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' INCOME . Passengers , less victualling and land transport ..................... £ 281 , 000 Freight , consisting of light parcels , periodicals , bullion , &o ... 24 , 000 -.. ¦ ¦• ' : . 305 , 000 Yielding a clear annual surplus of ...... £ 6 b \ 000 Or upwards of 11 per cent , upon £ 660 , 000 . No contribution for Post-office service has been included in these calculations , but there can be no doubt that the Company , when once in operation , muflt be employed b y Government to carry the Mails . To carry into effect the plans of the Company , the following outline is proposed : —Thai steam-ships shall start on a fixed day in each month from England and Calcutta ; the time calculated on for the performance of the route being , from
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Head-ache , Giddiness , Drowsiness , and Singing in the Ears , arising from too great a flow of blood to the head , should never be without them , as many dangerous symptoms will be entirely carried off by their immediate use . They are highly grateful to the Stomach , create Appetite , relieve Langour and Depression of Spirits , gently relaxing the Bowels without griping or annoyance , removing noxious accumulations , rendering the System trul y comfortable and the head clear . The very high encomiums passed upon them by a large portion of the public , is the best criterion of their merit , and the continual statements of their good effects from all parts of the kingdom , is a source of the highest gratification .
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Private families and individuals who may not be able to obtain the Works through the medium of a Bookseller , by transmitting , per post , a sovereign , will receive the whole of the above collection by any flonveyanoe they may direct . London ; Published by J . Cunningham , Crown Court , Fleet Street . Sold by J . Cleave , Shoe * Lane , ftnd all the agents for this paper in Town and Country . .
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HOUSE OB * LORDS . —Friday , July 10 . The Timber Ships Bill went through committee , after an amendment , proposed by Lord Colchester , had been withdrawn . The Marquis of Wertmeatn directed attention to the wogress of the . Temperance Societies in Ireland , and to the possible consequences of the Temperance Processions . The Earl of Aberdeen withdrew his Church of Scotland BllL The Sale of Beer Bill , brought from the Commons , was read the first time . The report of the Municipal Corporations { Ireland ) Bill was , after some desultory discussion , agreed to , and the bill ordered to be read a third time . : The Administration of Justice ( two additional judges ) Bill went through committee . *
The Masters in Chancery Bill was read the second time , the report of the Borough Watch Bates Bill was agreed to . and then Their Lordships adjourned . HOUSE OF COMMONS .-. FVtday , July 10 . The Speaker stated that he had received a letter from the agent to the petition against the return of B , Botfleld , Esq ., for Ludlow , giving notice that it was not intended to proceed with that petition . Mr . Muntz gave notice , that on Monday' he should submit a motion , that " strangers" be not , except on special motion , required to withdraw on the occasion of divisions . Mr . Easthope stated , that . " next session" he should renew his motion for a Bill to exempt Dissenters from the payment of church rates . Captain Polhill inquired whether it was intended to bring in a " Regency Bill ? " And , if so , when ?
Mr . Labouchere believed that it was intended to bring forward BuchaBill , but that it would be first presented to the other House . Mr . Wallace , on the question that the House resolve into Committee of Supply , called attention , at considerable length , to the report regarding the administration of the law in the Supreme Court of Scotland . The Lord Advocate having defended the course of proceedings regarding this Court , Mr . Wallace eventually withdrew his motion .
LOVETT AND COLLINS . Mr . T . DUNCOMBE then rose to make the following motion , that , " Whereas , in the month of June last , two respectable working men , named W . Lovttt and J . Collins , were convicted of publishing aseditious libel , and for the said offence were sentenced to one year ' s imprisonment in Warwick gaol ; and , whereas , a large number of persons have since been convicted of offences ef a similar character , and the greatest portion of those persons , contrary to custom , are , as well as the abovementioned William Lovett and John Collins , placed on the criminal side of the gaols to which they have been respectively sent , and are there treated after the manner of persons convicted of the most heinous and detestable crimes ; it is the opinion of this House that
such mode of carrying out sentences of imprisonment for political offences , being as uncalled for as unprecedented , ought to be discontinued ; and that no greater restraint should be imposed or degradation inflicted upon this class of offenders than their safe custody requires and long usage sanctions . " The grievances that had been complained of by many petitioners relating to the treatment of persons convicted of political offences were cruel , inhuman , and unprecedented . He had many well authenticated cases to establish this proposition , and when he had laid the facts before the House , he hoped they would agree to the resolution he . intended to propose . Before adverting , however , to the statements connected with the parties now suffering punishment for political offences , he would briefly call the
attention of the House to cases « f a similar character that bad occurred in former times . He would not , however , go further back than 1792 , during which year a very great number of political prosecutions were instituted . The Honourable Member then stated the cases of Ridgway and Symonds , in 1792 ; that of Cross , an attorney , in 1793 ; of the Rev . William Winterbottom , who , during the time he was in prison , wrote his . History of America , and was allowed to get married ; the case of Redhead Torke ; of Mr . Gilbert Wakefleld ; of Mr . M'Leod ; and William Cobbett , who carried oh his Register while in Newgate ; and of Messrs . J . and Leigh Hunt . All these parties were convicted of political offences , either by publishing libels , or uttering treasonable and seditious speeches , but they . ' were none
of them subjected to any further restraint ,, while undergoing the different periods of imprisonment to which they were sentenced , than was absolutely necessary to the security of their persons . In 1819 , Major Cartwright and others were convicted of seditious practices in assembling to elect persons as members of a National Convention ; but they were all imprisoned on the debtor side of Warwick gaoL Subsequently Henry Hunt was convicted of a conspiracy and an attempt to subvert the Government , and was imprisoned in Ilchester gaol , where he experienced rather harsher treatment tban previous political offenders bad been subjected to , and for which he afterwards obtained redress' against the gaoler . The first time that this rule of distinguishing political offences from misdemeanors in the mode
of treatment of the parties convicted was / broken through was hi the case of Lovett and Collins ... Now in every word of the libel for the publication of which Lovett and Collins were found guilty , he . ( ijr . Duncombe ) entirely concurred . The words were : — " 1 st . That this Convention { Mr . Lovett was secretary to the National Convention ) is of opinion that a wanton , flagrant , and unjust outrage has been made upon the people of Birmingham by a bloodthirsty and unconstitutional force from London , by acting under the authority of men who , when out of office , sanctioned and took part in the meetings of the people ; and now , * when they share - in the public plunder , to seek to keep the people in social slavery and political degradation . 2 . That the people of Birmingham are the ' best judges
of their own right to meet in the Bull-ring relsewhere ; have their own feelings to consult ; and are the best judges of their own power and resources to obtain justice . 3 . That the summary and despotic arrest of Dr . John Taylor , our respected colleague , affords another convincing proof of the absence of all justice in England , and clearly shows that there is no security for life , liberty , or property , till the people have some control over the laws they are called upon to Obey . " Since the publication of these remarks on the metropolitan police , an inquiry with regard to the conduct of the police upon that occasion had been instituted by a Committee of the Town Council of Birmingham , Mr . Joseph Sturge being Chairman . The result of the inquiry was expressed in the very words
used by Mr . Lovett himself . They declared that it was proved that a brutal and bloody , attack had . been made upon the people of Birmingham , and it was their opinion tint if the police had not ' attacked the people , no disorder ever would have occurred , and they considered that the riot was incited by the London police . The Committee of the Corporation of Birmingham stated that it was the practice of the police to assail men with blows who might have been easily apprehended . Why not , after this , prosecute Mr . Joseph Sturget ( Cheers . ) This was language quite as strong as that used by Mr . Lovett . The Committee went to say that it was a matter of deep regret that the Magistrates should have deemed the services ef thes »> men ( the London police ) matter for complimentary notice .
and that such a proceeding on the part of the Magistrates , was altogether uncalled for and unwarranted . ( Hear hear . ) At all events , then , there were two opinions upon this subject —( cheers )—and' he woald ask , were Mr . Lovett and Mr . Collins to suffer degradation in Warwick goal for haying expressed an opinion with regard to the conduct of the police , in which a great part of the people throughout the country concurred ? ( Cheers . ) Mr . Joseph Sturge and the Town Council of Birmingham ought to have been sent to Warwick gaol just as well as Mr . Lovett and Mr . Collins . What did he find boldly asserted in the papers of the day ? The following Btrong remarks appeared in one of the daily papers on June 24 th hut : " We call public- attention to a police case ; which
appears under the head of Worship-street this day . In the course of the last six months we bate been , compelled to make animadversions on the illegal , tyrannical , and intolerable conduct of the new police , and every fresh occurrence only confirms us in the belief to which that conduct has given rise , that the metropolitan police is the greatest curie that eves afflicted a free people . " ( Hear , hear . ) This was pretty strong language ; it appeared in The Sun newspaper of the 24 th of June , and . had the Government dared to prosecute The Sun for that publication ? No . If any prosecu tion were instituted The Sun newspaper would be supported by twof-thirds of the people of this , country . ( Cheers . ) But , to go back to the cue of Lovett and Collins : representations were mad * by them to the Magistrates of the county of Warwick , of the privation * and hardships those persons were enduring la
Warwick gaol , but they were told-that the only source whence any relief could be obtained was the Secretary of State for the Home Department . From time to time applications were made to the Secretary of State , who referred the complaints to the visiting Magistrates , and the , visiting Magistrates sent them back again-to the Secretary of State ; and so , between one and the other , no progress was made ha ameliorating the treatment of these men until nearly one-half of the period of their imprisonment had expired . Much improvement in that treatment ultimately took , place , but they were still kept on the felons' side of the gaol , and were subjected to various other harsh and degrading regulations ; that could never be justifiably applied to political offenders , who , in the opinion and judgment of Bociety , had committed no moral offence . On the 25 th of this month the tern of imprisonment to
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which Mr . Lovett and Mr . Collins were sentenced Voau expire ; and be believe ^ that it was the desire of «? tain individuals that these injured men should awm * a better and fatter appearance when they eame ^ i gaol than they had borne durfawjUhW confinement th «^ The consequencewas , that every day for the last tS days they had beenhaTing port-wine ^ e gus , —aanghtS —in order , no doubt , when they came before the pnv £ that they should appear in good condition . ( Laughteu The Hon . Gentleman here read a letter ; dated 22 ndrt June last , which Mr . Lovett had addressed to a frienA describing the nature of the treatment he had expq £ encod since his incarceration in Warwick gaol , and tit effect it had produced on hia mind and health . " Yo » can form ( said the writer to his friend ) but a very i *»
perfect idea of the feeling and . tone of mind which fr restraint and monotony of the discipline of a prisos entail on those persons who have been used to activity and the exercise of the body , to cheerful conversation ' and to all the varieties of political and literary exSu ment I possess very li $ le descriptive powers , bnfcj will endeavour briefly to describe the melanchol y routine ha which I have passed the greater number cl days I have been here , varied only by exchanging t& loneliness of my cell for scenes of vice and crime , who * I have been compelled to mix with persons of % worst description . In the midst of such circumstance you may easily suppose that even books beginat last it lose their attractions . At half-past five hi the morniw the prison bell rings ; at six in the morning you ttte
expected to have your bed rolled up and your rook cleaned . Formerly we were obliged t » go instat ) tf » down to tt © yard-to answer oat names wnen the Iflfl was called , but that has lately been dispensed with . We have to wait some time before we can get a fire , f « we are not allowed to have either flint or steel . V » then retire and sit in our dark cell to read or wih away the time . " That was written on the 22 nd £ June . Since then it appeared that Mr . Lovett ha ^ seen a statement with respect to his sleeping with Col lina ; on the 24 th he wrote a letter stating that the ri presentation was not quite correct . ( Hear , hear . ) It was true tiiat : Collins and himself did sleep together in the first instance ; but Lovett beS rather a restless and sleepless man , Collins preferred
Bleeping with the other inmate of their cell . And hen Mr . Lovett made a statement , which demanded ti * serious attention of the House ; for , if correct , it waa too atrocious to be endured . Mr . Lovett stated thtf Collins had had four different persons to sleep with him since he had been in prison ; the first was convicted & rape , two others were imprisoned for assaults , and hij present bed-fellow was convicted of passing bad m oney , Fortunately , said Mr . Lovett , he and Collins had escaped catching the itch : but their fellow political offendet Edward Brown , was not so fortunate , and he wat obliged to undergo the itch bath . ( The Hon . Gently man then read a letter written by Collins to his wu describing the injurious effect his confininent had pnj . uced upen his health , and more especially the serion
encroachments it had made on the less robust constftt tion of his fellow prisoner , Lovett ) This , then , wu the hard treatment which these two men had experienced for a political offence which had never beet considered in the estimation of society to cast a stlgou on the moral characters of those who were convicted of it What would have been said by the present Qj , vernmnet if any among those whose cases he had « . ferred to in the commencement of his speech bad beat subjected to similar treatment by the Tories of forme days ? But he wished it was only Mr , Lovett and Mi Collins that had been so treated . If gentlemen wonli take the trouble to read , the petitions , that had bea presented to the House , he might refer them to Fishet ton Gaol , Ilchester Gaol , York Castle , Oakham Gaol
and Wakefleld House of Correction . Mr . Roberts , u attorney of Bath , bad been recently discharged fron Fisherton Gaol , and bad returned to ¦ Bath , having beea released by the Secretary of State . A person , who was t member of the town council of Bath , had written U him ( Mr . Duncombe ) on the subject , and very natural ^ asked why Carrier and Potts were not equally released The ground for liberating Roberts must equally applj to the cases of Carrier and Potts , for all three wen tried at the same assizes for the same offence , and tbi Jndge said , when sentencing them , that he saw no dif . ference in their degrees of guilt . He , however , made « distinction in the punishment , for Carrier , being a poor man —( loud cries of hear , hear , and cheers )—was sentenced nut only to imprisonment , but to hard
labour . Mr . Carrier , he believed , could not boast of the same high connections in life as Mr . Roberts could do , who he ( Mr . Duncombe ) understood -was a ne > i connection of Chief Justice TindaL But , notwithstanding , neither Carrier nor Potts could claim any high connections , it equally behoved the House of Commons to take care that justice should be done to their case . In Ilchester Gaol there were two persons confined for political offences , named Bartlett and Baldwin ; and if they passed Oakham Gaol they would , find three indi 5 viduals , Vincent , Shellard , and Edwards . They wen convicted at Monmouth , and sent to Monmouth Gaol . They remained there some time , and were then sent to the Penitentiary . Notice was taken of the removal , in consequence of a discussion upon the subject in th »
House of Commons , in the course of which it was con , tended that their removal was illegal , and that the Government had no right to send them to the Penitent tiary . Since then they had been removed to Oakham , and their petition deserved the attention of the House . After having been imprisoned for nearly nine month ! on one charge , on account of an offence jfommitted in June , Mr . Vincent was again indicted for an offVnaj committed in the January previous . This appeared to him nothing more nor less than a vindictive proceeding . Had it occurred during Tory times , the countrj would have rung with- the indignation of the public . The next case to which he would call their attention , was that of the prisoners at Wakefield . They had heard the petitions of Richard White and'Joseph
Crabtree . White , an old man , aged 62 , petitioned on fl » part of hisson , one of the convicted party , who had been originally confined in York Castle , but was re * moved to Wakefield without his ( the father ' s ) knoV ledge . From another person , however , who had been confined in Wakefield Gaol , the petitioner had heard that his son was reduced very much in hoalth—that he was compelled to work on the tread-mill with feloni —that he had twice fallen off the mill in a state of exhaustion ; and when the petitioner went to the gaot the gaoler would not allow him to see his son . ( Hbh . ); Now , this man was sentenced to imprisonment Only , not to hard labour . The case . of Joseph Crabtree was , perhaps , the worst of all . In hii petition he stated that he was locked up in his cell
from six at night until six in the morning , tha cell being a small room , eight feet by six—that whil « so locked up he was not allowed 'to make the alighted noise , nor even to walk about his cell—that on beinf liberated in the morning he was placed among convicted misdemeanants , obliged to hold his face in a particular position , so that the gaoler might see it , and prevented from holding the slightest communication , either bf look or by word , with the other prisoners . In thii state he was kept until the evening , not being allowed to stand up , or even to look another prisoner hi the face ; under penalty of Subjecting himself to solitorj confinement in a dark room for three days , on a diet ot bread and water only . The prisoner had been convicted of having been present at a meeting of a seditious
character at Barnsley , but" in his petition he solemnly declared in the presence of God that lie was not then present—a fact which could be proved , by another prisoner , named Owen . He could have proved this on hU trial , but was told that his case would be looked upon as one Of entire unimportance , and that he had better take , no steps of the kind . The only other case with which he would trouble the House was that of Mr . Feargus O'Connor , which was not one-fifth as bad » the others which he had referred to . The treatment which that gentleman received was at first outragea * and disgraceful to the country , but it had recently bees much improved . Still it was what , as a political offen-. der only , he ought to be not subjected to . The aTowed object . of it was to prevent him from continuing . to
publish his paper . But Mr . Cobbett and Mr . Hunt were allowed to continue to write their ' papers undff similar circumstances , and why should not Mr . 0 * CoV nor ? He ! was not allowed to . see bis friends except i * the presence of his gaoler , and then only across » W sage six feet wide , and through iron gratings , in ord * that he might not transmit any writings to fliepubW ; He knew that he should be ; told . tjhallaU these till were the acts of the viBithig Magistrates—that thft-Gc vernment were not to blame—and that the amendmeff t recently inade In ' the Prisons Act would set all to rlgbfe * But the alteration in question -wa * a petf&et deluiioB The alteration in the Prisons Aet did not make the W of the land different from what it had been before . P . Secretary of State , as had been evidenced in theeUf
of Mr . O'Connor , had before the power to alter t 6 i regulations of the visiting Magistrates , for he had b *» transferred from the felons' to the debtors' side , in «* sequence of the interference of the Secretary of SttUThe new Act still left it to the visiting Justices *» make the regulations of the-prison , and vbe& * the prisoner was confined on the debtors' or the feJow " side , still he would be subject to those regulation What guarantee' had Parliament ' as to the nature * those regulations ? If they were * to beanythfijg B »» what they now were , the only effect of the aU ^** would be to leave it in the power of the Secretary * State ( by whom the regulations of tiie magistrates * g liable to be revised ) to treat political'offenders (*»»
might possibly be personally offensive to him ) fa »»*' ner never hitherto contemplated by the > law . He calm then , on Uiis House to aflirm , by resolution , the p ^ ciple on which those prison regulations should be"Wg , —that there aboold -b « only bo much restrioaoo » *• necessary , to Becwe thp ; sjjfe custody < ft ^ V ^ j ^ ( Hear , hear . ) But what were these persona convia for ? For attending seditious and illegal meeting What wa * an Ulegal meeting ? Very diflfa « nt ««* mentshad been entertained by those who now for ^ part of the Government , or who supported it ati <* wj periods , from those upon which these individually been oonvicted . In December , 18 L 9 , after the Saw ** Bill had passed the House of Lords , a protest f ^ - ^ tered upon the journals , which contained these tw
ments : — - " Firstiy . Because the laws of England , wb * ** enforced , have always been found sufficient to . I" ^" t . any confusion arising from popular meeting * ° ~ E > ' nish any disturbers of the public peace ; f ^*^ ready acquiescence in the suggestions of Mniiswv ^ imposing new restraints upon the righto vA vm > ( Continued in our Third page . )
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<« aA * . TC ^ T £ < d HIM Mil .. CBALLSN 6 E TO COBS BUKMCSSB ,
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), July 18, 1840, page 2, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/king-y1kbzq92ze2693/page/2/
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