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ff ** ~ *~ i '¦*f ci" ,t j^ -rr-tz-^r-r- — . ___rr r -_ ¦ ¦ STATE TRIALS. ==a _ — , - STATE TRIALS. 1
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PREPARATIONS FOR THE MARRIAGE OF THE QUEEN.
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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No . a . Th * Pttftfoa of &ght contained » th * a , corroboratioa of ancient liberties , than a . creation of new andttaawal privileges . Forced loans , benevolences , Uasx wi&out tb . « «» 8 ent of Parliament , arbitrary fcttiprraeamente , the billetings of soldiers , martial hut ' -, Tiiese were the grievances complained of , and « gskst these an eternal remedy was to be provided * Wfcen completed the petitioa ip&s sent to the iorfe , > feo , after many fitfBeattefeptaof a similar nafctre , fciad the effrontery to wepos * the introduction of Kn $ L
lids elaaee : — "We kanrVly present this petfeon to your Majesty , sot traly with a cts * of preserving our otto liberties , % nt whh doe regard to leave entire that sovereign . power with w ¥ ich your fikjesty is entrusted fst'Uie protection , safety , ani happiness of your -people . " As Sir -E . ' Coke observed— This Bentenee wBlo ^ erthrow all oar petitwr ; it trenches to all jMSs-dfit ^^ ocemjmfJOKW u nfffariiamentaiy teerd ; Megaa Charts asd other gisrious statutes woaW be " weakened , fer they are « fo 6 olnte without these words . * * 'Lot us take httA what we yield Bate ; the ^ -rreat Charter is such * fellow , that he
irifi "here no sovereign , w e stall give a power ^ afcsro all these laws . We nrasfctot admit ef it , and te ^ taBif-y it is impassible . " "SirThomas Weatworth afcid "Our laws a > e not acqssLnted with sovereign power . " The hoed * were « at length forced to yield ¦ ihis speenraa bat pitiful trick , whereby Stey hoped \ o eheai the pseple oftbeir well-earned rights . 5 fothicg bow - *? as wantag tut the king'B consent ieaccordJBgly came to sbe ' House of Peers , sent for laje-CoameBa , and being rated in his chair of state , that petition was read' to ^ him . Great was now tbe ^ astoni&hsiaat of all men , 'when instead of theosaal
•« encise and dear fond by which a hill is either « en-^ firnred sr rejected , Carries said in answer , ^ The kvtg iriHeth that right be dsne according to the laws and «« ostems of the- reaka , < md that the statutes be put into execution ; thai'kis subjects may have no cause -to complain of any wrong or oppression , contrary to iheir just rights and liberties , to the preservation ¦ whereof he holds himself in conscience as much « 4 iliged u of his ewn prerogative . " At tbe same .-time the Commons were toM by Charles not to ¦ entertain any debate which might lay any " scandal <* r arenwnon'lie stale government or sunittert
thereof" The insulting mockery contained in the king ' s answer , and his encroachment * en the privilege of Parliament , whose right and whose duty it has ever been to impeach the ¦ eril adYisers of their sovereign , did not produce the -anticipated result ; a spirit of liberty was abroad , •» od neither the foolish threats of the monarch , sor 4 fce chicanery of the peers , could crush its power . JLgain the-Commons met , and Sir R . Phillips thus ¦ opened the "debate : — "I perceive that towards God -and towards men there is little hope after . our care-¦ fel and tumble endeavours . If ever my parsions
were wrought upon , this message buts me up -especially . When I remember with what moderation we have proceeded , I caunot but wonder to . see ike miserable straight we now are in . " Sir John Elliot said— " We desire only to vindicate those disfcoooars to our king and country ; I am confident bo minister , how dear soever , can He was here atopt by the Speaker , who said he was commanded » ot to allow him to proceed . He eat down , » nd 4 » ir 'Dudley Digges observed— " I am as much -grieved as ever . Must we not proceed ! Let us sit ¦ jn alence : we are miserable and know not what to do . "
A long silence ensued , but at length the House reresolved itself into a committee to consider what was ¦ ¥ est to be done , and no man was to leave the House -onpain of going to the Tower ; the Speaker obtained . permission to depart , and Sir Edward Coke then began— " > * ever did men behave with moderation , Eke ub 4 o ours , after so great a violation of the subject's liberty . Let us take this to heart . In the reign of Edward III . were they then in doubt here to name men that misled the ki ; g ! They accused John de Gaunt and others , who were sent to the Tower . Kow when there is such a downfall of the state shall we hold our tongues ! . How shall we ¦ answer- our duties to God and men * In 7 th Henrv
IV , ( that is the seventh year of the reign of Honry the Fourth , ) and 11 th Henry IV . the Parliament complained of the council , and th ey- were removed ¦ from the king . In 4 th Henry Til . and 27 th Edward Til . and 13 th Richard II . the Parliament moderated ihet King ' s prerogative , and nothing grows to abuse , bat this House hath power to treat of it . What iball we do ! Why may not we name the cause of * 11 our evils ! Let us palliate no longer ; if we do , < Jod will not p-osper us . I think the Duke oj BtuktRghesn is the source of all our miseries ; that man it the grievance of grievances . " Selden was proposing articles of impeachment , when the Speaker suddenly returned , and by the King ' s order adjourned tie House .
At length Charles , however unwilling , was forced to give the usual consent to the bill . . Let it be laio as is desired ; directly these ¦ words had issued the acclamations with - which ihe house resounded and the universal joy diffused erertfce nation , showed how much the petition had teen the object of all men ' s hopes and explanations . About this time one Felton , of good family , but an ardent , morose temper , who had some cause of pri-Tate resentment against the Duke cf Buckingham , lappeBed to meet with the remonstrance of the ¦ Commons , in which his enemy waa represented as the
-cause of every national grievance . Religious fanaticism farther inflamed hiBvindictirereflections , and he landed-ho should do heaven acceptable service , if at -one blow he dispatched this dange-ous foe to his country . iFull of these dark views he arrived at Portsmouth , and watched for an opportunity of « fiecting his purpose . The Duke was taking leave of eoae-friends , and as . he drew towards his door , he "was suddenly struck upon the breast with a knife . "Without nitering other "words than " the villain has Mlled me , " in the same moment pulling outt the knife , Be breathed : his last . Felton gave himself up as
the assassin , and the King desired that he might be jpoi to the tortuie , but the Judges declared that practice to be alrogfttker fflejral ! " So much more exact jeasoBerB , " remada Hume , " with regard to law , lad they become from the jealous scruples . of tho House of ComsiQQB . " When Parliament met again , ¦ &ej resumed their scrutiny into the causes of public suffering , aad-Seldea said , " as for the petition of right it kinown how lately it has been violated ance oar last meeting . Men ' s goods are still taken from them . One lately lost his ears ; that was censored in the Star Chamber by an arbitrary sentence * od judgment ! Next they will take a ~ sy our arms
and then our lives ! -&r John Elliott framed a remonstrance against levykif tonnage and poundage , a duty which had been presented as a " free , but < eoj > orary , . gift to some . preceding Monarchs , and which enabled the King to raise moaey without the Jtid -of Parliament . The question being jiow called *» r the Speaker said , " he had a command from-the lung io adjourn and to put no question V The ¦ whole house trasia an uproac The Speaker was "hsJd 4 a iis chair , -while a protestation was voted gainst . tannage and poundage , aud all were declared -traitors wio either j&eeived or paid these obnoxious pieties .
Parliament seas disseised , and th « most patriotic « tf Hb members . committed to priso . The law » a » srrested to ^ Eoloog-tbetr imprisoament , but at leogtb tfeey was released . Elliot , Hollia , asd YalenJiiae w « wr fiaasno&ed to tb « r trial in the Xing ' * Baaeh lor seditious speeches in Parliament ; the first na efearged with iating said that the Counsel sad Judges bad * U « osq > ired to tcample Reader foot fte liberty of the subject The deibftfents d % . marred to && jarisdiction , » d id ^ sed to - ansB-er in ^ n inferior court for their eotikluot ia a superwr ^ ffaey " * f » e then condemned to be imprieeoed durisg &e HbYa pleasu ?© , to fiad Burettes / or their -good W ** Tioa . *» «« i to pay mort exorbitant iaes . Sir John Eli * * 1 expired ia prisoa , lad thug truly , most traly , rank * anwni the martyra to the libertie * of f ^ Htff ^ i
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In this manner did the king rush madly and bliadly upon hia ruin , and eall down upon hia own head the TWj ^ Anoe of a justly enraged people . The next Parliament declared all these proceedings to " be illegal , and Charles now determined to rule aa hxx ^ as poeeible without the aid . el the legislature . The clergy , in its zeal for the preservation cf tfee state , with which the Church has been so otesely connected , too often "will be found to have adweated even illegal measures of the Crown , and to have thrown the sacred aa * ntle of religion arttind most unworthy and revDlthsg objects . Dr . Kainwaring preached two senaons , m which fee seriously In this manner did the king rush madly and | blindlv nnon his >«; n *»
maintain ad Vhataay who resisted the rtryal command , or even refusedsabmisskm to royal eStortion , would inevitably be thinned . These Christian discourses were printed " ** by th « command of the king , " a sanction « fteriy paraded on the title page . Tie Commons , ^ rtten they next nRt , condemned the revere&d ^ g « atleman to be imprisoned during the pleasure > rf the Hoise , to pay a fine of £ 1000 , to be incafaWe of harag any ecclesiastical dignity or Eec&lair-office , and to be su ^ ended for three years ; yet , eetwithstaading these declarations , he was efee « 3 y after pardoned by lie king , and immediately presented to lie rectory of Essex !
Hogh Pme , Esq ., was tried in the Star Chamber for treasonable K t ) words . It appears he fead said , that "Ckarles is an unwise a king as ever was , and so governed as king never was , fox he iB carried -as a man would carry a child with an apple . He is no more fit to be a king than my old shepherd , " *<; . The Judges cited some precedeots ? one of Juliana Quick , who in 2 l 3 t Henry VL « aid to the King— " Harry , of Windsor , ride soberly , thy horse may stumble and break thy neck . Tim wilt kiH thy uncle as tho » hast thy mother . Thoa art a fool ,-a knows fool , throughout England . " Ske was adjudged to peine fort et dure , of which w « lately gave a description . Thomas Keroer , in the same year , said— " Woe to the kingdom , when
a child is kULP . ' < & > .. Tn th « m « a hnfnrA thp-m havr . a child w kicg , < fec . In the case before them , however , the Judges resolved that the speaking of the worda , though wicked as mi $ hi be , was not treason for unless by somo statute no teords trill be trearnn . Richard Chambers , merchant , in consequence of having said— " That in no other part of the world are merchants bo screwed and wrung as in England ; &at in Turkey they have more encouragement , " was fined £ 2 , 000 and imprisoned , and ob'iged to make a submission , which he thus defined , — ' ¦ I , R . C , do utterly abhor and detest the above contests ( that is , the confession of being wrong ) as most unjust and false , and never till death will acknowledge any part thereof . "
Dr . Alexander Leighton published a book , " An Appeal to Parliament , or a Plea against Prelacy , " in which he exposed the persecution of the times , and maintained that bishops should not be supported , nor admitted to political counsels . He was sentenced to transportation for life , and a fine of £ 10 , 000 I He was to be degraded from his office , placed in the pillorv , branded with S . S ~ sower of
sedition , on his check ; his ears were to be cut off , his nose slit , and he was to be publicly whipped !! Could refinements in cruelty have gone beyond this ? Here was an unfortunate gentleman , of acknowledged talents and great learning , disfigured and confined for life , merely because he had given vent to his opinions , which were- perfectly innocent in themselves . In 1641 , the Commons condemned these
proceedings , and resolved that fine and sorporal punishment by the Star Chamber were illegal . Henry Sherfield , a bencher of Lincoln ' s Inn , and of puritanical tenets , chose to disagree with the artist , who had painted a window in Saliabtiry Cathedra ] , whereon was expressed the creation , but the order of days had been misplaced , the human beings were dressed in red and blue fancy dresses , some without any dresses at all , and other absurdities met the eye of the refined lawyer every Sabbath morning ; at length he gained admission , under false pretences , into the Cathedral , and broke the window into atoms . For this offence he was sentenced to to make a public acknowledgement , and to pay £ 500 , and to suffer imprisonment .
Pryune , a barrister of Lincoln ' s Inn , had written an enormous quarto of a thousand pages , which he called " His trio-mastyx , or a scourge for stage players . " Its professed purpose was to decry stageplays , comedies , interludes , music , dancing , but the author likewise took occasion to declaim against hunting , public festivals , Christmas-keeping , bonfires , and May-poles . His zeal against all these levities , he says , was first moved by observing that 40 , 000 play books were printed in twoyears , that they sold better than the choicest sermons , and that they ( particularly those of Ben Johnson ) were
printed on finer paper than the Bible itself . Besides , that the players were often papists , and desperately wicked ; the playhouses , of which there wera six iu London , he affirms , are Satan ' s chapels , tho playhaunters little better than incarnate devils ; and so many steps in a dance , so many paces to hell . He is inveterate against women taking part in stage plays , and mentions an instance of a woman doing so at Blackfriars in 1628 ; by these expressions he was supposed to allude to the Q , ufcen , who often took a part in pastorals and interludes . He does
not more kindly approve of men performing female characters , the general practice at that period . The music in Churches , he declares , not to be the noise of men , but a bleating of brute beasts ; choristers bellow the tenor , as it were oxen ; bark a counterpart , as it were a- kennel of dogs ; roar out a treble , as it were a sort of-bulls ; a , nd grunt out a base , aa it were a jiumber of hogs . Prynne was condemned to be degraded from his profession as a barrister , to stand in the pillory , to lose both his ears , to pay £ 5 , 000 to the king , and to be imprisoned during life .
Burton , a divine , and Bastiwick , a physician , were tried in the Star Chamber for seditious libels , and condemned to a punishment similar to that inflicted on Prynne , who was now also tried for a new offence , and , together with another fine of £ 5 , 000 , sentenced to lose what remained of his ears . These three were shamefully cheated into puniahment , for they were not allowed to put in answers , unless signed by Counsel ; Counsel , through cowardice , would not sign them , and therefore , " as formal
answers were toot given , th 6 y were presumed to plead guilty . At the place of execution , ' they made bold and excellent speeches , and embraced ea « h other . Some years afterwards they were released bv Par liament and received every where with loud and joyful acclamations . The Puritans , thus restrained in England , shipped themselves off for America ; but the King ismied a proclamation , forbidding such departures . Eight Ehip 3 lying in the Thames were detained by order of the Council , and in these were embarked Hampden , Pym , and Oliver Cromwell , who had resolved for
ever to abandon their native country , and to fly to the other extremity of the globe . " Men at some time are masters of their fates , " says the divine bard of Avon : Cajsar once had power to destroy Bratas as a vanquished foe ; he spared him , and thus probably determined his own fate . Charles thus retained his inveterate enemies in their country where they could frustrate all hia schemes , * nd elevate themselves on his destruction . How trivial are the causes from which great events may flow ] H « w Mste . how faintly Tis&b , «• the links of that diaia which connects the most important of
eircuBSta&eee ] Haaipden soon made the King repent hia determination of placing restraints on the roving propensities of his sabjects . The King , who would not be tanght by that ? evfarest of masters—experience , among other plans of raising money from his unhappy people , had revived one not only unconstitutional in its jutare , but odioas in every view ; we allude to shipmoney , which was a tax levied throughout the ooaatry by the mere oaJar of the King , without assent of Jhe Parliamfint , fcr the ostensible purposs
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of fitting out tog sappfrtlng a / fle £ «| <* m \< Btcesnt ; . Uaapden had been raled for twenty shillings for an estate which he possessed ia Buckingham , and notwithstanding tfet dit&red opinion of the Jadges in favour of th » impositl < Mi—notwithstanding the great power asd rigorous maxims of the Crown —« otwiihstajidiog the small prospect of relief from Parliament , he resolved , rather than tamely s&fcmit to so illegal an exertion of power * to stand a fcgal prosecution , and expose himself to the indigestion of theOort . of fitting out % n | shppfrtlng a / fle £ in imi ^ oW ^ Wto U . « . « a >» v-a v—» -1 »_ j » . J \ - _ . _»_
The ease was argued during twelve days in the Ewfeequer Chamber , before all the Judges of England , and the nation regarded with the utmost j saxiety every Gtecomstance of this celebrated trial . j Ct was urged fey Hampden ' s counsel ^ and by his partisans , that the plea of necessity was In . vaiu introduced ivio a trial of law , eiaoe it was the nature of necessity to abolish all law , and thg in cases of real exigency men edold easily act for themselves , and in their own defence ; that necessity
is the tyrant ' s plea on most occasions ; that to make the King sole judge of this necessity , is to subject all the privileges < £ the nation to his arbitrary will and pleasured - ' Parliament can always meet these supposed cases , '" and to Parliament alone must be entrusted the raising of public Bupplies ; taxes ¦ levied without their assent are contrary to the first principles of our Constitution , and the King cannot demand any portion , however slight , of an Englishman's proper * : against his will . ' '
Notwithstanding these reasons , the prejudiced Judges , four excepted , -gave sentence in favour of the Crown . Hampden , however , obtained the end for which , he had bo generously sacrificed his , safety and his quiet . The people were roused from their lethargy and became sensible of the dangers to which they were exposed At length the long Parliament assembled , and so great was the interest excited , that nevcx had * Parliament been observed to be , ueBM $ 6 begfchii } g , so full and numerous . Without any interval , therefore , they entered upon business , and by unanimous consent , they immediately struck a blow , which may in a manner be regarded as decisive .
It has generally been the habit of princes , when they have found themselves becoming dependant on their people , to confer offices on those popular leaders who may encroach too much on royal authority , in expectation that they will afterwards become more careful not to diminish that power which haa becomo their own . These politics were now embraced by Charles with regard to Sir Thomas Wentw ^ rthi whom we have beheld struggling in the cause of right . He was first made a Baron , then a Viscount , and afterwards Earl of Strafford ; he was president of the Council of York ; deputy of Ireland , and regarded as the chief minister and counsellor . By his eminent talents and abilities , Stafford merited all the confidence which hia master bestowed
upon him ; his character was stately , austere , and more fitted to procure esteem than love ; his fidelity to the Kiag at length became the chief of has desire ^ but as ho now employed all his Counsels to support the prerogative , which he had formerly bent all his endeavours to diminish , his virtue seems not to have been entirely pure , but to have been susceptible of strong impressions from private interest and ambition . ( Hume , v . 6 , p . 284 . ) This man tho
Commons now impeached of High Treason . The capital article insisted upon was the design of " Subverting the laws and constitution of England . " Now , although this is a good charge for sustaining an impeachment of an evil adviser of the Crown for high crimes and misdemeanours , yet it is not sufficient to Bupport a charge cf treason , not being defined or mentioned in 25 th Edward III ., the only definite statute upon this subject . .
Whatever we may think of Stratford ' s offences , wo cannot approve of this reoour . 8 e _ to « tlt » ined interpretation , in order to effect Ins condemnation . No true friend to liberty can ever sanction illegal or unconstitutional measures , even against a national enemy , lest they should afterwards be extended . , to those who are tha best friends and lovers cf their country . Strafford made a most eloquent defence , but by a bill of attainder he was condemned . ^ "Thus did Parliament of old punish evil aavisers « f the Crown .
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The preparations for the nuptials of her Majesty with Prince Albert commenced with great activity on Monday last , under tho immediate superintendence of the Department of Works . The CHAPjst .--Thi 9 edifice , in which the ceremony is to take place , has undergone a complete metamorphosis . It will be recollected that the interior wa « extremely simple in its construction , and limited in its accommodation . It was erected , we believe , from a design of Sir Robert Smirke , about three years back , the Queen ' s closet , news , and altar .
being formed of , or lined with , oak , of Gothic pattern , and as it was principally inteuded for the Royal Household alone , the pows did not comprise seats for more than about one hundred and twenty persons , including the choir . The coiling is of beautiful panel fretwork , and the whole had a very chaste appearance . The position is north and south , and the Queen's Closet , or Gallery , ia at the former end , facing the altar . Over the altar is a large Gothic window without ornament . The Queen ' s Closet was hung with rich cloth drapery , and w&s Approached from the Palace throogh * g » llery © nalevel with the Drawing-room suite , through which , her
Majesty always passed , entering the ^ Palace by tho garden-gate in St . James ' s Park . On the left of the . Closet is a gallery , or pew , for the reception of her Majesty ' s immediate attendants , and beyond this , in a recess , ia the organ , at which Sir George Smart presides . On the ri « h « of the Royal Closet are two other galleries , or pews , lor the convenience of Preresses and other members of the Household ; while in the pews below , the nobility , or occasional visitors to the Chapel , are admitted . The pulpit is close to the alwurTon the right . ' With a view to increase the Bittinga for the reception or those who , by right or courtesy , claim to be present at the wedding , extensive alterations became necessary , and by the judicious arrangements of officers
me of the Board of Works , this has been accomplished so as to afford seats for about 500 . This has been done by erecting galleries on each side of he Cnapel , from end to end , with two rows of seats : these galleries being supported by light Gothic fe and with light iron rails in front , harmouisinic vnth the character of the building . The fronts of the tnree pews we have described have been removed so as to connect them with the galleries , and within them a succession of raised seats have boen constructed , thus affording an uninterrupted tWjtf the aisle beneath , as well u of the altarT Her S ^ jS Sln nfR aS , f . ^ S ° a <** nfie- Here asnecigsion of seats has also been introduced capable of receiving about forty visitors , and this portion of the *\ u b ^ dev <> ted to the special accommodation or tho Foreign Ministers .
xne pews beneath will be devoted principally to those distinguished individuals who will form part ot the procession from the Palace to the Chapel , will TJm ^ I take their P ° sition 8 in such order as will enable them on the re-formation of the procesof Sir W ir etUr w tothePalace ' under the direction asHdJli ? > Woods , to resume their places with as lutle confnsjon as possible . The members of the Koyal Family will assemble on each side of the altar , SlitSl space , ln fr ° nt will be reserved for the Uiustnous couple , witn their appointed attendants . hnnTJlFf wiH be Uned with Telvet , and richly 5 S bTiri ^ T ' , ^^ <**™™ on Table phairTJ ^ Jr ^ Pky of Communion Plate . State crE ^ ftT *««* l stools of the most tasteful de . ! cript on , will be placed for the use of W Mo ?«« l be
will bT * * r ? ° > whiIe th * fl <*» " throughout ^ H covered with a rich carpet of purple and » nS >^^ J ^ PjLL 1 CE - --On «» morning of tfie the S 8 ^ * * £ ' ** » w * "Vk £ J and ^ , f ^^' 2 e * mbearer 8 ' ^ welTe in n » mbflr ) ttffiS ^^ Sawsjss&s tftpii cSmberUiuT ^ dae noUce h * the **** BcJif h ^? " B 00 M ' Principal DrawwqarfTtn ZnZ ? rsof "St-ate , and such other persons as sigsssaf
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6 TOCKFORT . COURT HOUSE , Wednesday , January 29 . Before the Mayor , Jonathan ThornhilL and P . E Marsland , Esqrs .
TURM-OUT AT THE WELLINGTON BRIDGE MILLS . The existing turn-out at the cotton factory of Messrs . Hole , Lingard , and Crattenden , appears to be productive of litigation in various shapes ; and in consequence of certain representations to the police of a hostile character towards the "knobsticks , " the most rigid proceedings are , in consequence , adopted towards those who are unwilling to yield to the abatement ; and , as will be also seen , every opportunity is t taken to bring parties before the ntagistrates on indistinct charges of " a suspicion of being enepeoted , " as an American would say . 6 The first series brought before the Beneh this day , were those against Patrick Leadlow , Ann ia ? w'V ^ na I ^ w » d « , Mary Aon Bennett , and ^ P ** - : J ™« B «» fi * lttww * the service of Mhrn
Uolfc , lingard , and Co . wfihout firing any notice . That ^ against Leadlow was first considered . Mr . Taughan , who appeared for the complainants said he attended to Bupport a warrant which had been obtained against the defendant for having left his work without giving the usual notice . On Tuesday , Leadlow , with others , came to their work , aud coutinued at their looms till dinner time , when they leu . without assigning any reason or giving the slightest mtimation whatever . The case for the complainants was very straightforward . All that he had to do was to prove the engagement of the individual before the court which ho was also prepared to do ia the other cases tewing the remit in the hands of the Bendi
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Thomas Graham stated that ho was an overlooker in the above establishment . Ho engaged Leadlow yesterday morning ( Tuesday ) aft a > wearer ; and he entered / upon ^ bls service between nine and'ten o clock in tho morning . He left at dinner time , and has not since wturued ; nor did he assign any reason , or give any motive of his leaving the service . Cross-examined by Mt . W . Taughan , who was engagod for the defence . I am overlooker of the room in which Leadlow worked . When I engaged him as a weaver nothing particular was said . Did not tea Kin that the whole of the handB had returned to their work . There were ektv-eiaht out of Thomas Graham stated that he was an overlooker in ilia ahnvA ABtahlUkmant Htt o » . r . »^ T ~ . AJ . « .
one hundred looms going in my room at the time of of his engagement . He did not tell me that I had deceivedhim . He came and asked for work again , and 1 shop'd" him , he having worked there before ; but I put him upon a different set of four looms to those upon which he had previously been ' weaving last Thursday but one . That was the day 6 n which ue left ; because he would not stop at the "bated price , " as they call it .. The reduction is one penny per cut . Ho received the regular notice before leaving at that time . When he came back ^ again , I did not tell him what price he was to receive . I considered that he came back at the reduced wages , lhis being the ease for the complainants ,
bmvW . Vaughan contended that in the absence of * specific agreement between the employer and the employed , tho natural inference would be that the latter expected tho usual rate of wages , because * nothing was said to the contrary . [ Mr . Vaujjhan—Wages , have nothing whatever to do with the question . J But it was the amount to be paid that proved to Leadlow that he had been deceived , and therefore declined to work upon any such terms / There was noaudumfactum , andheconsidered himself absolved , having been entrapped into this service . The overlooker knew that the defendant and others had turned out against the reduction of a penny a cut ; but what does he do ! Why , he contrives to get them in again , and having once got them to work , he turns round upon them , and tells them that if they do not continue for a week , the strong hand of the lawwould
, punish them for leaving without notice . If these overlookers are so very anxious to keep their looms , let them get people of their own stamp , " and by means of regular agreements ; but it appears that , for the sake of making a flourish , they nil their rooms with hands by means of an adroitness which they know their masters would be ashamed of exhibitiog themselves . Mr . Vaughan protested against any rach misrepresentations being allowed to pass uneontradicted . The man himself beiug a turn-out , knew full well that if he resumed his situation he ( did so at the reduced wages . No delusions and expections of any kind were held out to him . In fact , he had left his work incomplete . Graham , the overlooker , on being re-examined by Mr . vaughan , said that the defendant had not finished the work iu his looms .
Mr . J . E . Marsland , a magistrate , said that it was usual when engaging a new hand , if the situation did not suit , to look out for another ; and , if he did not answer the purposes of the master , he ( the servant ) might , for the same reason , be discharged at once . Mr . Vaughan replied that that waB the first time he had ever heard that such a rule or law was in practice . If it were , no manufactory could be carried on . Mr . Vaughan—That is the question to be decided in this Court now .
Mr . W . Vaughan replied that there was no valid contract of service between the parties ; and in the absence of any definite agreement , the party had a perfect right to leave when ho liked , and particularly when it is taken iato consideration by what sort of means bo was introduced iuto tho mill . After a lengthy parley , Mr . W . Yanghan , adopting the suggestion of the Bench , agreed that the defendant , including the four others whose casea remained to be heard , should return to their work and ive
, ga week ' s notice , and pay the costs . Mr . W . Vaughan hoped that this would be a complete arraugement , and that the two other persons who were in custody on the information of Mr . Sadler , the Superintendant of Police , on charges of intimidation or something else , should also be discharged on paying the costs . If we must have acts of grace , let it be a full and a final oneelse the termination of the present oases , instead ofashibiting a kindly . feeling towards the employed , will appertain to something of a vindictive
character . Mr . Vaughan said he was uot prepared to interfere , not knowing anything about the cases alluded to , and not having received any special instructions thereon . % The other five weavers were th n discharged upon the above terms . Michael Fearns and Thomas Cooper were charged upon the information of the Superintendent , with using improper language to some of the employed as they were leaving their work on Tuesday . It did not appear that the words" knobstick , ' — " b y b '—~ rs were directed to particular
any person ; the officer was close behind the defendants at the time , and could not say that the language had anv individual application . Mr . W . Vaughan appeared for the defendants likewise ; and in the course of his address to the Bench , made some ludicrous observations upon this trumpery case . The term "knobstick" had now become so awful , that the man who uttered it in a crowd was in danger of being summoned for using intimidating language ; indeed , he could not see how this case could be twisted within the fangs of the Act of Parliament applicable to charges of intimidation .
The Bench discharged the defendants on payment of costs , observing that if any of the hands had sought for the protection of the Court in consequence of the language used upon that occasion , the . result would have been more serious . They would not permit any person to be intimidated .
MONDAY . Before the Mayor , Jonathan Thornhill , aud P . E . Marsland , Esqrs . Mary Hulme , Hannah Wilson , Sarah Ann Partington , and Esther Higgins were respectively charged with leaving the employ of Messrs . Hale and Co ., cotton manufacturers , of the Wellingtonbridge Mills , without giving notice . The merits of the above cases were similar to those reported in the proceeiings of Wednesday . Mr . Vaughan said he would offer them the like terms which had been held out to the other defendants—that of paying the costs , returning to their work , and , if they did not like it , to give the regular notice , and leave . Otherwise he should press the complaint .
Mr . W . Vaughan , on behalf of the defendants , said , that his clients in this , as in the other cases , had been wickedly led into the dilemma by false statements of * the overlookers . They never contemplated returning and working at the abatement . However , he advised them to accept the proffored terms . The young women accordingly agreed ; and , on paying tho expenses , were set at liberty .
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DIABOLICAL ATTEMPT TO MURDER . On Monday morning last , at the Borough Court , Manchester , a man named William Gill , was brought before Daniel Maude . Esq ., the stipendiary magistrate , charged with one of the most diabolical and cold-blooded attempts at murder which has been recorded for many years . The victim of the attempt was his wife , a woman respectably connected , ( tho sister of Mrs . Leresche , proprietress of the Manchester Advertiser , ) to whom he had been married about fourteen years , but who , for the last five years , had been separated from him owing to his ill-usage and bad b $ en placed in a small way of business in Ashton-road , Manchester . The prisoner had been to Africa during the last two years it appears , and returned to Manchester about a fortnight ago . Durint ' this time he had sought and obtained repeated interviews with his wife , the object of which was to persuade her to let him live with her . She refused to
dothiabutofferedtodo all she could to maintain him it he would continue separate . On Friday evening Ia 3 (; , he called and repeated his persuasions , and was sitting alone with her at tea , when he suddenly seized hold ofaclas pjinife , and dragging his wile uitoa dark room used for coals , threw lier down , aud after deliDerately feeling about her neck , for tho jugular vein , drew the knife across her throat . , inflicting a wound about half-an-inch deep and three inches long . He then deliberately left the house , and was going down the street when some neighbours , who had been alarmed by the cries of his wife suspecting what was the matter , raised the hue and ' cry after him , and he was soon afterwards safely lodged in the keeping of the police . His poor wile was found weltering in her blood , whero lie had left her , but on the assistance of a surgeon being procured , it was discovered that the wound was not fatal , the villain having missed his object . The following are the particulars of what transpired in
CQJJft - —— " » Mary Ann Gill , the prisoner ' s wife , was called into the witness boxwd sworn . The unfortunate woman appeared very we » k from loss of blood , and bemi much affected on « eeing the prisoner , was . sonte time before she could proceed with hw statement . In answer to questions from Mr . Maude she said—I am wife of the prisoner , and we have been married about S" ^ T £ ? ' ^ ut * bou k " fiVe 1 . »** H <> he wminduced to sign a deed of separation andleave me I believe he went to Africa about two years since , and returned home afortnight last Saturday . I have not lived with him since , but he has beon at the house every day , and in consequence of the language he made use of I have mostly had a man who is aneiehbpur , to come and remain in tho house to protect me He came in first on Saturday fortnight , and said he wished to come and Jive with me . I told him he should not , but he said he would , and staid in the
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' ¦— ^ 1 house several daya . I was afraid of aim . and nail persons with me most of the time . During-this tint I I had many conversations with nim ,. buthe did not I then attempt any violence . H « djd take his pen . I knife on the Wednesday , before he left me , aril threatened to stab me . In consequence of thatUZI was taken befgre toe magistrates at the New Bailer I in Salfard , but was discharged on , br& promise not tal annoy me again .. On the Mondaj following he carnal again to my hons « j and ^ said , he Was " oonfe to live ! with me . I told him he shdtld riot , tartjirbmig ed to I do all I could towards hisanpport if he "would not ! molest me . He again threatened to annoy me befor % 1 leaviog the house . He came again on -Tuesday * Wednesday , and . Thursday , and behaved in the sami \ manner . house several dava I waa ** , «* «* ' a v ^ _"_ „„ "I "; , * " * yB * , *? ., * •«»«* <« aim . and htlH
Mr . Maude—Was there a threat held out on each occasion ! Witness—There was , sir ; liekept saying he wo ul * have blood . He came on Friday , about three o'clock , ihere was no one in besides our twoselves , and hi sat down very quietly . I was getting my tea at tha time ; andattet he had b « r » in the house some time he said , — Willyotr live with me , Mary Ann t " anl I said " No . " With that he dragged me into a dark place under the stair , used for coals , where I had not room to turn round , and there he threwjne dowaJ Hehada clasD knife in one hand - inrt witfc « i > i
other hand I felt him feel about for the jugular vein * but I put my baud over it . I said " OhTspare m » life ; " but he said ' ? No ; yx > n shall die , Mary Ann * and he then drew the knife across my throst . I can . , not say how long we struggled , but it seemed bui the work of a few moments . In that state he left me . He had made use of no threats to me on thi » occasion , but seemed more than usually civil . The prisoner put a number of questions to bji wife , of which the only ones to the purpose were tha following : — j ¦ Prisoner—Did not I ask you , on Friday , to W reconciled to me , and I would try to get work , and assist you to keep my children ! Wife-You did .
Prisoner—Did you not then fly into a passion and use opprobrious epithets , saying I had borrowed another man ' s clothes . Wife—Vo , nothing of the kind . < ¦ Mr . Maude—Had you said any thing to the prisoner to make him angr ; ! J ^ Wife—No , air . He appeared all the time unusually civil , but I observed that the muscles of his faoi worked very much . ' " TT Prisoner—Did , you not say that yon nad been obliged to whore with Mosca to keep a house over your head , and did not I feel as though th « veins ia my head had swollen to double their usual size , and I seized you and said , " Theu you shall die , youb—ch 4 in your whoredom ! " ; J Wife—Oh , dear no . Mr . Maade—Then did you say nothing of the kind to him ! ^^
Wife—I told him , sir , that he had tried to drive me to prostitution , and I would never live with him again . ^ Mr . Maude—Was it then that he seized you ! Wife—No , sir ; his last words were , would lever live with him a « ain , and I said I never would . He then seized me by the shoulders , at > d pushed me into the place I have before described . «« y Prisoner—Did . I not accuse you of improperly ad * mitting that mau into the house ! Wife—Yes , but the accusation was very nn founded . J
The prisoner then said he was a murdered man * but he did not attempt to deny that h « had previously threatened to destroy his wife ' though the magistrates called hi 9 attention to thai part of tho evidence . Mr . Robert Boyer , surgeon , Pin Mill Brow , Ardwick , stated thai on the 31 st of January , he was sent for to the house of Mrs . GUI , and : saw her throat . There were several persons standing around her . He discovered a wound in her throat , about three inches long , passing obliquely upwards , and about half an icchdeep . It did not bleed muclu and was such a wound as might have been caused by a knife . Had the cut been a little more to th « right , it would probably have been fatal * On ths following day , he examined Mrs . Gill , and dial covered several bruie « s about her person , as if from the effect of blows .
Thomas Shepherd , a dyer , stated that he lived at Openshaw , not far from Mrs . Gill , and that on Tuesday , the 20 th of January , he was sent for and requested by Mrs . Gill to remain with her in the house as she was afraid of her hus band . He ( the prisoner / was there , an d witness f * nun snatch up a fcujfo and declare he would have Wood . He . ( witness ) and Jane Jones remained in the house till the following Wednesday mowing . John Hammond stated that oa Friday last thsvr °£ 3 !! arjr ' * " he was Passing by the hons&rf AlJ-s . trill he saw a crowd round the door , and on asking what was the matter , ho was told that tfe »
husband of Mrs . Gill had cut her throat . He went into the house and saw Mra . . Gill sitting , on a chair aud her tnroat was bleeding . He immediateiv sent for some sticking plaster , which he applied to the tnroat to prevent further effusion of blood , until surgeon could be sent for . i Win . Cullendar , a policeman , deposed that he apprehended the prisoner oa Friday evening last . H « confessed to having cut bi 3 wife ' s throat , and wenitO the station house very quickly . . The depositions having been read , the prisoner was asked whether he bad anything further to s « l and was cautioned that whatever he stated would !* taken m writing , and might be produced as evideno * 4 &iiu
K » nim on nis trial . The prisoner said there were several very gross errors m the depositions . His wife had stated ^ hafe when he attempted to cut her with the knife , he threw her into a lobby . There was no Buch thbgal a lobby . The wife , on being questioned as to whether ther » was a lobby , stated that she meant a email passage between the kitchen and . the coal-house ' ^^ The prisoner replied that the depositions were as taise aa he )] . . ; , r The witnesses were then bound over , and the prisoner was committed to the Liverpool Assiwe murder * '' ' * W " " outtix )« with intent to
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PRINCE ALBERT . A LITTLE . TRUiHiND . A OOO 0 BBAi OF HUMBUG . ¦ . Since Prhce Albert pl . yed at "Speculation " and Turned up " the Queen of Diamonds , the lucky young * og is conned by hie poor relative * as the only trump card in the Cobourg pack . The most J . ttering honour is paid to theyoung fellow by the UhHtriou * and Serene beggars of Germany that qannot well be imagined ; but however difficult it may b 9 to ' vimagine , " we wilt endeavour to « describe " Rome of fee fooleries perpetrated in boneor of the future husband of the Qaeen of England . First m are info rmed that " the Ki . g ' of ^ xooJ ;^^ Pnnca Alhett , , the occasion of his approaching marriage tbe Saxon family order of : K « T ( Raatenkrone ) Now , if some £ 60 , 000 or £ 60 , 000 aWear are to bedragged out of tkepockets of poorhumbuffl « 4 mil
uoau , as long as tha yoang fellow may ceanoe to live , it appears to O 8 that the crown of Mue ( tor God knew , we shall have cause to r * e the day he ever set foot , n EngUud ) oujhtto be dapped upon £ e heads of every ;« payer throoghoat the kingdom , io testimony of their feelingg oa , the subject V Aeir ? K Jt in c ? p been * ° ' u regulariy chi 3 e 11 ^ . " - Wenext learn that "Prince Albert , on marking the Queen of Eogland , will preserve his title of poke of SaxI which hia ancestors have rendered * o illustrious . " Thus it appeaw that although he ia on the eve of " cutting his >» tick" m Germany , he inteBda to givew «« the sack as soon as ha is muried-n » ia very ccwUuble proceedinfe we imagine , on the part of one ' toirardfr
a nation or * bom it may literally be said that they TV- , , f et ^ e 8 g ar ~ *»««*« ¥ " t » ^' ride to the Devils Thenext intelli gence with whichweare lavoured from the German manufactory states « that JtTmce Albert was last year declared to have attained his majority , and put in pwMewion of the preperty bequeathed to him by Us mother , which produces a revenue of 28 OOOflorinj ., about £ 2 , 400 per annum . " I hw is twaddle—indeed it is worse than " twaddle . Jl ^ i ? 01 ?! tIie P'incet
^ ^ . ^ : , wo was cbePrmcem Dorothy ( and half a wore nam ' a beside ) , and the daughter of the last Dake- but one of Saxe-?* £ * lT ' T ^ dlvorced fr <»» her husband in 1826 ; and never had more than a couple of brass farthing , matt her life to jingle qp « n Lg ^ TfcSit . W 11 ^^* thousand fiddie-rticks 11 Th , fact » , when he returned from Eogiattlto Ger-« ^^^ & ™ ' > «^ $ <™ «*«» - " - royai pair to the ereat sunman « t * W < . o . »; n »
P « Pere ? CoUurg . Inquiries - were verTnatar ^ tohesnchahberal in money matte ™ , whan but . few nhort months previously be was a » poor as chureh mouse . ' - "It ' s fee Queen of EnglaS' . gold , resoanded on all iu sides , and then tin won . der ceased ; but a . it was not considered " quite th » a " u ZT" '"T f * ^*> ° r Cobonrgsl-th «» i » should be n ppo « dthe bridegroo . tteet sloiild navt had pocket-money given , to hia before marriage A * iwenty-eigktthouaand florins' tale was hatched , sod
given out" m we have mentioned . The real tet > ar « thew : —Wh « n he left Windsor Cattle hia tnmkf were not only well stored with , presents , of Urn most valuable descriptions , bat hit . pockets were eqaall j well lined with English gold .
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A Boulogne correspondent mentions that several accidents from lightning haw occurred during the recent stormy weather in the tteighbourhood ^ f that town . A bam was burnt at uazemez * and two yfiffiaissr - * Wiame Uve ^"^
Ff ** ~ *~ I '¦*F Ci" ,T J^ -Rr-Tz-^R-R- — . ___Rr R -_ ¦ ¦ State Trials. ==A _ — , - State Trials. 1
ff ** ~ *~ i ' ¦* f ci" , t j ^ -rr-tz- ^ r-r- — . ___ rr r - _ ¦ ¦ STATE TRIALS . == a _ — , - STATE TRIALS . 1
Preparations For The Marriage Of The Queen.
PREPARATIONS FOR THE MARRIAGE OF THE QUEEN .
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T ^ SHfANT ^ iiRo ^ B . RooM .- ^ The procession of the " Bridegroom , Prince Albert , will here assemble , and be duly placed by the Officers of the Earl Marshal . The folding-doors , between these rooms will be kept elosed tin all beiin readiness , ' The PaocBSscoic . ~ Prince Albert ' s portion of the procession will mbve first , preceded by the Lord aud [) eputy Chamber Join , who jwill conduct his Royal Highness to the Chapel , where he wilt remain on the right hand side , or left of the altar : The Lord Chamberlain will then return to her Majesty , and ^ H ^ ANT ? 3 'S » oife . RooM ,-The procession of the ^ RrWesrroom . l * nr . ci » Alhevt will h « r « BJKMnhle . and
having taken their prescribed positions , her Majesty's prooeasion will advance , preceded by musio , and guided hy the officers of the Earl Marshal . Queer Anne's Drawing-room , which forms the last of the suite of rooms fronting St . James's Park . I a this room , through which the processions will first move , raised amphitheatrical seats have been erected , which will be covered with crimson cloth , and which are constructed in a semicircular form , extending from the folding doors of the Ante-Thronei ropm to the door of
The Guauo Chamber , on the left of which a succession of seats , with rail in front , also covered with crimson cloth , have likewise been erected . Through this chamber , which is hung with ancient tapestry , the Procession will pass to The Armourt , where seats for spectators will also be fouud ; and thence to 1 ? hb Grand Staiucasb , in front of which , and on the side , seats again meet the eye ; so that , throughout the interior of the Palace , every spot from whence a view of the gratifying spectacle can be commanded has been assiduously devoted for the reception of such persons as may be fortunate enough to obtain tickets from the Lord Chamberlain ; and as a \\ persons will be in full dress , tbe scene will be at once brilliant and imposing . Down the Great Staircase the Procession will advance to the ancient entrance of the State Apartments , and bo iuto
Ths Colonade in the Colour Quadrangie leading to the Chapel . Here an inclosure has been constructed , extending into the Court-yard , which is covered over , and fitted up with seats one above another , capable of receiving about 360 persona . These seats will be lined with crimson cloth , and the whole of the Colonade will be plain stone colour , in accordance with the interior of the building . As the original intention of performing-the service in the evening has been abandoned , three extensive lanterns , or skylights , have been introduced into the roof of the Colonade , and large windows have been opened in the back of the mclosnre , so that the broad glare of dav will be freelv admitted , and fullv
display the splendour of the' passing seene . The x >\ d Sagged way of the Colonade has been taken up , aud the oarth removed , so as to reduce the surface to a perfect levol with the vestibule of the Palace and the floor of the Chapel . This haa been boarded ; and the whole course , from the Throne-room to the door of the Chapel , will b « covered with a rich carpet of a uniform pattern , the decorations harmonizing throughout . Within the Chapel , we have already stated , crimson and gold will be the prevailing colours . A simple elegance , without any attempt at theatrical effect , characterise the whole arrangements , which are upon an economical scale , and extremely creditable to the artists engaged .
Calculating the amount of accommodation in the Chapel , in the Court-yard , on the Staircase , and in the Chambers within the Palace , we apprehend rather m ^ re thau twelve hundred tickets will be issued , in the appropriation of which weare assured ^ the Lord Chamberlain ( tho Earl of Uxbridge ) , who has a difficult card to play , will exercise as strict an impartiality as possible ; but we need not say he will find it no easy task to give satisfaction to all the claimants , who will naturally feel desirous of being present on an occasion in which the whole nation so
deeply sympathises . r-THE Bridal Day . —The day fixed for the performai . ee of the nuptials is said to be Monday , the IQih inatant , at twelve at noon . The illustrious Bridegroom ia expected to reach London on Friday next , and will be received with all due honours , every preparation having been made for that purpose . A grand dinner will bo given iu Buckingham Palace the same day , at which his Royal Highness will be present . Forty covers will be laid . Apartments have , we understand , been taken for hisRoyal Holiness at the Clarendon Hotel .
Conclusion op the CereuoaI ? . —At the concusion of the ceremony , which will be performed by the Archbishop of Canterbury and tho Bishop of London , at a given signal tho Park and Tower guns will be fired . Her Majesty and the King Consort will then take their seats iu State Chairs , on each side the altar , receiving the congratulations of the illustrious groups by whom they will be surrounded . The Processi n will tben be re-formed , and the Illustrious Couple will return to the Palace by the same rpitte-tlirough which thoy had previously passed , the * p « Sa « kter « all standing , and offering their heartfelt greetings as thoy advance . On the return to the Throne-room , the attestation of the Royal marriage will take place . For this portion of the ceremonial a new table has beeu made of exquisite workmanship .
Music—The music to be performed in the Chapel nnder the direotion of Mr . Hawes , will consist of the realm " Dcub Miseratur" iu the service , composed by King ,, in B flat ; and ihe Anthem , to conclude the ceremonial , " JJlesead be thou , Lord God of Israel " by Kent . Her Majesty and the King Consort will then proceed to Buckingham Palace , and will bo followed by all the Members of the Royal Family who were present , and who will partake of a breakfast , to be prepared for the occasion . After wnich her Majesty and her Consort , attended by their rewpeotive suites ,- and a guard of cavalry , will set out for Windsor .
The Royal Banquet .- —In the evening a splendid banquet will be given in the Banquet-room , fitted up by George the Fourth in St . James ' s Palace , to all the Members other Majesty ' s Household , at which Lord Errol , as Lord Steward , will preside . Covers for above one hundred and thirty will be laid . The room will be fitted up with great magnificence , and nothing will be omitted to do honour to so memorable an event . We apprehend the public offices will be illuminated , and all public bodies , a « well as private individuals wjlltollowthis example . WedUiue favours will bo generally worn .
inroughout the kingdom preparations are in progress for celebrating the event iu a becoming manuer , and there will uot be a town or village in which some species of rejoiciug , according to the taste and opportumtes of the inhabitants , will not be adopted . Wedding Cakes . —Messrs . Gunter and Ward ; of iJerkcley-square , have received orders to prepare a given number of wedding cakes for tho occasion ( pne hundred we hear ) , which are to be given to tbo priacipal Member of the Household , and probably to the Foreign Ministers , but upon this point we cannot speak with certainty . The cakes are of the most luxuriant description .
i Wo believe tt ? is not yet arranged how soon after ths wedding her Majesty will return to town , but from what we can collect the period of absence will not be of loug duration . A Diawing-room will then be held , at which her Majesty will receive the congratulations of her subjects , including the Lord Mayor and Common Council , the Universities of Cambridge and Oxford , and other public bodies aa well as the Foreign Ministers . - His Royal Highness tho Duke of Sussex will give ner MajeBty away . The Duke- of Cumberland will not be present ; but their Royal Highnesses the Duke and Duchess of Cambridge , Prince George of Cambridge , and the two Processes , the Princess Au-KUsta , Princes Sophia of Gloucester , and other Members of the Royal Family will join in the procession . ¦ r
Tho programme of the ceremonial , from its commencement to its conciu&ion , has been prepared by oir Win . Woods , and when finally approved will receive immediate pabheity . _ The marriage ceremony will be strictly in conformity with the Rubrick , without any omission , although many of the fair sex deemed it indispeneablo that tho triplata of " Love , honour , and <> £ «" should be curtai ed of the last obnoxious word
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E ' ' I % i |^^ ram — - _ THE NORTHERN STAR . . B
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Feb. 8, 1840, page unpag, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/king-y1kbzq92ze2670/page/6/
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