « misprint , and ought to have been "TheRudiealsofLM , " not Leigh .
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( Continued from tur First page . ) paaaed the front door and went towards tho gates , and then thoy returned . They were led by the nun who spoke te me . imd who said " Surrender up your prisoners . " He had an axu upon a pole . I received tvo stabs in tho body , a wound in tWe leg , and a gun-shot in tho hend . I received these wounds from the Chartists wliou I was standing at the dour , acting as a apeciw . l ounstable . The mob tried to got iu at the door , and I and other special constables tried to prevent them , and we wero wounded vrhilo thus preventing tbem . I taird no groaning for the special constables . 1 am convinced there was no groaning . I foil senseless after k-ing « hot . It was in the lobby , whore I had been wounded . At that time a great many shots
had boon fired from the insurgents . I was three or four feet inside the < loor when [ wa « shot . I saw Oliver aud O'Dwyer there , acting as special eonstables . I saw the Chartist * tlmiBtinK at us with their pikes , breaking thu windows , aiuliloiiwr all the damage they could . ]) id not rocovw my seuses ' nntil nftcr the ineurgentolwl retreated . The lobby wits full of insurants . and was U-ft : iloto . Tho r « t of Uie . ipwial couatabW wew ilriven in . Tlitee of l . hb mob who were in the lobliy bud . pike * and guim . 1 aw nor snre that ; tny of them wero in the passage where this colduxs wow stationed ; but 1 think thty were . 1 liiii not see the rmistiibies make any- nttiwfc , or attempt to sviv . e a pike . We wure on the defensive . The mayor kul positively nr . 1 ei * d that we should not attack . Tk « simple was going on about two minuteo before I vrns sIuk * 1 did not . see the from doov shut at all . I do not know how
many special constables there vck . I suppose there were ; t hundred altugethw . 1 think there must have bwn twenty in the lobby . Tku special constables h : ul no otiiw weapon * than a conntoblc ' s club . Ifcfore 1 ww f-iidt I saw thu gnu * pointed , aud the firing come irom the strwi and sVrctt door . The shots were ousted against tlu > bps-dal coustables . There were eight » t ten shots Sivi . Tho special constables iiid all thoy . v , ma to guard the V / estj ; : it < . \ and were driven in ¦ , f . iir : ! " ' : ^"' V- . l «¦ ¦ ' to ? simUnrs arrWsf from this '¦' I '' V ¦"''¦ , * ' ^ " ¦ ' ' ¦ ' " ' '' ' - ' - <• ' ' -- ¦¦ - VOUIHI U .-.-. O-fi- :. . S i . a -. iu ot' . ^ v ¦ iiui j ' Jiiut i . MJii ;> , . ( jj u yni . uw ) Cj :. Jt
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from the barracks . There wore numbers aoing abo ^ t at the timo , who must have seen the soldiers coming down Stiiw-hill . There was not a quarter of a minute between the man speaking to u . e and the first shot being fired . Re-examined—I mean by the man speaking to mo his saying " Surrender your prisoners . " I am told that I am to receive a pension from tho Government . 1 am a witness for the prosecution . To the Courl—When they said " Surrender your prisoners , " I said " What prisoners ? " I did not hear anyone say " No , never . "
Lord Granvillo Somorset examined by Sir F . Pollock—1 am now member for the county , and have I ) een so for many years . 1 was a candidate about the m ir 1831 , at the time of the . Reform Bill . 1 have a VK Ty indistinct recollection of what happoned in the 1 'nvass of Newport , but 1 have endeavoured to rewlK ' ot tno facts 1 regarded what happened as a merfl ebullition of popular feeling , and 1 cared very K 4 v 1 ° about it . My own impression is , that there wa » great tumult , with a disposition to personal viofo . " 106 on 'he part of the mob collected . 1 believe the violence was more directed against my
brother , then canvassing for tho borough of Newport , than against fc lyself . 1 was not with him when the violence commenced , but on rejoining him he told mo what baa' happened . 1 saw the mob committing violence , aud Mr . Frost did his best to prevent violence , a really beliove his object was to preserve the peace . . My brother , the Duke of Beaufort , in consequence ( / '" tho mis-delivery of a letter , or of tho answer to a letter , has not been able to attend . The case here closed for the prisoner .
T . Wa'ts was then called a . nd examined by the Atterney-Genoral—I liva at Gell / Grove , thirteen miles from Newport , and about a mile and a quarter from Blackwood . I left my house at Gelly Grove about halfpast seven on the morning of the 4 th of November . I went down the tramroad towards Nowport . I travelled on horseback . I kuow James Hodge , who lives at Woodfield , ne ? . r Blackwood . I met him that morning by the Royal Oak . That ia a mile below Risca , which is nearer to Newport , and whero I met him is five miles and a quarter from Newport , and three miles and a half from Pye-corner . When 1 said Royal Oak I meant Welsh Oak . That is flight miles from Blaok-Yrooil . 1 think I met him there between eight and nine o ' clock . From half-past eight to nine . Hodge was then walking very fast , and coming up from Newport towards liliu&wnnil .
Cross-examined by Sir F . Pollock—T am a holher and a farmer . I am in the service of no one as a hollier . 1 keep a team for drawing wood . The Tredegar Company employs me and other persona . My landlord is Jones , of luiiiu'th , I first mentioned yesterday morning that I saw Hodge on the road , and mentioned it to Mr . Phelps . I told him I met Hodge in the morning . Mr . Phelps asked me if I had seen James Hodge . It was not until nine o ' clock yesterday morning that he spoke to me , aud asked mo when I saw Hodge , and where I saw him . I keep my clock twenty minutes fast , in order to get my servants up early in the morning . I saw Hodge first at the Welsh Oak , between half-past eight and twenty minutes to nine o " clock . The Welsh Oak is three miles and a half from Pye-corner . 1 have been serviceable in the course of this prosecution , and will be so again if I can . Re-examined—I am a constable , and have taken twenty-three of the prisoners myself .
Sir 1 ' . Pollock—What I mennt was , that you wero a fetch and carry person ; bringing pikes in and out , and soon . Re-examined—Have had the custody of the pikes . I rode down that morning at the rate of ten miles an hour . The road is a good carriage road . The Solicitor-General here proposed to call tho witness Hopkins . He said that his object was to contradict Gould , for Gould had stated that Hopkins stood at the door , and asked the insurgents what they wanted , and that the insurgents gave a . certain reply to that question . Sir F . Pollock submitted that the Crown could not do this . Tho Crown could in the first instance have proved whatever happened in the front of tho inn . Out of a list of 200 witnesses they could have called such persons as they thought fit ; and out of the seventy witnesses which were on the back of the bill , they might have called this very Edward Hopkins . Baron Parke remarked that he had been examined .
Sir F . Pollock—He was called , and produced a number of weapons : he was actually sworn to produce weapons . He did produce them ; but his name was not to be found amongst his list of witnesses . Baron Parke remarked that Hopkins was introduced in the middle of Sir T . Phillips's examination . SirF . Pollock continued by remarking , that beyond the production of weapons , no question had been put to him . He submitted , then , that the Crown had no right to call him forward to contradict the witness , who merely gave a different statement of the transaction from that which the witness on the part of the Crown had originally given ; and the mere circumstance of one of the witnesses having named Hopkins as a person who had taken a certain part in tho tumult , would not entitle the counsel for the Crown to call Hopkins , to give a substantial contradiction to that which the witness had stated .
Baron Parke suggested that the question which was desired to be put should be submitted to the Court . The Solicitor-General then said the question which I wish to ask is this— " Wero you at tho door of tho Westgate inn ? Did you ask any of the insurgents what they wanted , and did any one answer that question ? Sir F . Pollock objected to the question being put . It was not because the witnesses for the prisoner gavo a different account of that transaction , the whole of which the Crown might have proved ; it was not because that a man who was a witness gave tho name of another witness , that the Crown had a right to recal that wituectf so named for the purpose of contradicting the statement made by tho witness for the defonce . He
would put this case - . —supposing in tho course of a conversation certain matters are supposed to pass , and the persons who were present are callod , three or four individuals , to prove what was the conversation upon the one side , and others are called to give a statement upon the other j if , on the other side , the man called gavo a different complexion to the conversation , and if , in the course of it , he mentions a statement mado by John Oakes , a person who might havo been called as witness , but whs was not examined as to any part of the conversation , and the witness being asked as to the conversation says , '' Yes j I do recollect it , and John Oakes made some remarks . John Oakes , he apprehended ,
could not be recalled to disprove something which he had the opportunity of disproving in the first instance . The counsel for the Crown could , in their original case , have given any explanation of the transaction which they might havo thought necessary . They had that man ( Hopkins ) in the box for that purpose , ami they did not examine him . An account had been given on one side , ami then upon the other . The Crown , therefore , could not call a witness to disprove a part of tho case of the defence , whom they might have picked out . If the one side proved one new fact , and the other proved some other new fact , he apprehended that gave the Hist no right to call back a witness to disprove the new fuct stilted in the second instance .
Mr . Jvclly considered that the evidence of Hopkins waa inadmissible on the very clearest grounds . In this case words were things . This was the very essential pa'tof the case upon which the life or death of tho prisoner depended . The question was what was the intention of the multitude in attacking the Westgate . This could be only collected from what was said at the time . Thus making every word that was uttered upon the one side and the other an essential and important part of the transaction . In cases of high treason they wero liound to produce all the witnesses in their power that were cognizant of the transaction . Hero ho might
have been called upon , in tho first instance , to state what he had known about tho matter . He apprehended that anything said was not merely a specific declaration , but it was a fact in the case , and constituting a part of the transaction . He submitted that whatever was siiidonone side or the other should be proved in the first instance . If this witness was permitted to cume and say he did not ask such or such a question , they for the prisonermight call another witness to prove that he did ask such questions , and thus they might go on , calling half-a-doxen witnesses on each side for the mere object of contradicting each other .
The Attorney-General said he should confine himself to this point . Whother or not this evidence in reply was or was not what they had a right to produce , he submitted that it was strictly evidence in reply . The first question they proposed to put to tho witness was , whether he asked the insurgents what they wanted . Now , ho wanted to know , could not that question be put to Hopkins » Baron Parke—That is not exactly tho case . It is whether you can get tho answer to it . The Attorney-General—That is the first question . Chief Justice Timlal—That is the only question you want . ' The A ttorney-General—Wo should bo contented by askimr thai .
The Chief Justice said he considered that the question should be put in criminal as well as in civil cases ; ' wheve a matter arose em improviso , and that no man could have foreseen , it was but light that the crown , us well as the . plaintiff , should have an opportunity of explaining that matter , though bound to make out that case in the first instance . Kven if tho crown had examined Hopkins all through the tr ansaction , they nevov could have foreseen that a witness for tho wisonev would have referred to Hopkins as making u particular declaration , mid therefore " it never could have occurred to them to put this question . IWon Vaiko stated that if it could have been foreseen Hopkins could not be recalled . Bnt here a new tact was stilted by the witness for the prisoner . Judge Williams said that tho crown must be confined to that question only . The Solieitor-Uenerul ( to witneES )~ Did yon ; isk . any of the mob on the 4 th of November what thoy wmtuV —Witness—I did not .
!> u- ! .- . Pollock theu , addressing the jury , s : iid- Ifcavo one wurd to ray to you , gentlemen , with respect tu ' th " ovKuaiea that has been called in reply . My learned tnvKii , air . Koliy , will , T am sure , <\ o justice to all tlio t-, ¦ ¦¦ ::, *~) : izh » n ; iy come ou that part of the c ; ise , as <¦ •¦ .. - ! o thn tvsC of it . T Hlwul . i 1 * ;; . . , ; * o oh USl , y ,.
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indulgence , which I havo already recMVfc 1 from y ° u and from my lords , in the very long addrcS" . wnich 1 made to you yesterday , if I now occupied yrti- " " tima more . My address to you now aris 3 S simp !/ fron ; an anxiety thatno part of the defence of theprisoner should be perverted by auything that has occurred this day . I shall make but this simple remark , that Hopkins , and a number of other witnesses that might have been called , were not callod . They were with Mr . Williams in tho iisfc of the witnesses for tho crown . Mr . Williams was not examined , and you may judgo of the value of the testimony that has been given by the evidence of those who might havo been called nnd examined , but were not , as well as by those who hare been called and examined . You can do this with effect when searching into the truth of that which really did occur .
Mr . Kelly then rose to sum up for tho prisoner—My Lords and Gentlemen of the Jury—The tima bos at length arrived when tho duty dovolves on me of addressing you in defence of the life of tha prisoner at the bar—for , gentlemen , his life is committed to your hands ; a duty by far the most solemn , the most painful , and the most awful which 1 have ever yet been cafled on to discharge . Gentlemen , if I had felt that tho into of the prisoner depended on my ability to perform the task allotted to me , I never would have consented to place myself under so fearful a responsibility . But I have felt that he is amply protected by the law , and by the constitution of this country ; by enlightened , learned , patient , and impartial judges ; and , above all ,, under Providence , by that mighty and impregnable
rampart which yet encompasses and covers every subject of this realm , guarding him in the enjoyment of his rights , his liberties , his property , his character , and hig life—a jury of his fellow-countrymen . Gentlemen , it is to this protection that I commend tho prisoner at the bar ; and in tho observations which I shall feel it my duty to make to you , let me beg you to- bear with mo if I , perhaps from inadvertence , or from the pressure on my mind , verplexed and troubled ns- it is by tho responsibility which rents upon me , should—by repetitions which may appear to you needless , or by calling your attention to matters which you may deem to bo irrelevant—press rather too heavily upon your patience and attention : let mo in the outset , gentlemen , beg your forbearance , because I hope nevertheless to
show , by calling the attention , not only of their lordships , Cut of you nloo , to tho law of England as affecting the dreadful charge now brought against the life of the prisoner at the bar , to convince their lordships , and every one of you now assembled to try this great question , that , by that law , thti prisoner is clearly entitled to a verdict of acquittal at your hands . From some remarks that fell from the learned Attorney-General in his opening , it seemed to me that he anticipated we might in some measure deviate from tho strict and honourablo courso before us in defending tho prisoner , with something like an attempt to induco you to depart from the strict letter of the law . 1 may have mistaken my learned friend ; but , if 1 did not , let me assure him , your Lordships , and you , gentlemen of tho
ury , so far from it I implore you solely to be guided by tho law in the verdict which you give . It is in tho law , in tho strict undeviating predominance of the law , that I place my hope , my only trust ; and my prayer to you , therefore , is , that you be governed by the law ; that you adhere to the law alone ; because by that law I shall prove to you clearly and satisfactorily that the prisoner , what be tho extent of his crimes and misconduct , however high his crimos and misdemeanoursfor which in another form he can be , and yet may be , indicted and punished—by the law of high treason , he is as guiltless of high trcasou as any ons of you gentlemen , whose duty it will , 1 trust , ere long , to pronounco him so . Gentlemen , if the prisoner at the bar be at this moment in any Jjeopardy , it is from the danger of
the law not prevailing , or from its not being clearly and perfectly understood . It is from this that tho facts now in evidence before you will undoubtedly disclose a case of guilt against him , which proves him to havo committed a great and serious violation of the law , which , in another shape , subjects him to indictment and punishment , and should induce you to punish him , not for that crime which he has really committed , but for that greater and higher degree of guilt which is imputed to him by this indictment . I therefore , gentlemen , earnestly claim your attention whilst 1 proceed to make you , so far as I can , and subject to the correction of the learned judges , acquainted with the law as it affects this high and serious charge ; and if , fortunately , I succeed in making you clearly understand
what the law ia as affecting the charge of high treason laid in this indictment , 1 undertake to say that the most doubting amongst you , if there be any one eo doubting , when ho refers to the evidence of the witnesses , will not only find that the charge has not been proved , but that it has actually been disproved by the witnesses for the Crown themselves . It is the duty of the Crown to establish the charge of high treason as laid in this indictment , before it is the duty of the prisoner to rebut it ; and I shall show you , beyond all doubt , that the Crown has not succeeded in establishing the proof . Let us take for our guide the law itself . The question is net here whether a great and alarming riot has been committed—the question is not oven whether blood has been shed—the question is not whether hieh
crimes , which are , and ought to be , punishable by the law , have been perpetrated ; but the question is , whether the prisoner at the bar has been , by legal and competent witnesses , proved to be guilty beyond all reasonable doubt in theminds of anyone of you here present , of having levied war against her Majesty , with the treasonable intention stated in the indictment And , gentlemen , it is important that no confusion or uncertainty should exist in your minds as to what the law is in this case , for it requires many propositions to be established . The Crown cannot succeed iu this indictment by establishing one proposition only ; but it is required to establish several , to which 1 am about to call your attention , and they all must be proved to your satisfaction by competent legal evidence . Let me say , then , that it is not merely by what is called levying of war that Mr . Frost is to bo proved guilty of high treason ; it is not because Mr . Frost may have been proved to
have beon with , or to have been himself , at tho head of an armed band of vast aud alarming numbers , who marched through the highways of the kingdom into the town of Newport , and there committed an outrage , under circumstances which may , even if this do amount to a levying of war—that is not enough to satisfy tho law of high treason . The counsel for the Crown must satisfy you that the prisoner at the bar has levied war ; certainly , that is the first point ; but then they must proceed to satisfy you that he has levied war against her Majesty . It is not enough that he conducted an armed band and a great multitude of persons , nor that he acted in concert with others , and others in concert with him . It is not enough to prove that he has done all these acts , but they must also prove that he levied war against the Queen and her government . Nor does what is required stop even here ; for it must be further proved to you that ho has then
levied war against the Queen and her government with tho intention and design that is statod iu this indictment ; and moreover , to whioh I shall hereafter have to call your attention , these three things must be established by tho evidence for the Crown ; not that the prisoner must bo called on to disprove them , but they must be established before you , in behalf of the prosecution , by clear , direct , positive , affirmative evidence ; and these three things must be thus proved : 1 st . That the prisoner levied war ; nest , that he levied war against her Majesty ; and thirdly , that he so levied war with the intention stated in the indictment , which is , by force to alter the laws , and to subvert and overturn tho Constitution of this realm . To the investigation of the proof , as to theso three points then , Gentlemen , I beg to implore your most careful attention . It is , Gentlemen , extremely necessary , inasmuch as for
centuries a struggle hna existed on the law of High Treason ; and inasmuch as that struggle , wherever it has been made manifest between the Crown on the one Bide and the subject on the other , is as to what shall be deemed High Treason—it is , I say , exceedingly important that jou should bear in mind ttmt this law of treason , more than any othor law . ought to be watched , and has been watched , with iealoiu and great caution , not merely by Judges , but more especially by jur ies , because to their protection only the subject can look for safety against the otherwise overwhelming power of the Crown . And it has happened , in the course of centuries , that Englishmen , who have been in your situation—who have occupied the honourable post which yon now occupy at this moment , I venture to eay that , under Providence , to them—to a British Jury—to a Jury composed of honest , bold
loyal , brave , uncompromising Englishmen , we are i at this moment indebted for all the freedom which j we now enjoy . Yes , Gentlemen , to them , to their discrimination , to their courage , to their justice . breastiJigjfcHid opposing the power of the Crown—tho i jurors , your predecessors in cases of high treason—wo owe that the unhappy prisoner now at the bar , and all others who may hereafter be in his situation , may stand forward and claim the defence of the kw , now rendered liberal , enlightened , and just , and may tlirow himself for his guilt or his innocence , for his iifo and death , upun the judgment of a jury of his peers and fellow-countrymen ; and I again call on yon , as the Attorney-General has done , and as I am me you -will do , to discharge the duty committed to you fearlessly , firmly , and impartially , as your predecessors liavo done ' , and in 3 ucu a way ; ts shall eonlor honour upon your-Belves , and eiumio the safety and liberties of youi fellow-countrymen . Having made these preliminary observations
, I now proceed to call your attention to tho manner in which the law is laid down by those high authorities , whoso doctrines are not to be impugned and who ought to guide your mind in the consideration of this caao ; and I do this with the le * s reluctance gentlemen , for if ever there was a wise in width ii became the duty of nn advocato to prow , the law upoi tho jury , it is the ease now More ik For I do n ,, t stand hereto deny that Jfv . 1- roat . tho prisoner at tin bar , is gmltj of a great ai-. d enormous u « bnc«—tiiut h has boon patty to a riot of tlw most serious aud alarm ing dmracter-that although he himself kis bee guiltless of the fact , hti waa joined vviUi Uuwu vrt , afterward !) have shed , humau Wood . Gentlemen , it right , to bay thai Mr . y \ , deeply deplores and fa ™' mourns the mi-law holy occurrences of that unmipi day , s : ud perhaps - , i , .. wUu have most wvew ) : suilttfuu fsoiA it . ; l [ ll > v ! l 0 U . AVB survived it , « u-. «"" f ' Ft ? ° ^ H * i * Kotlas " U * •¦•* llinl *' . W it Hurt fee adaw . tied thnU . horeup ^ t i , joiuuw »»< } % ! mgtlK *> . JUiiB Who , aftorwanls . on tUu eswtement
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phrenzy of the moment , » omniltte (! the crimes Tvliiclt all so deeply lament . U is because of the unfortu-i nate part which Mr . Frost bore in the transactions of that day—it is because of the deods and outrages of tho armed multitude—it is because of tho destruction of >¦ peace , of property , and of lives which then occurredit is because you may naturally feel that those con . cerned iu sucli outrages are deserving of serious punishment ; and because you may possibly confound , in your own minds , the guilt which is admitted to le awribable to the prisoner , with tho more serious guilt charged against him by this indictment , that I am the jnoro especially compelled to ask and beseech you to . bear in . mind the distinction between this species of guilt and treasonand to pay your most careful
atten-, tion to the uudoubted authorities by which this distinction is established , between levying war not of a troasonable chw&iter . and levying of war against the Queen , so as to roikt tho parties participate in the guilt of high treason- ¦ Gentlemen , my learned friend the Attor . ney-General , ? c \ y accurately , and as became his charac- . ter and situation , very fairly and honourably declared the law te you « m tho subject ; I will not , therefore , because I cannot tn equally clear and emphatic languago , repeat to you hov fa '» o law stood before the statute of ' Edward III ., by vrtsit : h you aro now to be guided , and which—vrith , I aim so . ry to say , frequent interruptions -has formed , and at P ^ ent ^ rms , tho great safeguard of the liberties ff this country . Ho truly tola you thatunder that statute , all past indefinite cm .- *
, stractiTc treasons Tverepn t an end to-that the statntj dedared what the law of treasen . was , in such terms aa tha * it was hoped , by tfi « honest Legislature of that day , that no Englishman who could read , or who had organs tohear when anothcrm id , could , even through i . norani * , be betrayed into tliioa rious crime , or even incur the guitt of it , wvthout kno wingly committing the highest Mime cogniz ^ Me by lisw . This statute , I believe , has been strictly observe d sinco its enactment , excepting that part of i't under whjcli this question novr arises , as relates to tl'B levying of war . You find , gentlemen / that Lord H ale , af ter a >» in ' - ^ in terra . » ,. , ti . tii « st-itiite of lid ward HI __ of high approbation on the suture . -- ¦ be stion combing and in ?
^ de ^ ni : ^ ue of ,. gining the death of tho sm " ^ 7 ^* ** " £ T ' i here . it not being impute . ' to Mr . Frost proceeds to ¦ * consider the question of lw . ' < - and s ff- ??? that act in a manner which becomes one ot his high character , learning , and hrnna * »*> ^ J attention to the distinction between a me . "o levying of war , which j includes going and attacking i * ior Majesty's subjects -with an armed force , military ai - " » ng . alul discipline , \ and that farther crime of levyi * K TClr »« iHnst th 8 , ' sovereign which is necessary to constitute treason . < In the Hth chapter , p . 130 , he saj 'S that in order to constitute the crime of treason , . ™ d to bring tho offender within the clauses of the & tatute , these three ¦'
things must concur— "First , it musl bo a levying of . war ; secondly , it must bo a levying oi * war nsjiinst the i King ; thirdly , it must be a levying of ¦ war against tho , King in his own realm . " So that , hoi ™ vt'r w " ™ ay bo levied , gentlemen , if a man go at tho . head of 10 , 0 oe or 100 , 000 men ; if ho march through tho country , and seize , imprison , or even put to death tho Queen s subjects , that is a levying " of war , certainly , bt ' * ' & 's no ' high treason , and to mako it high treason , it must go further , and the war so levied must be- levi ed against the sovereign ; and I now , gentlemen , con > e to tha question , what is a levying of war against . tlie S 0 T ° -
reign ? And here we have undoubtedly to lament that from the time of the passing of this t 'tatute , whereas all other treasons wero held s trictly to be only treason when they come withit' th « t » precise and definite words of the statute , from cau 9 -s to which I may , perhaps , briefly advert ; from tho po wer of the Crown—from tho corruption of judges—and w . hat is still more to be regretted , from the servility of jurors , what is called a constructive levying of m " * agaiust tho Sovereign has occasionally been admitted ,. in direct coutravention of tho terms and spirit of thia admirable statute . Much is it to be lamented that the *
Court should , during tho struggles of other days , havo' ~ thus trinmphed over tho independence of jurors and the clear duty of judges . But I will venture to say that had snch judges heretofore presided on the bench as we have been blessed with in more modern times , no such construction would ever have been recordod iu our legal annals . Gentlemen , the point to which I am desirous to call your particular attention at this stage of the case is , that there is a distinction between mere levying ! of war and treason against the Sovereign . You can all understand that to levy war against the Sovereign of the country is not riot . To constitute a levying of war there must be marching of armed bunds—there must be military array and military discipline—there j must be tho raising of regular forces to make war
against the forces of the Sovereign , as a foreign enemy F would do , or as occurred in the rebellion of 45 , or the | rebellion of 15 , or any other civil war in which forcM >; were drawn up . That is the ordinary and plain mean- , «•' ing of the levying of war . That is tho construe- | tion which a jury would put upon it , and I say ' that it ought always to have been left to a jury as a question of fact , whether tho acts proved before them amounted to a levying of war ; but unhappily , gentlemen , in the time of Henry VIII . a number of misguided men roso up and combined together against a statute which had been passed in regula- , ting the wages of labour . They thought , 1 sup- 1 pose , that their wages wore not high enough—they ' ' . wished to have free labour and high wages . They ros « ] up , I will not say into rebellion , although it was after- !
wards held so—but into open tumult , to compel the authorities to alter the Jaw , to repeal tho statute , and that which , under such judges as now preside upon our jj bench , would be called no more than a common offence , J such as a mere assault upon a constable , was in those if days held to be a levying of war against the sovereign and high treason . There , gentlemen , was laid the foundation of constructive and interpretative treason , and that shows the danger , which 1 know you will ' ; avoid in this case , of stepping one hair's breadth beyond the strict law of reason and justice . The facts of a case wero strained , perverted , distorted , amount- ¦ ing to a mere tumult , was held to be a levying of war against the Sovereign . What was the fact is now become doctrine . Tho foundation which was then laid is now
embodied , and so you must be guided , gentlemen . I shall not trouble you with other decisions that have been pronounced of a similar nature . I beliove in the ¦ next reign , meetings to pull down enclosures were held tohavebeenalevyingof war . . Still in those days the judges wero not independent . They gave way , they yielded , they humbled themselves for tho crown , upon whom they were dopendent for their offices . The consequence was , that as often as the crown required it , i ayo , and often by consulting with the judges before ths ' cases were brought before a jury , they were held to ba a levying of war , so tho breaking of inelosures was ,
held to be a levying of waragainBt the Queon , and high I treason . Gentlemen , I have referred to these cases " for two purposes ;—First , for tho purpose of urging what I shall not again repeat , because I feel that in what I have said I have not spoken in vain , for the purpose of urging upon your calm and dispassionate attention tho grievous danger to life and liberty which would arise from overstraining law or fact in a case of such mighty and tremendous importance . I shall now proceed , gentlemen , to my -, second object , and refer you to what , many yoars after the passing of the statute , and in somo reigns after the decisions to which i have alluded , the great Lord Hale
says on the subject of theao decisions- " The first resolution that I find of the interpretive levying of war , in a resolution cited by my Lord Coke , P . C , p . 10 , in th « tune of Henry VIII ., for enhancing servants wages , and the next in time was thnt of Burton , 39 th Eliz ., Coke , P . C . p . 10 , for raising an armed force to pull down mclosures generally . This is now settled by these instances , and some of the liko kind hereafter mentioned . : The proceeding against Burton and his companions was not upen the statute of 25 th Edward 3 rd , which required that in new cases , the Parliament should bo first consulted , but upon the statute of 13 th KHz ., for conspir-I ing U ) levy war , which hath not that clause of consulting j the Parliament in new cases , and therefore seems to leave a latitude to the judges to make construction j greater than that left by the 25 th Kdward , cap . 3 . " I Now , gentlemen , hear the remark of Lord Hale : —
" These resolutions being made and settled , we must acquiesce in them , but in jny opinion , if new cases happen , for the future , that have not an express resolution in point , nor are expressly within tho words of 2 fith Edward . * ird , though they may seem to have a , parity of reason , it is the safest way and most agteeable to the great act of the : ! 5 tb . Edward 3 rd , first to con- < suit the Parliament , and havo their declaration , and to JwTOy waryin multiplying constructive aud interpretative treasons , for u-eknow not where it will end " That gentlemen , is not ray language . I wish to Gad i
coma speak so emphatically . It Is the language of one i o » tho greatest judges that ever adorned the bench oE '» th » country , nearl y two hundred years before the tima 1 fJlt , ° W Speak He Z ^ '" In whxtCTt - is m « le 1 aud settled , we must acquiesce ; but he warns his sue- 1 cessors he watns jutiea > he Wil 3 u , country > ^ warn the people against oier coming to » such decisions T again , or going even one sUort point toyond the law , !' ami to be very ivury iu multiplying constructive and ;
interpret ative treasons ; for wo know tot where it will end . " And tho ?? words , gentlemen , arjply emphatically ' to . lie ftiso before you . If you magnify , if you extend ; it you distort , if y 01 , exaggerate a mot , however danj geroiw it may be in its tendency , or mischievous in its I consequences into hi gh treason , how can you know bnt i you yourHtlv . > s may unhappily , in a moment of excite-I mer . t , some of you probably entertain strong political o » ly drawn into acts which tin law will not iustifv and how do you know but you may in aT , USt o fi 'iaZ if ^ S ? \ - ? ti : the S ^ ons of a multitude : , snivel to hue mid lmraLsonmpntivnnv imriinnni i miMii
.. . . s .., I wh ; .. ii ?• i "" ' * ' ^ un , or any jmr . ismmeiv which tne law awards B 8 proportionate' :, TC ^ 'ilence yoHiuay , on the very lw Li ,. t gSfi JZ J ° l > £ ¦ . Uoruey . Gc . nmi loHgjft ,,-, children , their n-ufrMfe i cuiiuren , and . « , welfare be placed iaov 3 Ml \ i : porty , eta «« fcSr Uoutlcmen , remember the i-JF # > ¦ I jeopardy # Lt ) T , l Hale- " We know not wh 4 M * I Iiww-Sc you not parties to carrvSn , « \ fflk 1 te 3 £ « s $ rjlj
The Soothers Star
THE SOOTHERS STAR
To Readers And Comtesponjdents.
TO READERS AND COMtESPONJDENTS .
Special Commission.
SPECIAL COMMISSION .
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4 THE ? NORTHEKN STAR , ^ aM ^ . ;
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Jan. 11, 1840, page 4, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/king-y1kbzq92ze2666/page/4/
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