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O LU %Zl?i* *! *• *¦**¦». F"*™
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. ( Continuedfrm our tnenth po § e . )
ttr . Shepherd wag called upon to > move the second resolution . He said ho was glad that the task imposed apoH him was an easy one , and he undertook it with a great deal of pleasure , premising that he was not a member of any society whatever , not even of the Sodalista . He didnot come before that meeting a 3 a member of tke Socialist body ; what his opinions were would eost likely be shown at that meeting ; but it was enough to state at present that he was not a Socialtat .
He then read tfce following resolution ;—"That the ohjectsof the Society of the Rational Kehgionute appear to be as follows : — « To establish orar the world , in principle and practice , chanty for the conviction ? , feeling , aad coaduct of erery human being , without distitctioQ ofs ? X , class , Bsct , party , country , or colour . To well educate and advaatRgeou ^ ywnploy all , « o a *_ to insure their heaV . h , permanent prosperity , intelligence , union , and happnreflt . " To produce and distribute in tho Isest manner , the best qualities of all kinds of wealth abundantly for all . * To govern ¦ sar . it beneficially fdrall , without force er fraud , and ultimately , without tntificial rewards orrroabhnientA—by the removal of the causes which
pradocfienl , and theinsotutiondi ^ &ose which produes good . " Thus , to effect pesceably , end by reason alone , an entire change in tfee cbaract-T-and conditions oi mankind . " And this meeting-cre of opinion that such objects are moral , proper , and praisaworthy , and are perfectly craapanble YJ&b . the constitution and laws of these realms . ; thttthe Association has been duly certified by competent authorities as legal ; ana therefore , any -etteinpt to suppress by force 3 ich society , would be a-violation of the rights of man , and of tee "first principles of civil and religious liberty , asid would aSerd a precedent for the revival of anciect religious despotism , by which the sect united to the State hara trampled on . the free dom of di * senfaw . " ^
That the Socialists have been maligned in the House of Link he 'firnt ]^ believed . It had beea stated in that Hoase that Ihey enceuraged all sorts of immoraliw and obscecty , and everything that was bad and disgusting to human nature . Nowj if their objects were rac&as this resolution stated , the person making this statement ia the House of Lordmust either lie undera great mistake or wilfhlly have committed a greet error . Now to , sho ^ that fhes ? wera their objects his business was to tell ( item that the resolution he-called upon them to aoqukuce in was a literal extract from the book of lawn adopted by the Socialist * . The speaker then read several extracts 'Fran tho fundamental liwa _« f Socialism , to prove Eftat the objects and principles
of the Society were-euch as were calculated to promote tbe welfara-of the peop ' . e at large . He proceeded to-say that = ho wished the meeting to state whether this was thsir opinion of Socialism . Hedid not , as a Socialist , wish them to 6 tate that opinion , because he had already informed them that he was not a Eember ofchat body . He merely wished their opinien -as a -fellow-townsman . He asked them , then , for thk opinion , aad when he shewed them that the resolution in itself was founded upon the very laws and-facts of Socialism , he could not see any grounds whatever why thoy should refsse to give ^ ( Hear , hear . ) One portioa of tbe resolution which he had read stated that the laws aad constitution of the body of Socialists were in accordance
¦ with the laws of the land . In confirmation of this , he would read the certificate of the barrister appointed to-investigate the rnles of each Societies , which would -be found at once to be favourable to the kgalityof the Society . [ Tbe opinion of J . Tidd Pratt , fisa ^ barrister , was accordingly read . ] The resolution also stated that if the proposed prosecu tion were allowed by the law , it would afford a precedenfefor the revival of religious despotism . And who would be found to doubt thisfect ! Why was it that the . party who had commenced this attack upon 4 he Socialists had selected them as an object of persecution ! They were all aware that hitherto tho chief object of their pursuit had had been the persecution of the Catholics , of which they themselves were only a mere excrescence . But they had found the Catholics to be too strong for
tnenvand in order that they migfct not " stand all the day idle" they had turned round to persecute the Socialists . ( Cheers . ) It was indeed a curious anomaly that those very men who declared that their -object was to promote peace « n earth , and gcod will te men should pursue their calling in such a manner as that which they had met to deprecate . ( Hear , hear . ) But what else -eould they expect ? Christianity itself was persecuted with the utmost violence until it became the state religion , and ever since that period the professors of ; it had gone on persecuting with the greatest possible rigour those who happened to differ with them in religious sentiment ( Hear , hear . ) Feeling , then , and believing tneseilrings to be the truth , he would leave the matter in then : hands , and would conclude by moving the resolution . ( Loud cheers . )
Mr . Gobdard was called upon to second the resolution . He said the business which he had been called upon to nerform was one that left him but little to do . The extracts which had been read he could bear testimony to as being correctly -quoted from the constitution and laws of the ** Universal Community of Rational Religionists . If the object of promoting the principles and practices of virtue and propriety in the convictions , feelings , aud conduct of erery human being was a bad object , then for such the Socialists deserved to be persecuted . If the object of well educating and advantageously employing aU human beings was a bad object , then for such the Socialists deserved to be persecuted . If flie object of producing and distributing wealth in
the oest manner , and to the greatest advantage to all , was a wicked object , then the Socialists deserved persecution . If good government was a bad object , then they deserved persecution ; and if to endeavour to effect good government , and all these things , fe a lad object , then they deserved persecution . < Loud cheers . ) He thought it required no great amount of doguence from him or any individual to persuade that meeting that all those objects were good and praiseworthy , —( cheers)—and that all attempts to prevent those objects must be founded upon the basest and most worthless of motives . ( Loud cheers . ) He felt himself incompetent to add anything more and ho therefore begged to second the resolution ( Cheers )
Mr . JL Buchanan was then introduced amidst renewed cheers in support of the resolution . He said he was very glad that he had arrived in time from Scotland to be present at that meeting , and to have the pleasure of addressing them on the present aspect oi Socialism . ( Cheers . ) He had read tbe bishop s speech last Sunday evening in Glasgow , and he was proud that a humble individual like himself , along with his more talented brother missionaries , had at last been found worthy of the notice of a bishop . ( Hear , hear , and cheers . ) A few months ago they were an obscure and despised set of individuals , having few respectable characters about them—mere outcasts from society , that were not thought worthy of the least notice , from the
holy priesthood , acd their learned men . But now the Bishop of Exeter , -who was perhaps the most talented of all tho bishops , and told the country , through the House of Lords , that the society were a large body , and that they were distinguished fora great amount of talent , energy , and remarkable business habits . ( Cheers . ) This he was glad to see , because it would now teach the bishops that the fcwsiahsts were not a Email , obscure , ignorant knot , of individuals that were to be trifled with , but that they -wets & large and increasing body , and that they hadiuteligenceand character to support them , and knowmgthese things it certainly was time for them to come forward and answer them in argument —< ioud clieers)—because if they really were so nuformidable
merous , -eo , and possessed of so much intelligence , energy , and talent , as they said they possessed , it was the duty of the bishops , as conser-Tators of tke pnblic morality , to come ' forward and comparenotsswiihthe Socialists , and if their religion was falsa , and the bishops were not perepared to rapport tiieir professions and practices , then " Hurrah !" ** SociaUsm- ( cheers ) -because if the bishops and learned men of Oxford and Cambridge wiuM not meet them in fair and open diacufsion , it only proved that theirs was a rotten system , wbilo-Sacialism was a true system , and that thecoonentwas universally established the better it would be for every member of tho human family ( Cheers . ) Howevor , the resolution he had to propose entirelin
was y opposition to what the Ili « htRev Prelate had stated to be the principles of Socialism . He had stated tbat the Socialists were an Atheistic infidel , immoral todj , indulging in the most awful blasphemies , aud individuals who encouraged the most immoral practices . Now the resolution which lie was called upon , to support stated quite the contrary to all this , and tin individual who introduced the resolution gave , than several quotations from their roles to diow them that the substance of the resolution was transcribed from the rales themselves Ho would read them anofeer extract or two to 6 how that their objects were . of ihe best and most praise worthy character . ( Thefineaker here read a variety or extracts to prove thecharacter and object of the society , aad tteawansby » hich the / proposed to &
Kcomphsfe em . He proceeded to sa / i-r These were the objects ihej had « view , and eertaalT according to the estuaition Of a bishop , they were very unmoral objecta . ( Shane . ) If giving the people of this country the besefit of a rational S ? Ll 5 ? A .. edacatiM * ** & * w « denied ^ bjthe BuhopaMid Clergr-if giving to the people of ttig coHntry the prednofc of their labour , and in exchange for that labonr a diffident amount wJZa ^ IV * * £ weniende * of life , which JS ? S * bj *? " « P « wti »» tf the present j&F ^ j &sgiRte
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to carry out the system of community of property , where he now produced , should consume that which he produced , and where the principle of individual cor apetitien , which now separated man from man , should no longer continue to produce contention and strife , - and disturbance , as it had hitherto done . ( Cueew . ) These , therefore , were their objects , and if they were objects of an immoral and dangerous nature , then ware the Socialists a body of immoral and dangerous individuals , but not till then . ( Lond Cheers . ) But supposing for a moment that all that was said of them was true . Supposing that they were the dangerous people they had been represented to be , and that they had dangerous objects in view , who were to be thanked for their prerent power and position in
micwiy ; wny me oisnops , to oe sure , and men like the Bishops , who had had tha management ot the public affairs—who had had the formation of the public character—who had hai the government oi this country for nany , many years—and who had brought it into all its dangers and difficulties . ( Cheers . ) In feeds , at tha present moment , there were seven or eight tbousarf individuals who were absolnts pamper *; there wore a greater number in Manchester—it had been stated about thirty thousand , who were actually starving , with scarcely a rag of dothing to protect themselves fron the inderaeacjr of the winter . There were thousands of littlechildren in Manchester who were the victims of ignerance ; « ad because most of lheir pareate could not give them the advantage of
edncacation , the Government afforded them no protection , either physical , medal , or moral . What had the Bishqps been doing to allow such a state of society as tins ? If they bad done their duty—if our statespen , and onr mea of authority had done their duty instead of plungisg the nation in debt by aiding to put down liberty in other countries—if they had done their duty by properl y educating the people of « B country , by arranging the immense powers « f production , which we now possess , for the benefit of all , and not for the benefit of a few- * f they had done this there would have beenco Socialism , and no necessity for Socialism . ; and the power of the Socialists would not have been so great over the public mind as it was
represented to be by the Right Rev . Prelate in the House of Lords . ( Cheers . ) Again , by tbe same Right -Rev . Bbhop » , they were charged wiih being infidels , and with being opposed to all religion They were not opposed to all religion . Their objects , instead ef being opposed to all religion , was to establish a useful and practical religion among the whole of society . Their religion was the religion of chaiitj ; it was a religion which sought to promote the Happiness of every mat ) , woman , and child , without regard to class , party , country , or coloura religion which sought to merge in sterling charity all differences of opinion—a religion which was to teach men that opinions arose from circumstances , over which they had no controul , and that means
therefore , ought not to ba con > idered responsible for any speculative opinions which he might entertain ; and , therefore , they onghttohavd charity for aay difference of opinion . If he differed from them on areh ' gion 3 point , ani they differedifromhim , « ho was to judge betwean them ? Was he to say that ho was infallible , and that they must give up their particular opinion to allow his depotism to rise rampant over their minds ! Were they to do this ? But they must either do this or support Socialism and advocate that practical reliinon which was the basis of their whole system . They were also said to be Atheists . That wa 3 another falsehood which their laws would show , for one of them stated that "All number * of the society should have equal
right to express their opinion respecting a supreme power , &c , not interfering with the rights of others . " And their religion was tbL > , the knowledge of the unerring and unchangeable laws of nature , derived from careful and extended observation . Now , an v man is eligible tobalong to their society , whether he believes in one God or in twenty . All mea were admissible to join the Socialist's Ssriety , and to have liberty to express their opinions or thoughts npon this or any other subject connected with speculative quesdons , go long as they did not use coerdon , or intimidation , to make other members to agrea with them in opinion . The Socialist ? , therefore , had no test upon this question of religion . No man was obliged to be an Atheist who entered this sodety ,
no man was obliged to give np his opinion on thin , or any other religion . They had many members , in fact , the great body of their members believed in the existence of a great God , and many conscientious Unitarians who thought that the truths of Revelation were illustrated by the effects of this society , and therefore gave their support to the social system , because they considered it tobepractical Christianity , which the bishops had forgot , because it did not suit the - circumstances of loaves and fishes . ( L 3 ud cheers . ) Many of the Unitarians were members of their society—many who admitted the leading features of _ ths Christian system . The great bod y of their society were men who were as conscientious in their belief , as to the existence of a God , as the
mo . < t conscientious sectarian of the country . There might be a few who were called Atheists , that is , men who had not been able to come to any definite conclntdononthis subject . But the object of the society was to save men here below—to make a paradise on this earth so far as it was practicable , and no man ought to be deprived of the benefit of this paradise , whatever his opinions might happen to be upon religion . ( Cheers . ) Their objects wa * to carry out the benefits of education , the protection and distribution of wealth , so as to secure to all the advantages which were now possessed only by a few , and this ought to be done without any restriction as to whether a man was an Atheist or an Infiiel , or whatever else he might hold in religions matters ^
( Hear , hear . ) He had now , hetrusted , taken up and shown the value of their principles , and he would make a few more observations before he concluded his addres ? , on otfcer matters . The bishops had also told the members of the House of Lords that the Socialists were an illegal body —( hear , )—that their object was also illegal —( hear , hear , )—aud , as it wa * very well remarked by one of the speakers at tho commencement of the proceeding ? , if they were an illegal society , why ' then nearly all tbe benefit sorieties in the country were illegal , and all the Odd FeVows , Free Masons , Druids , and Shepherds , and Forresters—all these associations were illegal too . They had , corresponding secretaries ; they had annual conferences , or congresses .
where they transacted their general business . Alt these bodies of mea were placed in the same posicion which the Socialists were placed in now . They were all liable to the sirae charge which had been made by the Bishop of Exeter against the Socialists . If , therefore , they were to be obnoxious in their proceedings to any o' those parriec , they would ba equally liable to be charged wita illegality as the Sodahsts were at the present moment . This ought , therefore , to convince them that the cauge of Socialism was their cause . It was a mere question whether the men of this country should have the liberty of combining , under any circumstances , to , improve their condition ; it was a question whether they should assodate at all for auy object of
improvement ; it was a question whether they ought to educate their children , ot distribute the f raits of their labour , es they pleased , so that all their societies wonld . be equally liable to be classed amongst the " illegal , " and to be swept away when any capricioas government might think proper to act upon * that principle , and it therefore behoved them to come forward and assist th « -m ( the Sodalists ) in their present struggle , because their causs , and the cause of every man who had the interests of his county at heart , was volved in this persecution . ( Loudcheere . ) He therefore expected that all men —and working men in particular—would come forward and assist them in resisting this most partial and flagrant attack upon liberty of congdence . Bot
it was evident that throughout the wholo affair this was a mere political movement . The Tories were cut of power ; they had been out of power for some time . They were hungry for the treasury benches , and therefore every means must be resorted to for the purpose ef prejudicing the public mind against the present Ministry so that those men might get into power , and be as lavish with the public puree as they w rein the days of Castlereagh and Sidmouth . Their object was to get power ; and ever since the presentation of Mr . Owen to the Qaeen they hid been harpkg upon the string of what they termed " a moral pestilence , " vowing that the Ministry was disgraced and the Queen insulted by such a man being allowed to enter the presence of her
Majesty . But he woeld ask thos 9 very coneei-ntious gentlemen why—if Mr . Owen was to be excluded from the royal presence—why did they admit fire-worshippers , and Mussulmans , and believers in the Koran , mea who mkht have fifty or a hundred wives ? Why should such men as these be allowed to enter a levee—idolaters of every description—while Mr . Owen was excluded , aud blackguarded because he was a benevolent man but differed m religious opinion with some of tho Bishops ! ( Hoar , hear . ) Why should these things oe i tfut without going out of our own country at ail-without goiag among Pagans , Mahometans , and other idolaters , why should Mr . Owen be scouted and condemned on aocount of being presented to the Quesss , while men ware presented who notorftas for
were only horse-raoingor cock-fighting , « gambling , or cutting the throats of their with the blood of fear fellow-ereaterea ! . Why should ad , charactersi » theso be presented , whUe each aharagaze waaanade about Mr . Owen being ZSIu'Sv * *^ w £ ^ m benefit the condition of ia feliow-creatures-who ift ^ f everything in his power , both by word and deed to improve the condition of th £ people of this and every other omntry under heaven Me question could not be answsred . ( Cheers . ) Did not this very fact shew them die wretched system Thf ° J ^ which we weM Kvin g- ( Che era . ) Ine good , tho honest , and the benevolent werejraduced and trampled under foot , while the hoary . Svli K wcrs ^ ased in Ui G h Pea ^" . ™* uso Had the means « f dispensing them . " Oil , " but
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said the bishop , " They must be persecuted , " Parson Philpotte said " Put them down ;" , and the meek and pioua Blomfield of London replied- "Amen ;"—( cheers)—so it seemed that , finding the Couroh was deficient in knowledge and power to put them down , they were oblige d to call to their aid their big brother "the state . " ( Loud cheers . ) ' What an awful position the Chureh must be placed in ! With so many bishops and archbishops , and prebends aud deans , and vicars and curates , aud nine millions of the public money—that with all this immense machinery , with bo much learning among theclergvthat with all these they were incapable of grappling with fourteen working men , who had jumped from the workshop to go forth and teach morality to the people—( loud cheers )—that fourteen working men
should make a bishop quake in his seat m the House of Lords , and frighten all tho understrappers of the Church , was a most extraordinary ciroumstance ; and yet that with all this immense machinery , and the immense aids on their side of the question , they could not trust to their power of preaching , to the power of their prayers , to tbe power of those fair and honourable we » pons which ought to be used in" such ? a controversy as this , bat were obliged to carry out their object by the uscef the blunderbuss arid bayonet , tho cannon and the sword , so that they might in fact , exterminate this body , and that old mother church might agaifi rise triumphant over the ruins of Socialism . ( Cheers . ) As was well observed by a previous speaker-, persecution was the wrong weapon to use against Socialism . As was also . remarked by
some of the speakers in the House of Lords , persecution would only give notoriety to their principles ; it would only-cause them to be more widely circulated throughout the land , and thus engender a feeling of inquiry and commiseration , which would defeat the object of persecution . ( Cheers . ) Did persecution—did the power of the Inquisition—did the whole power of the Cardinals of Rome put down the spirit of Melancthon , and Luther , and Calvin , when they stood up in the face . of the world to declare their opinions ? No ; the power departed from St . Peter ' s as much as if the fabric aud all connected with it had been levelled with the dust . Did persecution put down the principles of Rousseau prior to the French Revolution ? No . Nor should this attempt to put down their principles when the
schoolmaster had been so long ? abroad—when Mechanics' Institutions had extended their benignant influence over the minds of the people , and when the press , with its wings of lightning , had wafted this knowledge to every corner of thejkingdom . * Should these things , with the amount ' of enlightenment now possessed by the ¦ people , ¦ ever be put down ? They should not , they could not succeed ; and while lie had a tongue to ' speak ; while ho had physical energy to defend those principles which he conceived to be true , though bishops might rave above their immorality , their obscenity , and illegality , as much as they pleased ; they might donounce them as attempting to uproot all the institutions of the country ; they might Gall upon the Government to prosecute them and put them down by
coercion ; but he should not be put down while his tongue was able to move , and his physical exertions able to meet them ; he should not be put down till the arm of force put him down , and a spirit were generated which would sweep away every vestige of that tyranny and intolerance which would erect the altar of superstition upon the ruins of liberty , free enquiry , and positive knowlege . ( Loud cheers . ) He had now , he thought , occupied a sufficient portion of their time , and he cordiall y supported the resolution , which had been moved by Mr . Shepherd . He was sure that those of them who had been in the habit of attending their lectures—those who had seen the mode in which they conducted their festivals and discussions , would all bear testimony that the character of them , drawn by the bishops , wa 3 completely untrue . He defied them , if they did , justice to their character and principles , to believe a single statement brought forward against them ,, , by ; the
Bishop ot Jixeter and his coadjutoi's . { In their hands he left the resolution , well knowing that , as they valued tho right of private judgment , as they were particularly anxious , that the utmost investigation should begiveu to their principles , so that truth and falsehood might grapple together—as they were desirous of improvingithelcondition of the country , and of leaving the world , much better than they found it , they could not in consistency with such feelings give a vote in opposition to that resolution . He hoped every one would give his vote right heartily in favour of that resolution . He hoped also , that even after the meeting was dispersed , every one would give his utmost exertion to cjrry those prinriples into effect , until the bishop , defeated and crest fallen , would be obliged to rue the day he took up arms against the Socialists , and confess to the world what a foolish man he had been . ( Loudcheers . ) ' . '¦'¦ ¦ - ''
Tbe Chairman tken put the resolution , which was carried unanimously . ' ¦ :. ¦} $ > ; . / Mr . JoHNBuxTON , afterreadingtt ^ $ efetipnwhicH was to bs sent from the meeting , ^ o ' yeli the following resolution , which was seconded by- Mt . Bro ' wn , and carried unanimously . ' . ¦ ¦ ' ~ . \ "' - ~ ' 0 " . li That tbe petition now readbeadopteii , and ; that the same be forwarded when duly signed to -Lord Brougham , with a respectfal request that he will present the same to the . House of Lords ,, and that the Most Noble the Marquis of Lanudowne , and the Right Honourable Earfc » of Radnor and Stanhope be earnestly requested to support its prayer . ¦ , . ¦ ¦ ¦ ' The Chairman haying vacated the chair , the thanks of the meeting were . presented to . him for his able serviceH , after which the a « emby dispersed . . >• '
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SOCIETY FOR THE RESTORATION OF THE RIGHTS OF ENGLISHMEN . Manchester , 3 rd Feb . 1840 .
TO THE EDITOR OF THK NORTHERN STAR . Sir , —I herewith send you a copy of the resolutions and rules of this Society , whicn I am directed by the Society to Bay , they will be greatly obliged by your publishing in your journal . i The rules have been laid before an eminent counsel , and we have his opinion , which we will next week forward to you for . publication . By the next week after , the Society will be prepared with an address , fully explaining their objects ,, and the various modes by which they propose to proceed for the purpose of effecting them . '
I am , Sir , Your obedient Servant , , Secretary . At a meeting of Gentlemen , held at Manchester , on the 2 nd day of Jan . 1840 , ; ,- >¦ It was resolved , —1 . That a Society be formod in Manchester , to be called "The Society for the Restoration of the Rights of Englishmen . " 2 . That the gentlemen , now present are hereby declared to be members of the Society . 3 . That the following proposed rules be laid before counsel , to advise as to their legality , and that they be , together with these resolutions und counsel ' s opinion , published forthwith , unless the " counsel should be of opinion that they are not strictly legal . - ¦ '
rules . : 1 . That this society be strictly private , the members thereof being known to be members only to each other . ¦ ; 2 . That the acts of the society be public . 3 . That the sodety shall hold no correspondence with any person or persons , except through the publicnewspapers to be hereafter named . 4 . That the society shall have no branches ; but that it will correspond with any other similar society in the manner hereinafter mentioned . 5 . That the correspondence of the sodety shall be conducted by the secretary thereto , who shall write
and forward all letters and communications of the society to the papers hereafter mentioned , for publication , in any other manner . ¦ c 6 . That the word seoretary 6 hall . be the , only signature used by the secretary of the society . ' ... ~ - 7 . That upon no occasion whatever , " , except as hereinafter pointed out , shall the name or persoh ' of any member of this society be made known to the public or to any , person . 8 . That each meeting of the society should bo convened , by notice of the secretary to its members . 9 . That any number of members , being not less than one-sixth of the wholeshall have full power
, to act . -r " . — 10 . That the members present , may vote for those absent , it they be authorised in writing so to do . 11 . lhat the iVbr / Acrn Star , Northern Liberator , Manchester and Salford Advertiser , and London Lnampion , be appointed the official papers of the society *
ADMISSION OP MEMBERS . 12 . That no person be admitted a member of the thS . th ° PP robatioa ° fall members ma 1 n , ' , ? ^ einember 8 v be eIeoted in the following manner , when any member of the society shall feel convinced that any person of his . acquaintance s a Srt W * f 2 , t 0 be a member of the societyt and that he would like to be one ; such member snail communicate the Christian and surname , & £ f nl - ? « > and oration of aucH person and all his knowledge of such person's pr ivateand public character , to the eo eieVand | Se notice thathewillmoveatatime sped ^ notbS iwft « ° after " otlc «> &r leave tocommun ? S ? ™* ? ? ' 5 by hjm Prosed as a member , on the subject , and to communWiA *« -jr : r ; S . ¦
. W » that he ( the proposed ) is a member and thA SS ° { mm ^ ( ° ^ o * 55 £ If tt money to bo paid on entrance by Kneir Mf regardbeinghad to hia circumstances' ? S and ' whensach new member shall havo nairi T » o ^ E 3 & &b& » S 3 m ^ XSSXSggtti
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14 . That before entrance every propose i member shall subscribe to the following Declaration : — ' "I declare my belief in the wisdom and justice of the ancient constitution of England , ^ nd that there can be none better ; that the constitution doth not allow of any form of Governme nt , save that of a legislature of three parts , viz . King , Lords , and Commons , —that tho King can r ^ re no lawful advisers except the Privy Counsel , ar the two Houses of Parliament ; that no man A this kingdom can be eaallv bound by any law not past by each branch
of the legislature , nor un < . esshe hadhimself consented to such law by his representative in the House of Commons . That no person can be loyally affected in person or property by any process , or pretended process of law , unless he have been tried by a jury of his equals ' , and lastly , that I enter this society for the purpose of restoring the said constitution to the people of this country , aud for no other purpose , and that I will do all that in me lies to effect that object ,: ' upon my honour . . . ; ; -. { Signed , ) « A . B . - u Witness , C . D ., the proposer of A . B . "
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FATE OF FROST . The Government have at length completed the Special Commission job bv transporting Frost , Williams , and Jones . The Committee have made eveTy exertion ; first to obtain meroy for them , and next to obtain their pardon . In the first case they have been successful—now they are struggling to obtain for the whole of the men a FREE PARDON . The Central Committee are exceedingly anxious that the whole of the country should be agitatedthat every town , village , and hamlet , should call public meetings to petition both Houses of Parliament for a full and free pardon—that the meetings be conducted in an orderly and respectful mannerno threats , no violent language , no polities must be introduced ; this is simply a question of Frost and the law ; whether Frost ought to be transported , and the
law set at nought , or whether fcrost ought to be pardoned , and the law maintained to the letter . The Committee , aided by tho advice of able Council , are of opinion that upon no consideration can the Government legally transport Frost ( even were he guilty ) , as the courses of the lnw were not complied with , and that transportation cannot legally follow a cpnviction ' for high treason . Banishment or free pardon being the ouly alternative . Banishment and . transportation are notsynonymous . In banishment tlwjpriaoner is ordered to quit the country within a certain time on pain of death . In transportation , the prisoner is kept in safe custody ; the'latter course vfas unknown when the treason laws were passed , and there is no law now - existing empowering her Majesty to transport them beyond the
seas . It is the duty of the people in all cases to uphold the law , audit is well known that tho law is enforced against them , even beyond the spirit and letter . Every petition must be signed by the Chairman in behalf of the meeting , and every meeting be legally called by requisition . Let the Government have no chance to make a charge of sedition or riot , against any individual attending the meetings , and success is sure to follow . R . J- . Richardson . Arundel Coffee-House , Strand , London , Feb . 3 rd , 1840 .
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Leeds Corn Market , Feb . 4 th . —The supplies of all kinda of Grain to this day ' s market are larger than last week ; fine dry new Wheat has been in fair demand and Is . per quarter higher ; in the second qualities there has been no alteration , the damp and inferior qualities continue in very limited domand Best Barley much tho same , but tho inferior qualities are very difficult to quit .: Oats have been in fair demand and a halfpenny per stone higher . Beans little alteration .
HUDDERSFIELD CLOTH MARKET , TUESDAY , p ^ 4 . —Our market in the Cloth Hall to-day has been much the same as last week ; the business dono is principally for home trade ; being choice goods , the prices arc most ruinous , which makes the manufacturers more inclined to hold ; the stock docs not at all get lower but are far above the demand . Many foreign morchants were here to-day , but transacted very little business . —The Wool trade is still in '» very languid state , although prices for law wool are a shade higher . York Corn Market , Feb . l . -There is a tolerable supply of Wheat to this day ' s market ; fin * samples obtain an advance of Is . to 2 s . per quarter , and the middling qualities sell more freel y . Barley is in short supply , and sells at Is . per quarter more money . There is a fair show of . Oats , which soil freely at rather advanced prices .
Malton Corn Market , Feb . 1 . —The transactions in the Corn trade are to a limited extent . Wheat fully as dear , and holders are very firm . Barloy is without alteration . Oats id per stone dearer . Prices as below : —Wheat ( old ) , per qr ., 703 . to 82 s , ' ; Wheat ( uew ) . 52 s . to ( i 8 s . ; Barley , 31 s . to 37 s ; Oats , per stone , lid . to Hid . Thirsk Corn Market , Feb . 3 . —We had a small supply of grain this morning , for which higher prices were asked , but sales were cfiected at uearly last week ' s currencies . Wheat 6 s 9 d to 83 . Maslin 5 s to 53 9 d . Beans 5 s to 6 s . Barley 303 to 40 s Oats 20 s . to 23 s . Rye 4 s to 4 s 6 d .
Doncaster Corn Market , February 1 . —We had a good supply of grain at this day ' s market ; Wheat went off briskly , good qualities fully Gd . per load higher , and inferior samples , of which there was a large supply , were firm . , Barley sold fully as well , and inclined towards an advance . The largo supply of Beans caused a decline of Gd per load , while . Oats of good quality commanded an advance o £ 9 d to Is per Quarter . Wheat 24 s to 30 a Gd . Beans 19 a . to 21 s . Barley 42 s to 453 . Newcastle Corn Market , February 1 . —Our of to
farmers brought ^ large supp ly Wheat this day ' s market , but we had no fresh arrivals coastwiso , owing to tho boisterous weather , and there was a fair domand for all descriptions of quality at similar prices to last Saturday . Fine malting Barley . maintained its value , but the trade ruled dull for secondary samples , in consequence of the foreign offering on such low terms . Oats were in large supply , and ia their price no material change can be noted . In Rye as also Malt we had very little passing . Beans and Peas were taken off on same terms , as last week . Ia Flour we had a fair salo .
York Fortnight Fair , Jan . 30 . —At our market ,, this morning , there was a fair show of fat Beasts , and there being a good attendance of buyers , caused them to be well sold up at from 6 s . 9 d . to 7 a . 3 d . per stone ; of lean Beasts there was but a thin supply , but met with a brisk demand . In tho Sheep marcet there was a good supply , which sold at from 6 d . to 6 J £ d . per lb .
Skipton . Cattle Market , Feb . 3 . —Our supply of fat Beasts and Sheep were very large , and mostly of prime quality , and there being no want of buyers , the market was brisk , and prices rather higher . Beef , 6 d . to G | d . ; Mutton , 6 d . to 7 d . per lb . Richmond Corn Market , Feb . 1 . —We havo had a tolerable supply of Grain in our market to-day , but the samples were not good . Wheat 6 s to 9 s ; Oats , 2 s lid to 4 s 6 d ; Barley , 53 to 5 s 3 d ; Beans , 6 s 6 d to 6 a 91 per buahd . Manchester Corn " Market , Feb . 1 . —At our
market this morning a better feeling was noted , and the Bales made in the middling descriptions of Wheat were on terms which could not be obtained on this day se ' nnight , whilst on prime samples an advance of 2 d . to 3 d . per 7 § lbs . was demanded . Select brands of Flour were likewise held Avith much firmness at late rates , and the trade purchased with a greater degree of confidence in prices . In Oats and Oatmeal no alteration can be noted , and the sales made ia Beans or Malt were on . terms similar to those of last week .
Liverpool Cattle Market , Monday . —Tho supply of both descriptions of stock at market to-day has been much the same as that of last week , and tho quality , on the average , middling . There was a full attendance of buyers and dealers , and tho market throughout may be considered a brisk one , as the prinoipal part of the stock was sold up at an early hour , at very large prices . The best beef was readily sold at fully 7 d ; second ditto , 6 id ; ordinary , Gd . Good Wether Mutton , which was very much advanced in price , may be quoted at 7-id ; second ditto , 7 d ; ordinary , 6 id ; with a few of a very indifferent description , at a shade less . Number of beasts , 8 D 1 ; Sheep , 3734 . '
Liverpool Corn Market , Mondat , Feb . 3 . — With the exception of 7400 loads of Oatmeal from Ireland , this week ' s imports of British Grain , &c . have been light . The arrivals from abroad consist of 2 , 700 quarters of Wheat , and about 7 , 000 barrels of Flour ; the whole of the latter , and 1 , 250 quarters of Wheat , were from the United States . Duties have been paid upon 510 qra . of Wheat , 967 qrs . of Beans , 264 qrs . of Peas , and 629 brls . of Fiour . Last Tuesday ' s market a large business was transacted in f oreign Wheat , at an advanoo of 2 d . and in some instances 3 d . per bushel . Though the demand sines has been of a less animated character , there has been much firmness on the part of holders , and on Friday a further small improvement was realized
iinghsh and Irish new Wheat have had a little more attention than of late , but both remain unchanged as to value . American duty-paid Flour has goneoif pretty freely , and the stock hero is rapily uiminishmg , that holders havo been enabled to obtain 43 s to 43 s . Cd . per barrel of lOGlbs . which is an advance of Gd . to Is . on previous rates . There has also been a better demand for Oats , and 3 s . 9 Jd . per 451 bs . made of best mealing quality . Good marks of Oatmeal have sold at . 34 s . to 34 s . Gd . p . r 2401 bs . Barley , Beans , and Peas , are without any alteration of value to note . No transactions have occurred in r nSnt W lea P td " " « this week , but from 7 , 01 ) 0 to 8 , 080 barrels of Flour m Bond have exchanged handa at 30 s . per barrel , and there are few importers now disposed to sell under 38 s . 6 d . to 31 s
London Smithfield Market , Monday —Com-™ 2 ? i ft 18 mornmg was moderate , but itsgeneral quality was extremel y prime . Notwithstandmgthe attendance of both metropolitan and Lfo " * ; ^ VS WaS n 0 t ^ nui ™> Aenrim-1 P ?* ^^ ™^ , short-horns , and Horefords , sold steadily at the currencies noted on this dar sennight- but with the middling and inferior breeds , the trade ruled heavy , at barely BtaSry pnoea . Prime old Downs were scarco , and fully as dear as last noted ; but otherwise , the mutton offiil ? S i Vri A w ^™* time of year supply Wh £ Y ? ° ? t thos , e from Lincolnshire came to n * t a w condlti r' toj ? the lon S continuance of 3 ll » S 6 Wea l & 8 ma 11 caI ^ a sold S ' P 81 b , whilst the numbers were very DSnt \ tZ A mited amount ° f business was passing at the quotations .
London Corn Exchange , Mark-Lane , Mon-» AY - ~ i here was a limited supply of wheat from hwx , Kent , and Snffolk for thu day's market , but alftir quantity of barley from these counties , and a good suppl y of beans from Essex principally . A few cargo ™ of English and Scotch oats have arrived ainca tnday , but not many Irish , and the imports of all foreign grain during the past week have bean very tnnmg . There has been a continuance of boiaterous and very . wet weather , and no amelioration or improvement is yet promised by present appearances 1 here was a steady demand for the best English white wheat at an advance of Is . pcrqr . on the cur-01 this
rency day se ' nn ; ght . Other sorts wefe fully as dear , with a moderate sale for foreign both to town aud country millers . Flour was much the same as last week , good-marks ex-ship being in feir request . Select maltiog barley brought the rates of this day se'nnight with a tolerabl y ready sale Secondary sorts were however taken slowly , aid raoh must be quoted about K per Q r cSaS ? SL ^ i / - ""? - « B week s prices . Malt was unaltered in value . There was a good demand foroats and rather ffier trices again obtained for all deacri ptio ™ , but particularlT &d& d heavy qualiL ' elther mS
Untitled Article
CoNNox , Ea % ., of HsnunersmiA , County Mid . Jjraex , by Joshua Hobsok , at his Printing Office 8 , Nos . l 2 audl 3 , Market-Btreet , Briggatr ; aad Published by the said Josmu HwoSfffi fZl r ' Market-atretf , Bt toe ; an Z tonal Communication existing between the said No . 5 , Market-street , and the said Nos . 12 and 13 , Market-atreet , Briggate , thus constituting the whole ofthe said Printing and Publish ™ Ollice one Premises . All Communications must be addressed , ( Post-p aid ) to J . Hobson , Northern Star ffice , issds . Saturday , Fobruarj 8 , 1840 .
Untitled Article
Meeting at SuNDEiiLAnn .--The sympathy in favour of the Welsh victims continues unabated in tWs place , and already the bittor and bloody spirit displayed by a portion of the press , and responded to by many of the middle and upper classes , has , b ^ ej ^ well compensated by the generous sympathies of $ the people . Meetings of the most cheSring nature has been held during the last week . On Wednesday evening there was a large attendance in the Assembly Rooms to hear a lecture from Mr . Gam 3 by , ( a working man , ) on the subject of capital punishment . The lectnrer displayed great reward *
m . tne collection of facts , and much ability in the handling of them , which appeared to produce a universal conviction of the inutility , as well as barbarity of capital punishmsnt . Mr . Williams , in proposing a vote of thanks to Mr . Gamsby , made some appropriate and interesting remnrks on the moral and political progression of the people . The surplus proceeds were given to the Charter Association . On Friday evening there wai a very large attendance in the same phce , t ) hear the decision oithe Judges respecting Frost and otberf ^ Messrs . Binns , Williams , and Gamsby , addressed the meeting with good effect .
. Saturday Evening . —In consequence of the able and impressive letter which came from Mr . O'Connor , which appeared in . the" Northern Star of this day , a meeting pf -. the inhabitants was called to consider the propriety of sending a delegate to Manchester . Tie friends expected to receive intelligence by the afternoon ' s dost , tvhicb . would remove the fears created b y Mr . O'Connor ' s letter , and in consequence the meeting was not called until' the evening ; yet , notwithstanding the late announcement there was a ] argemeetirig , andafteraddres 8 eabyMi . 'ssr 8 . William ! i , Gamsby , and Binns , it was unanimously resolved to send a delegate to Manchester . It was also resolved to meet the following Sunday afternoon , near the ! Life Boat House , to hear the latest intelligence respecting the prisoners . 'Many hundreds attended at theappoirited time and , place , andwa were glad Vj . find a large portion of females belonging to the
middle class , whose generous sympatios have . been strongly awakened in favour of theso unfortunate men . In consequence of tbe discreditable conduct of many ofthe diMsnting and ostabiinhed clergy , it was resolved to hold a meeting on Tuesday evening , when a lecture would be delivered by Mr . Pearce , on Ghurcbi 8 m and Chartism . Progress of Chartism . —The princi ples of the Charter we are happy to state , are rapidly extending in Sunderland . They are now embraced by many . who were either neutral before , or bitterly prejudiced against them . \ Vhen the fact that Sunderland is ; campared with othtr town ? , and has . been for some time eojoying a hi gh degree of prosperity , this is the more honourable to the inhabitants , and will be an additional pczzle to our fill-belly philosophers . There are the wants of tho mind as well as the bell y . . Our rulers regard neither .
Frost Defence Fund . —Next we .-k we will publish in the Star an advertisement of the Frost Defence Fund , collected in , or remitted to , Sunderland . Messrs . Williams and Binns have received 10 * . from Huttori Rudb y , Yorkshire , for Frost's defence , and beg to thank their friends lor the same . ¦ - . ' . .
To the Men of the County of Durham . Respected Frien-V , —In three weeks from this day , the men who have honourably maintained , and perceveringl y advocated your rights , will be c ill <> d to the bar of their country , to answer for that which you and they believe to be a sacred duty-rto expose fra « d ; to denounce oppression , and to assert the right—this has baen their sole aim . They have done their duty by you it is yours to show you are sensible of it . Amongst the honoured victims of Whig malignity , are Mr . Miles Bro » n , of DarlingtonjMr . Otfen , of Stockton , Mr . Byrne , of Newcastle , and last , but not loagt , the friend and fellow-townsman of Frost , J . It . Batchelor . Your sympathy is their only reward and comDansation for
the toil and persecution they have suffered in your cause . . Lot it then be manifested instantly in the only way in which you can now « serra them , viz in providing thorn with the means of legal defence , and also with something ( in the event of conviction ) to save them from starving on prison diet . No expense on the part of the Government will be spared to ensure conviction . . ; . It would be folly for you to attempt to equal them in anyj 83 pect . Bot . you ought to supply your friends ¦ with the , means of procuring evidence , the evidence qr trustworthy , respectable men , to rebut tiietesumony of ofhcial stvear-alls . Tha men ofSunderland have nobl y done their duty to poor Frost : they will not desert tha labourers in their own vineyard urn u at are the thousands in tho collieries about r Will the men of Darlington , Stockton , and tke South Division of the countv evin ™ » mu ;„< , « .,
sibihty to their owa friends now iu the hour oi n -if £ JK 1 ' , - ° S . V There ij on 3 wlliery village , Coxhos , which deserves most honourable SWa I addlti ° n t 0 thi 8 generous 8 P » 't « ith which they have always supported any call made upon them , , they have nofty done theiJ dSJ £ Tw ^ - ?^ ? ' - ° had the misfortune to have both his legs broken in July when coming to Sonderland as their delegate . From that time She present , a period of sevan months , they have , unaided by others , provided for him . Oh ! Sat r similar spirit pervaded the colliers in every part o j the . coanty . This will , we trust , be exhUSKw Lose not a moment in making collections invour respective distric t * , and transmit the same Jo ^ he i-easnrer , Mr . Jas . Robinson , shoemaker ? Co ? ona Uon . ntreet , by whom , under the direction of the CountyDe enceComMtte « , it will be divided amoniS the reupective claimant * Now ! or never ! g We are , , Yours faithfull y ,
Williams and Binns . CARLISLE . ' ^ * sent to the Mayor , John Dixon , Esq ., signed by a great number of householders andoiLrs . « To the worshipful the Mayor of the . Borough of Carlisle .-We the undersigned household ers and inhabitants of the borough of Carlisle , beg leave moat respectfully to request you to call a cublic meeting of the inhabitants , for the purpose of sendiDg a memorial Su tvt Je 8 ty ln behalf of Jolin Frast a » d others . " ine Mayor declined calling a meeting , alleging that the men were in no danger . He was then asked for the use of the Town Hall , but he declined to give
an answer till the following morning ; bat as no answer waB received , of course it was coachded that it would not be allowed . We well remember the present Mayor saying at a public meeting at the Coffee House , during the Reform agitation , that he haped gson to see tbe day . when the people could meet in their own Town Hall ; aud now when he has the power as chief magistrate , ha refuses to grant it for the most humane of all purposes—that of saving the lives of three of his fellow- eTeatures . We question
much , had the Tories bsen in power , of whom Mr . Dixon complained « o bitterly , that they would have acted with the same callousness of heart , and jet he takes credit to himself of being a religious and feeling man . Shame upon such hypocrisy . It appears from the interview which the gentlemen had with him who presented the requisition , that be stated the Chartists , he understood , had held atciet meetings fsr the purpose of setting fire to the town , which has produced the following letter from the Council af the Carlisle Radical Association : —
" To John Dixon , Esq ., Mayor . " Sib , —Having been informed by Mr . James Arthur and Mr . Wm . Hall , thit you stated to them when they waited upon you , on Friday , Jan . 31 st . , 1 That yeu had private information ( on which you could rely ) to the effect that there had been secret meetings of our bod y , for the purpose of concocting plane to burn the town . ' We , the Council of the Carlisle Radical Association , beg leave to state most distinctly , that we not only never held nor
countenanced Iweh meeting * , much less did we ever centemplate the diabolical intentions attributed to us . We would warn your worship against those who have given you such information , as persons dangerous to the welfare and peace of society . And as a matter of justice , we trusr , after receiving this disclamer fromus , you will , as becomes your duty as chief magistrate , take immediate steps to expose Ruch informers . If not , we shall consider it our duty to lay this letter before the public . " By order of tbe Council of the
Carlisle Radical Association , : . '& ¦ "Henry Bowman , Sec . " To this letter no answer has been received , and it now rest , 9 with the Mayor to give up his informants , or bear the blame upoa his own shoulders!— Correspondent . :-v . ^ T 3 a . John Tayioh . —We are informed ftmt the . anticipated prosecution against this gentleman has been giv « a up .
ST . ANDREWS . We have had several meetings of late in this city , all of which have been well attended . The first of theae was addressed by Mr . Abram Dancan ; the Town Hall , in which it was held , was crowded to the door ; about 450 persona were pifwent . The * second , which was held in the same place , on the evening of Friday , the 17 th nit , was addressed by Mr . Sibon , a gentleman who ia in every way calculated to promote the cause of Chartism . The Hall was also on this occasion crammed . At the conclusion , three cheers were given for Mr . Sibon ; three for the
magistrates , for the gratuitous use of the Hall ; three for Mr . Frost , and Hh co-patriots ; and threo groans for the factions . The next meeting was held on Saturday , the first current , and was addressed by Messrs . Bowie and Low , from Dundee , who pointed out in cluar and eloquent language the absurdity of joining in the Corn Law agitation , and also the injustice of the verdict of guilty found against the Welsh prisoners . Both gentlemen were loudly cheered , . and at the conclusion of their able addresses , a vote of thanks was passed to them amidst acclamation . Three hearty cheers were ^ given for Mr . Frost , and three as hearty groans for his
enemies . CUPAR ANGUS . Lecture ano Sermon . —Mr . Sibon delivered an excellent lecture here on Wednesday last , on the principles of the People ' s Charter . Ou the following day he preached a Chartist Sermon , from the eighth chapter of Samuel . BRISTOL . TO THE EDITOR OP THE NORTHERN STAR . Sir , —May I request of you the favour to apprise to my regular subscribers to your paper ( through the medium of its columns ) that sevoral parties have lately fabricated certain unfounded reports , respecting my distribution of the plates of Stephens and Frost . Amongst others , it has been stated that I have disposed of the plates belonging to my subscribers at . ten shillings and sixpence each . It
would have more clearly shown an honesty of purpose , had these parties first applied to me , and substantiated their-claim by the production ofthe ticket with which I supplied all who purchased only the previous v / eek . You , Sir , must be aware of the number I circulated at the time of their distribution , and I can assure you , that had all parties who applied for plates been regular subscribers , my sale would have been five . or six thousands weekly . I herewith hand you a list of agents whom I supplied out of Bristol , and also supplied with plates . The following , who paid me : —Bolwell , Bath ; Lacy , WootOB-under-Edgo ; and Woodman , Cardiff . These also have received plates , but have not paid me : —Phelps , Gloucester ; Wiltshiro , Bath ; Smelling and Long , Gloucester ; Allen and Berry . Monmoutn ; Bean , Merthyr . In making these statements publicly known , you will permit me to vindicate myself from the calumnies that have been urged against me . and greatly oblige . . ¦ ' ¦
Your obedient Servant , Bristol , Feb . 3 , 1840 . GK ° ' PaTNB
BRIGHTON . TO THK EDITOR OP THE NORTHERN STAB . Sir , —I , in compliance with the instructions given to me by the members of the Brighton Radical Association , at a numerous meeting hold at the Brewers'Arms Inn , Church-street , Brighton , on the evening of Wednesday , the 29 th instant , Mr . Reeve , in the Chair , I beg to request the insertion of the following resolutions in your next publication : — Resolved by acclamation , on the proposition of Mr . Franklin , seconded by Mr . Hen . F . Funnell— " That the thanks of this Association are deservedly due , and are hereby given to Ferrgus O'Connor , Esq . for the manful and disinterested manner in which he came forward as a surety for the Southern Star .
Resolved , on the proposition of Mr . Franklin , seconded by Mr . George Funnell— " That the Secretary be instructed to communicate the resolutiou of this Association to Mr . O'Connor , and that it be published in the Norlhernn and Southern Stars . I beg to subscribe myself , Yours sincerely , Nathaniel Morling , Sec . Association Boom , Brewers' Arms Inn , Church-street , Brighton . January 30 th , 1840 .
Sunderland.
SUNDERLAND .
Local Markets. — ≪A» —
LOCAL MARKETS . — < a » —
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TO FEARGUS O'CONNOR , ESQ . . Br ighton , Jan . 30 th , 1840 . Dear Sir , —Pursuant to a resolution passed at the weekly meeting of the members of tho Brighton Radical Association , on the evening of Wednesday , Jan 29 th , 1840 , I am instructed to trausmit the following resolution to you , and I feel great pleasure myself in corresponding with a brother Chartist . The following is the resolution : — Resolved , on the proposition of Mr . Franklin seconded by Mr . Henry Funnell— " That the thaulcs of this Association are deservedly due , and are hereby given to Feargns O'Connor , Esq . for the manful and dis-SlSSiiSSSSJS * came fwward as a ^ SSSST 0 ! arge 0 n 6 ' ^ resolution
. I ramain , Sir , Tours sincerely , Nathaniel Morley , Sec Association Room , Br&wera' Arms Inn , Church-street , Bri ghton .
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8 T H B . .. y Q E T .. H B , B i » g ff A R , ¦ . ¦ ' 1
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MR . O'CONNOR'S ANSWER SSI sssKttssass MOTTRAM .
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Feb. 8, 1840, page 8, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/king-y1kbzq92ze2670/page/8/
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