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fY* ______^ THEyORTHERN . gTA l . August...
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Lettee II. Sir—I have demonstrated that ...
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Letter III. Sir,—"It is of no use attemp...
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Contspmtittw^
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"MR. O'CONNOR AND MR. P. M, MTOWALL." TO...
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COOPER'S RESOLUTIONS.
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TO THE EDITOB OF THB K06THEBN STAB. Sib,...
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Fatal Accident in the London Docks.—On Mon
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day afternoon an inquest was held before...
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Sanferupte Set*,
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(Tram Tutsday's Gazette, Jt/Xy 28, 1816....
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Transcript
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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Partial Destkuction Of Tue Flirr-Odroue ...
" . "t- ' MR . OASTLEK * S LETTERS . THE POLrriC ATECONOMISTS . XO XHS KDITOB OF THE MORSIXG POST . gjg {„ my two last letters I endeavoured to Drove how very far the scientific teachers of political economy were from being masters of the philosophy jjjgyjjrojci-ed to demonstrate . From their own works I proved that Adam Smith , Malthus . and M'Calloch . declared their inability to prove tho truth of their own theory ; they one and all confess ib a the subject is beyond their comprehengion— "It is not , perhaps , altogether evident " ( Adaus S . tuiii ); thereis " something else" wanting to complete the argument ( Malthas ); "it is , indeed , quite obvious that it admits of no satisfactory g olttt : oi" ( MCullocW . I think . a !* o , that I have proved , if the scheme of . Rica-do * era adopted , the result wonld inevitably be , that Great Britain would no longer be the seat of
mairaiacnue . . . . If there be anv broken link in my argument—it any eiror in my quotations—if any false deduction Irom £ Lei > rfiuiisiBs—letit be proved . I am open to conviction , when shown to be at fault . If . however , there be no llaw in the chain of my proof—no false quotation—no mistake in the deduction , then I have esfabli-hsd the fact ( to prove which was my aim )—the a-H-uundiug fact , that owr comuierciaJ code 7 ias been tno * i unwarrantably revolutionised on the author ity of those ivho declare themselves to be no authorities , and who acJcnmaltdge their inability to teach !
I have shown that Sir Robert , Peel confesses to have been convinced by the reasoning of one who declares"Ms < I ' - ' . -ermination not to reason—one who refers his followers to the demonstration of a man who confesses he cannot demonstrate—in fact , 1 have proved ih-il the Prime Minister of a country which aas , under the system of Protection , attained the hig hest position ever arrived at by any nation in the ivorld , Las ventured to ' change and revolutionise the whole system of that nation ' s commerce , without iiavins any authority , any reason , or any example , on ffhich to found his new theory ! If 1 have not demonstrated the folly of that Minister , arid of ail who have been his instruments , I am mistaken .
Now , Sir , as I believe that the only reason for Sir R . Peel ' s change of commercial policy is the " superstivIoEs" veneration in which the name of Adam Smith is Iieid by Mr . Cobdsa and his followers , and Hie false notion that Adam Smith has proved the mancip l es of Free Trade to be ' sound and true ; having Demolished the latter assumption , by Adam Smith iimseU " . if . may not be amiss to give you the opinion if tho highest authority among onr Free Trade rtatesnicn on Ihe unsoundness of the theory taught jy . Adam Smith . Surely , after that proof of the loose hypr . ihesis" of Adam Smith , Mr . Cobden oil reiTet having misled Tha League , by the anlonnpemait that "Adam Smith had so clearly denonstr & ted" the soundness ef Free Trade
princiiles , that all further discussion " should , therefore , > e sedulously avoided as supererogatory , and catenated only to mystify a plain and unembarrassed mestion . " Have heard Mr . Cobden , in the House of Comnons , advise the Protectionists "to use their heads , md uot to be led away by the feelings of their hearts . " The authority I am about to produce is mewho , I . ampersuaded , Mr . Cobden himself will limit to have been guided by the head . Perhaps Mr . Cobden wSL confess , when he reads the opinion if the late Mr . Francis Horner on the " loose hypothesis" of Adam Smith , that he has entirely mistaken the nature of Adam Smith ' s " demonstration "
) f the science of political economy . I hope that -Sir Robert Peel wiU also admit that he has committed i very great error by assuming tbat Mr . Cobden has , "l > v hfc appeals to reason , " established the truth of Free-trade principles . It may be well to state , tliat , in the beginning of the present century , the rising statesmen of the day thoug ht it essential to direct their most serious attention to the study of political economy , in order that the subject might be opened and > rgned in Parliaaent , more perfectly and more successfully than it had previously been . A knowledge of this science was , in fsctAthonght to be the great necessity of the
ge . A school was accordingly founded in Edinburgh ; the Rev . Sydney Smith , Mr , Brougham , Mr . Francis Horner , Mr . Jeurey , and Mr . Dugald Stewart were among the earliest students . MrrHaskisson , who afterwards directed the com mercial policy of the empire ( and who lived to regret the advances ie had made towards Free Trade ) , being without that full scientifieknowledgenecessary for the management of the great questions that wonld necessarily arise in Parliament during the discussions on onr commercial policy , awaited with anxiety the advent of Francis Horner in Parliament as the first scion of the Edinburgh school .
It wonld seem that the members of the school directed iMt first attention to the study of " The "Wealth of Nations . " In the memoirs of Mr . Horner , composed by Mr . Horner , and , since his death , published by his brother , he has given a very i nteresting ( and , at this moment , a most valuable ) sketch of the progress of his studies , and of the impression made on his mind , fey an examination of the easting state of the science , as propounded by Adam Smith in « ' The "Wealth of Nations . " Mr . Cobden cannot pretend to have brought a better "head" to the investigation—he will not say that he has displayed more industry and perseverance in the study of Adam Smith , than Mr . Homer . He cannot assume that Ms opinion is more to be relied
on than Mr . Horner ' s . Sir Robert Peel must acknowledge that Mr . Homer was a man whose judgment carries more authority—whose reasoning powers are of a higher order—than those of Mr . Cobden . If there were one man pre-eminently qualified to form a correct judgment of the merits of Adam Smith's " Wealth of Nations . " it was most undeniably Mr . Francis Horner . He has left his opinion on record . What this opinion is , the following extracts irom his memoirs testify . I commend ihem to the serious consideration of Sir Robert Peel , Mr . Cobden , and all who may Lave been misled by the notion , "' that Adam Smith had demonstrated the soundness of Free-trade principles . " Mr . Francis Horner says : —
"Ws { the students of the Edinburgh School of Political Economy ) have been under the necessity of suspending oar progress in the perusal ef " The Wealth of Sations , " ion account of the insurmountaWe difficulties , obscurity , and embarmszuumtsm ujJucfctne reosoninos of the fifth chapter are invoked . It is amusing to recollect the history of one ' s feelinss in a matter of this kind . Many years ago , when I read * The Wealth of Nations , " the whole of the & Bt Book appeared to me ag perspicuous as it was interesting and new . Some time afterwards , while I lived in England , I attempted to make an extract of Smith ' s ^ principal reasonings , but I was impeded by the doctrine of Ithe BEil ME 48 USE Of VAMJE , and the distinction between ; KOitiXAL and seal price , llediseowry thallliad notwttderstood Ssrift , speedily led me to dovblvihether Smitfcunderistoodhh asdf , and I thought I saw the price of labour was ! flie name sort of thing as the price of any other commodity ; hatthediscussio nviastoohari forme , and I fled to somethingmore agreeable , because more easy .
It is then quite clear that iu the judgment of Mr . Trancis Horner { ifthe Free-traders can refer me to a higher authority ! shall be obliged to them ) Adam ; Smith had not demonstrated "the real measure of yalue , " nor ' the distinction between nominal and XCal price . " Has Mr , Cobden done so ? No . he refers to Adam Smith . Has Sir Robert Peel ? No , ; he relies on Air . Cobden . Weli , then , the truth isthat , in perfect ignorance of the fundamental principle of the science of political economy , the Legislai ture has pas- ed a measure of the most important character , as hearing on all our agricultural , manufacturing , commercial , and monetary interests . 'Whether for weal or for woe , none of the supporters i of that measure can tell . Had Sir Robert Peel masjfered the study of the science of politicaleconomy , he of of
^ ould not have been ignorant the results his ( own measure , as he now declares himself to be . Fn-Itnre historians will scarcely believe tbat the dearest iinterests of this powerful nation have been left to the awardof so much ignorance . They wiU scarcely credit Ithc fact , that infatuation could have proceeded to Jguch " extravagant lengths—still more will they mari vel , that the agents in these insane projects were . par ( excellence , the thinkers—the long headed philosoiphf . fS (!) of the age , who laughed at their opponents sand constantly exhorted them "to use their heads . " A few words from Mr . Francis Horner ( him the ] phi 3 osopheri must listen to ) may be useful to Mr . ^ Cobden and his dupes—I regret to number Sir Ro-Ibert Peel in that class—he , however , has placed himiself there 1 Mr . Horner writes : —
An indirect , application was made to me to furnish a net of uotss for a new edition of "Smith's Wealth of Hattions ; " this , of course , I declined , because I have other ttbimjs to attend to ; even if I had been prepared forsneh » n undertaking , which I certainly am not yet , / shouldbe ITCluclatiC to expose Smith ' s error * befose his work had operrated its full effect . We owe much at present to lbs superiStitious worship of Smitfc ' s name , and we must not impair tthat feeling till the victory is complete . Jo would seem tbat a great hoax was to be played
iin the name of Smith , and that " the enlightened [ philosophers " were no more than priests of Smith , nsarrymg on iheir deceptions on the people , by enccourajang " the superstitious worship of Smith ' s manie J" Nor was this false " worship " to be discontinued "tiii the victoiy wascomplete I" These words oaf Horner explain much of the marvellous which has usteunded tlie public in these later days . They afford matter of deep consideration for the politician , the ilhilosopher , and the Christian ! One word more on Smith by Horner " : —
Until wo can give a correct and precise theory r / fftcnauure and origin of wealth , his ( Adam Smith's ) jxjpuiar , Movable and loose hypothesis is as good vou the FFOXCai : AS AXY OTHEB . Such was the estimate of the most finished student nn the Free-trade school—of Adam Smih ! Surely , fct is needful that we ask , why all our interests Mieuid be risked on the delusive and mad dreams ot cne whose theory is so "loose and plausible" as to
Partial Destkuction Of Tue Flirr-Odroue ...
deserve no better name than a trap for'"the Tulgar ! " .-¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ -, ' How strange that "the moat powerful , accomplished , and enlightened statesman of the age —Sir Kobert Peel—should have been caught in the trap , set only for the " vulgar !"—that he should have mistaken a " loose hypothesis" for" sound principle I " How melancholy that the most important interests of the wealthiest and most powerful nation should thus have been unsettled and jeopardised ! On such irrational premises an entire change hag been made in all our agricultural , manufacturing , -and commercial affairs , although it ia acknowledged by all , that , under the system of Prbtection , > ehave risen , in the scale . of nations , to the highest pinnacle of power and wealth !
Strange as it may appear , our established and successful commercial system has been revolutionised by those who are utterly unable to demonstrate "the real measure of value "—who do not know ¦¦ " the distinction between nominal and real price "—who are not , in fact , aware that low priced corn may make very dear bread . If I am asked why I Have attempted to demonstrate tlie extreme unsoundness of Sir Robert Peel ' s premises , and the folly of his ' « great and
comprehensive measure , " I answer , I have been told by some Members of Parliament , that " they do not pretend to understand the Question ; but Sir Robert Peel does ; and , although they fear the " measure will be most injurious , they have voted for it , relying against their own opinions , entirely on the superior knowledge of Sir Robert Peel !" I have therefore felt it to be my duty to prove to those misguided men , that Sir Robert Peel has used no argumentor demonstration—that they have been following a blind guide .
I have endeavoured to avoid any expression that might give offence . I have not appealed to the prejudices or feelings of your readers . I have addressed myself to the head , not to the heart . In thus treating the subject , I have followed Mr . Cobden ' s advice . Granted , it ia dry—very dry—the philosophers will not , on that account , despise my logic . I have demonstrated a fact—I have shown the utter weaknessof their position . They have presented no proof ! There they are—Peel relying on Cobden—Cobden trusting to Adam Smith—Adam Smith refusing to sustain the argument—and Francis Horner asserting that the whole thing " is a loose hypothesis , as good for the vulgar as any other ! " And this , after all the labour , exertions , ' sacrifices , and agitations of the League ! They are
thus proved ( on the testimony of their most talented supporter —Francis Horner ) to be themere " superstitions worshippers of the name of Smith !" . .. The subject is all important ; though late , it is not too late to recuest the solemn and earnest attention of the Legislature and the public to the extremely loose and unsatisfactory premises on which the most important of our national interests have been jeopardised . It is due to those who have , against their own convictions , supported Sir Robert Peel , that that statesman should prove , if he can , his superior knowledge in this matter . He may , if he can , show that I have erred in my statement or in my deduction . If , without such proof , the national interests are still to be subject to the game of chance , I shall be satisfied that Ihave done my duty in attempting to stay the ruin of my country .
If , however , there are those who are resolved to rescue the nation from the destructive efieets of " the great and comprehensive measure , " it will be needful that they should adopt such measures as are calculated to remove the delusion under which the Legislature are labouring . What those measures should be , it would he presumptuous in me to dictate . Time presses—delays are dangerous . If success is to crown our efforts , no time should be lest . I am , Sir , Yours respectfully , RlCHABD OaSXLER . London , July 14 , 1846 . N . B . —The study of the Bible , and of the fundamental principles of the British constitution , would be most useful in dispeuiag the mists of error raised bv false philosophy . R . 0 .
Fy* ______^ Theyorthern . Gta L . August...
fY * ______^ THEyORTHERN . gTA l . August 1 , 184 C .
Lettee Ii. Sir—I Have Demonstrated That ...
Lettee II . Sir—I have demonstrated that the ' principles of Free Trade have not been established by the man on whom Mr . Cobden relies—Adam Smith . It is very easy for Sir James Graham to assert that , " the principles of Free Trade are the principles of comm-n sense , " or that Sir R . Peel should declare , that "they are sound principles , known to be irrefragable . " It is , however , impossible that either of those right honourable baronets can name the
statesman , the author , or the agitator who has proved them so to be . Is it not , then , a duty that they owe to themselves and their followers , to establish , by argument , what they have ventured to assert ? A schoolboy may repeat , "Wemust buy at the cheapest market and sell at the dearest ; " but it will require the sagacity of an old schoolmaster to prove that the lowest priced market is always the cheapest , or that the highest priced market is invariable the dearest .
These and such like , mere clap-trap , expressions , are , as yet , the only arguments that have , been Furnished to prove the nece-aity ^ or the wisdom , of overturning the principles on which onr commercial code was founded—they seem , however to be thought , by our modern statesmen " as good for the vulgar as any other . " Well might Francis Horner say , "We owe much to the superstitious worship of Smith ' s name ! " No wonder that he added , " We most not impair that FEELING TILL THE VICTOR ! IS COMPLETE . "
Smith ' s work " has now operated its full effect "his " errors" have been received as truth—and thus has folly triumphed under the sanction of " the most powerful and most enlightened statesman of the age ! " Enraptured by the " loose hypothesis" of Adam Smith , Mr . Cobden resolved to propagate the " superstitious worship of his name ; " —he determined to secure the " victory" proposed by Francis Horner for the " vulgar . " In his pamphlet entitled , " England , Ireland , and America , " Mr . Cobden says—We have our Banlaian , our linnman , our flunterian societies , and why should not , at least our greatest commercial and manufacturing towns , have their Smithian societies , deTOted to the purpose of promulgating the benefiunt truths of " The Wealth of Nations V
Four years after that appeal , " The Anti-Corn Law League" wasformed ; not long afterwards "The Free Trade Hall" was erected in Manchester , as a temple in which "thesuperstitious worshippers ef the name of Smith " might assemble to promulgate the doctrine of his " plausible and loose hypothesis . " The High Priest ef that " superstitious worship " has at last succeeded— "thevictory is complete "and he has draeged at the wheels of his triumphal car . Commons , Lords , Bishops . and Queen ! We are now all expected to bow with reverence to
the spirit of Free Trade!—to receive for truth the "loosehypothesis of Adam Smith "—and , forsaking the worship of the true God , we are to join the throng of the " superstitions worshippers of the name ofSnuth , " waoare , for the moment , ia the ascendant ! In vain we ask why we are to believe in this "loose hypothesis ? " We implore that argument may be afforded ; ail are deaf to our entreaties . We are officiall y assured that " tb & L > 6 S 6 hypothesis" is " common sense" — that it is " sound principle , known to be irrefragable !"
Seeing , then , that no argument will or can be given , I shall endeavour to test" the soundness of Free Trade principles , " bv the declared axioms of those who stand foremost in the ranks of Freetraders—those who are relied on as authorities by the League . From those declared principles , I may be enabled to discover the spirit of Free Trade , and try that spirit , if it be « f God—if it be really " beneficent . " The Free-traders have no right to find fault , if ( in the absence of any argument of theirs ) I try to sift from their apostles what it is they are about . They
garnish their speeches with much that ia "beneficent "—they profess to be the friends of the artisans , the labourers , and the poor . They wonld have all believe that their object is , the universal renovation of man ; that their great aim is , to unite all in one common brotherhood , under the Christian maxim , ' Do unto others as you would that they should do unto you . " Let us gather , then , what is the spirit which pervades these "friends of the human race . " I shall not inquire of their enemies—I will receive no evidence but from their friends—their avowed and acknowledged friends .
The poor have no right to a seat at nature ' s feast—no claim upon the community for the smallest portion of food . —ilaltkus . Bvery permanent fond set apart for the support of the poor , from whomsoever proceeding , and b y whomsoever administered , must needs multiply the evils it is destined to remedy . —Brougham . Our passion for accumulation , our inextinguishable passion for gain , has no limits . —M' CuUoch . To gire our capital a fair remuneration , the price of labour host be kept down . —JTuskisson . The condition of the man who has to compete with a cheaper , better , or more rapid mode of production , most be deteriorated . —Bowring . The employer oflahour is entitled to avail himself of Air . circumstances by which he can bedoce the value of labour . —Editor of Mornmg Chronicle .
Be he farmtr or be he labourer—what i <; it tbat makes him valuable to those above him ? It is competition . Bisltop of Oxford . Such , fir , arc a few of the axioms of the ni-ost apostles of Free Trade ! To the spirit which indited them our Conservative Government has yielded ' It is by that spirit ( unless we aroucc ourselves to bid it defiance , ) that we are hcncefonli to be governed-How contrary to the spirit of Christianity—to the spirit of the Constitution—is the spirit of Free I would solemnly ask your readers—Shall the finest and ncbleat feelings ofouraatuve bo outraged
Lettee Ii. Sir—I Have Demonstrated That ...
^—shall the ' most authoritative' commands of ~ our holy religion be violated—shall England be uncivihsed ^ and her religion abandoned , because Philosophy has discovered that selfishness is a virtue—that the profits of capital are more sacred than the just reward of labour—tbat man is only valuable to those above him , when competing against his brother man —nay , that the image of God shall be , "deteriorated by competition with iron , wood , and steam ?" If the Clergy and the Aristocracy are so far degenerated , as to surrender their rights to the dominion and control of a spirit so sordid—I will turn me to the industrious inhabitants , the working population of that portion of the country which Mr . Bright says , " must govern the nation , Lancashire , the cotton district , and the West Riding of York . " I will ask those men to read with care and attention the extracts above quoted , aud say—ia not the author thereof the spirit of the " unregulated " factory system ?
The tact that Messrs . Cobden and Bright oppose all legislative interference in factories — that the free-traders have ever done so—is a proof that the spirit of Free Trade is as clearly exhibited , in prac-Hce , in the old unregulated factories , as it is , in theory , in the foregoing unsocial and unchristian axioms . I need not tell the manufacturing operatives what are the worMngs of that spirit . We have succeeded inmitigatinK a portion of its rigour and cruelty—we have made a step in the right direction—but if its demands are to be circumscribed by reason , justice , and equity , we must advance much farther ! Shall we then bow to the uncontrolled power of that spirit , and anloose the regulations which have been obtained at so much cost and sacrifice ? Or , shall we endeavour , by every lawful means , to limit the power of that spirit , and thus stay its universal dominion ?
If we yield , then we shall bfl driven back to those horrors that were the features of the factory system , before there was any legislative interference ' . —when "the passion for gain" indulged itself in the " cheap labour" of the unfortunate children from the metropolitan and other workhouses ^—who were transported to the factory districts — and there ( banished from parents and friends ) were subjected to such tortures , such agonizing and unheard-of cruelties , as never before—either on black or whitewere inflicted on human beings ! I do not exaggerate —the records of the unregulated factories exceed in cruelty those of black slavery ! And why ? The white slaves eonld be replaced at less cost than the black slaves , consequently , " gain" being the only object of their employers—" cheapness" being their
idol—the poor , victims were clothed , housed , and fed , more like swine than human beings ; their labour was only limited by their power to move ; every painful stimulant that cruelty could invent being applied to prevent their sleeping while at work ! With these most astounding facts before them , Mr . Cobden , Mr . Bright ; and their colleagues of the League , deprecate legislative interference ! It isnonsense to tell me " those are bygone crimes . True , the monster of selfishness has Been ieurbed by law ; but the principle of the League is to unfetter him— "torestore his power to torment , tobrutalise , to slay ! " and , remember , he now rules triumphant over Queen , Bishops , and Lords . He has only one barrier left—his slaves . Iwabn ibem . Mr . Cobden and Mr . Bright may try to smooth
down his ugly features—the latter may ( as I have heard him in the House of Commons ) sneer at his " Billy rollers " - ( wbnld that the forms of "the house" would have permitted me to reply )—it is my duty to show his real character . They ( Mr . Cobden and Mr . Bright ) would leave the wolf and the Jamb to make their own bargains and arrangements ! They would not have "the employer arid the employed " to be interfered with . " I know the naturo of mtk " mutual contracts . " I lave seen their effects in sorrows , in woes that are inde . scribable ! " Why do not these philanthropists of tie League , for very shame—build hospitals for their cripples , Thousands of them are now kept ny the rates I Surety a part of their countless wealth might be thus
applied ! But no , neither factory cripples , nor maimed , nor mill-made orphans , nor widows , are cared for by them—these t ( have made their own bargains '—they and the parishes—are paying the penalty ! I ask the operatives of that district ' which' 18 to govern the nation ?"—to reflect on the horrors of the factory system , even after the " apprentices" were protected from the cruelties of their Free-trade task masters , by law , and say , shall we suffer the more recent restrictions on the factory masters to be rescinded , or strive to limit the labour of factory workers to the ability of rational creatures ? I have not forgotten the cruel demands made upon the factory workers by "that passion for accumulation , that inextinguishable passion for eain , that has no
limits "—by that spirit of " competition" that resolved to make the factory slaves " valuable to those above them . ' I have witnessed how men , women , and children were "deteriorated" ( for want of protection ) , when made " to compete with a cheaper , better , or more rapid mode of production ! " I ask the factory workera , if the Lords and Bishops are dismayed by the power of unrestrained and unregulated " competition ' . "—Are they disposed to prostrate themselves before the spirit to whose cruelties they have once been the victims ? Do they —( if they do J do not)—do they forget the labour of mere infants five , six , and seven years old , male and female , working from twelve to eighteen hours a day ? Walking through frost and snow some miles to work and home ! Sometimes not even allowed a moment for meals . Are the tears of those poor infants no longer remembered ? God has not forgotten them ; nor how they were tortured to keep them awake at their
killing labour , by heavy blows from fists , and kicks from ; feet with heavy clogs , and stripes from thongs with nails inserted to make them cut more keenly ; or how they were seized by the hair and dashed upon the factory floor , or were thrown into a tub of cold water to make them start from sleep ! God has not forgotten the hundred schemes of torture invented and practised under the reign of that demoniacal spirit which now rules the governors of this so called Christian land ! 1 have seen the backs of infants ploughed with the factory strap ! I have wept over the bleeding scalp , torn by the rude hand of the overlooker ! I have held the severed locks of infancy thus cruelly riven from the quivering scalp ! Can we ever forget the weary infants unable to travel homeward—laying in the lanes—or carried by their elders—being , when arrived at home , unable to masticate their food for very weariness—nay , even dying of excessive toil !
Aud then the morals of the unrestrained factory system ! It is lawful to describe the immoralities of black slavery—those of the factories are not to be rehearsed ! else I could tales unfold that would make the worst of the black slavers c ongratulate himself that his plantation is not a factory ! Sir , I do not over-colour the vices of the system ; I have been present when a black slave owner has exclaimed in the presence of factory masters , unefcr iheir admissions , "Till now I thought to bo a slave holder was to be of the most degraded class—but I am thankful we are not as bad as you are !" Well , then , I ask the men who know of what I write—shall we yield to that fell spirit ? If the Bishops and Lords are silent , Ihave mistaken the men of Yorkshire and Lancashire if no voice answers , "We have tried the spirit—we know its cruelty , and are resolved to restrain its murderous arm !"
Am I asked why I thus write ? My answer is , The League has opposed itself to factory regulation ! I demand restraint . I have been told , too , that the League has deceived Lord Ashley . A friend of his Lordship informed me that the Secretary of the League assured Lord Ashley that" if his Lordship weuld support Free Trade , the League would support the Ten Hours' Factory Bill . " Messrs . Cobden and Bright were , in Parliament , its most strenuous opponents ! Thus is the League the enemy of the Ten Hours ' Bill . That is why ( the Lords and Bishops being silent ) I address those who Mr . Bright says " must govern the nation . " I am , Sir , Yours respectfully , RiCHAan Oastler .
P . S . —II is time that the Protectionists told the people ^ what are their principles . The League are for unlimited , unrestrained freedom in labour and trade . I am for a well regulated and protective system . They would make foreign trade the rul e , and home trade the exception . I assert the converse , being persuaded that the only safe path to domestic p eace and happiness , is to acknowledge home trade as the rule , foreign trade as the exception , always remembering our colonial , is part of our home trade . What say the Protectionists ? R . O .
Letter Iii. Sir,—"It Is Of No Use Attemp...
Letter III . Sir , — "It is of no use attempting to go lack ; Free-trade principles are now established , and we must go forward . " Such is the declaration of persons who fancy that error may lead to truth . I find many , who are alarmed at the last decision of the Legislature , imbibing this notion . I was conversing with a county Member , a Conservative , who did not " rat" with Sir Robert Peel , and it was in those very words that he addressed me . He admitted that , in his opinion , imminent danger to all our national interests was involved in the onward movement ; but he could see no possible chance of arresting it . When
I talked about principle , he sniiled and said , " Principle , Oastler ; it is never thought of now ;—expediency— anything to gain a majority , Wc should be laughed down in the House were we now to talk about principle on any question . " I left tho Conservative ( remember , sir , I am an old-fashioned Torv ) , and fell in with a Peeljte—an old friend , ol whom I had hoped better things . "Well , " said I , "and what do you expect , will be the effect of woar Free-trade vote V " That ' s more than I can tell , " replied the new converfc , " I do not understand it ; Peel say * he do § S , ' "Nay , nay , " I rejoined , "fcii
Letter Iii. Sir,—"It Is Of No Use Attemp...
Robert avowedly pins his faith ~ on Mr ; Cobden , R * r . Sbden on Adam Smith ; and Adam Smith tells you n cannot answer . ' ^ My friend said , "lam sure the fonswmer will be benefited ; but how it will tare with 'he'producer I cannot tell ! I fear the producer will have the worst of it . " . " Then , " said I , " it » clear ydu will impoverish the industrious producer to enrich the idle consumer . " "I fear we shall , but , really , I do not understand the question . " So spoke one , who , I should have theught , would have been the very last man in " the House" to have been led blindfold , either by Sir Robert Peel or any one else .
Well , I next met an ardent Free-trader—one who had written and spoken on the subject many years before Mr . Cobden ' s name was known to fame . He seemed vexed that Mr . Cobden should have received so much praise , and mentioned several ( among the veat , C « louelTbompson ) , who , he said , " haddone much more , and made greater sacrifices for Free-Trade tbaii Mr . Cobden . " On my asking him what would be the result of the Free-trade scheme , he candidly replied , " We can none of us tell , it is a great experiment . Whether it is for good or evil Will be proved by time . "
The above remarks , I " make no doubt , exhibit the present state of mind of the majority of persons composing the three sections of the Legislature to which those individuals respectively belong . Being friends of mine , they spoke without restraint or reserve—in " the House" they would , perhaps , have been more guarded ; there , however , their statements being deprived of candour ,-would have lost their value . Now , Sir , I would ask you , have we not cause , as a nation , for deep humility and unfeigned regret , when we find the most momentous questions , involving the weal or woe of every class among as , thus trifled with ? When we see _ onr national interests c ommitted to the arbitration of those who decide without being convinced , believing that some
one else better informed upon the subject than themselves has solved the problem ? or to such as fancy they comprehend the subject , without being able to form a conception of its effects ? or of those who deem that the whole principle of the measure they oppose is founded in error , and persuade themselves that it is in vain to hope for the triumph of truth , and so give themselves up to despair ? I wish it were certain that this state of mind , so much to be deplored , was confined to the members of the Legislators . I fear that the gentlemen to whom ! have referred but Itoo faithfully pourtray the feelings and opinions of those whom they represent .
What then is the cure for this national disease ? How can the nation be aroused from this nightmare ? ..- ' :: •• ¦ These , Sir , are questions that must bo answered , if England is to preserve her rank among the nations of the earth . It is not my duty to answer them . I look to those whom rank , intellect , " and education have elevated to the proud eminence of leaders . I have proved the utter weakness of the philosophy of the Free-trade school . I have shown that all is
mist , perplexity , and confusion in the mind of the " philosophers . " I have demonstrated the utter ignorance of those who , ia " the House , " prate , " Use your heads ! " I have exhibited the cruelty of the spirit that pervades the " Liberal" principles of this age . I could prove its disorganising influences on society ; but enough ; I have , I hope , convinced the confiding dupes of Sir Robert Peel , that he himself is no Solon—that the most clever statesman of the age has actually been caught in the trap set exclusively for the " vulgar !"
So far , then . I have done my duty . Let those who hope to steer the vessel of State through this storm and mist show—How . I am Sir , yours , respectfully , Richard Oastler . London , Julyj ' 1846 . P . S . There is " no mistake" about those whom Mr . Bright says " must govern England . " They are ever open to the influence of truth . It is for those at the helm to point the way . R . O .
Contspmtittw^
Contspmtittw ^
"Mr. O'Connor And Mr. P. M, Mtowall." To...
"MR . O'CONNOR AND MR . P . M , MTOWALL . " TO TUB EDITOR OF THE NORTHERN STAR . Sm , —In these days of political changes , when agricultural babies are rocked to sleep in the swaddling clothes of " protection to rent , and the good old constitution ;" and awake after a disturbed slumber , to the cry of " Free Trade " when working men who used to oppose Free Trade only on ground of expediency , can hold a conference at Birmingham , and declare protection tobe " soundinprinciple ; " when an avowedly Whig ministry talks of borrowing ministers from its predecessors , with as little ceremony as a small farmer would borrow his neighbour ' s horse at
harvest time—and members of the House of Commons declare they do not know on which side to sit , 1 ihink after such an education , such a training to change , that the minds of most men are prepared for strange Payings . and no less strange doings ; but I must admit , that spite of all , I was not prepared for a statement made by Mr . O'Connor at the evening meeting on the opening of the Clmrtist Hall at Manchester . Mr . O'Connor is reported to have said , "Mr . Scholefield is amongst us once more , and Dr . M'Dowall has also buckled on his Chartist armour —( loud and long continued cheering and waving of hats )—and every particle of difference that did exist between us , and those who struggled with us before , must perish nnd be for ever forgotten . ( loud cheers . ) The enemy is in the field , and we can only be beaten by our own disunion . "
It i » TMrtyfet two years snwft Kv . O'Covitkk , the Chartists of Todmorrten , Glasgow , & c , brought grave and heavy charges against Dr .. M'Dowall . A tribunal was called at Manchester , for the purpose of examining the evidence in behalf of these charges . The said tribunal , held in Carpenter ' s Hall , at which Mr . O'Connor was present , brought in a verdict of " guilty" against Dr . M'Dowall ; resolutions were pasced condemnatory of Dr . M'Dowall , and the Chartists of Great Britain were nevermore unanimous on any subject than they were in considering and declaring M'Dowall to be a treacherous , dangerous , and bad man .
Now , Sir , if the Chartist body came to such conclusions , after a calm and deliberate examination of facts , I want to know what Dr . M'Dowall has done to entitle him to a renewal of the confidence of the Chartist public , Mr , O'Connor informs us that the said M'Dowallhas" buckled on his Chartist armour . " All the acts of M'Dowall were done under the cloak of Chartism ; it was all to serve the movement , and save the people from being deceived by that" coward , traitor , and dsmapo ^ uc . O'Connor " but it so happened that the people thought differently , and registered their thoughts by walking M'Dowall out of the movement , something after the fashion that they are now practising in the case of " Cooper , the Chartist . " Mr .
O'Connor , on the plea that we can only be beaten by our own disunion , asks us to sink every particle of difference that did exist between us , and those who struggled with us . This is a proclamation of amnesty to all the men whom the people in their wisdom thought they were better without . Well , if it must be so , we will have a union of wonderfully honest fellows ; there will be the "Old Chartist , " Mr . Williams , of Sunderland ; Mr . Philp ; Mr . Thomason , the ex pedagogue of the vale of Leven ; Mr . O'Brien , of Bentinck notoriety ; Mr . Vincent ; Mr . Lowery ; Mr . A . Duncan , " th « mftft t >{ pe & ea j" Petes Murray M'Dowall ; Jonathan Bairstow ; John Watkins ; and the Rev . Mr . Hill . 17 iope Griffin wilt hear of it ; it mag 6 e of service to him , a Wiig government may want him .
The statement of Mr . O'Connor ' s policy contrasts strangely with that of the Chartists in the case of Cooper , If we are to sacrifice all differences for the sake of a union , why think of expelling Cooper from the movement . The people have already done so ; yet Mr . Cooper calls himself " a Chartist . " Now , suppose Mr . Cooper retires into private life for eighteen months , nt the end of which time ho delirera a series of lectures on political subjects . Mr . O'Connor goes down to Manchester , declares Mr . Cooper has " buckled on his armour " —we must forget all the past—Mr . Cooper and Mr . O'Connor are once more friends , and the men of Manchester ( who are now of opinion that Mr , Cooper is a traitor to their cause ) receive the statement with " waving of hats and loud cheers . " I ask what is public opinion worth in such a ca o 1 The enemies of Chartism might well call m a " moo , " To court such public opinion would be mean ; to fear it would be cowardly .
I can only find the cue to Mr . O'Connor ' s statement in a knowledge of his unbounded generosity , I believe him to be capable of forgiving all bis enemies . Such a feeling of benevolence is good in itself ; but when used ndiscriminately , good men lose a sense of its valuebad men tnke tho advantage of it . I must certainly give Mr , O'Connor credit for one exception to his general rule of forgiveness ; and that is his hatred of the Whigs . He will never forgive them for their past actions , and he has good reson not to do so . There is no man in the Chartist movement who will be more willing to co-operate with any honest man , whose motives may have been misunderstood , and who may have been abused by the people owing to such a misunderstanding , than the writer of tliis letter . In such a case I would be proud to acknowledge an error of judgment , and endeavour to mako amends for the injury done .
But in all cases where the difference has not arisen I Irom a misunderstanding , but , on the contrary . Irom j avowed treachery , practical apostacy , & c , I ask fsom tha parly su . nnj ; for paW ' ic favour and confidem- ? , ] open and public acknowledgment of the crimes , of liis past career , as a first step towards the gaining o £ liis object ; without which acknowledgment all union will , he but a hollow thing , distrustful in its nature nnd will , in my npiaion , do more to destroy a rent anion „ f tho friends of Chartism'than any other stenlconld . at jirescnt think of , I nin , yours respectfully , A Member or the Glasgow Branch or the National
Charter Association . r - ~ -You may give my real nWic to any one desirous of knowing it , and whom you think truthfully ititeresUKi in the succeis of ouiooraoi
"Mr. O'Connor And Mr. P. M, Mtowall." To...
fOtM ^ MiEiitTES ^ OF ^ THEiNATlOML ^ CHAn TIST ASSOCIATION lABOUT ; TO ASSEMBLE , Al ; LEEDS . _; . ! . , ; ; - ' -. ; ]_ ; V '¦'¦'¦' , [ : ¦ ' , ' ., Oewtiemeh . —From a notice In the Star a short time ago it was understood that the Chartists , of Bolton proposed to raise a subscription to ' -present Mr . Feargus O'Connor with a g-old medal and chain , as a testimonial of that gentleman ' s increasing exertions in the cause of freedom ; and in a later number ^ I find that the Char , lists of Newport have resolved that . £ 500 out of the sale ot Carpenter ' s Estate should be presented to Mr .
O'Connor . Now , gentlemen , I do not think that either of these propositions are sufficient to compensate Mr . O'Connor for all the losses , pecuniary and otherwise , which he has sustained in tlie cause ; and it is my bumble opinion that by appealing to the Chartist community of this kingdom , a sum sufficient to raise an annuity for Mr . O'Connor and place him on a level with the other agitators of the day would be readily acceded to , and it would only he in ac cordance with ' the principles of the Charter- — " Payment of Members . " I think that so long as things remain as they are , we are violating that principle .
When we consider that Mr . O'Connor has sacrificed his fortune , his time , and his practice at the bar—for thivell being of the working classes of this country , should we be unmindful of returning to that gentleman wtiatisin reality due to him . Gentlemen , were you to search the United Kingdom through , could you find a man to go through the work he has done ? Could you find talent , integrity , uprightness and straightforwardness , tlie nerve and the ability such as Mr . O'Connor possesses ? No ! in a word he is all we want and all we could wish , and shall it be , as he has told us in his defence against Cooper , "I shall die a pauper ? " Ifo , gentlemen , it must not be solet the question be brought forward at your sitting and an appeal be made by the several delegates throughout the country and the work is done ,
: lam well aware that Mr . O'Connor's good and generous mind would oppose such a proposition , but , that ought not to deter us from doing out duty . In conclusion I would beg leave to intimate that if you would crownhis exertions with success you must strengthen his hands , and by so doing you willlet the world see that wo value Mr . O'Connor above all men , not merely by votes of confidence , bnt by something more substantial . I remain , gen tlemen , your obedient servant , William Russell . Fishpond-house , Broughall , near Whitchurch , Shropshire .
Cooper's Resolutions.
COOPER'S RESOLUTIONS .
To The Editob Of Thb K06thebn Stab. Sib,...
TO THE EDITOB OF THB K 06 THEBN STAB . Sib , —In reference to the resolutionswhtch it is stated Mr . Cooper the Chartist ! is about to propose to the forthcoming Convention , I would with your kind permission make a few observations . By the flrstof these missiles it would seem that Mr . Cooper ( if ever he was ) is now unacquainted with Chartist Sentiments and only anxious as a last political source to keep himself before tho public . Notoriety being apparently , his hobby no matter at what expense to integrity and principle , Mr . Cooper would have the Convention "deplore" the " physical force" acts of parties whose zeal led them on to the sacrifice of their liberty : he would have the Convention , by deploring , convict themselves ot a participation in those acts , and were they to " solemnly declare" their " abandonment" and
"disavowal" of them in the manner in which it is proposed , they would therby sanction the acts of the government , and irrevocably seal ; the door of mercy and justice against the unfortunate exiles , Frost , Williams , and Jones . It is not enough Sir , that the government goaded the people to acts of madness and desperation by its long continued system of misrule , that it punished the victims who fall into the snare which was laid for them , and that it holds within its iron graap the persons of men who aro and ever will be dear to the people against the voice of public opinion , without having such a cry raised by one who should be more honest ? He } to call on the representatives of labour to , denounce labour ' s champions ! The Convention of the people to denounce John frost
and his companions !! And " solemnly promise" to "discountenance" his conduct for . the future ! Cooper , Sir , must know aud does know that the Chartists Jo deplore and discountenance physical force as much as any man living , but Cooper is mayhap trying to fdse himself into the faction which is forming , and which has for its object the ruin of Chartism . The Convention will ,. I am confident , treat this resolution as the world will treat its author , when time will have brought with it opportunity for reflection . And no matter whether he takes refuge amongst tftat faction , - or hides himself in " Purgatory , " the voice of public opinion will reach him , even though he should shadow himself under the wing of the last traitor to his country and his cause . Dan , even Dan , cannot save him .
The second resolution ought of right to be discussed in the stables of Prince Albert's horses ! but as I would not have the Convention to demean themselves by such associations , and as Mr . Cooper insists uponthe "tolerance" of the " opinions of others" who can tell but one of those learned' animals , whose education cost the people £ 70 , 000 , Jmight open bis sapient mouth , and deliver an oration on the relative value of men and horses , Does Mr . Cooper think because the people cannot climb Parnassus , or because they do not lift their heads above the clouds , or pry into the secrets of " Purgatory , " that they cannot nevertheless understand the language of nature and common sense , with its thousand voices ringing in the very vitals of suffering millions 1 Are they , because they do not chance to know Latin for bread , or Greek for buttermilk , te be branded as "low , " ' ¦ vulgar , " " abusive" and "immoral" characters .
Alas ! poor mortal . The spirit of darkness cannot bear the sunlight , and thus they spit their spite against a little " STAR" light ! " Lucifer was bright , " and he would shine alone , but being eclipsed and punished for his ambition and ingratitude , he , with a spirit of vindictiveness , wages war against everything superior to himself , but cowardlike , uses the mark of virtue and " morality ! " to cover his insidious advances . Genuine Chartism can bear the light , and it matters not whethor Mr , Cooper ' s vision be unable to bear Star light so long as the people have their eyes open . The third resolution is scarcely worth observation , and I will just remark that , as far as I have reason to judge , Mr . O'Connor eannot ha spared just now from tne movement , Nor do 1 think the people would be quite satisfied , even though an angel came express from heaven to take him ,
It is plain , sir , to preserve peace , law , and order , to obtain the Chanter morally , educationally , modestly , and genteelly , we must still retain the only light left to guide us on our perilous course . Ana in order to Veep peace with sovereign powers , Mr . O'Connor must not be permitted to either ascend or descend from the sphere vrhef 6 he now is at the will or pleasure of an ambassador-extraordinary , whom I have no doubt will be furnished by the convention with his passports to return to . his Government forthwith . Before I close , I would just ask 1 { it be true that Mr Cooper has become a member of the last new sect ;
they are said to be a highly patriotic society called the Anti-morali physkiahaivivu OariUmians ; it is further said that their exceeding modesty and astounding philanthropy has induced them to curtanjmore than one-half oi the syllables of their name in charity to the ignorant , particularly of the Chartists . Their address is every , where , but their honest y and consistency Is of necessity go subdivided betwixt the members that you cannot find a particle of it anywhere . I have the honour tp be , Sir , Your most obedient servant , W . H . CLIFTON .
Fatal Accident In The London Docks.—On Mon
Fatal Accident in the London Docks . —On Mon
Day Afternoon An Inquest Was Held Before...
day afternoon an inquest was held before Mr . w . Baker , jun ., at the Duke of Wellington , Cannon Street , St . George ' s-in-the-East , on the body of Robert Weston , aged forty , late watchman in the Loudon Docks . It appeared from the evidence that on Saturday evening last the deceased was standing on the gunwale of a barge lying in the Wapping basin . He was ordered to go on shore by his foreman , when his foot slipped And he fell into the water , and immediately disappeared . Sororal labourers repaired to the spot , and succeeded in recovering the body shortly afterwards , but he was quite dead . The jury returned a verdict of "Accidental Death . "
Destructive Firh at Paisley . —On Wednesday evening , shortly after the workmen had retired from the Underwood Cotton Mill , the alarm was given that fire had brokeu out iu the garret-room iu the western section of the mill . Shortly after tho fireengines and a party of soldiers from the barracks , wllOBO services were invaluable , were on the spot , but all endeavours to arrest the progress of the flames were ineffectual , and the care of the firemen was concentrated in the adjoining residence of Mr . Orr , which was fortunately saved . In about three hours the mill was burnt to the ground . The factory was one of the nldost and largest in Paisley ; it contained about 30 , 000 spindles , and gave employment to upwards of 500 people , who by this sad calamity are all thrown idle . The property was insured for ; £ 20 , 000 , which , it is expected , will r , oyer the loss .
Firk at Hoxtoi . —On Saturday morning a lire which threatened very serious consequences , and bv which a man named Jobyi Lloyd was dreadfully burn ) broke out on the premises of Mr . Osborne , glort eleanor , opposite tha King ' s Arms , Hig ' a-street [ lexicon Old Town . It appears that tho mr . n wascu gay . ed in the still room , the door of which , was shul at tho time , where he was distilling a composition ol vchicli turpentine forms a large portion , and which if used to clean the gloves with , when by some mcani or other , whiehdo not clearly appear , hut suppose . tho of
to be boiling over the compound , it took fire and the whole place was filled with flames whici hurst forth from tho door aud wiuduwa of the room The screams of tho unfortunate tuan brought som i » f the neighbours to his assistance . A cab was pre cured , and he was immediatel y coMoyed to St . 13 ai cliolnmew s Hospital , where he now I ^ ea iu « m < agony , beins severely burnt about the hands , arm and face . Some ot the other workmen returned fro tlioir break tnsts , together with tho noiuhbouva thro Inrge quantities of wsAm into the place to which tl flumes were tlwveby confined .
Day Afternoon An Inquest Was Held Before...
|^ - ^ FESTIV ^ L-ATiTHE-NATIONALHALL . - On Monday last , there , was a soiree to celebrate the fourth anniversary ^ of the National Association for Promoting the Political and Social Improvement of the People , in the lecture-room of the Institution . High Ilolborn ; W . J . Fox , Esq .. in the chair . After a lengthy speech irom the chairman , ,. Mr . Beoos' proposed the first sentiment , which was " May the working classes be speedily convinced that one of their highest duties is the moral , social , and political enlightenment of themselves , their fa . milies , and their brethren , and that limited means
, with combined efforts , would soon enable them to achieve this great object , and thus make education effective , independent , and truly national , instead of restrictive , sectarian , and governmental . " The sentiment was supported by H . Parry , Esq . Mr . W . Lovett , in a brief and forcible address , proposed the next sentiment .: — " The unenfranchised millions—may a deep sense of their political degradation stimulate them to fresh exertions in favour of their political rights ; and may the next public triumph over legislative monopoly and injustice be . the peaceful and legal attainment of the People ' s Charter . "
Mr . Elt submitted the last sentiment : — " The principles of peace and brotherhood—may they take deep root and spread widely among the nations of the earth , and may the industriouB millions , who are now the principal victims of war and warriors in all countries , urge their rulers to establish a Congress of Nations for amicably settling all national disputes . " Which was supported by Mr . G . M . Thompson . After which the proceedings terminated .
Sanferupte Set*,
Sanferupte Set * ,
(Tram Tutsday's Gazette, Jt/Xy 28, 1816....
( Tram Tutsday ' s Gazette , Jt / Xy 28 , 1816 . J BANKRUPTS . F . B . Kettle , horse dealer— W . M'Dowall and It . Brown , Pemberton-row , Gough-square ; printers—F . Macgueen , Iieadenhall-strect , merchant—C . Burrows , and J . Gliddon , Plymouth , beer brewers—E . Evans , Bristol and Weston . supcr . Mare , Somersetshire , silk mercer-J . Carlisle , West Derby , Lancashire , builder and mason—J . S . Chadwick , Manchester , calico printer—E . J . Inehley , Drayton . 'I . eicestershire , corn'dealer— "W . Inehley , Dray , ton Leicestershire , coal dealer—J . Coates . Leominister Herefordshire , tailor and grazier—A . W . J . Mason ' Edgbaston , Warwickshire , builder—T . S . Smith . Vfeflnes ' bury , Staffordshire , carpenter and cabinet maker—T C * Fletcher , Nottingham , glass dealer and chemical manure ' merchant— WY G . W . Tayler , Tywardreath , Cornwau " surgeon and apothecary . '
dividends . In the Country . R . Marsden , Brynmawr , Brecknockshire , linen and woolendraper , Aug . 25 , at eleven , at the Court , Bristol—J . Harrison , Liverpool , merchant and commission a ent . Aug . 21 , at eleven , at the Court , Liverpool— W . B . Paltinson , Liverpool , currier and leatherseller , Auj » . 27 , at twelve , at the Court , Liverpool—B . Foulkes , * Soughton , Flintshire , cattle salesman and milkman Aug 05 at eleven , at the Court , Liverpool . DBCIABATIONS OJ DIVIDENDS . J . "W : Itogers , Lewis , Sussex , draper , 8 s 3 d , on Fridays between tho hours of twelve and three , at the office of Mr . FollettrVSambrook-court , Basinghall-strcet . . T . Standen , Pudden-lane , Maidstone , brewer and beerseller , 4 s 5 d , on Fridays ,. between the hours of twelve and three , at theoiffice of Mr . Follett , 1 . Sambrobk-court , Baslunphall-street . J . Mirls , Manchester , butcher , 3 s 4 £ d , on Tuesdays , between the hours often and one , at the office of Mr . Hobson , 72 , George-street , Manchester . '
B . Sayle and T . ; Booth , Sheffield , and Tinsley park . Botherham , Yorkshire , ; ironmasters- and coalmasters . Is 6 d . on Tuesdays , between thr hours of eleven and two , at the office of . Mr . Kynaston , 4 , Commercial-buildinKS . Lesds . J . Sugden and D . Sugden . Springfield and Huddersfleld , Yorkshire , fancy cloth manufacturers , Is Id , oa Tuesdays , between the hours of eleven and two , at the office of Kynaston , Commercial-buildings , Leeds . J . Sugden , Sprinefield and Huddersfield , Yorkshire , fancycloath manufacture , 9 s Sid , on Tuesdays , between the hours of eleven and two , at the office of Mr . Kynaston i , Commercial-buildings . Leeds ,
W . Wilks , Leads , builder . and stonemason , 7 s . on Tues days , between the hours of eleven and two , at the office of Mr . Hope , 7 , Commercial-buildings , Leeds . J . Pemberton , Knostrop , Leeds , soap boiler , 6 Jd , on Tuesdays , between the hours ot eleven and two , at the office of . Mr . Hope . 7 , Commercial-buildings , Leeds . J . Btainthorpe , Hexham , Northumberland , brewer , 2 d , on Saturdays , between the hours of ten and three , at tho office of Mr . Wakley , 111 , Pllgrim-street , Newcastle-on-Tyne . S . Archer , Rochdale , woollen manufacturer , Is 3 d , on Tuesdays , between the hours of eleven atd one , at thft office of Mr . Praser , 35 , George-street , Manchester . G . C . Green , George-yard , Bucklersbury , wholesale stationer , 2 s Id , on Saturdays , between the * hours of eleven and two , at the office of Mr . Edwards , 7 , Frederick ' splace , Old Jewry . S . Pursell , Satrand , ironmonger , 2 s , " on Saturdays , between the hours of eleven and two , at the office of Mr . Edwards , 7 , Frederiek ' s-placo , Old Jen-ry .
R . G . Fox , Canterbury , wine and spirit . merchant , 4 s 3 d , on Saturdays , between the hours of eleven and two , at the office of Nr , Edwards , 7 , Frederick ' s-place , Old Jewry . P , W . Carter , Brewer-street , Golden-square , woollendraper- 5 s , ou Saturdays , between the hours of eleven and two , at the office of Mr . Groom , 12 , Abchurch-lane , P . V 7 . Carter and J , Jackson , Brewer-street , Goldensquare , woollcndrapers , 8 d , on Saturdays , between the hours of eleven aud two , at the office of Mr . Groom , 12 , Abchurch-lane . G . Dickinson , South Portman-mews , Portman-square , farrier and blacksmith , Is 4 d , on Saturdays , between the hours of eleven and two , at the office of Mr . Groom , 12 , Abcliuveh-lane . E . Burnett , Riehes-eouvt , Lime-street , merchant , 8 s , on Saturdays , between the hours of eleven and two , at the office of Mr . Groom , 12 , Ahehurch-lane . T . Johnson , sen ., W . Johnson , and C . Mann , Romford , bankers , 2 d , on Fridays , between the hours of ten and four , at the office of Mr . Follett , 1 , Sanibrook-court , Ba . svnghaU . strect .
B . Clayton , Edgeware-road , licensed victualler , 3 d , o Fridays , between the hours of twelve and three , at th . office of Mr . Follett , J , Sambrook-court , Basinghallstreet . J . A . Dow , Romford , draper , 9 | d , on Fridays , between the hours of twelve and three , at the office of Mr . Follett , 1 , Siimbrook-court , Basinghail-strcet . S . Rogers , Dale-hall , near Burslem , Staffordshire , earthenware manufacturer , 8 d , between the hours of eleven and two , at the office of Mr . Yalpy , 13 , Waterloo-street , Birmingham . J . Rowles , Leicester , worsted-manufacturer , 9 Jd , on Thursdays , between the hours of ebven and three , at the office of Mr , Christie , 7 , Waterloo-place , Birmingham . KOTICES OF CERTIFICATES . In the Country . N . J . Reed , Marlborough , Wiltshire , licensed common brewer , Aug . 24 , at twelve , at the Court , Bristol . At the Court of Review , Aug . 48 .
W . Dale , Liverpool , bricklayer—S . Whatley , WiUiamstrcet , Lisson-grove , grocer—C . Clarke , Goswell-road , and Cranbourn-street , draper—J . Jarvie and 3 . Rowley , Newton , Manchester , silk manufacturers—S . M . Latham , Dover , banker—T . D . Brown , Liverpool , commission merchant—C . J . Edmonds , Bluntisham , Huntingdonshire , apothecary—B . M . Ryder , Kingston-upon-Hull , grocer .
? KMSEXSHl ? a DISSGWM , R . B . Girault and J . Richardson , Steward-strcet , Spitalfields , silk-manufacturers— "W . and C . E Newton , Yernonstreet , Biignigge-wells-road , cabinet-makers-J , Nicholls , and T . Hnllum , Longton , Staffordshire , earthenware-manufacturers—L . Lloyd and J . Dawson , Manchester , stock brokers—J . Lee and W . Shore , Manchester , cotton-merchnnts-E , Mayger and W , H , Cowhnm , New Brentford , millwrights and engineers—G . and H . Case , Milbourne , St . Andrew , Dorsetshire , button-manufacturers—G . and H . Case , Milbourne St . Andrew , linen-drapers— TT . S . Shove and W . A . Trill , Blickheath , liiiendrapers—Susannah
Holcbroolt and Sarah Sterling , Edgivare-road , schoolmistresses—F . Searancke and F . J . Soarancko , St . Alban ' s , brewers—M . L . Phillipsou and IT . A . Joseph , Budge row , City , perfumers—G . Harris and J . Redfern , Manchester , stock brokers-Elizabeth Jane Bertie and Mary Couldwell Colo , Rcgent's-park , milliners—T . M'Dougal , E . M . Sambourne , and R . Bell ( so far as regards T . M'Dougal ) , St , Paul ' s Churchyard , warehousemen— W , Galbraith and J . Wilson , Manchester , publicans—T . Ovington , C . Warwick , T . G . Ovington , and M . OvinKton , Cheapside—O . Corbett and E . Lowty , Stourpovt , Worcestershire , coal * merchants .
INSOLVENT PETITIONEBS . William Holmes , CIerkenwell-green , butcher — . John Porter , Sun-street , Bishopsgaie , shoe mercer—Geotfgd Sudden , Bruton , Somersetshire , shopman nnd traveller-John Edivnrd Stammers . Broadway , Essex , omnibus conductor—Henry Davis , Elizabeth-place , Old Kent-road » carman—Peter Houghton , Wood-street , sob-railway con-, tractor—Daniel Elliott , Victoria . place Old Kent-road , merchant ' s clerk—William Watts , St . George-street , Sti Goorgc-in-the-East , baker—Richard Bailey Borer , Whitecross-street , Old-street , tea dealer—Thomas Cook , Howlnnd-street , Fitzroy-square ,. watch maker—Jacob Kuren * Dalston , grocer— Qeorge Ahtsn-orth , Oiwtham , Orcadian * biscuit baker—Jane Kelly ,. Deptford ^ . Hghterman—James Marshall , Horton , Yorkshire , grocer— Samuel Ros * Bradford-moor ,. Yorkshire , beer-seller—John Pell , Horton , Yorkshire , tea-dealcr-Epiiraim ll & rrte , BristoJ ^ general
hardwnremnn—Charl «& Booth , Broughton , Lancashire , butcher—John Peppsiv Liverpool ; pilot—John Boardman , Liverpool , flour deo . ' tev — Patrick Boyle , Livenpool covr keeper' —John Sharpies Hallows * Liverpool surgeon andi apothecary—William Brett , Liverpool , tcmjxwance hotel keeper—Thomas Fox , Air Balloon-hill , Glou « estershiie , huckster—William Withers , Jan ., Lawrence-hill , Gloucestershire , horse dealer—William Clark , Fsome Selweod , Somersetshire , p lumber—John Carr , Cheltenham , coach smith and stationer—Geoj-ge Matthews ^ lieptford , tailor and habit maker—John Bitistoad , Alton , Southampton , cabinet maker—William Ward , New Korth-street , Finsbury , circular sawyer—Donald M'Phejrson , Ipswich auotioner—William Warden , Sumiuer ' s-town , Oxfcrd , chair
maker—Thomas Dray , Fettw-lane , coachmaa — Meury Mnyiiui'd , Long-lane , flernioiidsey , baker—Aames Beaumont , Mould-greetu liuddersfield , cloth dressur— Jeremiah Yuting , Beverley , Yorkshire , sexton— WiVSam Watkins , Monmouth , Monmouthshire , plasterer—William Parker , Halifax , stone dclvor — Thomas Crousison , Bradford , Yorkshire , small shopkeeper—Daniel Wilson , Horsfo rtli , Yorkshire , stone mason — Charles Smith , Friar-ga ^ i Derby , joiner and wheelwright—John Hacklier , Liverpool , whitesmith and buor-sullcr — Thomas HeuricKi BivUuunsavl , Cuestcv—John Beaumont , UrAm , Yorkshire cloth finisher—George Frobishcv , Lced- * , apothecary — Henry Wilson , Sheffield , confectioner—Thomas Wardkv Charle s Seville , Sheffield , wai'chousvnu 4 n—Daniel Greaves Shofliold , ivuullcit cloth merchant .
| SCOTCH SEQUESTRATIONS . \ U . Morrison , Inverness , boe ' sscllcr aud stationer , t * , [ meet within tho Caledonian Hotel Inverness , Any . 4 * iv , at twelve . , , „ : J . 15 . Maxton , and J . Dixon , Leith , founders rttnl ™ o' ' 1 nccrs , to meet within tlie Waterloo Hotel , Waterloo-pl " UdidbuvBh , Aug . a mid 51 . ut tui'ue . . , ) , \ . \\ Dixon , RuUiuui'gli , banker , to meet witlmi '"" Royal Oak Hotel , altoa , AAJg . -t andt' 2 , at twelve .
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Aug. 1, 1846, page 6, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_01081846/page/6/
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