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TO THE WORKING MEN.
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LEEDS. LABOUR AND CAPITAL, MACHINERY, AND CORN LAW REPEAL.
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TO U& JAMBS-LEECH, OPERATIVE.
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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itfr DBUi Leech , —I have s thousand-times more ^ eu sre ia writing to 170 a Qua to any lord in the laad i ^ d * tkat pleasure k eonsid « rabiy increased by the ^^ tedgrtiiat yoBr esiy days have Seen spent in the ¦ ftoral m ** of JM ^ agrieuttnral labour ; and that , gjbosgh feeansformed into an artificial being , you bare , j ^ erthele ** , the food « u » ad discrimination to blsaoe the account , and take stock of the excbance .
gisee I bare formed any opinion of men , manners , parties , and politics , I have invariably made it my study to arrive at the means by -which man may be mad © more independent of his fellow-man for the , Beceesaries of life X 7 poo ttut , in my opinion , hingfeg social perieetion . Locke , aad all the great writers npon bomaB economy , bare indisputably proved the distinct and separate right which the several owner * and claimants h ave in the soil of that oountry wherein they first diCTrbreath . Claimant is a term which I supply myself to convey , under a title of ownership , that right in the ¦ o il which those writers concede to laborers .
Since I entered npon life , . 1 have devoted uroeh time to agricultural pwsuita ; and , wifliont TOiity , I m »> tty that no man ever brought hii land to a more profitable condition , -which , after all , ii thegre&t secret I -was allowed by all to be as good a fanner as my extensive county could produce ; not perhaps so expensive or scientiilc a farmer as many , but always for produce and remuneration , standing in the front rank .
My plan was to employ a number of labourers , frequently a hundred , or more , to do that work , much of which others accomplished by machinery and horse power , and I always found that I could not empivy men at the usual rate of wages , without ™ H" ; an enormous profit upon every pound expended . Indeed , it maMen stoi bow pou empty a nan at eight-pence for a day * work ( which , in Ireland , is good wage *) it must render a profit .
I mention my knowledge of the subject on which I am about to write , to give ray readers confidence Nothing is more absolutely necessary . th * n that he who undertakes ta inform the QBbufcructed , shank ! himself be master of tha rabjecV 1 ^ ave . k ^ wn the gamble r , wBw hired , deBonrjeatb *«« ming tabttr ^ I havt ka owa the Irish Catholic , when hired , denounce his country andrelkion . The London press , and especially the
Tory portion , if principally woAed . bj Iriah Catholics , formerly professara of the extiemest liberalism . 1 have known as many as five of these gentry employed upon o » e Tory paper at the same time . In abort , the usual staff of a political paper may , like the type , be had for the value , upon change of owners or politics ; and henee , we find a parcel of brainless and pennyless prostitutes writing upon subjects of which they understand no more than a pig does of geometry .
This little introduction is , then , to bring you back to the land . And now let me point out several of the grievances which most affect yoar order , in consequence of their removal from the soil to the loom . The principal complaint which I make i * , that in that artificial state yon are subject to the caprice of the master for employ-Bent , and that , in consequence of living from hand to month , you have no control ov « r yonr labour , upon which , immediate necessity forbids you from affixing a price . That , in consequence of living from hand to , , .
mouth , you unconsciously expend twenty-five per cent , of your week " B earnings in support of the Government which oppresses you , and in a way most injurious to yonr own health , comfort , and constitution . Once , for all , Leech , observe , when I say you , that I do not mean James Letdi , individually , I mean the majority of your rder . Ton then spend 5 s . in the ponnd dinctly upon yonr o-w-n destruction , and yon are cht-ated out of five other ahitihry in the remaining lot by youi dependanty upon market days , while , into the bargain , you have the worst of everything . t 5 r j a e a
My dear Leech , I will go , first , generally into the principles of the system . What makes the Irish labourer more independent than the English labourer fur three months in the year ? Because he can al vrays provide a general store of food for that period by the usage of the country . Why are English operatives and mechanics afrnys obliged to strike in the end to the terms at fcrrt rejected ? Becanse tiiey are living from hand to mouth , wholly dependant upon a man who has made enough to remain in idleness during the struggle , whQe , from its termination , he calculates upon perma * evi profit Leech , I must write just as though you and I were in conversation , or rather as though I waj speaking to yon , because to attempt an arranged dissertation upon so complicated and extensive a subject u tiw limits of a newspaper , would be impossible .
I shall now put yoa tn the very Jbeai position i » yosrj artificial state . I will suppose you to be at full wori ex days in the week , earning 3 s . id . a day , or oa < ptrami per week , and every week . You receive thi twenty shillings on Saturday night ; between that ant Monday night , five shillings are as sure to go in dissi pation as that I am writing to you ; and , in passing observe , that the ta « te and facility for gratifying it , ar both brought about by the system of living fron hand to mouth . For instance , you would not upoi Saturday , more than any other night , go to you aeaJ-tnb , your malt-tab , your butter-tub , you
kouey-croek , your fittcQ of bacon , or your general store , ! to rob i ; of the amount required to barter for drink , j Yon would not say , " landlord , I ' m coming to drink & peck of potatoes , or a half-stone of meal , with you . " j So such thing : firstly , you would not feel the indina- j fen ; secondly , your wife and children wonld ' nt allow J yoB ^ and thirdly , you'd find no immediate hw ^ th of 11 tarter . If an irishman got in money , on the 1 st of 11 XoTember , the value of his potatoes laid up for the ! sas&n , it would soon be melted mto whisky ; but when f be fcela the sudden inclination he must sleep it off , and ! tis potatota remain . I
I may then fairly conclude that the system all but ! forces an expenditure of 5 s . in each pound upon dissi- j pauoc ; and I incline to tyn > that I much underrate , the etiL 1 You ksTe then fifteen rfiiin-ngn , -whichfifteenshUlingB ¦ you giTe in the retsil market for much , very much ,. ; Iefi 3 than you eculd produce for five shillings ; but I j giTe you tea shillings' worth of bread , forced , stale , unwholesome food , an I five shillings' worth of poison , | for your week ' s artificial work . I give you a grumbling \ ? He , deformed children , aching bones , sleepless nights , ' reproachful conscience , bad health , anticipation of a bssnle , a gaol , or a transport ship , dissipated manhood , ¦ neglected old age , and unregretted f * lL Such must be : the inevitable result of an artificial life , and the system : of living from h ^ nd to munth . :
Corns , now , tall me if you think one operative in every fiye hundred , who works fourteen hours a day , i md every day , has saved and can lay his hand upon a £ 5 note above his debts ? If you say no , need 1 go ! father , or will ygu still and neverthleas read the airy j and mtt&physieal nonsense , which you see daily and i TFetkly printed in the newspapers , of your increasing prosperity , the independence of the labouring class , ! tiused by the wholesome check which the J « ew Poor ! Law has imposed upun the willing idler for the benefit cf the really industrious , and all that sort of sickening \ tttfL Are you , in tfod"B name , stQl to be talked , ' sniled , nattered , and cajoled out of your senses as you l » Tc been out of yonr birthright ? ¦ !
1 -will now tale fer your consideration the one article \ tfbie&d , being that upon which the labouring class ' Princi pally depends , aad let us see , independently of j ttra importation restrictions , and all that sort of j Jti ^ dle-class honour , how the system of living from 1 kaad xa mouth affects you . I will take a bag of wheat , I twenty stone , at the average of 30 & per bag , „ or 1 * - 5 d . per stone . Upon that the miller has his Profit , then the factor , then the baker , and in «™ i ) i j ksffic also ihe huckster . { A bag of wheat , after kiln drying , will produce i ^ Shleen stone , or thereabout , of flour and bran . WTien i
P ^ pared for the factor , abont sixteen stone of whole ' tt £ * l » that is , first ' s , second's , and third ' s mixed . For ! tt » t you will pay 3 a . per stone , or at the rate of 48 s . j P » bag , even deducting two stene of bran . For the j fioBr , then , you pay Ss a stone , while the miller paid ** 6 & a stone for the wheat But suppose you buy the wead instead of the flour , you will pay about 4 s . 4 d , i fo * a stone of flour made into bread . And observe , this system of living from hand to mouth ., and of taking ° nien from domestic psrsoiis and comforts , snperinwice * th » practice of buying every article in the quan""• required for Immediate use , and in the nearest * kte for consumption .
Jkus I sh ? w you that if you buy flour you pay two Prices for your bread ; said if you buy it ready made ? ou Pay three prices , and have it bad into the bargain ) ^ now consider butcher ' s meat , of which I regret to tty y ° n dont use much-
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If a butcher kill , a slippery beast , that is , a store or half fat one , the shopkeepers , and clerks , and curates and schoohnasten , and police , and lite , housekeepers buy the best parts in joints , leaving a remunerating profit ; while those who buy in small quantities get the inferior parts , and by being thus-suited in quantity are obliged to make upthe profit of the batcher in price I winillnstratetbis foryoufey thefollowing f « fc : —I waa once at an Iriah county mountain town in lodriags- and having a few friends to dine with me , I ordered the landlady to get a shoulder of small mountain mutton . As I was going out after breakfast , one Owen Sullivan u a butcher kills a slippery beast . fW . u >^ .
, a very comicaHmtcber , met me at the door , and * aid , I holding a quarter of mountain mutton in his hand , ; •« Dere , your honour , be the L-d , I have it for yon ; [ there's the very ting your honour wants j but isn't It a beauty ? O , but 111 warrant it as tinder as a chicken . " Well , Owen , what ' s the price ? Dere only 2 a . 6 d . your i honour , for the quarter . Well , but , Owen , I only want the shoulder . Well , yonr honour , you shall h * v * that same . Owen brought the shoulder , and in three days j after brought his bill :-y To 71 b . of mutton , at 5 < L per I pound , 2 s . lid . " I asked Owen what he meant , as he j only afcked 2 s . 6 d . for the quarter . To which he replied ,
. j ' Well , de divil take me , Mr . Fargus , but I has the j neck * nd ribs yet beyaat without selling . '" Thus , you j will- observe , I was to giverOwea , 5 d . and the ribs and I neck for ilia trouble in raising the sbouldar . The profits of bntckers sod hucksters is made of the , . nwessities of the very poorest , who are obli ^ d to . pay I dearly for being suited according to their small wants . This high rate of retail profit equally applies to ; butter , cheese , eggs ^ bacon , milk , and , indeed , to all : shop goods required by the small purchaser . j Thus the man who works fifty-two weeks in the year ! and six days in each week , at 3 * . 4 d . per day of fourteen t hours , will have the value of about £ 15 worth of bad
j provinder for his labour , and while he is a year older * ai be as destitute as the preceding year of the means ; of supporting himself through a single week of sickness , ; or want of employment , and add to this his galling I state of depending even for existence upon one who i bates him , because be plunders him , and despises him ! because he submits to it , for , believe me , that the man ; submits to ill-treatment , will , in the end , be com-: pelled to submit to every kind of indignity . The first j successful act of unopposed tyranny resembles the first I breach made in the fold , which each successive truant , in his passage , makes wider and still wider , until at , length tie whole is levelled .
j Such then is the poor man ' s artificial state , condition , ; and suffering , while I have before shewn , in one of my ; addnsses to the Electors of Yorkshire , that by his more ; -natural employment , he can earn by a few hours 1 work each day fit for working , food and raiment , good and wholesome , to the amount of £ 100 worth per annnm . In this state he has all the blessings which healthy labour , wholesome food , contented mind , j cheerful family , and certainty can give him . In his st « re he recognises his well supplied garrison , which . can withstand a whole years' siege , and make the ' besiegers more dependent upon him , than he would be
upon them . Once , for all , I tell you , that living from hand to mouth ia the ruin of liberty , of intellect , and independence . If your forefathers had been in the same state that you are in , we never should have heard of "Magna Charta , " or the "Bill of Rights , " and Heaven knows , as matters stand , we would be as well without them , as the dependency of yottr order npon capitalists has rendered both a dead letter . My dear Leech , —I shall now divide society into its distinct orders for you , and show how each order has
a distinct and separate interest in upholding the present state of things , and conseqnently in opposing any advance to popular changes . I pray you to follow me through my narrative , step by step . I mean to -write so plainly , that if any should fail to understand , it will either be from incurable ignorance , or a dkrelish for the truth . A Tery wide field now opens upon me-IdiTidd aodefcy . thus . Into landlords , . fugdholders , clergy of all denominations , masters employug-wSrfe ing people , professional persons , shopkeepers , military men , placemen , pensioners , and sinecurists .
1 c t 2 Tow , I shall show that however distinct the interest of each of these people may be , as to all matters affecting their separate orders , that those several differences will always be merged in any assault against that order , upon whose labour all live , and here , before I proceed to the proof , let me first notice a paradox in politics . Many , very many , good men have blamed me for my invariable discountenance of any union with the middle classes . Why , Leech , it is not that I am opposed to the general interest of all , but because the thing is wholly and entirely impossible , or to use the usually applied political term , " impracticable . " I
s 1 1 I - c 1 shall now place this question beyond further controversy . We are asked to join the middle classes . How ? Politically , of course . Well , then , which of the middle classes ? Whigs , or Tories , for , observe , by the way , that from the balanced state of these two politica l parties , we . have an equipoised House of Commons . Now , it is plain , that no distinct grounds have been , or can be , made out for a political junction with a class whose decisions constitute the impotency of our ru era , and whose representatives compose the House
c 1 < i j ' ' ' 1 1 of Commons . How , then , can we join both ? Oh , say the Whigs , we don't want you to join both . Then I reply your proposition is unintelligible , your premises are false , and consequently your conclusions must be unsatisfactory . No , say the Whigs , we want you to join-U 3 . Exactly so ; you wish us to merge that power which we have acquired by vast labour , perseverance , and suffering , into the Whig faction . No , no , say the Whigs , we merely wish you to join with those of the liberal profession , who most favour your -news , and come nearest to your notions . Well , so much the
' ' : ¦ worse still , for that would not only not be a junction with the middle classes , but it would not even bo a junction -with a profitable section of one of the parties ; and , moreover , yen who would thus elevate your theory to our standard , have been always found practically wanting , and invariably our greatest enemies , generall . . professing a wish to advance , but always declaring that the conduct of the Radical party scares you in your progress . Thus I prove to demonstration that a junction with the middle classes , if meant politically , is wholly and entirely impracticable ; that it is an invitation to sink the name ef Radical and assnme
that of Whig ; that those starters from the garden of Whiggsry , -who thus step beyond taB _ prescribed bounds of their party to entice us , are , of all others , the most dangerous and least to be relied upon ; the most artful , cunning , deceitrnl , and disingenuous party that we have to deal with . Let those of the middle class all unite first , and then show us what fruit the union promises , and then we may be talking to them . Now suppose you are going to Ashton , and , upon coming to the first cross road , you ask a straggler which is the way to Ajshton ? and he answers , that way . Yes , you say ; but here are two ways , which of them ? I don't know
¦ which , but that's the way to Ashton . This answer would be just as satisfactory and ai explicit as any answer which either Whigs or Tories can give to th « question , by which means ire we to join the middle classes , whether by the Whig or the Tory road . Whether are we to go by Exeter and Morpeth- Then the invitation to join the middle classes means nothing more or less than Radicals , torn Whigs . There are now three distinct parties in the state ; and I have over and over again told yon , that the existence of three political parties is incompatible with the existence of
perfect tranquillity ; therefore , one or other of those parties must be wholly destroyed , and that party will be the Whigs . For , added to popular disgust and Tory opposition , they are like swimming pigs catting their own throats . Any faction of even a portion of the Radical party , would so completely paralyze the whole party as to reduce futare operations to a continuance of the farcical nonsense we have been doomed to witness for the last eight years . You will always observe that the sticklers for a middle class union are thost most comfortable of the working classes , joined with popular shopkeepers , that is , shopkeepers who
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know how to charge the poor for bad goods , a few attorneys' clerks , with the editor and reporter Of a Whig-Radical journal ;« nd if they can enlist a fewnews agents , so much the better . To work go the group . They first getmpa committee and jpaafi i e » olutiohs , bespeaking the opinions of the whole surrounding population , which has only been by this mob ; off they go to printen' devils ; being in the papertt must be gospel ; no one takes the trouble xd contradicting it , and thus the snowball gathers strength as it rolls along . v ~ vn * - *~ . v « .. .. _ * .- * •_ .:. _ - _^_
For these reasons . Leech , I have requested of the delegates about to meejt . at Manchester , to take a bold and decisive stand upon this subject , because in the delusive cry of join the middle classes , I witness the knell of pure Radicalism ; and , regardless of what any ¦ man says upon the subject , I now pronotmoe every man , that is , every Radical " man , who directly or indirectly favours , countenances , or recommends a union of the middle and working class to be bought—bought with
secret service money . I care not how some blusterers may indignantly proclaim ; I can . tell Mr . O'Connor , that I am as good a Radical as he is , and I have suffered as much as he has , and I have no notion of being dictated to , and all the rest of the stuff ; notwithstanding all , I tell him he is bought , or he is a fool , and in either case useless to our party . My dearL ^ ech , as soon as I dispose of that part of my subject which relates to tbe division of society , i shall proceed to explain to you the mode and manner in whi ^ h ^ every popular movement ever has been and ew will be kypeded by the London-join-the-ttiddW ? class Radkals . I have served nearly an apprentice
ship in London politics ; and I think I'll cut out one of those Xondoners for you , " so that youll swear you both see him and hear him , faith you m&y and feel him too . For the rascality of those London humbugs has deprived us of the assistance of the working men of London , who of themselves are just as zealous and forward as those of the provinces . From London Radical Committees , Brougham ' s , Place ' s , Hume ' s , Wakley ' s , Warburton ' s , Proutt ' s , Leader ' s , Dr . Black ' s , and the like , good Lord deliver us . —[ Mr . O'Connor ' s letter , if concluded , would occupy more than four more columns , therefore , we are compelled to divide it , and shall give the remainder next week . —Ed . ]
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On Tuesday evening , Mr . J . R . Bairstow delivered the first of two lectures on these important subjects , at the Music Saloon , South Parade . A little after eight , Mr . Mosely was called to the chair , at which time the gallery was nearly filled , ant there wag a pretty fair sprinkling in the body of the Saloon . The Chairman , having introduced Mr . Bairstovf to the meeting , the worthy lecturer commenced by stating that he should that-night confine himself to the consideration of Labour , Capital and Machi nery , and that he should reserve the consideration
of the torn Law question for the next night . He then stated that it would be necessary to recur to first principles , in order rightly to appreciate the important subjects they had that night to treat of . It was not to widen the breach between the middle and working classes that he came forward with hese lectures , and he should carefully abstain from producing any irrelevant topics . The question which laid at the base of all the evils of this country , was the wrongs of labour . Labour was the source of all wealth , the fountainhead of all capital , the ground-work of all society . Labour , then , ought always to be used alone for . the public good . Labour was divided into two classes , productive and
unproductive ; productive labour was that which ministered to the necessities of mankind ; and that labour was called unproductive , which was expended on that which was of no use or service to the world , and brought out some palpable and beneficial result Capital was the creature of labour , and ought to be its handmaid . It w the accumulation of surplus labour , and which Berved for the production of still greater wealth , and its application tended to make a nation powerful and great . It had already produced an immense amount of wealth in this country 3 fl » kh bid fcitto- ^ utstrip every © the * countrylft ihe world . Having disposed of the qncathja ^ labour and capital , in ^ a brief manner , he now proceeded to deal with machinery in the same
summary way . Machinery , the greatest productive power they had , consumed nothing ; and paid little ( if any ) taxes and tithe . It was the mightiest oppressor of the working man ; and would , unless used upon a more practical principle , prove the downfall of society . He had no sympathy with those who would burn and destroy machinery—it would , if properly applied , be the greatest friend to the human race ever invented ; but when it vraa set up as a sovereign over the working classes—when it was used as a rival to the blood and sinews of the working man , it was the greatest curse ever inflicted on the world . If it was placed at the disposal of the whole of society , in the aggregate it would be a benefit ; but so long as it was , as at present , at the service only of particular classes , it would only add to the misery and suffering
of the aggregate of mankind ; and if it continued to be thus used , it would subvert the social fabric it was intended to cement . He had but briefly considered these questions that evening , and they would serve a 3 a Eort of introduction to the lecture of next evening on the Corn Law question , when he should shew that a repeal of the Corn Laws , unconnected with other social changes , would be a great curse to the country . Mr . Bairstow then invited disoussion , and was followed by the Chairman , who said he would guarantee any gentleman a fair hearing—at least from the working men present , for he would not answer for the gentlemen ' present . This remark excited considerable laughter at the expense of Mr . Charles Cummins , who during the lecture had made himself rather conspicuous by his conduct , and had been called to order by his neighbours and the
Chairman . A gentleman in the gallery then asked a question respeciing the repeal of the Corn Laws ; but the Lecturer said that the question would be more properly put to-morrow night . Another gentleman said he thought the Lecturer had not occupied an hour , and he therefore ought to answer the question , to which the Lecturer replied , that if he had not occupied an hour , it was because he wished to give his opponents plenty of time ; and if the gentleman would enter into discussion with him on the topics he had that night treated he should be very happy to meet him . Mr . Cummius said the bill made no provision for the division in the subjects introduced oy the Lecmrer , and asked the Chairman for the bill , and then began to read it ; but he was interrupted by cries of— "To the platform , " upon which ,
he ascended the platform , anJ , after reading the bill , and alluding to the Corn Laws , asked the lecturer whether machinery had fallen from heaven , or whether it had sprung np like mushrooms ? This question caused some merriment . He next said machinery had not made itself , with which the audience seemed perfectly to agree . He then went on to talk about the Corn Laws , upon which gome gentlemen called " question , " and Mr . C . changed the subject to the currency qnestion , when he was interrupted by the Chairman , who said if the audience were willing to hear Mr . C ., he , for one , had no objection , but he was completely running away from the question . Mr . C . then waxed very wroth , and said that it was a pitiful shirking of the question on the part of the lecturer , and done to get another penny from the audience . He was here interrupted by a storm of hisses ; upon which the chair waa addressed by half-a-dozen gentlemen at once .
After much confusion , the lecturer came forward , and stated he announced two lectures in the bill , which he had previously arranged in his own mind . It had from the first been his intention to treat the three first questions on the first night , and the Corn Law question on the last . This he had done ; and he had been met by Mr . Cummins with an address on Corn Laws , currency , and a host of irrelevant topics . He then promised that he would discuss the question of the Corn Laws fully with any gentleman on the following night , and therefore he thought the language of Mr . Cummins was auitA
uncalled for . Bat ne would not do so that night ; aad he was determined that he would not be driven from the question . As to the few remarks which had fallen from Mr . C , on machinery , it must be remembered that he ( the Lecturer ) had said nothing against the use of machinery , bat only against its abuse . The Lecturer ' s address was received with load cheers ; after which a gentleman asked how the working classes were to avail themselves of it . The Lecturer said by a union of the people in a peaceful and legal manner ; and by the accumulation of wealth , purchasing machinery , and forming home
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colonies , ttfcich would form a nucleus for . the eata 1 > ™ nmeatM such colonies all over the globe . t Mr . CpftttRS said ft was very good advice , * hr i , W were the working classes to accumulate ^*** ft umF purpose ? Here was a gentleman / < tfggpg § are shillings inhw pocket , recommending toothers waoy perhaps , had not five pence in ^ th ' eira , to accumulate wealth , and buy machinery . There was something in thievery ridiculous . The lecturer had also UHrad fault with machinery , for bringing the people together in large masses , while he advocated Goneral « ° int Stock Companies , and Home Colonies ; he inought there was a contradiction here * The Lecturer rer > lied . that Hndm- th « nrAaont »¦»«» ti * . .. . .
, masses employed by machinery were plunged into a Btate of crime and vice . This had been proved over a 5 . er . a S ain » but a different effect would , be produced In Homo Colonies . Drunkenness , prostitution beggary , and pauperism had increased under the present system—it had thrown hundreds of thousands out of employment , ' and the only remedy for their evils was the formation of Home Colonies , where every one would receive a fair remuneration for his labour . ? 1 . ^!!? , anotl 10 ^ repeal er addressed the Lecturer from we tallerv , and a second from the body of the room ; considerable confusion ensued , and the meeting at length separated .
On Wednegi *|^ rening the attendance was much oetter , and ftwwis anticipated that some of the repealers vtenld enter into disoussion with the leotqror . . - ' . ¦ " ; - ¦ ' ¦ - ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ' Q - ftyfesrow commenced his lecture by stating that an influential portion of the community had iflec&red that the repeal © f the Com Laws was ab-« Sl ^ S ^ 5 J ?^ t ^ tP ' ' ^ ' 8 t *™» to « ana o * gg * ryi ^ hicn- would i > tiierwige ensue : and it would be his duty that night to examine the arguments ai # reasonings of this party , in a spirit of chanty , and / he had ho doubt he should be able to beat them with their own weapons . At the same time , he was . no advooatoof the Corn Laws , which he considered , to be impolitic , unjust , and unwise : andtheretore he could not be confounded with the
party who aiphejd them . He was against the repeal , because the party which held them was against an equitable adjustment of the other burdens of the country , and agaihst all those other measures which would be necessary to enable it to be of any avail He proceeded to 8 a > that the earth of the old world , and of England in particular , was capable of growing many , times more corn than was necessary for the subsistence of * ll its inhabitants . The land of England apid ^ Ireland w as capable of snbsiuting 120 , 000 , 000 ^ PpjBople—five-f old its present population . The contrary yas generally assumed as a postulate oyj&e w » b Law repealers , while every fertile ?»«» y » every verdant vale , gave the lie to the assertion ^ Nature was £ 0 niggard in her gifts to man
, but ^ was prodigal of ; them ; Bhe afforded every means of administering to hiB most luxurious wants . In the * Netherlands , with a population of seven ' -hundred t < f the square mile , and an inferior soil , the earth produced sufficient for its inhabitants ; while in England , with a population of 186 to the square ; mile , the Malthusians pretended enough could not be , produced . Many of the Corn Law repealers pretended that cheap bread would be the result of the repeal ; but others argued differently * and the Lecturer then quoted the Anti-Corn Law Circular , and other authorities , to show that the prieo of bread would not be lowered . Another argument of the repealers was , that the soil of England waa unfavourable for the production of grain- but
31 * . James Wilson , an Anti-Corn Law man , had proved that there . was no country under heaven , whether isoil , capital , labour , or skill was considered bettey calculated' for the growth of corn . The LeoWrer then went on to quote statistics of the pricA of foreign and home-grown corn , for a aeries of years prior to the enactment of the Corn Laws frojjHhe works of Messrs . Wilson and Porter whflm proved that } the price of the foreign grain , if ? T ^ J th . « eWket , would have been much hi | Jh > r than the ^ aVerage of home-grown corn ; and he ; considered that the cry of cheap bread , under taraxiBumatances , was an insult , upon the common eejgftof the English people . It was quite clear , on thCpoptrary , that a repeal of the Corn Laws would . » vS ;* aearer rather than cheaper broad . It v * ae
tstt ^ " * "" * P ° ai wok place , f 01 earners would learn to manufacture ; England wdala be the workshop of the world ; and the whole eaHh become a granary for the greedy , gormandistng Englishman . In 1837 , a million and a half tfJfr-S * whaat ^ » W . after paying a duty of Is . ptilgtpl jer ;; while the foreigners , who imported TUpQ nar ^ e * , single yard of Eiydinh ttBSfeell&in exchange . When this country waa ' Starving , they ~ would not take our manufactures , they took our gold ; and the reason was , that their own warehouses were glutted ; and that would ever be the case while the present system of over-production was continued ; and goods would still continue to rot in the warehouses while the people were starving . Another argument was , that it would increase our foreign
trade ; but America was rapidly outstripping this country in this , respect . The cause of our sufferings was the excess of the productive over the coniumptWo power ; and unless the repeal were accompanied Dy other measures which should increase wages , so as to give a greater impetus to the latter over the former power , it would be of no benefit to the working classes . As it was , the greater the quantity manufactured , the less wages were paid to the consumer . The Lecturer then said that some person had sneered when he represented that the repealers contended that foreigners would cease to manufacture if their favourite nostrum was administered to the country ; but he could assure them that he had heard Mr . Greig
and Mr . Sydney Smith ( the anti-corn-law lecturers ) contend for this . An intelligent gentleman had lately assured him , that all over the continent , foreigners were rapidly turning their attention to manufactures , and they would soon undersell the English in their own market . The repealers also contended that the repeal would raise wagee ; but , at the same time , they wanted to send all our manufactures abroad to clothe the foreigner ; and these gentlemen put him in mind of others , whose sympathies could never be excited—whose tears could never flow—unless they had some blackskiuued object to weep over ; unless they had a telescope to carry their vision six thousand miles off . The Lecturer then went on to quote
the price of labour in cheap corn countries on the continent , from which it appeared that the rate of wages there varied from six shillings to 2 * . Gd . a week ; and it was to this state , the " cheap bread" men would reduce the people of England . The repealers also contended that the export of manufactured articles to other countries , by increasing production at home , would raise the wages of labour '; but he could show the contrary ; and he then went on to quote statistics , to show that while the exports of this country had been gradually increasing , the condition of the working classes had been getting worse and worse . The increase of commerce had thus decreased the well-being of the working classes . The lecturer then pledced himseli
to maintain , against any gentleman , that so long as the productive powers exceeded the consumptive , the same distress wodtd continue ; and stated that , supposing the premises of the repealers were true , ( which , however , he did not believe , ) a repeal of the corn-laws would cause such a revulsion in the habits , customs , and occupations of the people , as would produce a revolution in this country . If it were true , ( as the repealers said , ) that with free trade they could get corn at half the price , the land would go out of cultivation , and all the agricultural population would be driven into the manufacturing ' districts . No capital would be invested in ihe land , England would become a blank , sterile waste—a howling wilderness , instead of boing that which certain
people were always asserting she was , the " envy of surrounding nations ; " and if Malthus , and Marcus , and Harriet Martineau wished to carry out their a nti-population doctrines , the repeal of the corn-laws ( supposing always the premises of the anti-COrn-la W party to be true ) would effectively do their business . Besides , if provisions , fell one-half in value , debts would be , in effect , doubled , and the individual who owed one pound , would , in reality , pay two . They might easily imagine , under these circumstances , how sternly the shopkeeper would demand the last fraction . It would also increase the means of the fundholder at the expense of labour , and that at a time when , b y the increase of machinery , working men could ill afford it . In conclusion , he would say that f he Corn Laws were not at the root
of the tremendous evils under which this country was groaning . It was deeper ; taxation , the pension list , the grant of an equitable adjustment between debtor and creditor , church monopoly , and monopoly of every description were the groundwork of their miseries ! Let the Corn Law repealers accompany their favourite measure by reforming these , and he would go with them . Why , in the days of Peterloo , did not the manufacturera come forward to join them ! Their forefathers were then demanding what they now demanded—Universal Suffrage : and till that were obtained—till the broad axe of Universal Suffrage were laid to the root of the present systems-it would be in vain to hope for equal rights , and universal brotherhood . He trusted that overy one present , before he went to bed that night , would
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sv * ear , hkeHamribal to strike dowjtt iflw fabric of jorruption , and hurl its battlementsSifeiivion . The ecturer was loudly applauded throughout his lecture , and greeted with three cheer * wffifc resumed HW-SOftrr ^ ' ; .--.. ... . ... ¦ ... -v . , ~ i , ~ .... wiww .-. ¦ .. . .. ... . « & * £ ?^ Mosklt having been eaited to the Ohair , read the placard jrhieh announced the terms « n « ft E ^ " ?? 5 * , *** **« tur « * t * t « d that no XES M aU 0 Wed * ¥ & * onleMiw came to the Platform . Jto person having come forward , an individual « sked whether Air . Greig was present ! Some one « ud . he war in loadoafupon which the first BDeaker reininnH ha o .. nn » n . j t /_ ... u i ~ v . "J "« K » pposed he would be in
p ^ " *^ T * . » » na su irons next time . Amnfi * ° L * ha 9 ks ™* «» en given to the Lecturer , and thftineeting was dissolved . * Botftlfictures ( and particularly the last ) appeared to fiiye ^ eat satisfaction to all but the re ? £ w who very iU concealed their chagrin at thTJS favourable reception given to Mr ! Bairstow . it would be well if these gentlemen would learn a IS-Jr S ? behav «> ttr'and moderation of those Chartists they ar ^ ao much in the habit of abusing -at all events , they may rest assured that it will not be by vudecently interrupting the Universal Suffrage lecturers thal- . th-y will ever convince the people that there is a » y truth in their preposterous doctrines .
On Tnesday evening , next , Mr . Baiflrtow will give a lecture to the men of Leeds on ihe superior advantagea and Acpedfency of Universal Suffrage over Honsehold Suffrage , in the nme place .- rf ^ ne penny admiflswn will be charged , to defray exposes . Men of Leeds ! support your ^ iuae—join in the watchword , ^ Universal Saftrage , and No Surrender !" an d let your mewing < m Tuesd ^ night be effective and thumphattt ; ¦ "— - *? ¦ ''" ' - '' - •' . - . ¦¦ ¦¦ ¦¦
To The Working Men.
TO THE WORKING MEN .
Chester , August 12 th , 1 S 4 Q . My Dear Friends , —I am happy to address you once more a * a freeman . I was liberated on Saturday morning for the following reasons . My term of imprisonment would have ended on the Monday , but the law prohibits the discharge of prisoners on the Sunday , and censequently , to prevent me being detained longer than the law required , I waa turned out at breakfast time to my great satisfaction . The schoolmaster of the prison walked with me to Mr . Walker ' s house , where I entered into my own recognizances to keep the peace during a period of five years . Mr . Walker la a magistrate , and bis house is situated in the suburbs of the city . He received me in a kind , gentlemanly manner . 1 was recognised by several persons as I passed through the streets ef the city .
As aoon as I bad concluded the preliminary business of binding myself to the footstool of the law , I proceeded to arrange about a public meeting . I was welcomed from the dungeon by men of all classes , and I was proud to see no more frowns on the faces of the shopkeepers , hear no more sneering remarks , or bear no more insults . The progress of opinion is slow in Chester , but it is not the less sure . It is silent in its course , but certain in its tendency . I was particularly struck with the hearty congratulations of the soldier * , I mean of those who heard my trial . I may remark , as a general and pleasing fact , that tho former prejudice against my opinions has melted down , and if Cheater was canvassed to-morrow and answers given by ballot , it would be found that the principles of the Charter were secretly cherished
by a majority of its inhabitants . Chaster is a priest ridden « ty , and although liberal sentiments prevail , they are mixed up with so much hypocrisy , cant , pride , and submis-Bion , that they resemble only a rose bush amongst nettles No man is safe in Chester to " come forward " on any political question , having justice to the working men for its basis . No middle-class man will risk the opposition of his friends and the persecution of the Jriests and magistrates . Nevertheless , I am glad to be able to bear testimony to the foot of Chartism having taken a deep root in the minds of the people of Chester . Many of the shopkeepers confessed to me that , as a body , they must join us , and if they did not do so soon and voluntarily , that universal bankruptcy would force them to insist upon the Charter being made the law . °
I -will , ho-wevef , relate to you facts which occurred to me in regular succession , and you -will be able to judge of the degraded submission of the middle class of Chester ; * of the tyranny which is exercised over the working men , and of the insufferable exercise of oppressive power on the part of the'honourable' authorities , and of the monied magistracy . I must preface my statement by informing you , that I heard , from an undoubted source , that the magistrates had decided a month ago that I should not lecture or speak in Chester ^ . - /¦ v
I was made awart also of the Secretary of ^ State ' s directions to Mr . Hill , superintendent of poHoe , to watch my movements and report I was not , therefore , surprised to find myself dogged . by some of the force in private elothes . The way in which I got all this preliminary information must remain a aecret . It is enough for the authorities to know , that their tyranny conveys an antidote with the wound which it inflicts upon the liberties of the people . If the magistrates of Chester have spies upon mo , I have given them the retort courteous , and I could astonish some of them with remarks made by niauy ef tfieir own friends . The spirit of Chartism progresses even in this sink of corruption ; and in the Chester cess-pool of fraud and hypocrisy , the tyrants have reason
to tremble when the Chartist leaders can plant ears besides their marble fire-places , in their police-offices and all the gates of their barracks . The first thing we had to arrange about was a place to meet in . Various refusals were met with ; and every innkeeper bad only one answer : " The magistrates gave me strict orders , last month , that I should lose my license if I allowed a Chartist meeting to be held in my hous 8 . I would give you my room and welcome , but I dare not" At length , we fixed upon a large club-room attached to the Union Tavern , the landlord of which was leaving the house . I told my friends to pay for the room , and thereby secure it for out use , which was immediately done . This secured , I thought I had overreached the enemy for once . I was mistaken . The next thing we set about waa to have placards printed .
Hear thus , ye hard-toiling slaves ! Not a printer in C hester , rich or poor , would print a bill for us ! Why ? Because they all said , " We dare not ; we have orders not to do so . " Well , my friends , the bellman was the next person applied to ; trad he agreed to ring his bell and proclaim the meeting . A deputation waa proposed to wait upon the magistrates , to grant permission ; but a deputation of chimney-sweepers had as good a chance of being successful at Buckingham Palace . It was given up . All these engagements , my friends , were made on the Monday . On the Tuesday morning , the bellman came to Mr . Field ' s ( that excellent old Radical ) , and said , that he had received orders from a magistrate not to ring the bell j and if he did his bell was to be seised and himself kicked out of office .
Then came disappointment No . 2 : ^ -The landlord of the Union said the magistrates had sent down their orders to him not to allow the meeting to be held ; and if he persisted , he was informed that £ 5 was to be the penalty . Another place of meeting was proposed , and various suggestions made . My friends , it now became my duty to take the business into my own hands . I learned that police agents -were amongst the people , in order to create a row in the event of the meeting being held , and what was far more serious , the artillery-men stationed in Chester , and all of whom heard my trial , and -were friendly to me , had Intimated their intention of being present at the meeting , and in the event of any interruption " of tmashing the bloody police . " I
likewise heard that a warrant was prepared , and an apartment provided for me in the city gaoL I saw clearly how the case stood , and I called at several of the magistrates houses ; not one magistrate was " at home . " I went to Mr . Hill ' s , he was not to be found . I proceeded to the place of meeting , and found , the landlord in a state of agitation . The police had been there to intimidate him . I declared my determination to hold the meeting fora public and peaceable purpose , and I Bought for a chairman to make it legal . Crowds of people were in one street waiting , and without bell or bill , I should fairly calculate the numbers who rushed into the place , when I insisted upon having the place , at five or six hundred . Police agents were stationed to watch what sort of a meeting it would be . Numbers of well dressed shopkeepers were bending their steps to the place , and to mend matters it was reported that the artillery were coming down . This
was a bitter cup of gall to the Benchies , and when the running vr&a completed , down came the police . Two of the force came to me and said , " M'Douall , we have orders to stop this meeting . " " Your authority , " I asked . ' Mr . Hill . " » Very well , where is Mr . Hill " " Come with us and -we will find him . ! ' Away I went with the policeman , followed by on immense crowd . Why , my friend , " I said , "this 1 » the beBtadver « tisement after all . I wish you would step through a few more streets with me . " The people thought , from the direction we took , that I was a prisoner bound for the police-office . The shopkeepers rushed out from behind their counters , and several of them stopped the police to know irber * they were taking me , and by whose authority ttfj Meeting was not to take place . The shopkeepers were all coining down f when some one said . "I fill be chairman myself . " Another said , " Damn the magistr ates and police both , this is intoler able . " Othexs cri « . d , "Where ia Mr . HUL" I saw a
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¦ ¦¦ - ¦ - / . ' ¦ . ' v . ; .-r : : ¦ :: ' - ^ : %% : * S ^ rtorm brewing fi « t , and on Mr . BUI appeirmr . t -SSflLJ * ^! pIace <* meetin * The news haU >/ , spread through the dty , and crowds irere nuhln * from jtf X ^ Tr ™* 1 P " * " * » moment' \ o think what I houw do . « i shall holdtfte meetUig > I said , " beeM * JJJave the middle daw with m ^ I expected ^ arKst . bntlalso expected hail , andIcomfatet the rS ^ 1 ¦*? to t ^ fo' «» Manchester meetinf . Come - I » td to my friends near ^^ JM % S > imSa& ' : - St aTSS ii . * * J . onlr «*¦*«* ¦ W . fcot on the ¦!? & ! £ ** mosfcfor ™* * thepbiSLSi cSS *
- < . on his companions , and said . «• ^^ . ^ 7 ^ mn * dear the room ; landlord , do you permit the meettrJ ?? " No , " shouted the base cringing wretch , ' j saw that force was intended , and from the compressed lips and stern looks around me , j raw also that resistance was to be the order of the day . My friends , I cannot tell you what I wished at that moment ; I dare not . I witt tell you what I did . "Stop you here , " I said to tha police . " You are retired to dear the room by forw . 7 "Yes . " «« Thea yon shall not" I oaiU , "In tan minutes this place ia cleared . " I went into the large room , passed , through the people , and had reached the windowaVJfifl further end , when I was tapped on ti-a shoulder , "A vrord with you , M'DdoaU , " said a stout little man , dressed like a gentleman . It was iir . HilL
"My orders are to prevent your speak iog . " "Very well , and to dear the room by force . " _•• Vea i * you persHrt" "XUxus fuHyJ . acqaalnted , ~ Mr . Hilt , ¦ vrtth all your arrangements , allow me to disperse the meeting . " «• £ , ^^ 1 allow you to spvak at j " * nni 8 V or my own safety , and for the security of tay . ^ bail , advise the people to dis&erse . " In ten minutes the room shall ^ bfrjcteariHl" " Verv well , " and . Mr . Hill took outM ^ ipF | Mn 0 nrited on the window sill , and the brSwiprm of a workman kept me erect My friends , I »^ H supported :- * wish to heaven I liad- ti «' ' # i ||| jftsndi arms at my back , they would give me ^ oofl $ dj » i ? . I n < t . ' . reused the people very shortly , and ^ injMfeimKl my position in regard to my ball , 4 c , | astd ^ jfcbtm to disperse promising tha * mypen shouM % ov ^ TOk *> DgU e must * L ^ aai P } ** iuys * ** ** \< m ? mmm to the middle class sent from Iiveroool . exi&ln *>» - « , „
illegal prxxseeUingr of the police . Thx&lfajdSaaaM chews { in .. spite of my request f « silence ) iSS ^ toi ^ for the Charter , and the peupW went away , nnjfmjfjill middle-men and workmen , cursing the sysfcjwlirits infamous myrmidons . A . ^ ttat crowd follo ^ nie np the streets , and an unp » eedente < l feeliiig ^ rajj extifilted in Chester by all clawea . ' 5 Jy friends , tlw police hrterfewnce ha »^ enM »* $ Md ilymtwe thousand lectmw . I assure youthere is but-one feeling , tejawdio ^ + t ex- ' ¦ ¦ •** , pressed by all classes . Not a single ratteen had " asi * -. thing to do with the infamous affair ; all may be " imputed to the magistrates , the Secretaty of State , and their tools , the police . My fritnds , I will not re ! mark upon the tyranny described , nsJEed truth will reach your hearts with keenness . I will tell you one little-incident which occurred during the acting of ti is political piece . As the crowd followed meI
passed-, two of the artillery ; one was turned towards the wall , lue other , Beeing me , shouted oat , ' Hurrah for M'Douall , and down with the bloody police . " Poorfellow . he did not know the police weTe in private clothes , and so near . His companion turned quietly round , h- was a little tipsy ; the lynx eye of a policeman alighted on him , ana I beard a voice near m « exclaim , at the same time that an arm -was stretched out to the soldier " You are my prisoner . " " What for , who are you ? ' " I am a policeman ; you have exposed yo » r person on the street . " The nrat soldier who had spoken said , " Come , come , th ' s is all nonsense , let my conuado go . " " Youb- — , you are my prisoner too , for interfering with me in the exerdse of my duty . " Words got hot my friends dragged me off , least I might be found hooked in for a riot . The poor fellows were taken td the office , reprimanded , and sent to the barracks .
In the evening a supper was givin in honour of my liberation , and about tifty good and true nit-n sat down to the feast I spent a very agreeable evening , and then went home to bed , satisfied that the tyranny which has been , or may be , shown to me , must lead to ultimate good , 'because the persecution is uirected , not against . one man , but against his principles . I must now conclude , by recording my firm belief that Chartism and Chester will be found closely united . AH that is wanted is a place of meeting , uini a succession of speakers , paid for that purpose . The harvest is good—lot the labourers be numerous . Now ,, riiy friends , I have done what I Conld here to forward our glorious cause . 1 shall proceed onward on my journey , oheered by the conviction , that our good ship is advancing through the waters of oppression . May God speed the cause and d—n the Wbigs !
Husrah ! hurrah ! hurrah ! for the Charter ! Yours , faithfully , An earnest soldier in the cause , P . M . M'Douall
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TO THE EDITOB OF THE NORTHERN STAR . Sir , —Herewith I enclose you an extract from a letter just received fiom one of our suffering brethren , wishing to obtain wherewith to improve his mind . I will thank you to insert it in your valuable paper , and if any of its numerous readers can render the Blightest assistance , it will be thankfully received by me , or Mr . John Moore ., Treasurer to the Working Men ' s Association , 34 , Mortimer-street Jacob Hawkins , Baker , &c , Halve , Trowbridge . " New Prison , Devizes , August 2 nd , 1840 *;
- "Mr Dear Sib , —I have just received permission lowrite tw » letters ,-one , to . yonsralf , aad one to ifc . John Moore . 1 need not tell you that gives me nfndi more pleasure than I can describe . I have been very poorly during the last fortnight , but am now a good deal better , and expect , in a day or two , to be transmitted from the doctor ' s list to the tread-wheel—that torturing , degrading wheel—but it mart be so , for I am poor . I once thought I could endure anything ; hut this is more than anything I had a conception ot Here we move about in this Hades , like tronbkd spirits , as indeed we are . The spirits of the stoutesthearted are broken , and I have more than onee seen the'big tears roll copiously down the manly cheek , that would
not have feared to encounter death in bis most horrid shape . Such is the rigour of the discipline , and so effectually does the silent system operate , that at this moment , though there are perhaps not less than 200 prisoners here , there is not a whisper heard , but all is still as death . I will not tell you how the discipline is enforced , but Buffice it to say that the most stubborn would be cured in twenty-four hours . I have never offered any kind of resistance , for it would not ~ oafy be useless , and bring trouble on myself , but woald be positive injustice to those who are set over ine , by causing them trouble who are bound to enforce the law . After telling you how severely we suffer , here I also feel bouad to add that there is no cruelty exercised , but only the Taw enforced .
I hope you and your family are well and happy , and that the same blessings are enjoyed by all my friends . I hope that my friends will form a kind of committee , to watch over my interest , so that if at any time any thing , should happen which might be turned to my advantage , it should not be allowed to slip ; but I suppose nothing of the kind has transpired . I , however , have the indescribable happiness to tell you , that I have found some work , and hope and trust you will do it as speedily and effectually as possible . The visiting magistrates granted me permission to have whatever books may be approved by the chaplain , and as he is a gentleman of sound education and kindly
disposition , I have no doubt but I shall be allowed to have all that are truly valuable . I should be glad to have Bollin ' s Ancient History , Gibbon ' s Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire , Hume and Smollett ' s History of England , works of Science , Universal and Transcendental Grammar , Logic , Rhetoric , Arithmetic , Geometry , Astronomy , Geography , with Maps , &c . Poetry—1 want all the good poeta , especially Dryden and Pope , including their Homer and Virgil . In short , I want all valuable books , and no trash . Remember I am in prison , where , if I cannot have books , I had better die . I hope yeu will be able to send me some books , money , and a letter , in a few days . Let me see yon in a month . Tell me in yonr letter how my family
" Yours truly , " W . Carrier . " P . S . —Carrier was tried at the Spring Assizes , with Roberts and Potts , and for bis manly d $ tvnca wag sentenced to two years imprisonment , at hard labour iH * has , therefore , nineteen months to remain in prison . Is not this disgraceful to bur Government 1
Leeds. Labour And Capital, Machinery, And Corn Law Repeal.
LEEDS . LABOUR AND CAPITAL , MACHINERY , AND CORN LAW REPEAL .
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GATEHOUSE . Total Abstinence Society . Tuesday , the fourth of August , waa fixed as the day for the procession of the teetotallers of Gatehonse . At three , p . m ., the fife and drum paraded tbe town to summon the heroes of teetotaliem to duty . At four , the procession began to move from the Town Hall * and , on its return ; formed a semicircle in front of a high platform that was erected at the Town Hall , when Mr . John Miller , the president , ascended this platform , and delivered a most eloquent and spirit-stirring address . A soiree immediately succeeded the pro * cession , and was held in the Town . Hall , which was tastefully decorated . 260 sat 3 « ra to tea . Mr . f ? hn -M !« fiJJed the cha » . 4 ^ jM ! P « ker 8 were
Mr . srj < i 8 h , of Creetown ; Tfamm . W . ^ Elliott and Johnstone , Kirkcudbright ; Meters . M * Clelland and M'Morriue , Castle Douglas ; Mr . Hannay . Dumfries ; Messrs . James M'Adam , John Donaldson , and James . Miller , Gatehouse . Songs and hymns were sung at the various intervals between the speeches ; a * © -ftgtoW jj tattt was sung by Messrs . James and John Miller . The sweetest hilarity prevailed during the evening ; and the twne broke up at half-past eteren , every one expressing their most unqualified apjDrobation of spending an evening in such a delightful manner . After the soiree , as many as choosed engaged in the mazy dance , and kept it up with life and spirit , without the aid of intoxicating draughts , until the sun looked forth from the eastern horizon , and bade them retire to enjoy
" Tir"d nature ' s sweet restore * . " Thus terminated one of the moat glorious days that ever waa witnessed in Gatehouse .
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^^^^^^^ " " - ¦ " * . " : ¦ ' - ¦" - " - v - - -- » - £ ,. ¦— ,.. . : ¦ .. ¦ - ¦ ¦ "C' ^^^ ' ^ i ^^ , 1 W " j& ^ r S I ^^^ Sa ^ C ^^ T ^^ B ¦ * VS ^^ V ' * '¦ Xj'M ^^^^ k ^^ ' ~^ & 1 ' " ' ¦ ~ : ^^ H-tv i I ^^ B- ... ' . ' ^^ K ?* - * ^ t ^ f ^^^ KKri ^ F r JH " ¦ ¦ . ¦ ^ AND LElDS GENlftlL ADYE ^ KR ,
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YQL , III . ffo . 144 SATURDAY , AlT&TJST 15 , 1840 ^ >*** «***««« h ^ fpemkt , o , I '¦¦¦¦¦ * nv . siuiBai . Qnwt < f . ¦ ' « \ ¦ : - ' ' ¦ '¦' '' ' '"' i ; .. r .
To U& Jambs-Leech, Operative.
TO U& JAMBS-LEECH , OPERATIVE .
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Aug. 15, 1840, page unpage, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/king-y1kbzq92ze2697/page/1/
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