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TO THE RIGHT HON . LORD YISCOUNT MELBOURNE . 1 £ T LOSB , —I will now proceed to invite yonr attec . tioa to an Art -which has secured mot © sapport to yoHT Administration , and has been raoreTeHed upon by job rampant tdYoeafcea , than almost any otter -which pa hav » carried or attempted to earry— the Act fox tbe emancipation of the alaTBs in ou West Indian erieoits ; though I am not one of those who mart peed * travel half the globe to find objects for pity and benevolent exertion , I -was aot indi&rest to the multiplied - wrongi and injuries of the sable sons of
Afrka . Xo > did I rejoiee tea than the most djunarau eBBJB » p » tiaid « t a * tbe prospect of the immediate freeton ud Ultimate emancipation held out by the proptetd measBre of relief . Nor m I at all disposed to aril at the previsions of the Act for restoring the blessings of liberty to 800 , 000 human beings : cosily a * was the sacrifice demanded—as the purchase money rf the iwgro's liberty , I Kgoioed that gold in any quantity would be deemed sufficient to glut the Molech ¦ of anJa-GhriatJaB aTariee , and deemed the rich oblation cheap . Had ti » bargain , costly M it was , been honestly nude * nd honestly adhered to—had faith been kept
with thepeoyle , I belieTe they would not , generally , bare visited with very severe or marked censure the laTishment of to many millions of their money for « ueh a purpose . Th # people of England are a generous people ; they are a Uberty-loving people , aad . tfcey . would gladly boy liberty and justice , for otheraas weB as for themselves , at any price . You o utrival tor generate an opinion In the public mind Sat it was really , yow iateniwn to improTe the sitoattoa of the slares ; and you know that the peojl * bailed yonr purpose with enthusiastic joy . Bat , from * s tt » attention which ! haTe been able to pay to this measure in it » proTisions and its workings , I haTe been foreed to the conviction that it was but one of the fool featnns of your Lordship ' s
characternatter of duplicity and fraud . You knew the sub-Joot of S 9 £ FO ** ^^ ff ipfttion to be popular : you stMW Che planters to be seedy , avaricious , cruel ; —* o oiSicaUte . the friends o ! freedom for the stave , you brought forward a measure professedly for the pnrpoae of patting a final end to the atrocious system—you stood forth the advocate of justice , and the-lnatd of the oppressor—70 a pnt forth a claim to the approbates < ef every philanthropic mind , and your eiaha wsanroet oordially admitted . Yon were rewarded with the aealous co-operation and support of all the best men in the community . The religious world nnf wai toot applauses—and the ministers Of peace ad good-wfil to saaskmd pointed to you as the model of a Christmas statesman .
wanting , however , for the sake of argument , that yonr jjxtobip had not dealt wisely in the matter—that you had kept faith , honestly and fairly , In this parti cular affair of shmsy abolition , yet , my Lord , it would stiM faH te prove you a wise or honest statesman , or a philanthropic man , You hare heard the old maxim , thai < fcariiy should begin at home ; it ia not the leas tree for being trite . Bat yoni Lordship found -it mure convenient to pack her off abroad , to seek in distant lands the object of beneTolent intention , while you kft the wrongs of your own country both unredressed and aggravated . How delightful to
contemplatethe consistency of the "Libenr GoTernmentand its supporters ! ' The Ministers of the Crown , in their places in Parliament , denouncing , in unmeasured terms , the hardships and the cruelties inflicted upon the sla-res in our distant colonies ; and almost in the ssau breath declaring their approTal of the inhuman prass-gang , and doing all in the power of man to uphold and purpwfcnatn the brutal system of fogging in the wnaj asd wry of this professedly free and enlight ened and Christian country ! Nor were thousands of your " pioes" and . "liberal" supporters less cotnsUnt than yoBnelf they wept , and petitioned , and memorialised ; they vssfria nptare * with the never-to-be-forgotten
first « f Angus * ; bat they relaxed not one jot of their fl ng » ftj « tyranny . Toe haughty cetton l&rd slacked cot sn « iom of S » miseries appertaining to the infer" ¦ jUy * s « n -wjichis aanually converting the bones , and tk-c-d , * nd hras ^ sjMi aculs of inntimerabl * tIsUhu into featjsi at Hdsften gold—the idal before which he bows the kaee cf his idolater . The middle-class men , wh Aid Used , afi UhCc' lafiaasio * ia getting numerouslysig&ad petitions tram thea tes ^ eetjve religions canfngatio&i , sb * who , by their Bible , Missionary , and feuadsj ^ MMkctcl exerUons had secured for themsalTes ^^^^ pt seais intijesyaacopiet , sad greetings in : IFBBlf < M to fee eaOidrf men R » bhL '" slacked BJwU
fgyggC *^ ^^ P ^ p ' Sttt down th # prl « of « t ^^^ a i f . ^ s > jaj |^ | f g ^ y ^^—dqprifing the " ^¦¦ Slltik * Iski w « t ** r ! rt * lfci ^| the widow an 4 the ¦ jTuwrfttarff HgUiasto proi * rtl » o—and generating ttiasMplyiag atae throngh the medium of destituibm ; while they lant yoer r « 3 radiip and your satelliVei Iheb wioU aid la tb * ^ wfablitcment © f youi infernal Po <* lAWt and Prisou Be « al » t ; ons for forcing out efexistene * those whoc th&r avarice and jour un-• t&taiaaalike . extnmgacee had rendered through destitaf . ss a iurpla * pxqcwilaUoQ aad a drag upon society ! Thus , my Lord , was the popular part of the drama
played , by yourself , your satellites , and your supporters . Let us qgw see how you accomplished the task of renderinpthe measure palatable to those who wen thereby to be deprired of their " Tested right , " to deal and trade in human flesh and blood . Loud was the clamour about compensation—compensation to the man-stealers sad the murderers ! who , if they had had their deserts , would hare been at least mads to change places with their bondsmen . Not a word was said about compensation to tbe negroes f ex the enormous wrongs they had "stained , in fceing r » bbed of eTery blessing , and depriTed of erery right— drQ , sodal , religious , and
natural . But the consent of the monsters by whom these multiplied wrongs had been inflicted must be Purchased , You could not put forth the powers •* the British eorernment unless you might , at the «** ae tow , present a peace-ofiering to the demon of aTariee enthroned in the West Indian Islands ! Well ; sHed fey yeur friends , the Wesleyan Methodist Con-** enoe , you asked , and got for the planters £ 20 , 000 , 000 of British gold—gold to be coined out of the sweat , the industry , and the toil of the ¦ working people of 8 iia country . It was a large sum—a sum which ought » ot to hare been appropriated otherwise t * y to a boJy and a necessary purpose ; and for such purposes the men of England are erer willing to pnt forth their
«*« pes to create wealth without limit vt * A this £ 20 , 000 , 000 been to pro-ride well for the emancipated skres—to furnish to them some poor shadow of an equrraleni for the b * se robberies inflicted on them , the People would bare been satisfied to pay it , and would h » Te paid it cheerfully ; nor do I think there -would hire been much grumbling at its appropriation , as I Wore intimated , at the price cf freedom , had your lordship , as a honest statesman , seen to the strict ttlortement and fMtthfni obserT&nce , by the planters , of tbe conditions of the contract . This yon hare net * ffie ; and this , I am bold enough to » y , yon neTer "WoX to do . Had you purposed to d « anything more than secure the support of the emancipationists here , Kd to bribe the planters to withhold their
opposition to the mearnree of your GoTernment , 7 m would hare established an impartial tri > kaal of appeal , and hare taken care that not a fraction of the bloed-money should hare been paid ** 1 the purpose of the people , and the professed PWposeof the Legislature , should haye been carried into kfl effect But thiB would hare been justice to the «««> , and hoaesty to those from whose pockets the * on « y was to come : and to look for either of these
Ssalities in your Lordship , or your party , is an act of « % which , though I acknowledge myself to hare «* n guilty of it , I fancy I shall not again commit «* ead of thus acting , and throwing the odium of *** naing compensation for doing an act of justice on ** »! wuld « B of those who had confessedly Tiolated *^ 7 law , diTine and human , you haTe eonTinced all ho ttiak about the matter that you were thus laYiah-« g the distribution of the public rtTenne only from a Ww ^ ple of innate sympathy with the wrong doers , of ytet b . the career of the " liberal" Aaminifftration has f * Bl BO many melancholy proofs .
' . . * oor apprenticeship system was only slayery in * * k « S and certainly not in a milder , form ; and let "JfcfBHfly hint to your Lordship my suspicion that th&t *• was inTented solely for the purpose of rendering ¦*•*»* € « -axe emancipation of the slayes abortive , ?**** g their oonditioti , under the aemblance of ?** " » . «> Intolerable , that it most Becessarily drire * " * J ^ opea rebellion ; and thus the masters , haying ^*** T Sfr possession of the cash , woald haTe had a
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t * ir plea for demanding , oa the ground of the insecurity of life and property , the repeal , or at least the suspension , of the Emancipation Act ; and so the enormous sacrifioes made by the inhabitants of Great Britain for the freedom of the slayes would hare been afl thrown , away . Happily , this portion oi the nefarious scheme has failed . The ar > p « ntkesbipiBaehine , like most of theotherbotehedup work of y » ur tinkering Cabinet , was found incapable of answering the designs of it » p «) Jectors ; and the mUd , considerate , and tender-hearted planters , and planters' factotums , hare abandoned the plan as impracticable .
But for the failnre of this exquisite piece of official delusion no thanks are due to yeu or to your myrmidoni . You did your best to make the system work wen ; » nd if your orders in Council—your stipendiary magistrates , and all your other nico contriTances to continue the thing , while you sought to humbug the public by changing the name , haTe failed in perpe fe » Sng . west Iudian shTery , we an by no means
inclined to da you or your coUeagues the injustice of supposing that the failure was owing to any indisposition on your part to gratify your pets . We are quite satisfled that , could youhaye done so with impunity , you would , with one hand , haTe presented them with the £ 20 , 000 , 000 , and with the other hare grren them a patent for the use of the lwh ¦ , describing it as being to the whites a source ef manly and innocent amusement , and to . the blacks a thing ardently loTed and gratefully
received . It ia likely , my Lord , that this yiew of your great effort to ameliorate the condition of our coloured brethren may be less complimentary , and therefore more distasteful , than some which heretofore haye commanded your attention . Be it so ; I cannot -help it ; the fault is not mine ; I believe it to be the true Tiew of the matter ; and I set out in these letters to evince to your Lordship the sincerity of my friendship by telling you the truth .
Had I any doubt as to the real motives by which your Lordskip and your Government were actuated in the obtaining of this great measure , your conduct upon other occasions , in reference to the liberties , not of the black slaves of the West Indies , but of the white slaves , of old England , would be amply sufficient to dissipate that doubt I might refer you to the reports of various committees of the House of Commons to the petitions of tne people—and to * hnr memorials laid before your Lordship in abundance , detailing the distresses of the country—to the yarious deputations who have made like sUtements personally , one and all
of which have been treated with the same indifference and disregard . I will only , however , point you to your conduct in mpect to factory legislation . My space forbids that I should go into particulars uyon this head , nor is it necessary . All England has been made to ring with the particulars . The disgraceful paltering , the low canning by-play , the heartless treachery , and , when driven to a push , the unparalleled effrontery of your Government upon this question—your provision for the convenience of mill-owners by an impracticable act—supported by them because they knew it to be
impracticable—your reiterated attempts t * get ri * of even the approximation to restraink , imposed upon your friends by some parts of that act , the £ 10 * 0 bargain of the mill-tyrants with O'Connell—all these are currently in every mouth , and are , without reference to other proofs , a host of dan ^^ g evidence against your Lordship ' s honesty . These , with your apprenticeship proTision for the negroes , prove sufficiently yonr character to be one whole j eriuce your deep and deadly enmity to eTery tiling liberal , patriotic , and humane ; and demonstrate the hoUowness * f your assumed anxiety for negro welfare .
My Lord , it is useless farther to prosecute this hateful review of successive delinquencies . Ton bask in the sunshine of a court , and are at present the favourite of your mistress . Tbe groans of a distressed people pass by you unheeded ; and you smile at the simplicity which can suppose that a courtier and a party statesman in tile regular receipt of hia pay , can be eo common-place u to feel the least oneera about a nation ' s welfare . Beware , my Lord ! he who mounts highest in a sovereign ' s fayour occupies by no means the m * st safe position . I am still Your Lordship ' s " Mead , " NUMA .
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TO THE UNREPRESENTED CLASSES . Mt DBi . a Pkiesds , —After seven months' close confinement , ( with only ten yards by five of open-air apaea to more about is , during alx months and ten days of whieh I was rigidly denied the ue of books , newspapers , writing materials , and correspondence with aw public , ) our Visiting Justices have at length been graciously pleased to restore me to the use of my faculties , by allowing what was withheld before . I have also obtained Mi . O'Connor ' s written permission to address you through the Northern St * r as often as I like , to the extent of two columns per week . My old
disciples and personal friends will , I know , be glad of this , but to what extent I may avail myself of the privilege must entirely depend on circumstances . I am not one of those who like scribbling for scribbling ' s sake , who wouldjagitate for mere agitation ' s sake , or excite the public to pursue objects which are eithw unattainable , or would prove useless , if attained . Unless I see some probability of -what I write proving useful , I will not write at all ; and as for agitations and movements , got up for the mere Bake of agitating and exciting , or so conducted as to have no better effect , I
hold them to be regular frauds on the public , whieh no good man ought to countenance . Of this class or kind , I ctnsider all agitations to be that are got up for the repeal of particular Acts of Parliament , or for forcing particular measures of legislation , administration , or policy , upon the Government I will , therefore , have nothing to do with foreign poliey agitation , with anti-Corn Law agitation , with anti-police , or anti-Poor Law agitation , with free trade , or anti-free trade agitation ; with agitations relating to currency , machinery , tithes , church-rates , preperty tax , or any other iBO called ) practical measures . I will have
nothing to do with movements got up for these or the like purposes , except to expose and denounce them . In Other words , I regard any and every agitation as a cheat on the Radical public which has not for its especial object the enfranchisement of the unrepresented classes . Believe me , my friends , every other agitation is bottomed upon fraud . Jfe honest man will deny hi a neighbour a vote—no honest man ynll say to his neighbour , " I will vote for you ani myself , but you shall not vote for either me or yourself " no hones man will claim to do for others , without their consent , what fee will not permit them to do for him , without Ms consent—in short , no honest man will claim a power orer other men " s lives , properties , liberties , and happines , while he refuses himself to be bound by the laws emanating from the general consent
Now , my friends , yon will find that all agitations , got up for purposes other than Universal Suffrage , are got up by some faction or other of your oppressors , who will not let you have a vote . That fact alone ought , ia your eyes , to damn them all , beyond redemption . What boots it to you that these fellows use oily and plausible language ^—that they call thems elves your friends and protectors—that their nostrums have a colour of ' beneTolence to recommend them—that they profess to hate the same men you hate , and to call your enemies their enemies—aye , that they even profess themselves admirers of Universal Suffrage , " in printipU , " and to doubt only the " expediency" and " practicability" ol it All this , you must feel , is but part oi their system .
. In order to gain access to you , they must be smooth and civil ; to get you to listen to them , they must necessarily express sympathy for you ; and to get you to follow them they must as necessarily attack some glaring abuses in the system which nobody can defend , but the removal of which would not , in the remotest degree , benefit you . I defy the enemies of Universal Suffrage to point out a single practical measure they have ever recommended , with the exception , perhaps , ef a repeal of the New Poor Xa-w , that wooid permanently
benefit you , and even that i » , after an , a very partial , not to say doubtful , measure . Besides , they know very well , that , without the franchise , yon will never repeal the New Poor Law , and , if repealed , the old law would still be administered by your middle-class oppressors , who would take good care to render the law Of Elizabeth a nullity ia practice . As for their other nostrums and pretended reforms , they are not worth a meffient'r notice . Thtj concern only the enfranchised classes . Yon , they * nevercan concern , until you are enfranchised . The foreign-policy question , for instance
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concerns only our merchants , master-manufiMstttrers , and the rich generally , whom their commerce supplies with foreign luxuries—you , it does not concern at all ; for , whether we have much foreign trade , or little , you will get none of the luxuries imported , and barely as much wages , at best , as may enable you to live from hand to mouth by twelve or fourteen hoars labour per day . Tis all very fine to talk of " our colonies ""xmr colonial possessions "—" om shipping "—< mr " alliance * "— « British influence "— « interests of Great Britain , " and so forth ; but who does "OUR" mean ? Does it mean yew J HaTe tou any of " out eolonial possessions ? " Do you < nn a tingle acre ? Are you the proprietor * of a single rood of " oar oofo » fe » V Is there a single acre of the
millions of square miles oyer which these colonies extend , that you hare * ny power over , any properly in , ang interest accruing te you from ? If you landed in ne of these colonies , to-morrow , is there a single patch f ground , occupied or noa-occupied , that you would be free to squat down npon , without the leaTe of your enfranchised masters—aye , and without paying them a thumping rent and taxes into the bargain t Not one acre , rood , or patch ! And as to " our Aipping , " " alliance * , " " British influence , " kc , are pou the proprietors of a Bingle ship ? Have the " alliance ? been made with you , « r with your domestic spoilers ? Is it you or they that gain by them » Is it your " influence ' or theirs , which sways and profits by them , under the name of " British interests ?"
Do , my friends , I pray you , ask yourselves these questions , before you allow the Urquharts , Attwoods , or any other description of marplots to btguile yo » away from the question of questions—the question on which alone hangs your destiny—the question of "Universal Suffrage . I object not to Urquhart or his friends enlightening you on our foreign policy , " nor to your listening to them . All that is very well in the way of giving and receiving information . Tou cannot know to » much of the misdeeds of your oppressors ; the mere you know # f them , the keener will be your appetite for that which alone can pnt » atop to
them—Universal SuflVage . Bat , when I see Mr . Charles Attwood get up in a public assembly at Newcastle , and gravely tell you that yeu are unfit for , and unworthy of the Suffrage ; that , in fact , you have * o right or title to it , and that it would be useless to you if you had it- ^ unless—unle»—onless what ? Unless you are wiser than the Government and your oppressors on questions of international law and foreign treaties I Unless you master all tbe diplomatic intricacies and arcana of foreign policy , and become absolutely as wiae as Attwood and Urquhart himself ! When I witness such scenes as this , I involuntarily exclaim , «« God help the
working classes if » uch chaxlatons as this can carry them away ! 1 To hear Charles Attwood one would really imagine that Nicholas and Russia are the only enemies we have ! tbe only real bar to ur happiness ! Bless Ms good , simple , benevolent heart , I wish he had been here with me for the last seven months , iwiab the Government would just elap their claws upon him for making a good speech , as they did on me , or for barely listening to another man's speech , a * they did on my good friend and fellow-prisoner , John Wild , ( whose only offence was being present at a meeting during an address from Dr . M'Douall ) and cage him up
as they have caged us for nint and ejpftfeea months . A little " coercion" of this sort would soon cure our worthy but erratic friend , Attwood , of his Russia . iiobia , and make him see that we had other and closer dangers to scare us than those of Nicholas and Palmerston . " Of what use would Universal Suffrage be to you , " said Mr . A ., unless you had a country to live in ; but you will have no country if you suffer a treasonable Minister to deliver England into the hands of the ruthless cltisen . " Awful ferebodlngs these ! enough to scare the isle from its propriety . Yet few , I suspect , participate in Mr . A . ' s prophetic visions and patriotic alarms . Were a Russian armament to land in .
this country to-morrow , flithed to the eyes with the hope of spoil and conquest , I verily believe that threefourths of the people would hall it as a perfect godsend ! And , though the fear of the knont and Siberia might be tbe idea uppermost In the minds of Messrs . Attwood , Urquhart , and Co ., who have something to loce , the millions would regard it in nc other light than as a summons to anna . The people once in arms , I leave it to Mr . A . whether they would content themselves with expelling fcfae invadw , and return to potatoes , skilly , and slavery , after having hadthewhoU property of the country under their protection . Bui more of this again . Meanwhile , my friends , hold Him to TJniversa ' Suffrage , and agitate for nothing else till row . get it Tours , « tc , JAMB * BroXTCBKK CBBlBtf .
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FEARGUS O'CONNOR AND BRONTERRE O ' BRIEN . The follewing i * a letter addressed by Mr . O'Connor to Mr . O'Brien , a copy of which has been sent to us-It will be read with pleasure by tbe friends of the two men : — York Castle , November 7 th , 1840 . Mt dkjlb O'Brisk , —You have had two or three flashes from my pistol , and now for the report—now for
the great gun . I have a great deal to say to you j will you come over on Sunday , " Lancaster " , and spend the day with " York . " We are the Red and White Roses . You are in your eighth month—you will soon be delivered . I was sorry to hear that your gaol-fever still continued when you last wrote . It is nonsense to talk of a Chartist being sick in a prison , after he has passed the crisis . The wool and iron , and sentry-box were near doing my job at first—but more of that at the proper time and in the proper place .
So the HonouraWe Mr . Plunkett has been liberated ! I thought he would when I heard he behaved so well in prison . So he thrashed tbe turnkey , did be ? He must be a pluckey little fellow , for there is not much of him ; however , be thrashed Cerberus , and six months of his time has been cut off . Let me set you a political sum . Are you good at figures ? Suppose licking a turnkey remits six months of an Honourable ' s time of imprisonment , what must a Chartist do to insure a similar result ? Answer Murder the Governor and all his family , set fire to the gaol , and cry hurrah for the blaze '
You appear fretted , by your letter . Man alive , keep your bowels « pen and trust in God . You have one great fault—let me tell it to yon . You are very thin-skinned ; this is evident from your sensibility about the London gentlemen , which appears in your postscript 1 thought you had been too long in the village not to have been acquainted with those things . Why did you take trouble of contradicting a thing so palpably false ? and when you did take the trouble , why not say " What a soft fool those fellowg must think Feargus O'Connor ; first , to make his solicitor threaten the Stamp officials with an action , if they did not take his security for the Southern Star , and then to give fifty pounds to undo it when it failed . "
These certainly are circumstances to prey upon a sensitive mind ; but let the fact , that you have a most noble public opinion to fall back upon , console you—it always does me , and be assured that the poor men will not forget the " Poor Man's Guardian" in his dungeon . By the powers , it is a funny transposition of cases ; but it is nevertheless a fact that the " Poor Man ' s Guardian" is poorer than the poor man himself ! Now let me furnish you with an antidote to all this slow poison , for , surely , you must be aware that you were not removed from the people -with the intent of
adding to yeur popularity , or of brightening your character . My antidote U this , tell your accusers that you will be tried only by your Peers , and that those are working men . I tell you what shall constitute a qualification for a juryman to try me upon all such charges —a large blister upon each finger of each hand , a beard six days old , if l am to be tried oa a Saturday , and the whole court , witnesses , judges , jury , and all , to apjear in fustian . If that court condemns I will think myself guilty , and consent to be the executive of their yerdiet
Our time is passing on , and we have now an opportunity for reflection . Upon the most mature consideration , I think we should both thank God that we haTe not long since been deToured by the worms , having first been hung out to dry a bit As to punishment , let me just tell you my set-off agaiast it : — Firstly—After a thorough - self-examination , for which I have new had time , a confirmation in my principles . Secondly—I shall leave my college healthier , wealthier , and wiser than I entered it Thirdly—I have acquired a knowledge of one class ol the community , which I eonld not have accomplished
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anywhere else ; and I hope , hereafter , to give society the benefit of my remarks npon prisons and ptisoa discipline . Fourthly—I always had come misgiving about the gratitude and consistency of working men , when tested upon the day of separation and adversity , but facts have dissipated all doubt *; and nothing is so gratifying to a Bum as to find that he has not spent hia life in vain , ox sacrificed anything to * a wor thless community .
You have been a most tremendous sufferer in this cause , and all these reflections must reconcile you , in part , to your sufferings . I have never known anything , indeed , I have never read of anything equal to the consistency , eonatancy , virtue , patriotism , amiability , and indomitable oourage , that has been evinced by the momentary routed ranks of the people , even in that moment when despair generally supplies the place of judgment , and the failure of the friend is considered ag » sie « TieeihaatheiireaBonof the enemy , if there had not been some solid stuff to bear up against more malignity and slander than we have ever been subjected to , and some discretion to appeal to , what might not our fate have been ?
Time was when a people , situated as our peeple have been , could hare been set upon us like raging lions or devils , during the first moment of confusion-Think what a thing report is ; reflect upon its power , and especially when operating against dummies , poor devils tied up to be whacked . Yes , yes ; we must take the tough and the smooth ; and , upon the whole , I shall return to my work like a horse that has had rest , to allow time for the galled spots to heal . I assure you I had so many raws , and particularly one Upon the eftes ^' that I required to be well warmed in harness , before i could even touch the collar . In fact , I was dead beit , and this winter must have finished me . If you saw me now . I . would give all the demagogues , Poles / Russians , shams , and all the demagogues
in Europe ttW whole eighteen months odds—allowing them to stab ' with tongue , or wound by silence , and take you npon m ; back and catch them , pasa them , and distance them in the race . Not that I boast of more ability , zeal , or honesty , bub because God has blessed me with a better constitution , and endowed me with more energy and self reliance than any man I have as yet met with . When I get out , I must be weighted like the fast bounds , or I shall tunfairiyout of the pack . / never uas so strong . Those five words will be a great source of consolation to a friend of ours —hem . I have got a whole winter and a whole summorto serve in ioapital , and if that does net entitle me to a diploma to prescribe for my patients , the devil is in the dice , ani if I don't give some of them a purge never mind it
What think you of the Russo-Chartist villains ? Hasn't the Star met the scoundrels wellf Did you ever see , read or hear of such scientific Chartism ? Resolutions manufactured by rogues for fools to dupe the people with . Will you just think of thecfrhwof some working men traversing the land in the depth of winter instructing hand-loom weavers upon Russian policy . It is nst-a pleasure to yeu to find , even in your dungeon , that your lessons have not failed to pr » . duoe ao effect upon your pupils . See how they have met the Russians CTerywbere . If this had been allowed to go on unchecked till time and apparent acquiescence had matured the whole treason , we should hare been all destroyed , wholly , irretrievably , and most foolishly , destroyed by a parcel of gold-fineh »\ flying through tbe country .
What think you of sending missionaries to Prance ' Did you ever hear of such a deep laid scheme f They saw that nothing but Chartists could beat Chartism , so they hired a set of fellows to commit suicide ; but , thank God , they have not been able to hire many , nor have the few been able to do much mischief . M'Douall told me , and I told Mr . Hill , that Collins waB offered any sum he wished to name as leader of the Russo band , but that he indignantly refused it Is that not an era in modem history f Upon eoming out of Warwick he might very cunningly B » ve contrived so to mix up Martyrdom Chartism and Fcrelgn Policy as to have inoculated us with the infection so far as to disorder the whole body for a time . He really deserves great credit , and he has toy highest respect
Have you read the Sunderiand resolutions , and great » diplomatist as you are , think you that you could match them 7 " Lancaster " , roy space runs to a close I see you have not been idle in your rttirtwmii , as yon have brought the Honourable Mr . Plunkett " vp te thk mark " . I kope they won't aeod him back . Let me hear from you . I have plenty of time to read . I have read' over one hundred rolumei since my mtraMM . I now conclude , begging of you to present my love to your amiable wife , and assuring yon of my unabated esteem and friendship . I am , Your obedient and constant friend , FEARGUS O'CONNOR .
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— m ANALYSIS OF THE HAND-LOOM WEAVERS' REPORT . Letter IT . The third alleged effect of the first cause mentioned in Letter II . is that the Corn Laws drive foreign nations to manufacture for themselves , through our refusing to receive their corn in exchange , whereby the British hand-loom weaver had been thrown out of employment , or compelled to work at a scale of wages as low as that paid to the continental labourer in the cheap corn-growing countries . " And the fourth effect , from the aforementioned first cause , Is , "in many cases to supersede the British manufacturer in foreign markets , which are now supplied by the cheaper wrought fabrics of other countries . "
These alleged effects of the Corn Laws are in keeping with the two former , and serve only to shew the erratic notions of the anti-Corn Law agitators , and the wild phantasies which disorder their reasoning faculties . I am sorry tbe weavers should have suffered such ideas to be instilled into them , or that they should have been so far lecLastray as to have such thoughts put down upon paper , and placed to their account We must be worse than mad to think England is the perfection of the world , and that all the inventive genius , skill , enterprise , resolution , wealth , and commerce in the world is shut up in this " sea-girt isle , " We drive foreign nations , " forsooth ! to manufacture for themselves . It is true we have been an enterprising industrious nation , and have pushed the
manufacturing and mechanical powers to a much greater extent than any other nation in the world ; but bear in mind the first power-loom was invented by a foreigner , m ' . deGennes , in 1678 ; the first silk engine was brought from Italy ; the first swivei-ioom was invtnted by M . Van Anson , a foreigner ; the woollen loom was introduced by a foreigner ; the Jacquard loom was the invention of a foreigner . The Huguenots expelled from France by Louis XIV . introduced several valuable branches of woollea , linen , cambric and silk manufacturers into Ireland ; the linen trade of Ireland was established by foreigners from Flanders and France . In Dubourdier ' s Survey of Antrim , we find it recorded that a Mr . Cromelin brought 1 , 000 looms from Holland , and Bpinning wheels on an improved
construction . After tbe Revocation of the Edict of Nantes , the French refugees introduced those branches of the silk trade into Spitalfields , which since that period have caused the Spitaiaelda weavers to be so ¦ T ^* . " * " notorloU 8 t&at the carpet weavers ate indebted to foreigners ; and that the lace makers owe their professien to them . Seeing that foreigners , centuries ago , were manufacturing for themselves it is idle to say we have driven them to it . The only difference between the British and the foreigners is , that the latter sought only domestic trade , and combined agriculture with their manufacturing operations ; such was our position at one time ; but by the aid of paper
money we have been enabled -to devote a large portion of the population exclusively to manufacturing concentrating iarge ; masses of people together , withdrawing them altogether from the soil , thus making them entirely dependant upon a trade which , at all sacrifices , must be obtained , for the people can no longer ge back upon the land ; they cannot do as the weaver in Saxony , Silesia , or Germany now does , turn to the land in slack times , and thus , save themselves from starvation . No , pur system of trade is bad—it is artificial—it is rotten : its very existence is dependant upon the foreigner , and a continental war would drive millions of the manufacturing population to perish .
The foreigner knows this . He has seen the false pride of England puffed up by men who have made princely fortunes out of mattafactures—he has seen our manufacturers take the lead in the markets of the worldhe has seen bi > own domestic manufactures crushed in hU own country by the introduction of English goods , whikt ^ English tariff has , in a great mie , W bited Jiis . Saxony linens , his Russian corn , his French [ ace , his Italian sift , his Swedish iron , his Norwegian timber , his German hardware . He knows the cana * of these prohibitorydufies—belcnows we have ^ SO , 000 , 000 of taxation to raise upon customs , &c . „ J ^ ^ i ; ° d wtf * f ** our debt and taxation , and compelled to tax foreign produce , In the first place , to rapport national faith , and , in the second place , to protect our trade ( I ) at home , in order to enable our people to pay excise duties , and other internal taxationseeing all these things , he at once concludes that i « would be better to encourage his own trade than thai of England . . ' ft
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Talk of the Corn Laws preventing interchange of toitish and foreign goods , look at the following list of wohibitory duties , from the tariff of 1836 : — FORIIGU LINENS . Cambrics , to , bordered handkerchiefs , 5 s . per eight raids . ' Lawns , Otl . or Is . the square yard . Damasks and damask diaper , 2 s . per square yard . Drill * , tioks , and twills , 8 < L do . Sailcloth , 7 jd . per square yard . Plain linen and diaper , from 2 * d . to Is . 6 d . per square fard . - ¦ :. ; .. - ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ . Linen yarn , Is . per cwt Other linen goods , not enumerated , forty per cent . Mark the effect of these duties upon the interchange of British and Foreign goods ; Amount of linen goods and yarn imported into the United King . dom , I 83 f 895 , 85 * 183 V 440 , 67 t lesa imported is the latter year ...... 465 , 188 FOREIGN CORN . Duties fluctuate according to the price of grain , as shown in the London Gazette , up to 70 s . per quarter .
ITALIAN SILKS . Thrown —© n organsine and crape , & 3 . 2 d . the lb ! On tram and singles , dyed , 3 s . da , &c . * c Manufactured silk , or satin , or do . ribbons , plain Us ., figured Us . per lb . Do . gauze , or gauae ribbons , do . 17 a , de . £ l 7 s . 6 d . do . Do . velvet , « velvet ribbons , do . £ l 2 s ., do . £ 1 7 s . do . Do . Tissue Foulards , 80 s . per cent ad valorem . Do . ribbons embossed and figured with velvet 17 s . do . Do . fancy silk net , or tricet £ l 4 s . do . Do . crape Us . per lb ., crape lisse , or China 18 s . do . Between the years 1836 and 7 , there is a difference of 16 , 000 lbs . less in the latter imported . Swedish iron bar ( from British possessions 2 s . » d . per ton ) Foreign , £ 11 eg . Less imported in 1827 than in 1838 , 5762 tons .
TIMBER . Firs and oak , British possessions , 10 s . pet load , Foreign £ 2 15 s . do . Deals ( planks ) from £ 8 2 s . ( Jd . to £ H the 120 , according to the length and thickness . Compare the duties on timber , foreign and colonial . Colonial deals , exceeding twenty-one feet long , seven inches wide , four inches thick , £ 5 the 120 , Foreign deals , exceeding twenty-one feet long , seven inches wide , three and a quarter inches thick , i « 4 the 120 . Is this not a protecting duty * Are not the above exorbitant rates ' of duty calculated to drive foreigners to
manufacture for themselves , and send their natural and manufactured produce to other markets t I could go on Showing the glaring inconsistencies of the free trade nonsense , about interchanges , and national commercial intercourse , and show that in the end it will come to this—that the English taxes must comedown altogether , or England will be ruined . It is impossible to promote free trade by piece-meal ; partial legislation will do no longer . Let the anti-Corn Law men , or free trade advocates , take the bull by the horns , boldly , radically reform the abuses of the state , then may they with safety throw off all prohibiting duties , and manfully grapple with foreign markets .
It is alleged that we must have corn as cheap as it ia in other countries ; and that we must have this in order to compete with foreigners ; even the deluded weavers assert that the Corn Laws will " compel them to work at a scale of wages as low as those paid to the continental labourers in the corn growing countries . " Now , let us examine the condition of the continental labourer , and see whether , under any circumstances , the hand-loom weaver would be able to compete with them , and whether in these cheap com growing countries the weaver gets a big loaf for his labour . Report of S Keyser , Esq ., on Prussia , Silesia , Saxony , Austria . 1 . At Nova Sass ( Saxony ) a village inhabited by linen weavers , they earn from 4 s . Cd . to 6 s . per week , finding their own looms , -and pay all ex pences , not constantly employed , have intervals of spinning and field labour .
2 . Upper Lanark , o . too looms . For a piece of white linen the weavers' wages are from 4 s . to 4 s , Gd .. A loom at which two persons work would require feurteen days labour for a piece of 197 ells in length ; consequently , the utmost amoant of a man's wages per week , would b 0 ls . to 3 s . 4 d . 3 . Supposing a weaver ( with the assistance of » person to wind , ) to make about 20 pieces of white linen a year , he would earn £ 4 its . [ Rather less than half-aday ' s pay to Lord Hill , General Commanding-in-Chief . ] 4 . In Waltersdorff , Herrenwalde , Baklendorff , and Jabnsdorff , near Zitteau , SiO Jacquard looms . The wages of the Damask weavers , who live scattered about the country , are about Is . 6 d . to 3 s . Id . per week . t . In Saxony , about 1 , 000 looms employed in Damask tabling , the wages of the weavers averaging from is . 10 i to is . per week . Few Jacquards used .
« . Damasks manufactured from unbleached yarn in Zitteau , can only be advantageously carried on by the extraordinary frugality and miserable mode of living to which tbe weavers are reduced by the very low rate of wages I 7 . It is to be observed that the very low rate of wage is not only in proportion to the cheapness of provisions , but more particularly occasioned by the very limited wants of tb « working weavers : even the article of bread , in that ountry « o very « be » p ,. is still beyond the reach of these po « r people , who subsist almost entirely upon potato * , which they cultivate en a small pie « e of land , either their own , <* Harmed at a low rate . 8 . In Bohemia , a linen weaver , besides some field labour , for which he his paid , and generally a small plot of ground for his own use , is satisfled with the weekly average wages of is . to SB . Note . —On inquiry In another quarter I found that the wages of a hard working weaver would never exceed 3 a , per week .
8 . The Silesian weaver can certainly compete with the English power-loom as long as the price of provisions are so much lower than in England . 1 » . What effect an alteration In the Corn Laws might now produce in limiting the further increase of factories in Germany , I do not feel competent to state ; but I much fear that any reduotion in the duties on corn , or even their total repeal , would now come too late , the manufacturers and merchants , as well as the Governments , feeling that they no longer depend on Great Britain for a supply of goods . 11 . Prague . —Our weavers are in that state , that if each family had not a bit of land on which to grow potatoes for thair food , and they were not to steal their fuel as they want It , from the forests wfth which the country abounds , they would almost starve upon the wages they earn . 12 . Wages have at no time during the last two years been higher than 4 s 2 d . a-week .
13 . These people seldom eat bread—fPoor big loaf advocates !)—but only potatoes , which they cultivate themselves . Now , what think you of your continental labourers ? Can you compete with them ? Are you prepared to live upon potatoes ? Have you got the land to cultivate them upon 1 Will the back yards or the cellar areas of the weavers of Manchester grow potatos enough to supply the deficiency of the big loaff Are you prepared to risk transportation for stealing wo « d out of the forests in Ma Chester ? o my deluded countrymen to the coarser food system , you must come at last To this state the labourers of the soil have been
gradually reduced . The men of Norfolk hoisted on their banner , " We will not live upon potatoes !" Will you then waste your breath in bawling out for a repeal of the Corn Laws , when it is clear you want a radical Reform in the representation of the people ? Well might Mr . Cobbett call the potato " the accursed root , " when he saw that the people of England were being compelled to give up their bread , beef , and beer , and drag out their existence by feeding npon potatoes . Declare at once that you will not live on potatoes , and if that be the object of the anti-corn , free-trade , foreign competition men , and it is clear it is so , the sooner their ultimatum is proclaimed to the world the better .
I shall close these allegations of the effects of the Corn Laws upon manufactures , by giving them my unqualified contradiction . I shall now proceed to examine the following alleged causes of the depressed condition of the band-loom weavers , and I Will discoss them seriaium . 2 . Competition of Power Looms . 3 . Abatements by employers ; Inefficiency of the present Arbitration Act . 4 . Competition among masters . 5 . Disproportionate nnmber of weavers to the labour required from them . 6 . Knowledge of the weaving trade being easily acquired . 7 . Foreign competition . 8 . The exportation of you and machinery . All these heads , afterwards I shall review the reports on silk weaving in Spitalflelds , Coventry , fee . ; the lace and hosiery business of Nottinghamshire and Leicestershire the carpet weaving of Kidderminster and Kilmarnock ; and lastly , the woollen weavers of Gloucestershire and the West-Riding ; to all of which I beg your constant attention . j R . J . RlCHAEDSON . * Part or vol . ii . page 509 .
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TO THB EDITOR OP THB NORTHERN STAK . Sir , —it will be pleasing to your readers and also to my friends , to know that 1 am once more breathing the free air . But I wish also to make known to my fellow Chartists a statement of facts which I think will astonish them . I was arrested on the 14 th of August , 1839 , and remained in Chester Castle till the Assizes in April , 1840 , when I was deserted by all those men who were indicted with me , for the cowardly poltroons all pleaded guilty to that wretched indictment which charged us with being " wicked and evilly disposed . " Conseqently I was left myself to battle with the tyrants and
oppressors of my country , whose minds were bo prejudiced against me , in consequence of the base treachery of those perfidious wretches , that the Attorney-General told me , that U I would not accept of the offer which was made to sm by the Court , that I might expect to receive a sentence according te the severity of the law ; to which I replied , " Sir , my principle is all the property I have la * the world , and that I will never sacrifice at the shriae of despotism . I have already suffered eight months' imprisonment for doing what every Englishman has a perfect right to do , a right for which I am willing to undergo all the punishment that the cruel oppressors of my country may think proper to
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inflict upon me ; confident , as I am , Sir , that ow cause will never be obtained without it" After this I was ordered down . On Monday , the isth , I was again placed at the ba » where I defended myself and the cause of truth , of justice , and of freedom , according to the best of my ability , and when my trial was over and thefentenoe of the Conrt passed upon me , I returned to ittfceU an 4 wrote the following letter to Mr . Roche , the SfecreUry of the Macclesfield Cbarflst Association : — J " Dear Sir , —I write tolnform yon that my trial fe over , and the sentence which I have received is six months hard labour hi Knutsford House of Correction and then to find two sureties of £ 50 each , and myself to £ 100 , to keep ther peace tor two yean . ** Now ;
Sir , if y # u find that bail cannot be obtained for m » in Macclesfield , by the time I shall , need it , thca you must be sure to write and inform me aocttdingry , at least one month before-band > but , if on { he contrary , yon find that every thing will be right respecting it , then it is my wish that you should neither write * nor send to me until my time is expired , aid theft either bring or send me a pair of shoes , as mine ar » quite done . " . " " ^ The answer which I received front him was this : — V ' Dear Sir ,, —We are all very serryM heaFof tbfr unjust sentence which you have received frour our oppressors ; but , Sir . you may depend ' on i « y word , that everything shall be attended to , according to your request * . . :
Now , the six months passed over without my receiving one . word of information from any one , iiiher by letter or otherwise ; therefore , I made sure that everything was right respecting my bail and other things ; but when the day arrived that I should haVe walked out of the dungeon , there was no ball , nor so jnuch as a letter to inform me the reason why . Now , for the moment , I kpew not which way to act for the best ; however , I relived on writing to my father and brother in Norwich ; and see whether they would or would not be bail for- me ? to which ihey agreed on condition that I returned to Norwich asscon as I got my-fiherty ; hut I had to stop in ptfconi until a certificate of their ball could be forwarded to me . which
was upwards of a fortnight , and , then , had ' it not been for Mr . John Bradley , of Hyde , a Chartist vietim , with whom I was eight monthsJn'Cheste * Castle * sending me a pair of clogs , I must have returned to Macclesfield barefooted ; and even Roche , Wftlf Whom I left all my working tools when I w » a taken , ha& thought proper to diBposeof them whiJsjFl ' was in prison , bo that on my return to Maccclesaeld , I had neither a tool to ., work with , nor an ; , . article ia the world , excepting what I stood upright in * but what hurt my feelings more than all the all rest of my Bufferings , was to find that our association room was broken up , and no Chartist body existing , in the ' town whatsoever . ;
This is the fruits of pleading guilty , for by that bass act the confidence of the people was destroyed , and by those very men who have declared at public meekings , that they would suffer death itself , sooner than flinch one inch from that cause , on which depends tbe happiness of posterity , and prosperity of our countryv But , my friend , I am sorr yfcto say , that weWeften find this the case , that these men who are the most violent in . their language , are tbe first to preve them * selves to be the base deceivers of the people , but cowards are always bold when there ia nothing to be afraid of . j I ask was it not their duty , when placed befcie a tribunal of their country , to have proved themselves to be honest , and our cause to be just ; bnt iu th » place of that , they proved to the world that their pretended patriotism , stability , and firmness , was bat like the glittering luster of the glow-worm ,, whidk disappear before the rays of the morning san . '
But I hope that we shall be able in a very short time to raise another good Chartist Association in Maeclesfield . Bat we shall be careful of what knd of men w » admit for the future , as MacolesBeld s a place , well noted of old , For the produce of men , both vicious and bQld ; And as Botany Bay Is too good a place For any such villains to set np their face ; Then , surely , in future , such wretches will mend , And strive te live bettor on till their lives nd , Or the curse of all Chartists npon them will tall , And hell prove their portion at last for them « 1 L
My object for writing this letter , is to prevent aa much as possible all good men from placing their confidence in bad ones , such as that detestable wretch wB » is , and has been for a long time , a spy for the police , under the expectation of fulfilling * the honourabsf situation of a policeman himself . My good friends , I remain , yours , truly , Johm WinvKRa , A sincere Chartist , Ifaeclesfield , November 8 th , 1840 .
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TO THB B S ITOK OT THB H O S . THBM 1 STAB , Dear Sir , —By giving insertion to these few Iis « ay you will much oblige , ¦ Tour obedient servant , ' .. ' WlM-UH H . CbiTOK . TO THB DEMOCRATS OF BIRMINGHAM . Bbothsb Democrats , —I beg most respectfully fa request your attendance at Bill ' s Coffee House , Mo * y > street , on Monday evening next , at half-pass seron o ' clock , for the purpose of holding a preliminary meeting previous to the formation of a National Charter Association in Birmingham ; I remain , yours truly , W . H . Co * tc » . Hoy . 18 , 184 t .
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Newspapers ahd Chime . —The number of new * - papers in England is about 230 , and the annual number of convictions for murder is thirteen or fon »~ teen . The number of newspapers in Spain , a few yean ago , was one , and the annual number of con-Yictions for murder was upwards of 1 , 200 . A telescopic comet was discovered on the evening of the 26 th October b y Dr . Bteniek-er , at Berlin , who first saw it near the star 47 Draconh . He observed it again on the ' following evening , but not sufficiently long enough to , be able to deduce th « direction of its motion . The late Bishop op St . David ' s . — -Thewill of the late Dr . John Banks Jenkinson , cousin of th » Earl of Liverpool , has been proved . The persona property of the late right rev . prelate wag swors under £ 70 , 000 , exclusive of property out of the Court of the Archbishop of Canterbury .
Spontaneous Combustion . —The residents of th « Stud-house , and the inhabitants of the town of Pampadour , in the . Comae , were alarmed some nights ago by a sudden blaze of light issuing from the reservoir into which the refuse of the stables is thrown . In fact , the contents , amounting to at least 500 loads of dung , was found to have taken spontaneous combustion by fermentation , and the flames raged with such violence that nearly fifteen hours elapsed before they could be subdued , notwithstanding a powerful force of water was constantly poured ujpon them from an engine . They were , however ,, prevented from extending to any part of the buildings .
Use op ma Rukal Polios Fobce . —It ia now clearly seen that one of the objects whioh the landed fen try have had in view in establishing a Rural ' olice Force , is to proteot their game . These gentry in the county of Durham , are in the habit of presenting the b' . uebeards with a rabbit , or » hare occasionally . Only think of Col . - ^— , or Squire So-and-So , sending his servant to Mr . Binebeard , with his compliments and a rabbit !> What next ? To sharpen the vigilance of the blues , thej will perhaps be invited to dine occasionally . Let tfa » SquireB take care of their cash boxes and valuables on such occasions .
Another Fatal Collision at Sea . —Loss or she Hopewell . —On Saturday morning aiscount * were received at Lloyd ' s , of the total loss of the brig Hopewell , of . Cork , which took place on tHe nSehl of . Wednesday last , in the Bristol Channel , near the Naas Lights , about ten miles from Newport , trough coming into collision with the brig Yauden , belonging to Gloucester , and we regret to add , that five persons lost their lives by the unfortunate' occurrence . Prom the particulars received it appears that the Hopewell had on board four seamfen , the captain , his son , a youth of tender age . and six passengers . It left Cork on Monday , and was making , progress across the Channel , when she came incolusion with the Yauden , This vessel was on her
voyage to lilouceater , and was heavily laden . The captain stated that the night was very dark , and the wind was blowing a complete hurricane . On first perceiving the Hopewell she was running down the Channel before the wind . A good look-out was kept , and every effort was made to Bteer clear of the vessels that were overing about . Notwithstanding , however , the : precautions the vessels came in collision with dreadful violence , and almost immediately after the Hopewell filled and went down . The Hopewell struck the Yauden fnll in her brows , but being tbe Btrongest-built vessel it sustained not so muohdamage . Such was not the case with the Hopewejl—the whole of her bows were stove in , and sue filled
inscanuy . xne rigging getting entangled with that of the Yauden , she was kept up for a few minutes , and the crew and passengers finding that she " was sinking , were in the act of jumping on . board-of the Yauden , when a wave separated the vessefe , and many of them were thrown overboard . The Hopewell drifted with the current for a short distance and then disappeared in deep water . The scene a ? the moment is described to be one of a most ansallin * description . Five individuals could beTseen struggling in the water ; but it was imjkosj&W te , render them assistance , in . COUSoquenw af the Yauden ' s boat being washed overboard sit th& tun * of the collision ; and consequently ftej petfshed They consisted of two seamen , two of the passengers and the captain ' s son ; the captain was plckld * $ about two hours after , having lashed Tumsei i to a piece of timber . On the followfrig ' morning tile Yauden put into Newport , and those saved west ashore . The loss by the Hopewell is very considerable ; she is reported to be insured to the extent of £ 2 , 000 . None of the bodies have y « t bees tmS
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Nov. 14, 1840, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/king-y1kbzq92ze2710/page/7/
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