On this page
- Departments (1)
-
Text (5)
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
-
IITEBPOOL 1S8IZBS ^ ( Continued from our Seventh page.) --
-
Untitled Article
-
Untitled Article
Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
-
-
Transcript
-
Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
Additionally, when viewing full transcripts, extracted text may not be in the same order as the original document.
Untitled Article
- CROWN COURT . —Tcesdat , April 7 th . His Lordship took Mb seat this morning at s K ^ le after nine o'clock . - The Court was crammed in gfgry par \ and as on the former daj a great number if jidies occupied some of the front seats near the jgdge . Bis Lordship did not , as was expeeted ,-pass genience on th « four defendants , who were found ^ aO ty on the preceding day . v William Tickers Jackson , Christopher Doyley John ^ m , and George Henry Smith were indictea for ^ piracy , sedition , and « nlawfoh assembly at lUnthester . _ 1 ¦ - ¦ > The ^ ArroBitET-GE . vBRAi , Mr . Bhatot , aod Mr
Wnsox we for the prosecution , and Mr . Mpwhtdefended tae ^ risoners . - - -. ¦ ¦ * ¦ * Mi . Wilson op « ned the pleadings , r r f - The Airo £ 5 ET-GE ** jui ^ in stating the © aae-te the jnry , referred to portidw of the evidenca-wfcioh was afterwards given is detail by the witnesses . Walter Smyth , one of the Manchester new poliee , was then called . He deposed that on the 23 d of ? JriJy , 1839 , he attended a meeting held oa an open space of ground in the township of H * lme , Mas-Chester , about seven o'clock in the evening , at which a verv great number of persons were present , but
how many he could not swear . The hustings from which the speakers addressed the meeting was an i empty cart that had been placed there for that purpise . ' Soon after eight o ' clock a person was caUed ; to the chair , but he could not say wbo that man was . He had taken notes of the proceedings at the time , and wrote them out at the conclusion of the proceedings . The prisoner Smith was the first speaker , and he declaimed against the Church and & * te , and spoke of physical force . The JrDGE—Uh , ye 3 ; but what did he say , did he use tbe-words physical force . —He did , my Lord , and said that if the Charter was not granted within a limited time they would have it by physical force . = The Judge—What did he say about the Charter , > od what means did he propose to get it by . . Witness—He said that if the Charter was not granted , they wonld have it by physical force , and tot would destroy Mr . Spy ' s employment . - . * JrDGK— "What did he mean by Mr . Spy 1 ~ ~ . . Witness—I suppose he meant the police who wa *» - * fciihe- -meeting . Mr . Smith then informed th& meeting that ihere would be another meeting on the flowing night , and also on the nigh ; after . The
I tion , to compel the operatives in certain manufac-\ tone * at Manchester to leave their lawful employment . It would not be necessary for him to detain the Court with any lengthened statement of the I case , as the nature of it would be fully developed I by the evidence which he should call in support of ; the eharge . v ^ ! tw-iW ^ S . was then caUed " He de P ° i I thavoa the 12 th of Aigust information was brought 1 & «? f f ^ eI JSe Vfe H *? Manchester . i He went to the mill o £ - | 4 r . Marsdeo , in Plunket-1 street , and found about two hundred men near the i g » te entering to the urili . He ea . w both of ike s defendants present ; They www-doiiii to the eates ^ rfekiig Yeryloudly wiffi thdrftw , knd * aVte « RB I if the gates were not opened they would treak i them open , in order that the hands mickt be t « m « H
t&er defendaat Doyle also addressea tke meeting in , tetv violent language , and advised them to get arms , aod " said he hoped iney had prepared themselves for j tbe worst , as he had « one , with well-pointed argu-, ments . The other defendant Jackson also addressed the meeting . He said that he had been informed that \ the magistrates had determined to disperse that J meeting , but that he was glad to find they mustered € 0 strong , and wece so well prepared to defend : fispselves that xbti j did not care for the bloodj , ^ oh ' ce . He also ja * id something about arming , but i ; ( hat he ( witness" ) could not hear , but whatever it was ' ie was well Omened to and cheered by the mob ; and soon after two or three pistols were " fired from
the body of the meeting . There were some of the defendants also at another meeting on the following night , which was held in Travis-street . There were some bannersat this meeting , but he could not recollect ¦ what were the inscriptions upon them . A person named George Chalmers was . in- the chair , and he read a resolution to the meeting , which was then proposed by the defendant Smith . The resolution was— " That this meeting pledges itself to carry into effect the system of exclusive dealing , whieh will be the means of forcing the middle classes to join them and contribute to the Cnarter . " The defeudaut Smith , in proposing that resolution , said he would tell them that the system of exclusive dealing had
worked well in Hulme , and that it should be adopted b y the whole country , from Land ' s End to John o- Groat ' s . He al . nded to the rural police that the -Government intended to establish , and said thai the Government was resolved to vote away ± 7 , 000 for ihat purpose . ( Smith , the defendant , cried out , . That ' s not true ; I said £ 79 , 000 . ) Smith on that occasion did not blame Lord John Russell , bin Charles Taylor , editor of the Manchester Guardian , ( meaning , we presume , John Edward Taylor . ) There . was a person named Taylor spoke at the meeting , and denounced the new police , whom he said were reserved to pounce upon their blood ; but he ( the speaker ) would not give them the chance , for after
what had occurred at Birmingham , he would never ' come to another meeting unprepared , as he was at that time , and if he was pounced upon by any of the - Potwrs m the quiet discharge of his duty , he would -defend himself to the last . The other defendant , Doyle , also addressed the meeting , and was very i " violent , and said toat the time would soon cornel when they would see who were for them and who } were against them ; this wtuld be best ascertained -by the system of exclusive dealing . Doyle said at . tnauoeeung that every man should go into a shop j ' - ^ n Saturday night , and say , •* Well , are you a sub- ! seriber to the Charter V and if his answer was , * I : dial ! have nothing to do with it f when they must
say in reply , * WelLyou do aot help me ; I will not 0 . help josf and irSey owe four or fire pounds , > they must not pay it . He also referred to the New i £ . ^ Foor Laws , aad said they niust either starve or go j mto the New Bailey , where they would have to live -Ofl pig meal Jack ' s iood . \ Mi . Wilson—What was meant by pig meal Jack ! 1 —I do not know , but I believe he meant Lord John KasselL He then referred to America , and told the : Meeting that the peaple of that country had obtained ' ¦ % ir rights by physical force . The witness de- \ ailed at considerable length what had been said and i 4 me by die speakers at three or four meetings , ttough he admitted that he was no reporter , nor COaJd he write short-hind .
_ Ml . MrBPHY cross-examined the witness at con- ' sderable lengta , and required him to hand over all iae papers from which he had been readiug . Mr . Murphy—Are all these papers in . your own hand writing {—Witness—They are . \ Are you now in the Manchester police force !—I -am . ^ Wereyouin the police when you reported these j -Bieeting 3 ?—Not when I reported the first meeting . Had you been in the police previous to the reoort-* Bg of tne first meeting ] —Kot in the Corporation police ; 1 had been in the old police . Have you ever been discharged from any police lorce 1—Yes . "ft hat wa 3 the cause of your discharge ?—I was discharged for getting tipsy .
How did yon get into the new police !—Some time \ after I went to Mr . Beswick , and on application \ ¦ was put on the new force . ¦ Were you ordered to attend those meetings I—1 j ¦ was asked by Mr . Beswick , if I had any objections : to attend these meetings , to which lat iirst objected , ; « ut subsequently agreed to do so . j After you attenaed the first meeting and gave in ?< mr report , you were taken into the new police \— i iot on those grounds .
Well , but now come tell me the truth , was it not i - *« er you had given in your report—Yes , I was ; wienon , after 1 gave in my report . 1 think about « n days after . Has there ever been any accusation against you ! sneeyon went into the police ]—2 sot that I know of . j Now , Sir , on your oath , have you never been complained of for getting drunk \—1 do not know ; that there ever was an accusation against me for ' getting drunk .
You are a very clever fellow , and by far too clever for me ; but give me a direct answer . Have you not been accused of being drunk ?—1 e&Jrj say I have . Were you ever charged with pawning the clothes of the poliee , and getting tipsy ?—1 never was brought up foT being tipsy . I ask you again , Sir , were you not charged for being drunk and neglecting your duty \—1 can't say that I was . I do not recollect it . Were yon ever a newspaper reporter ?—No , Sir . Have you ever reported the proceedings of meetings before this!—1 have not . And how c-omes it to pass that you were selected » this occasion \—1 can ' t say .
How does it happen , as you are so accurate in Jopr reporting , that vou got £ 7 , 000 instead of * ' 0 , 000 , in the speech o ' f the defendant Smith ?— It . was in error in stating £ 7 , 000 . 1 have it £ 70 , 000 £ ? noles . The cross-examination of this witness was con-^ QW for nearly an hour ; after which r , *®* M . Soult , another of the new police , was «^ ed , and deposed to the four defendants as having »* en at several meetings , and said they had used - violent language on all occasions . He was cross-examined by Mr . Mcbfhy at some j gui , as to his character , and the opportunities he ~~ P' reporting the speeches delivered at the ^ f" ^ by the defendants against whom he had P * en evidence . Another witness , named William Robinson , was r * Produced against the defendants . His evi-™ w was substantially the same as the preceding
PoT * ^ JeSrejson , a clerk in the Manchester ouce Office , was also called , who , upon crossvtff ^ ti on by Mr . Mcbpht , admitted that he had T ^ sent in disguise by Mr . Beswick , to take notes vi me proceedings of those meetings . Joseph Sadler , the Superintendent of the Stockport trvt 3 was iiso called , and produced some letters 2 « ea were written by the defendant Smith to Mr . * ftn ? ? ' of Birmingham , one on the subject of ^ o rdersfor armT ^ thi-A v ^ eT idence for the prosecution was gone ^ ocgh , Mr . MrRPHT addressed the Jury on behalf eonre ! ^ ^ &Q ts for more than an hour , in the UTSe of which Yip Ktmnwlv rnmTriPTitfHi on the " i > viof the
~^ ce different witnesses , and urged the Jury jj" * ery cautious in convicting his clients on the at all f 5 J ° ^ * number of policemen , who were not j . * u educated nor accustomed to take notes of pub-^ oceedings . lad •? Z ** *^ Jvdgb Bummed up at great length , a tae conclusion of his Lordship ' s address , the
Untitled Article
S ^ teOf T " P more S ^ L . T » i |^ h *? ' ^ turned a verdict of Guilty > gaa » t a&ihe prisoners . - ' Judgment deArred . CHABGK OF AS «* CLT AKD RIOT ON THE TWELFTH OF AUGUST . ^ , if f ^ i ids ( 7 * m // itm Bark * r were in-S w , w 2 OtOnsly , asse ? bliDS ontlie morning of dating the hands employed m several mills , and * ttemDting to force them to leave their employment and also for assaulting a policeman in the execution 01 his duty . Mr . "Wilson opened the pleadings . The Attobwey-Geneiul said this was another of those prosecutions which her Majesty ' s Government had thought proper to institute against the defendants for riotously assembling on the l- " > th of August , and endeavouring , by force and intimida-, ,
Untitled Article
out . Iney both appeared to have controul of the mob . 1 was on horseback at some distance ahead of them , but I watched them for some time . I having seen them for " some time , I sprung from my horse , and rushed into the crowd ,-and seized both of them . There were several officers coming to the place . The defendants straggled to get away , and Davidson got away at the time . I gave Barker into the care of M'Mullan , and I followed Davidson , whom 1 had not lost sight of . I caught him ; and afterwards received a dagger frons Booth , the policeman . [ The dagger was produced . It was without a handle . } Cross-examined by Mr . Wilkins—When I came up to this factory there were about 200 people : they were not close to the gates ; bnt I may say they were
surrounding the gates and scaling the wall . I never saw . the defendants before . There were probably half a dozen kicging the gates , several of them scaling the walls , and all the rest making a great noise . I was about twenty or thirty yards from Mr . Marsden ' s gate when I jumped off my horse . 1 left my horse not in the care of any one . When I had got the prisoners into custody , I found one of the officers had hold of it . 1 -went into the crowd alone . There might be some women and children about the outskirts of the crowd ; but I will not swear that there were not women and children in the crowd . I should think there would be some persons attracted there ' from curiosity . The police were ten or twelve yard 3 behind . I led them up , and galloped before them . I got no hurt . The defendants both struggled hard with me .
Joseph Hulme deposed that on the 12 th of August last , he was near Mr . Chapel ' s mill at Manchester . On the morning of the 12 th of August , about six o ' clock , the mob came inio the yard ( about 200 of them ) and made us stop the engine . The master was not there at the time , and we was afraid of the people breaking the windows . They were entering the rooms at the bottom of the spinning room . Stopping the engine would stop the factory , and he told them they might all go . [ The" Jury who heard the last case , here came into Court and returned a verdict of " Guilty " against Jackson , Smith , and Doyle , for conspiracy and sedition , and also a verdict against Kay for sedition . Mr . Smith made application to be allowed to stand out on his own recognizances . The Attorney-General , however , applied that the parties might be immediately committed , which was done . The other case was then proceeded with .
Witness then told the workpeople that they were all at liberty -to go out of the yard . They went from our yard to Mr . Massey % and opened the gates , after they had got over the wall . When the gates were ^ open they all rushed ia * -. Hia ^ engia © ^ F Mr . Massey's mill was then stopped and the hands eame out . After thi 3 had happened to . Mr . Massey ' s mill the mob cleared away towards the iron bridge . I know Mr . Fearnley ' s mill near the iron bridge , and the mob was about the door . I did not see the hands come out . Cross-examined by Mr . Wilkins—Our gates were broken open . I cannot say whether the lodgekeeper opened the door . There were a great many women and children , perhaps 150 out of the 200 .
Edward Lomas , a police officer , deposed that on the 12 th of August last , he went to those mills in plain clothes . When I got to Lower Mosley-street , 1 saw about two hundred people near Stirling aud Bickton's mill . They went np to the lodge door , and made an attempt twice , but could not . Finding they could not get in there , they turned back to Littlewood ' s mill . I saw them go to Fearnley's mill , and a number of the hands came out . 1 saw Barker there ; he was leading the mob from Stirling and Bickton ' s mill . He was with them at Fearnley's mill , and I then went to give information at the office . I saw him a short time after in custody of Mr . Beswick .
Examined by Mr . Wilkins—I went on foot to Stirling and Bickton ' s mill . There were a great number of women and children . I was across the street when 1 saw Barker . He was in the crowd . I had never seen him before ; and when I saw him again he was in the custody of Mr . Beswick . . John Benson Higginbottom deposed—I am manager of works at Messrs . Marsdens' milL On the 12 th of August , about half-past six , a mob came to onr mill , and desired the engine to be stopped , and the hands to be turned out . 1 did not turn tho hands out . " Mr . Beswick and some policemen came , when the party had been there about three or four minutes . I saw several men , but I cannot speak to who they were . Cross-examined by Mr . Wilkins—I was determined the mob should not come into our mill until they forced it by the last extremity . They did not force it .
Archibald M'Mullan , a Manchester policeman , deposed—I followed Mr . Beswick to this mill , and sawjrim jump off his horse and seize two men . On going to his assistance 1 Beized Barker . He struggled hard , and while struggling , some one called out , " Hell stab you . " I saw Booth catch hold of Barker ' s arm , and he had a dagger in his
hand . Cross-examined by Mr . Wilkins—Mr . Beswick had hold of Barker first . When Beswick got oh his horse , I was about the width of this Court from him . When he got off his horse he might be ten or twelve yards from the men . I had not observed these two men till Beswick seized them . George Booth , a police constable of Manchester , deposed that he went with Mr . Beswick , who was on horseback , to Trumpet-street . I did not see him get off hia horse . I saw M'Mullan there , and he had hold of the prisoner Barker . When 1 saw
them they were wrestling , and I saw him take a dagger from his breast , and make a stab two or three" times . I took hold of the dagger and wrenched it out of his hand , leaving the haft in his hand , which he afterwards dropped on the floor . Cross-examined by Mr . Wilkixs—I left the police at the time Sir C . Shaw came . 1 was not discharged , but was put upon the supernumerary list . I saw Mr ! Beswick arrest some persons . The street was half full of people , bnt I cannot say how many there would be . I do not know how Barker was dressed . M'Mullan had hold o * ; m by the arm .
George Pearce , a > iu ^ L-hester police-officer , deposed , that on the 12 th of August , he was with Mr . Beswick , in Trumpet-street . He saw Barker take a dagger from his side pocket , and make several thrusts at M'Mullan . Booth seized Barker ' s hand , when he was attempting to make a thrust at him . Cross-examined by Mr . Wilkins ^—I saw Barker take the dagger out of his side pocket . Mr . Wilkins then addressed the Jury for the prisoners . In reference to Davidson ' s testimony he thought it was open to some comment . Tbe Learned Counsel enumerated the difficulties whieb Mr .
Beswick must have had in recognising the men who had been kicking at the gate . He was afraid that the evidence against Barker was too strong for him to contend against , and he would not , therefore , occupy the time of the Court in making observations which could serve no purpose . He aid think , however , that the evidence against Davidson was of such a character as U > leave the matter in considerable doubt , and he should , therefore , leave the matter in the hands of the Jury , knowing that if there appeared to tiem to be any reasonable doubt , they would give the benefit of it to the defendant . The Slitoksxt-Geickrax declined to make any reply , ' ita-ting that he would leave the case in the hands of the Jury , simply on the evidence that had b © On produced .
Untitled Article
The JCD 0 ? , snma » e 4 up the evidence , and the Jury in a few seconds returaea » verdict of Guilty against Doth of the defendants . Sentence deferred . THE QUEEN V . LEECH . James Leech was charged with a seditions conspiracy and unlawful possession of arms in Manchester . The Attoritet-General said , at the outset of the case , that if the prisoner would express his sorrow _ . " _ ' ~' " ' i . 'l' . ' _
in any way for what he had done , he would accept the defendant ' s own recognizance to appear and receive judgment when called upon . His Lordship explained to the defendant , after his plea of guilty had been recorded , that he would be liable to be called up immediately to receive judgment if ever he attended any more of these meetings . The defendant was then set at liberty on his own recognizance of £ ' 200 to appear to receive judgment when called upon , and to keep the peace f > ' two years . j' _\
Untitled Article
£ A $ N £ !^^ C t ° o t Warden , and Ieffc « m in jhe ctfSody of Bradsbaw , from whom an attempt wa ^ mwb to re scue him . In consequence of that be-we |^ ror assflrtajwe ^ and on coming back I ° n n iif ? mM ^ W # - I ^ y then again appMiiendedl ^ farden ln aboufftye minutes . Witness had a staff and pistol . An attempt was again made to rescue Warden and a man named Morgan came up , but he presented his pistol . A volley of Btones then can » from the crowd , and the people said they would hav 6 j their leaders at any rate . The people were armed with bludgeons . It was a scene of great noting . , ! ' -. ~' -: . ; , s- ¦> - ¦¦ . - - ¦ : ¦ - ; .. .- ¦
Cross-examined by Warden-Witness was examined by the Grand Jury at the last Assizes . He did not take notes for several days . Did not know that what he had alleged defendant to have said was a literal transcript of what the Bolton Chronicle had attributed to him several months before . He saw twenty or thirty people armed out of the sevpral thousands he had said were assembled . He gave information to the magistrates that day . 'tie heard great noises made . There -was no l $ ttempt on the twelfth to apprehend any person . There 'was no act of violence
eom-° " tted that witness saw on the Monday , ( the ™ J In . the crowd he saw no women and children , but he did see some following the procession . Then what do you mean by saying that females , were not able to go about the streets ! I mean respectable tema-les . Witnefi did not see any stalls out in the market . A warrant was put into into Simpton's hands to apprehend-, defendant , but ne had not seen it . It was ^ ufclhe market-place he m # defendant on tha m » rniu ^« tthel 5 th , when lie apprehended him . Defendant , was coming out &F Old Hall-street . There waB a great many boys in the procession , but not a
majority . Cross-examined by Lloyd—There was no business going on in the market-place on the 12 th of August . He would awear there was no carts there with potatoes , or at least he saw none . Witness arrested defendant along with his superior officer , Simjfton , on the 13 th . He did not hear Simp ton say the magistrates wished to have an interview with defendant . He had been a reporter to the Morning Herald . He would swear to the words he had reported being correct . The general tenour of defendant ' s npeech he considered to be inflammatory . Did not conceive the words " peaceably and orderly " inflammatory , but coupled with the manner of speaking , he thought him not sincere . He thought it was
a habit of the defendant to speak sarcastically . All he had ever heard him say was of a violent nature , and therefore ho was ied to believe it to be his habit . He was prevented taking more notes . Did not recollect seeing respectable females walking in the streetB on the 12 th of August . If there were any he should have seen them . The terror of the people was bo great that he did not think females would go out if they could avoid it . Wituess wa 3 in Bolton on the Coronation of her Majesty . Could not say whether there was a procession on that day . Had said he had a good memory , but could not recollect that . Never 8 aw the shops closed but on the occasion of this disturbance and on Sundays . Understood Simpton there
waa a warrant out against defendant when h '» apprehended him , but never saw it . Had witnessed processions of benefit societies in Bolton , but never saw any disturbance from them . Never had said that the meetings of the 12 th of August were the most orderly he had ever seen . There was no reason he ever heard specified why some of the people were arrested on the 12 th August . Was not aware why , if the processions -were so disorderly , there was an order not to apprehend them . Did not hear of any requests made by the magistrates to the military to clear the streets at the point of the bayonet . Did not hear any orders given to the police on the 12 th of August to persuade the shopkeepers to close . He had orders not to interfere on
the 12 th of August , out he ' should have interfered if he had 6 een them pulling down houses . The people were not well dressed enough in the procession to be respectable people . Warden , after his rescue , did not in witness ' s bearing desire the people to be peaceable and orderly ; Did not think the police and special constables were equal to any emergency . There were not three hundred special constables sworn in . Tney were taken from the voting list . J Did not he * f defendant propose a vote ot thanks to . the Mavbr and authorities of Bolton at the meeting on this occasion ; but recollects hearing Gilleepie gpeak of it . He could not hear all that passed , because he was obliged to leave the meet in " several times . / . .
*^ Br tntffwis ^ Tfle reASon 1 ml 4 idnot take ftiHe * notes was , that be was singled out by the people and comffelled to leave . At the Monday morning ' s meeting he remained about half an hour , Went away and returned again for about the same time . In the evening he was there for an hour . Peter Staton called—This witness , who stated that he was reporter to the Bolton Chronicle , said he saw these meetings , and generally corroborated the last witness . Cross-examined by Warden—Heard defendant at one of the meetings on the 12 th of August advise the people to bo orderly . There \ v < sre a gveat number of females in the street . Did not observe that respectable people kept ciose within their houses on
that day . If there was any difference as to the number of . females in the streets , compared with other days , there were more on thiB occasion . The sticks the people had were such as country people generally brought to market . He felt no alarm that day—he could not speak for others . He did not think there were so many stalls in the market on this occasion as usual ; but there were some there ; and the earthenware people were there . Knew John Haslum : did not know whether he was present . The Market Place was capable of holding 20 , 000 or more people . If there were any calico vendors in the market he did not see them . When he heard
defendant tell the people peaceably yet firmly to ask for their rights , he did not think he meant to create a breach of the peace , however the means he was taking might lead to it . Had heard witness say that a violation of the peace and property would lead to irrecoverable danger to their cause , but did not hear him say so on the 12 th of August . The manner of defendant , on the 12 th of August , was not different to his usual manner . Heard him anxiously advise the people to separate on the 12 th , and meet again next morning . The closing of the shops in the evening might be from a rumour that the military were to be called in to disperse the people . Heard no hooting in the Market Place . •«»««
Cross-examined by Lloyd—Remembered the visit of Sir Robert Peel to Bolton , but did not recollect whether the shops were closed then . Had seen them closed on other occasions besides the 12 th of August . Heard ne . ther defendant nor Warden use any inflammatory or violent language . Never saw any procession . iexcept on the occasion of the Queen ' s Coronation , which created such a stir as that of the 12 th of August . Did not see any disorder at the meetings on Monday , the 12 th of August . Re-examined by Sergeant Atcherley— Believed the letter produced to be in the handwriting of Lloyd . [ This letter was one found in the possession of Thompson , a gunmaker , at Birmingham , and was a letter ordering guns , and stating that the writer , Lloyd , could dispose of a great number if he had them . ]
Jftseph Sadler , deputy constable of Stockport , proved that he found the letter in the possession of Thompson , gun-maker , at Birmingham . A police-oflicer , named Bradshaw , was next called and Btated thai the crowd on the 12 th of August went about to a number of factories and induced the workmen to leave their work . With reference to the meetings , he mainly corroborated the first witness . Cross-examined by Warden—Saw a great many females in the street on the 12 th of August but there was ah unusual absence of resoectable
people in the streets . Had not been in Bolton more than a fortnight . Had been there two Mondays but did not know that he had been out on those days Could not tell how he knew , not having been in BoltoD , on a Monday before . There was an unusual absence of respectable people from the streets on Monday the 12 th of August . Cross-examined by Lloyd—Only attended one meeting on the 12 th of August . Attended the processions m plain clothes , and walked with them in prosecution of his duty . Never heard defendant incite the people or encourage them to induce peoDle to leave the factories .
Re-examined by the Attobmey- General—The defendants were leaders of the crowd . Would give instances . They fell in rank when Lloyd told them , and they insisted on rescuing him when he told them to be quiet . ( A laugh . ) John Nicholson , tea-dealer , Hotel-street , Bolton was a special constable on the 12 th August . At seven o ' clock in the morning of that day , he saw % crowd there of 500 or more . He heard Lloyd say the time is now armed when the Charter must either beeome the law of the land , or we most remua p ' asssive slaves in the hands of our enemies . Be firm , be resolute , and the victory is youra . Peaceably if we can , but forcibly if we must . He then advised the crowd to take a walk round the Vwa with him before breakfast . They did so . ^ ho
Untitled Article
numbers of people increased in the streets during the day . Business did not go on as it was . Cross-examined by Warden—Saw sticks in the hands of the people . They appeared to be walking-sticks . He was attracted to the meeting by cheering in the Market Place , where it was held . Did not suppose a meeting of an alarming nature was calculated to attract . Did not shut tip his shop on the 12 th August . He was alarmed . Was it because the bands were playing ? No , it was be cause the people were not at work . Was not alarmed at the character of the meeting , but because they had met to accomplish the Charter . They interrupted business that day , because people would not come mto town that day . He heard that afterwards . Did not give notice to the magistrates that he was alarmed , nor of these meetings , but he would have done so had he seen reason for alarm
Cross-examined by Lloyd—Witness did attend the first meeting on the 12 th of August . Did consider that a portion of the business of the town was interrupted . There were bands of music in the streets that day . Did not hear defendant advise the people to be peaceable . Would swear that he did not use the words in his hearing , but defendant might have given that advice without his hearing it . Did * not hear that the military had received orders to disperse the meeting of the 12 th of August . Heard nothing good said b y defendant that day , but did hear him say something . Said he had a prejudice agaiast Chartism , but it had not influenced him'in coming here . Did not hear defendant commence speaking . Saw females walking in the streets that day . There were not eo many respectable females in the street . There waaajsfcrikingjiif&swrice . ' ¦ W «« not ont of the neighbourhood of . iuaoy / £ * etoop during the day aft or seven o ' clock in the morning . He went to bed at night , though alarmed .
Did you consider it wise to go- to bed whea there was cause for alarmJ—I thought there was a sufficient force to repel it . Then though you thought you were safe because of the force of the authorities being sufficient for safety , yet still you were alarmed ? -I was . Could swear no carts went into the market that morning . At least he did not see any . There were 400 or 5 uO people at the meeting in the morning . It was the people not being at work that alarmed him . There were always a good many people did not work on Mondav .
Ke-examined by the Attobney-Genebal . —Was this like Saint Monday ' s generally ?—No , it was a Chartist Monday . ( Laughter . ) By the Judge—Did not know of any instance of inconvenience being suffered from the absence of vegetables in the market on that day . Mr . Wright , grocer , Bolton , said he recollected the 12 th August , and the people assembling in the street . Business was suspended on that day , and the shops were cloaed . Partly gave up his own business .
Cross-examined by Warden—Saw all the meetings during the day . Could not say that the people used any violent gestures . Cross-examined b y Lloyd—His shop was obstructed by the people assembling in the market-place . Did not hear what the speakers said . Re-examined by Mr . Brandt—Heard Gillespie in the meeting at night say he would be the first to lead them on . The letter found at Thompson ' s was then read , and also the placards issued by tho magistrates prohibiting the meetings . This concluded the prosecution . Mr . Warden then rose and addressed the Jury as follows : —
My Lord , and Gentlemen of the Jury , —Unacquainted as I am with the rules and technicalities of a Court of Justice—possessing but little education except that which has been acquired during the hours stolen from sleep , after days of incessant and exhausting labour—ignorant as I have been until very lately of the precise nature of the charges against whioh I have now to defend myself—and even now not perfectly understanding the nature of one of those charges , the charge of conspiracy—I require not , I am confident , any further apology in claiming your indulgence for auy errors which I may , m the course of my defence , commit . And I need not , I am sure , call upon a Jury of my countrymen to dismiss from their minds any prejudice
which miy have been created by a partizan press against the principles to whiott I am devotedly attached , and the party with which I am inseverably connected . It will be unnecessary to call upon you to disregard the coloured and ex parte statements ¦ SJ ^ S ^ e ^ ett ^ de by the Learned Counsel for f * $ m& ^ holding an even balance between theywosfloutor and the prosecuted—to be guided solely by the facts of tha ^ ase , and by . the motives which have impelled me to procure a reform of laws which I have ever believed militated against the happiness and wellbeing of society—that in the verdict yon deliver you willaot independently of any unfounded impressions under which you have laboured , and maintain that
proud position which has ever been occupied by a British Jury—an imperishable bulwark against oppression—the surest safeguard against the encroachments of powerful wealth , and the ever vigilant protector ot feeble poverty—of the rights of man and the privileges of Englishmen . My Lord u- Gentlemen , with a full sense of the responsibility which I have taken upon me , in defending myself against the array of legal talent which appears against me , I shall nevertheless enter upon my defence with feelings of perfect confidence : strong in conscious integrity , I feel I shall have no difficulty in battering to pieces the equivocal evidence which has been advanced on the part of the prosecution . The native force of unsophisticated truth will supply in
me the place of legal acquirements , and common sense be found more than a match for the interested quibbles with which it has been sought to involve me within the meshes of the law . Gentlemen , I must first occupy your attention for a short time by developing the principles whioh I have advocated , and the motives which impelled me to the course whioh I took during the agitation of the last twelve months ; for without that , you will be able to form but a very imperfect judgment on the whole case . I shall then examine the character of the witnesses who originally laid the charge against me , and the nature of the evidence which they have given ; and if , after the statements I shall make , you still think me guilty of any crime , legal or moral , I shall submit with patience to your verdict , conscious that , though prejudice may
ior a time misconceive the spirit of my actions , and condemn the principles which I advocate , yes time will do justice to the one , and advancing reason appreciate and establish the other . Gentlemen , the principles of which I have been the feeble but fearless advocate and defender , are identical with those which in former days were promulgated by the Miltons , the Hampdens , and the Sydneys—they are the same which were advocated by the Duke of Richmond , by Burke , by Pitt , Fox , Grey , and a whole host of nature ' s noblest spirits , who have existed , and who have struggled , in every age , and in every land . They tend not in their effects , as you nay have been led to suppose , to the production of bloodshed , of anarchy , and of strife ; but they contribute , on the contrary , to the conservation of tbe
best interests of man—to the protection of property , to the preservation of social harmony , and to the defence of all that is time-hallowed and true in our institutions , whether moral , political , or religious . They are involved in the practice of Christianity itself , whioh proclaimed the equality of man , and which enjoined us to "do unto others as we would they should do unto us . " They are inseparably bound up witttthe progression of mankind , and can be destroyed , or made to cease in their operation , only with the extinction of the human race . For if you once destroy the aspirations of the great mass of the people for political privileges , or debar them from the exercise of rights which they feel they ought to possess , you crush them into
an abyss of slavery , and , having degraded them into slaves , you must expect from them nothing but the vices of slaves ; immorality in all its multiplied forms ; social misery with social degradation ; political hatred with political wrong . Once bestow upon the men who produce all your wealth—who build your houses—who fill your granaries—who make your tables groan beneath the accumulated luxuries of every clime—who provide for your wants in peace , and who protect you in the hour of danger—who man your fleets , and who fight your battles ; - ^ once bestow upon these men the power of exercising those privileges which none have a right to deprive them of , and which all ought to possess , and you will put a stop to
those political animosities whieh always disturb , and which often destroy those social relations , without which no community can long exist , and without which no nation can be powerful and happy . We , the Chartists , have asked no more than this , and depend upon it , the great and growing wants of the peop le can never be satisfied with less . Gentlemen , we live in new times—the labourer is no longer content to live as a mere passive serf , created only to minister to the wants of some feudal lord , or some rich commercial speculators . He has nobler aims and higher aspirations . He feels that he wad not made fox the purpose of conforming to institutions which he has not the power of modifying according to bis wants , and which , instead of mul-% lyigg hia | kasures , tend in their general effects
Untitled Article
... .... n .. > . , ^ . * 5 ^ s—i ^ jjtiw . TOvyfi g j ^ ffr ip - * i ^ c- ^ S ^ W < &
& ^ % " " ^ 2 * J * ¦ i 86 r * « he ****/> S ^ - ?» iCS& " Sft 2 ^' wh ^ n X ^ Me can onlj be promoted and secured the Lml ^ ? potent in their influences over anH f « W essof the community , are made by all tionliiv £ ? mteres 5 of a 11 ' jt could not » beeSc t ^ K f tedfco be . otherwise- ^ could noi S 2 £ d 2 . £ - S ! ? Mch succeeding day « Whwh ««^ WMB , tirTM , oo « p 3 S ^^ powers-of earth , and air , and ocean , to minister to his wants and to subserve his happfness-who had obtained by means of the printing press the power ot dittuawg the emanations of jrenina fmm . k-
closet of the stage through all tke ramifications of society , with the velocity of thought itself—whose commanding intellect , louse the words of Curran . " had soared in its eagle flight against the blaze of every science , with an eye that never winked and » wing that never tired ; whose brows were crowned with the spoils of every art , and decked with the wreath of every muse" —it eould not be expected that he would long submit to see these blessings converted intocursesby institutions which he ought to control , but which in reality robbed him ( for I can use no milder term ) of the enjoyment of the creations of his genius , and the fruits of his labour . Gentlemen , Lord John Russell , in a pamphlet recently addressed to the electors of Stroud , states that the social condition of a nation depends in a great measure on the nature of the political institutions by whi ch Misg overned ; and if this test be applied to the present administration of this country , w » shall perceive sufficient to impel the most lukewarn *
amongst us to endeavour to procure a reform of laws tra , ught with evils so numerous and so aggravated as those which we witnessonevery hand . What then , Gentlemen , dothe Chartists require ? They asksimply tor a voice in the enactment of the laws which they arecaltod onto obey ; a voice in the distribution of the taxes to , which they are compelled to contribute . Ihey demand the Ballot , in order that the vote which they give may be substantially their own ; they require no Property Qualification for Members , m order that they may not be restricted , in their choice ; and they desire that those whqmihey elect may not have , the power of remaining in office m opposition to the fairl y expressed opinions and interests of the constituency . Do they ask too much ? JJo they ask any thing-incompatible with the dictates oroommoa sense , on tfae m-inciDles < jf the Cnnati .
to ?®* It ma ? Ae said rf «* tfa > -great -mass of * he p « 88 ^ tee too ignorant ; to exercise titfSBective francHise with interest to ihemselves individually , or to the community in the aggregate . Those , however , who profess this opinion forget that the great bodv ot the people is actu * Uy appealed to on all questions ot paramount publio interest ; and experience tells us that on most occasions the public mind has been far a-tead of the Legislature or the Ministry . The repeal ot the Corporation and Test Acts , Catholie Emancipation , and the Reform Bill , ' prominent amongst a host of other instances , may be mentioned in illustration of this fact . How long had these questions agitated the public mind before the two Hoases of Parliament thought fit to sanction them ?
while the advocates of these measures were assailed with all the calumnies that party malignity could invent in Parliament and out of it—while the Legislature was year after year rejecting the petitiousof the people , the public mind was gradually progressing , and the Government , notwithstanding its repeated rejection of the popular prayers , was at last compelled to sanction what it had so often refused to grant . And even now , is not the acsistance of fl »» working classes , aye , of the working classes , invoked on all great questions ? Do the rich manufacturers desire a repeal of the Corn Laws ? They appeal to the people . Is a reform in the corporations considered desirable ? The people are appealed to . Does one great party advocate church extension'
Lecturers are sent out , and the peopie are appealed to . Does another party advocate the voluntary system ? It appeals to the people . Does an armed body of insurgents appear at Newport or at Sheffield ? The government , through the means of a royal speech , expresses its confidence in the good sense and the loyalty of the people . From the most insignificant local subject up to the most important national question , the working classes are appealed to by party interests , and yet with an inconsistency which is altogether unaccountable , we are told by the very same parties who make these appeals , that the people are too ignorant to perceive their own immediate and most palpable interests : Gentlemen of tho Jury , if the people are too ignorant to know their
true interests , they must also be incapable of appreciating the merits of the appeals which are every day made to them ; if they are too ignorant to know their rights , they must also be too ignorant to perform their duties , for rights and duties are reciprocal ; take away the one and you will totally destroy the other . Without the acknowledgment of popular rights , I have no hesitation in stating your elections are contemptible farces , and that taking a show of hands previous to the poll , is an insolent mockery on the part of the authorities to the parties appealed to . It would not be difficult to prove , if time permitted , from historical evidences the most indubitable , that the poll , or number of heads was only taken when the returning officer was unable to
determine with precision the numbers who voted for each candidate , aad that the laws which restricts the number of electors are in opposition to the constitution as it-existed in its pristine purity w _ io effect the restoration of that constitution has been the object of our labours—to effect this my labours have been devoted—to effect this they will continue to be devoted , in prison or out of it—in season and oat of season—in prosperity or in adversity . I have net sought to effect it by threats or by violence- ^ -not by advising the destruction of life or property ' for- I knew that that course , far fr » m advancing our cause , would tend only to destroy it—but by calmly waiting for the time when our principles should be universally diffused , or by energetically
assisting in their diffusion—by means of meetingsof discussion—of enquiry—which , and which alone can lead to a concentration of public opinion . This mode of action is sanctioned alike by common sense and by the constitution—this mode of action I have heretofore invariably adopted—and in this mode of action I shall persevere to the end . Some of the witnesses whqhave appeared for the prosecution have borne testimony to the truth that I have impressed upon the people the great andmagnified evils which were ever attendant upon the destruction of life and property—that I have endeavoured to teach them that physical revolution , so far from advancing the interests of the parties engaged in it , has only tended to lead a nation under tbe dominion of some
despotic party , and perhaps in the end to plunder , to rapine , and blood . I use this language confidently , yet with . the greatest diffidence , to the , perhaps opposite opinions of the Gentlemen of the Jury . For I should indeed deserve your severest censure if I did not even at the risk of producing an unfavourable biasagainst myself , fairly and with candour express my honest convictions . It is only by discussion that truth can be elicited ; it is only by enquiry that bad institutions can be purified of their defects , and good institutions made more permanent and secure . The Learned Judge , in the course of some trials similar to my own , remarked , that any parties had a right to censure the acts of Government—to canvass with freedom the principles and tendency of
the laws—to make known , in the most open manner , their grievances , real or imaginary—to meet in public as often and as numerously as they pleased , provided the object of the meeting were peaceable , definite , and within the pale of the law . But there has been % time in the history of this country when these things were not allowed—when the noblest and the best of Britain ' s sons were punished with chains , with exile , and' with death , for uttering words far more guarded in their expression than I have to-day used in this Court . These times are , however , thanks to the progress of truth , past for ever ; and I am confident that the verdict you will this day give , will be fraught with blessings to the friends of freedom , [ of humanity , and of truth . GentlemenI desire not to
, see liberty degenerate into licentiousness . I desire not to see freedom of discussion perverted into a source of party animosity or personal hatred , and I defy any man to prove that I have ever given countenance either to the one or to the other . I have never imitated the conduct of those parties who have in the plenitude of their political virulence levelled the envenomed shafts of calumny at the breast of our youthful sovereign . I recollect at the close of the . last summer , during the temporary resignation of the ministry , how tbe newspapers , Whig and Tory , and the orators of both factions , seemed to endeavour to outvie each other in exhausting the vocabulary of blackguardism , and how effectually they attempted between them to alienate the people
from the Queen . I recollect how one party stated , and broadly stated , that the Whigs had surrounded the sovereign with the abettors of licentiousness , of infamy , and of immonlityin all its forms ; I recollect . and it must be still fresh in the memory of all , how the Whigs retorted on their opponents that they ( the Tories ) had formed a design of poisoning the Queen , in order to make way for the return of the Duke of Cumberland , for the re-establishment of what they termed "Orange ascendancy , " and in order to make Ireland a scene of desolation and of blood , and to quench the spirit of Popery in the blood of the entire Catholic population . I have ever deprecated the spirit whieh led to proceedings like these . I have
ever deprecated the spirit which has changed the legislature from a body , whose exclusive duty ought to have been the promotion of the interests , and the advancement of the happiness of the community , to & body of moral gladiators , fighting , before thealtar of the constitution , the battle of party ; and causing it to forget its more elevated duties , for the purpose of bandying about the most vulgar epithets that political animosity could devise ; and it wm because I believed that this spirit could never be allayed without the aid of the purifying influences of democracy , that I determined to lend my feeble aid to the Chartists , who Bought to change that power of legislation which was vested in men whose appetite fb > public plunder seemed to grow by what it fed qb « Continued in our Eighth page . )
Untitled Article
It was stated that , in accordance w : t" jiie Atij&i ney-General ' s motion for the commiUnent of the convicted defendants , Jame 3 Bronterre O'Brien , William Vickers Jackson , Reginald Jot ^ Richardson , William Butterworth , and those convicted today , were now in custody of the gaoler . Wednesday * April 8 . .. SjM . T . Coleridge took his seatUn the benth fou morniDg at nine o ' clock . -, v » : - - v . ^ H& * & << $ F -CHARTIS TS CT&TINtfED . Samuel Scoti , 25 , was charged in the indictment for a seditious conspiracy , unlawful assembly , and seditious speeches , at Manchester . The indictment in this case had been preferred at the last Assizes and the defendant had traversed . Sergeant Atchebley , Mr . Wilson , and Mr . Know us were for the prosecution , and Mr . Mukphy for the defence .
The evidence against the defendant went to prove that he had attended Chartist meetings , and that he was found to be in possession of fire-arms , ball cartridge , and powder . With reference to the charge of making seditious speeches , the evidence broke down , and the Learned Judge , in the course of his address to the Jury , said he thought the evidence was not strong enough to sustain the charge of conspiracy . The Jury found the defendant Guilty upon the charges of attending unlawful meetings , and of having arms for an unlawful purpose . On the motion of the Attorney-General , the defendant was committed . Sentence deferred . THE MITRE TAVERN P&OSECUTION .
John Hart , George Henry Smith , William Tillman , William Simpson , Isaac Wood , James Mellor Benjamin Fitton , Joshua Stowel ) , John Durha m Thomas Bird , Richard Walker , John Swire , Wm . Pitfield , Edward Core , Richard Hankin , and John Rawson , were indicted for an unlawful assembly at the Mitre Tavern , Manchester , on the 6 th of May , 1839 , for conspiracy , and seditions speeches . The defendants , in this case , had pleaded not guilty , bat on the understanding that they should not be called up for judgment , under the advice of their Counsel , Messrs . Wilkins , Murphy , and Cobtett , they withdrew their pleas , and consented o plead guilty .
The Learned Judge then addressed the prisoners , expressing an hope that they were sensible of the leniency pursued towards them . They must understand the terms on which they would not be called upon for judgment , were , that that they should refrain from the practices they were now charged with pursuing for the future , or they would at any time De still liable to be called upon for judgment . They would be now discharged on entering into their own recognizances of £ 100 each , and each finding two sureties in £ 25 , to answer for their good behaviour for two years . Stowell said he had been in gaol seven months already for want of sureties .
Sergeant Atcherley said he would be satisfied , in consideration of this imprisonment , to take Stowell ' own recognizances . Stowell was accordingly bound over in his own recognizances and was discharged . The Attorney-General signified that he would not give the defeodaets the trouble and expense of of bringiag their safeties to Liverpool , bnt tneir -bul mightgo and give ' secanty for theaUNfejMtfj . trates m their own neighbourhood , tlpon that they would be discharged . The bail of ^ illman , was in Court , and he was discharged at once . William and Joseph Linney , ^ ailfohn Quin , were in another indictment charged wllffa gfftikr otience , and on the same conditions were set at liberty . Tillman being in two indictments , tbe Attorney-General agreed to take the same sureties in botfrcases .
A Bimilar offer was made to James Wheeler , printer , Manchester , but he obstinately refused the conditions .
THE BOLTON CHARTISTS . John Warden and George Lloyd , who had been indicted at the last Assizes for a riot and seditious conspiracy at Great Bolton , and had traversed , were placed on trial . Sergeant Atcherley and Mr . Bbandt were for the prosecution . The defendants conducted their own defence . The Attorney-General , ( Sergeant Atcherley , ) in opening this case , said this was a prosecution of a serious character . The 12 th of August last , it would be remembered , was the day intended for the National Holiday . What was the object of that holiday needed little imagination to discover . In the town of Bolton on that occasion mobs of people assembled of an alarming character , a stop was put
to all public confidence and security , and public business was suspended ; the military had to be called in ; and the Riot Act had to be read . The indictment charged the two defendants -with being concerned in that riot , and they woifld hear from the different witnesses the character and the tone of proceeding adopted by the crowd . They would then hear the evidence with regard to the part taken by the defendants in these proceedings , and the character of the speeches made by them , and they would have to determine from that evidence whether they were not acting in concert with the people , or rather whether they were not leaders of the people on that occasion , and whether their object was or was not that alleged in the record . Mr . Brandt then called witnesses .
Frederick M . Baker called—Witness said he was a police officer at Bolton , on the 12 th August last . He recollected that the placard produced ( an order by the magistrates prohibiting public meetings ) being issued . He recollected that a great number of people assembled together during the day ; and the effect was that the shopkeepers closed their shops , and business was almost entirely suspended . The constables were collected to disperse the people « n the 13 th , but none on the 12 th . On the l ? 'h they colected to the number of several thousands , and paraded the town up to seven or eight o ' clock . The military was not callod in on the 12 th . On tke morning of the 12 th , he saw Lloyd about six o ' clock
addressing the mob . Witness took no notes , but he wrote down what he remembered to have been said two or three days after . He heard him say they were not to cause disturbance , but if interfered with , to act like men determined to have their rights . Let their tyrants see that they were not to be frightened into the surrender of their birthright , but that they were determined to have it , and willing to die for the cause . They dispersed after that , and assembled again in the Marketplace . When witness got there he beard Warden say they were peculiarly situated ; the people were driving them forward , while the Whigs were drawing them backwards to destruction . If the Whig 3
ever drew the sword upon them , they must in return unsheath the sword of justice . He dreaded the horrors of & civil war , but sooner than suffer their bloody tyranny any longer , he would soon run all consequences , and conquer or die . Lloyd then addressed them , and said he was not an advocate for rioting , but he would have them remember that the Reform Bill was gained by the riots at Bristol . — The mob continued to meet during the day . In the evening many thousand assembled again , and it was such a multitude that the civil force could not contend with . Warden said to them , " You now see your power ; this day ' s demonstration has struck terror to their coward hearts . They have prevented
our meeting , have they ? They dared not , and he hoped to see all at their posts next day fearlessly putting their shoulders to the wheel , as he had already done till nearly exhausted . " A man named Gillespie next spoke , Warden prompting him . Gillespie said , no one had ever attempted the exceedingly hazardous task of stopping the demonstration of that glorious day . But no one had interfered with them , and if there had , he would have been the first to have broken the peace in so glorious a cause . " They then paraded the streets , some of them carrying bludgeons . There was great shouting , hooting the police * and creating great terror to the people . Even the shutters of private houses were closed . Witness , after the proceedingsof the 12 th , received directions to apprehend the prisoners . He apprehended Loyd on t * e 13 tb ,
Iitebpool 1s8izbs ^ ( Continued From Our Seventh Page.) --
IITEBPOOL 1 S 8 IZBS ^ ( Continued from our Seventh page . ) --
Untitled Article
. . - „ .. . - „ ¦ X . "i 5 -- ^ R ?*'"" '' --St ' *¦« . - ¦ '" - > " ' ¦ :- ¦ " ^ ' ¦' - . ¦ *• ' "¦ ' ¦ ¦ ' - 'V ¦ ' ¦ ¦¦ ¦ ' ; ¦ ¦ ¦ ' " . ;¦¦ ¦ - •— " - ••• ¦ - ¦ . . ¦ - ; ¦ : ¦ ¦ - . ¦ :. ¦ •• . - ¦ —r- < N ** > U . - . ""™^ V .. . : \!_ . . " ..... . " . ' , ™ ^ ^ —J ^ 7 . - » ' -f -z . , . - " " "'" - ' : -. ' ' - . ' ¦ '¦ ¦ ¦ Hi . ' ' ¦ ' ' ,. ' : , i . _ ¦' . ¦ -. ¦ ' "¦ ; ¦ .. ¦' ¦ . " : ¦ '¦ ¦ ¦ '¦ ¦ ¦'¦ " . . ¦ " * ¦ . . ¦ ¦ ¦ .. ¦ -. "• . ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ; ¦ r ~ - ¦ - - - x - . " ¦ ¦ - .. ¦•¦ - ¦ ¦¦¦ ¦ . - . •¦¦ , ... ¦ .. ¦ ¦ ¦ y . ZS - ¦ . , . .. * -4 . . ;; .. ¦ . .., . , - . ;; -. - . . . ¦¦ ¦ . . .. ^ - ¦ V ¦ - . :- - . ' ' : ' ' ' : " - - . ¦ ¦"¦ ¦ a ¦ ' ' ' ' ' ¦ : ¦*"¦ . * £ - - .--: ' -, - ' - > - > ¦ ¦ . ¦ - - . .. . H ' V > p ' - jrfG- * 3 7 : r .-. ,, ¦ •¦ -., ; - .. ,-,. ' . „ * ¦ * ¦ " - - ' S <\ w- i 1 I . -. - .: ' ,: . ¦ ' . '• . \ ^ ^ y / \^ - ¦"'¦"' . ; " 'M fim ~ 40 r ¦'¦*¦ ¦ ¦¦ V ¦ ¦' .. ; . ' . - .. . ¦ ¦ ¦ JT AND LEEDS GE 1 JRAL JiOTlRTISER .
Untitled Article
"""" < « 8 been Iocfeed Ufor Kttle TOL- HI . No . 136 . SATURDAY , APRIL 11 , 1840 ™ ><•* ba ^ ehhy . , .: _•_ •¦; ' ' ¦ ' - ¦~ * ¦ ¦ • - * ¦ ¦ ¦ -.. ; Five BhllllngB per Quarter . JnryV « fter having been lorfead un ft- lun . " ' " ¦ . ¦"¦ .. ¦ ¦ .: ¦ ' :
-
-
Citation
-
Northern Star (1837-1852), April 11, 1840, page unpage, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/king-y1kbzq92ze2679/page/1/
-