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TO THE WORKING CLASSES.
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t My dear Friends, a It was my intention...
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C&art&t £tttellcgreure
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TO THE MEMBERS OF THE NATIONAL CHARTER A...
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FORTHCOMING MEETINGS. Assembly RooHs.-Mr...
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®|t ^iri ijim Mint AND NATIONAL TRADES' ...
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Rational £an& Company
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METROPOLITAN. Dockhxad.—The men of Dockh...
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FORTHCOMING MEETINGS. Carrington.—The su...
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DRM'DOUALL'S MISSION IN THE NORTH. TO TH...
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* Every report of Dr M'Douall's meetings...
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PUBLIC MEETING AT CROYDONTO ADOPT THE NA...
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REPORT OF OCCURRENCES IN POLAND, AND FAC...
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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To The Working Classes.
TO THE WORKING CLASSES .
T My Dear Friends, A It Was My Intention...
t My dear Friends , a It was my intention to have addressed you e some length this week , but , really , press i" business , and all on your account , added to te writing of a treatise on the Land Plan , hich occupies the whole of this month ' s num .
er of the "Labourer , " has made it impossible b address you at all . I have only to say , in eply to our Somers Town friends , that if bey are not satisfied with the addition , of the Land Purchase Department when they read ny illustration of it in the " Labourer , " that ; will publish their observations and my reply . Yours faithfully , Feargus O'Connor .
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To The Members Of The National Charter A...
TO THE MEMBERS OF THE NATIONAL CHARTER ASSOCIATION . BRBUautw , — -The following are the names of the persons whom yon have nominated as fit and proper candidate * for the office of the Executive Committee during the ensuing twelve months , and whose names appeared in the Statiof March 2 ftb ,-viz ., Messrs O Connor , Jones ( Ernest , ) Jones ( of Liverpool ) , ji'Douall , W « st , Donovan , TatteraL . Lloyd , Rosa , ( David ) . Sweet , M'Grath , Wheeler , Clark and Dojle . The General Councillors of the several localities sre , therefore , recaested to forthwith proceed , and pake the necessary arrangement for the taking of y our and their votes , and transmit them to the office , S 3 , Dean-atreet , Soho , London , on or before Tuesday , the ISth instant—By order of tte Executive , CaistopKEft Doits , Secretary .
METROPOLITAN . Soho . —Metropoi . ttax Delegates . —The delegates met at 83 , Dean > street , ' on Wednesday evenjog . Delegates were present from each locality , with the exception of Lambeth , Camberwell , and Marjlebone . Mr Casghlan was appointed to the chair . Several of the delegates expressed themselves as to the course that should be taken to arouse the friends of freedom from the inertness which has for some time back characterised them . Mr M'Grath moved , and Mr Tapp seconded the following resolution : " That the committee pledges itself io use its utmost power to aid and assist Mr Dancombe , in his endeavours to effect the repeal of the ntepaying clauses in the Reform Bill" Carried unanimopsly . The delegates having g iven their
cp inions on the question o ways and means , Mr Snowies moved , and Mr Stretton seconded , " That this committee get np a benefit at one of the London Theatres , the proceeds to be appropriated to the earning out the objects of the committee . " Carried unanimously . Moved by Mr M'Grath , and seconded by Mr Miln , "That each delegate appeal to his locality for pecuniary aid , by loan or other , vise , with which to commence the agitation . " Carried . Moved by Mr Miln , and seconded by Mr ford , "That Messrs Stratton and Knowles be a deputation to make inquiry as to the prices of the Theatres , and to report thereon to the committee at its next meeting . " After transacting some other business , the committee adjourned till Wednesday evening next , at eight o ' clock .
The "Veterans ' , Orphans ' , and Victims ' Committee . —The committee met on Tuesday evening last , Mr Simpson in the chair . Letters were read from Mr Richards , announcing his liberation from his earthly hell . £ 1 each was voted to Messrs Booker and Duffy—and 10 s . each to Messrs Richards and Smart . The committee then adjourned to Tuesday evening , April 13 th . Tower Hauiets . — The local committee met on Tuesday last , at the Globe and Friends , Commercial Road , when the following resolution was passed i—That all persons bring in the signatures they hare for Messrs . Thomas and Hey worth , on Tuesday evenin , April 13 th , at eight o'clock .
PROVINCIAL . Alta . —A public meeting was held in the Hall on Wednesday morning , the 24 th ult . anent the procarnation of her Majesty , Alexander Drysdale in the chair . The following resolutions were unanimously idopted : — " That , in the opinion of this meeting , it is the bad laws , institutions , and arrangements of society , that are the causes of the present distress . " _ " That , in the opinion of this meeting , her Majesty ' s councillors are entirely ignorant of the causes of the present distress , as it is manifest from the nature of the remedy they propose } and that we therefore memorialize her Majesty to dismiss ber present advisers , and draw around her practical men , more suited to the wants of the age . "
Bitstox . —At the usual weekly meeting held at the house of Joseph Linney . on Sunday evening last , tiie case of Daddy Richards was again brought before the members and a subscription entered into , when lis . 5 J . was collected . Mr Linney acknowledges the following sums : —Rochdale , Joseph Fershaw , Is . ; Edward Mitchell , Gd ; George Marsden , 3 d . ; Henry Smith , 3 d . All communications and subscriptions for Daddy Richards to be addressed to Joseph Linney , High-street , Bilston . Birmingham . —At the meeting , at the Ship Inn , on Sunday evening , Mr Stephenson in the chair , the case of old Mr Richards was discussed , when it * as unanimously resolved to vote ten shillings to the Victim Committee .
Brighton . —At a special general meeting , held ia the large room of the Artichoke Inn , on Wednes-Qj the 24 th ult ., Mr T . M . Capell in the chair , Mr Page , after reading the address oftbe " Lerett Testimonial Committee , " proposed a resolution to the effect , that the Chartists were bound to liquidate the fund due to Mr O'Connor ( on account of the Defence Fond ) before taking up any other pecuniary pri'Pitsition . Five shillings were collected for Mr Richards , and a feeling was generally expressed of regret taat proper exertion had not been made in tany localities on behalf of the Victims generally . Derby . — The following have been nominated tattle Executive : —Mr O'Connor , Mr Duyie , Mr M'Grath , Mr T . M . Wheeler , Mr Clark .
Edinburgh . —The quarterly general meeting of the Members of the National Charter Association was ^ eid here on Monday evening , the 22 nd ult ., in the Winters' Hall , Camber ' s Close , High-street . A good i * mbcr of members attended . The minutes having % en read and approved of , and the election of ofh ' ce-«« ers proceeded with , it was unanimously agreed that discussions on the leading questions of the day w got up ; and that the first take place on the eve * Ssng of Monday , the -5 th instant , at half-past eight H-iock in the evening , in the above hall . The
sub-Set t .. be "The Currency . " The debate will be Op ened by Mr ; James Morton . —[ With all deference wour Edinburgh friends , we put it to them whether we d amnable sentence passed upon the Burghead fehennen is not one of " the leading questions of the ky V and whether the means to save these poor & en from the horrors of transportation is not of more immediate consequence , and more worthy of consikratbra than the Currency question?—Ed . N . S . J . XoiiwicH . —At a social meeting held on the 24 th tt ., Mr Attow in the chair , the following resolulons were unanimously agreed to : —
That this meeting is of opinion , that the doctrine that «» present misery and distress tailing upon the people of - - thud is to beat tribated to an all-bounteous Providence a blasphemous , hypocritical , and insulting to God and ^ n ; bat this meeting- believes that h is attributable to government and a grasping , avaricious , monied and anded aiutocracy . " •« This meeting is also of opinion «> t the onl y remedy is , to put the Irish people upon the Mnd and thus assist them in producing for themselves ; «< 1 u maMng the principles of the People ' s Charter the «»* of the Land . "
Forthcoming Meetings. Assembly Roohs.-Mr...
FORTHCOMING MEETINGS . Assembly RooHs .-Mr E . Jones will deliver a |* im of three lectures at 83 , Dean . street , Sobo , comfencing on Sunday evening , April llth , and con . Jjoumg the two following Sundays . Subjects—Middle Class Interest ; " " Byron ' s Werner- " and ^ nog Time Thoughts , " commencing each Sun-¦ * J at half-past seven precisely . C ! Assembly Rooms , DfiAJr-sxcEBr , Soho . — Mr T . » a 1 . T lectute at these rooms , on Sunday evening » , April 4 th ; subject , "The Government Plan " ¦ tducattoo , " ^ BBASEQan _ Thf > mpmVv > ra _ * m maai . ;_ v . ;_ _ -. _ .
a ttmrorth buildings , on Sunday , at two o ' clock in £ afternoon . Mr Cliasett , of Halifax , will ad-* t ? l- e Cn * rti 3 te of Bradford , on Sunday , at two ¦ «* i 0 a , gfternoon > j n the above room . Paw 01 " ~ P nW , c meeting will be holden in the j , ie rooms . Broadmead , on Easter Tuesday next , * iliL ** - takea at ^ e 'Nock . R . Norris , Esq ., 15 " Put m nomination . The Rev . T . Spencer , * od rl , ' **>& the members , and Messrs Clark . * * % fc are invited . MdT * " ~ meetiDg of Teetotal Chartists will ba W w ?** " at 2 ' cIock » ia «> e krgo room , in ia ii , b la ? - Mr Bawden wUl lecture at 6 o ' clock * CnS ng ,. 4 ? " the lccture » P Ktie 8 * N * ^ i ^ for the General CoanciL f -Wi heCkartista will meet at the Ship Inn , ! ^ Sl ° Sonday erenin = ' **& " » » llm -Eiows . -. The West Riding delegate meeting
Forthcoming Meetings. Assembly Roohs.-Mr...
will be held on Sunday , April 11 , ia the association room , to commence at 12 o ' clock . Martubohk . — A members' meeting will take place on Tuesday next , at the Coach Painters' Arms , Circus-street , New-road , on business of importance . The Registration Committee will meet on every Wednesday evening . Merthtr Ttovtl . -Mr T . Clark will visit Merthyr Tydvil , Newport and Chepstow , during the ensuing week . Mr M'Giuth will lecture at the Coach-Painters Arms , Circus street , on Sunday evening next ; to commence at eight o ' clock . NorrrsGHAM . —The Chartists will meet on Sunday evening next , at 8 o ' clock at the Seven Stars , Barker Gate .
Oldham . —Easter Democratic Festival , on Monday April 5 th . —A grand Tea Party and Ball will take place in the "Working Man ' s Hall , Horsedge-street . Tea on the table at half-past 4 o ' clock precisely After tea a public meeting will take place , when the following friends of the people ( who bare been invited and are expected to attend , ) will address the audience , viz , Feargus O'Connor , Esq ., Ernest Jones , Esq ., and William Prouting Roberts , Esq ., and others . RiTEPATiso Curses . —A Pnblic Meeting will be
held at Harrison ' s As emWy-rooma . 9 . Eaat-la & e , Walworth , on Thursday evening , April the 8 th , for the purpose of adopting * petition , praying the abolition of these clauses . John , . Sewell , Esq . will be proposed to the chair ; Messrs P . M'Grath , Ernest Jones , and T . M . Wheeler will attend and address the meeting . The chair will be taken at 8 precisely . Reoistbatios—An Harmonic meeting will take place at the Princess Royal , Circus-street . New-road , on Easter Monday evening , in aid of funds for the above purpose . Chair to be taken at 8 o ' clock .
Rochdale . —Mr sD . Donovan will lecture in the Chartist room , Mill-street , on Sunday evening , at six o ' clock . Subject : "The Government measures for Ireland , and the Irish landlords . " A Tea Party and Ball will take place in the Socialist Institution , Yorkshire-street , on Easter Tuesday . Tea on table at five o'clock . Messrs Doyle and Clark will address the audience . Messrs F . O'Connor , P . M'Grath , Clark , Doyle , and T . M . Wheeler , have been nominated for the Executive . Salvors . —A meeting of members will be held in their room , Bank-street , Great George-street , on Sunday next , at two o ' clock in the afternoon . SnoBBDiTcn . —Mr Lyltyfe will lecture to-morrow evening , at So ' clock , at the Railway-engine Coffeehouse , 122 , Brick-lane . Mr T . M . Wheeler will also lecture at the above place , on Wednesday next , at 8 o ' clock . Subject , " The Effects of a Landed Aristocracy .
Souebs Tows . —The raemb ? rs of this locality are requested to attend on Sunday evening next , at the Bricklayers' Arms , Tonbridge-street , New-road . Spitalfields . —A concert will take place at the Weavers'Arms , Pelham-street , Brick-lane , on Easter Wednesday , in aid of the funds of the Eastern Philanthropic Emergency Society , commencing at eight o ' clock . The sons of Freedom Benefit Society , will meet on Easter Monday evening , at the above house at eight o ' clock . The Silk Weavers' branch of the United Trades' Association , meet every Saturday evening , at the White Hone , Hare-street , Brick- ) ane ; this evening for reading and discussion ; and on next
Saturday for the business ot the society . Chair taken at 9 o clock . The Charter . — A public discussion between Ernest Jones and Archer Gurney , Esqrs ., on the principles of the People ' s Charter , will take place at the South London Chartist Hall , Webber-street , Blackfriars-road , en . Monday evening , the 12 th inst . Chair to be taken at eight o ' clock precisely ; The Committee appointed to get up the Tea Party , at the White Conduit Tavern , on the late Fast Dav , will meet to wind up their accounts , on Wednesday evering next , at the office , 83 , Deanstreet , Soho , at eight o clock precisely .
Toe Metropolitan Delegate Couurrrse will meet on Wednesday evening next , at 83 , Deanstreet , Soho , at eight o ' clock precisely . Tower Hamlets . —Mr C-. Harrison will deliver three public lectures at the Globe and Friends , Morgan-street , Commercial-road ; The first on Easter Sunday , April 4 th , subject , " The moral and political evils of the Stole Church ; " —oa Bandar , April 11 , "The Land ;"—and on Sunday , April 18 , " The six points of the People ' s Charter . " Chair to be taken at 7 o ' clock each evening .
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®|T ^Iri Ijim Mint And National Trades' ...
®| t ^ iri ijim Mint AND NATIONAL TRADES' JOURNAL . VOL . X NO . 498- LONDO ^ SATURDAY . APRIL 3 , 1847 , nn JS ^ J ^ S ^ zZZ
Rational £An& Company
Rational £ an & Company
Metropolitan. Dockhxad.—The Men Of Dockh...
METROPOLITAN . Dockhxad . —The men of Dockhead and Bermond sey held a meeting on Tuesday evening last , at the Dockhead Hall . Mr William Hewitt was unanimously called to the chair , and said that it was the land that furnished government ' with the power it wielded . Cobbett had said , and Feargus O'Connor had frequently reiterated it , that land was the most important subject that could be considered . The other subject for their consideration was the " Charter ;" the rote was also a decided Land question , as great landholders always took care not to let their land to any one whose vote they conld not command ( Cheers : ) Mr Stratton then rose , and moved the following resolution : —
That it is the opinion of this meeting that the plan as propounded by the directors of the National Land Compsny , is not only deserving of the approbation , but also the support of all persons who are friends of the working classes , and this meeting pledges itself to do all in its power to further the objects of the company . He said the Land Company presented to the wondering eyes of the people another miracle , for in less than two years it had obtained fifteen thousand members , and a capital of nearly £ 30 , 000 . ( Loud cheers . ) He knew a man who bar ) been fortunate enough to obtain , by the ballot , an early location . He had previously worked so hard at his occupation
that it had affected hiseye sight , and yet with this incessant application to labour , he could scarce obtain an existence ; but he had , by pinching his belly , managed to pay up his shares in the Land Company , and so highly did he value his prize share , that he would not take £ 500 for it . ( Loud cheers . ) Mr Thorpe , in seconding the motion , cited Mr O'Connor ' s tables , showing how the allottees , from the allotments as specified by the company , could derive more in value than could be obtained in the competitive market at the present day for thirty shillings weekly , and yet , at the year ' s end , have a surplus of some £ 30 .
Mr P . M'Gbath , on rising to support the motion , was most warmly greeted , and said he knew the adage " the day sanctified the deed . " He thought he might paraphrase it , and say the cause sanctified the place ; for certain it was a more righteous cause could not be advocated in any place , and he most heartily wished that all places were used for such hcly purposes as that for which this building ( Dockhead chapel ) was now appropriated . ( Much applause . ) He held ifrto be the duty of all philanthropists , patriots , moralists and religionists , to unite and break down tbefLand monopoly . He knew that prejudice had invested certain individuals with a sort of prescriptive right to have and hold certain portions of our earth as their own ; but he ( Mr M'Grath )
entirely dissented from the doctrine , that any man had a right to monopolise the land , and he did not believe that any man bad any right to take and monopolise the soil , other than such rights as robbery , murder , plunder and spoliation could confer . ( Great appl & nse . ) The land was the great source of every blessing possessed — food , clothing , buildings , everything was derived from it —( Cheers)—yet it was monopolised . Was it not a scandal and a shame that a Duke of Sutherland should retain eleven hundred thousand acres , whilst the men from whose labours he wrung his princely revenue had not so much to call their own as would make a grave in which to deposit their remains at their decease ? ( Great applause . ) It had often been a
matter of surprise to him how it was that the peofile had so long submitted to such gross iniquitiesbear , hear ; -but it was very pleasing now to find that the people were becoming alive to first principles . ( Loud cheers . ) The National Land Company did not wish to carry their object by brute force !; oo , that was left to Louis Philippe in Algeria , and to the three devil kings , of Russia , to perform in Poland —( much applause ) — whilst they met in chapels to consult upon the best means of buying back the Land , which bad been so unjustly taken from them . He knew not why the Land should be kept to feed and fatten wild fowls and useless
animals whilst the people starved . He had now the pleading information to convey to them , that the Nation , Dublin newspaper , had thrown open its columns to them , and its editors tendered the use of their talented pens , and hence he believed the National Land Company would soon become as formidable in Ireland as it had already become in England . ( Cheering . ) Mr Stretton had intimated to them the number . of members in the Land ; Company , also the amount of funds accumulated , and he had no hesitation in saying , that the number of shareholders would soon be quintripled , and that their fund would shortly exceed £ 100 , 600 . Mr M'Grath most lucidly descanted on the great good
the Land Company had already effected , and concladed > most eloquent speech amid the loudest applause "
Metropolitan. Dockhxad.—The Men Of Dockh...
The resolution was then put and carried usani mously . Mr Stallwood read and moved , amid much app lause , the National Petition , which was seconded by Mr Jeffries . Mr Eerbst Jones rose , and said he did not think there were manyia that meeting whocouM sing with cheerful honest hearts " Rule Britannia , as he believed they felt that they were slaves , and for his part he much preferred open slavery to covert slavery , like that of England . ( Hear , hear . ) What had they that they could call their own ? Mr M'Grath had shewn them they had not the land . True , the Poet had said : — Breathes there the man with soul so dead , Who never to himself hath said ,
This Is my own , a » y native land t But he ( Mr Jones ) denied that they could say " my own "—they might say " my native" land . ( Hear , hear . ) They had nothing they could call their own . They were not free ; but , fortunately , the spirit of Chartism had again reanimated them , and frightened their sapient legislators out of a Ten Hours' Bill . But this was of small use , unless accompanied by other measures . It was said that the people were not fit to exercise the franchise , that they were too bloodthirsty ; but he would ask , was it the people who murdered the poor , flying , drowning Sikhs ? ( Loud cheers . ) No ; they denounced war and bloodshed , whilst the Archbishop of Canterbury returned thanks to' Almighty God for the murders that had
been committed , and the blood that had been shed . ( Great applause . ) The principles enumerated in the petition are only such as were ot ancient usage ; and Sir F . Pollock , as well as several of the judges , in 1842 , admitted the legality of Chartism . For his part , he would much like to know why one man should have the vote , and another not . Chartism demanded the vote for men , not money . ( Cheers . ) It was futile to suppose that labour ever could be represented until such time as every man possessed the right of voting for those who make the laws . ( Hear , hear . ) Mr M'Grath had mentioned the Duke of Sutherland . Well , it was somewhat curious that , whilst the papers , on the one hand , told o the poor cotters on his estates starving ; on the other hand , they announced that after Easter some splendid
parties would be given by his Grace at Stafford House . ( Hear , bear . ) The Press also furnished us with another pleasing piece of information , namely , that her Majesty was in a very interesting situation , and that the happy event would take place in August next . ( Loud laughter . ) He was happy to find this "interesting" piece of news gave them so much pleasure , but he was quite sure they would be much better pleased if they could find that the Learned Dr Chancellor Albert had resolved to support his own wife and family . ( Loud cheers . ) However , it would be in vain to look for justice , virtue , or happiness , before the advent of Chartism . ( Much applause . ) The resolution was then put and carried unanimously .
Several shares of the Land Company were taken up . It was also announced , that the hall was opened every Thursday evening , for the discussion of questions connected with the movement . A vote of thanks was carried by acclamation to the chairman , and the meeting was dissolved .
PROVINCIAL . Banbury . —At a meeting of the shareholders the books were audited and found correct , and a levy of threepence laid on . BiRMixoiuM . —On Sunday the members were highly delighted with a report given by Mr Fussell of his tour to the Redmarley estate , on Wednesday , March 24 th , which he described as one of the most beautiful places he ever saw . After entering into minu ' . edetails , he urged upon the members the necessity of supporting their own Bank , as upon that depended their more speedy location upon the land .
Buckinghamshire . —A few patriots residicgiu the town of High Wycombe , being desirous of extending the knowledge of the Land and the Charter into the benighted county of Bucks , set to work , and by a requisition to the Mayor , obtained the use of the town hat ] , in which a meeting was held on Monday evening , March the 29 th . The hall was crowded to excess , Mr George Cole waa unanimously called to the chair . The chairman called on Mr Philip M'Grath , but no sooner had he done so , than up jumped the Mayor , a Mr Wheeler , a brewer and banker , and denounced the National Land Company as . a " monstrous humbng , " which was received with great coldness by the meeting , who evidently took his worship to be the " monstrous humbug . " Mr M'Grath then rose , loadlycheered , andin a clear , forcible , and eloquent manner , shewed the rise and progress of the National
Land Company—detailed its working , its possessions , estates , buildings , and National Land and Labour Rank , the immense number of shareholders obtained in less than two years , and the magnificent capital subscribed in the same brief period . The Mayor again rose , and stated that the gentleman who had so eloquently addressed ithem , had put matters in a different light , than he had at first seen it ; but still he bad his doubts , and thought they should be very cautious . Mr M'Grath having replied to his worship , a vote of thanks was given by acclamation to Mr M'Grath , and a similar compliment was paid to the chairman , and the meeting was dissolved . At an adjourned meeting , Mr Cole was appointed secretary , and ten peisons became shareholders ; and , from the feeling manifested , there is every prospect of a flourishing district of the Land Company being formed in this town .
Crieff . —On the evening of the 22 nd , the members of this flourishing branch of the Land Company held a soiree- in the Weavers' Hall . J . MeAinsh was called to the chair , and gave "The People , the source of all legitimate Power . " Mr J . McNab gave " Feargus O'Connor , Esq ., the Founder ot the Land Plan . " Mr Scrimgeour proposed "The Land Company ; may the exertions of the Directors be crowned with success . " Several other toasts were given . The party broke up at 12 o ' clock . Hull . —The followingresolution hasbeen passed : — That , in the opinion of this meeting , to allow members to be located without ballot , on the condition of paying ap their redemption money , would beinjurious to the poorer portion of the shareholders , inasmuch as it would have a tendency to introduce class interests .
The Hull Branch Land meeting will be held on Monday evening , at 8 o clock , at the Ship Inn , Church-lane , and every alternate Monday . Newton-Abbott . —Messrs Doyle and Clark paid a visit to this place on the Fast Day , and held a meeting in the open air , in the centre of the town . 2 o ' clock was the time named for the meeting , but owing to a misunderstanding , the lecturers did not arrive until near 6 . Although this delay occurred , the anxiety of the people to hear was not at all abated , for , when Mr Clark was introduced to the meeting by the chairman ( Mr J . Elms ) , such asight was presented as must have convinced him that the men of Devon have some faith in the Land Plan , and are anxious , through it , to gain their freedom , both
social and political . Mr Clark delivered anexcellent address , and Mr Doyle followed with one of his telling speeches . Altogether , it was a splendid meeting , and the people were highly delighted . Oswaldtwistle . —At a meeting of this branch , it was unanimously agreed that Lowbands is the most proper place to hold the next Conference . Tokquatv—On Thursday evening , March 25 tb , a public Tea Party and Meeting took p lace in the Temperance Hall . A splendid band was in attendance to add to the night ' s entertainment . Shortly after six o ' clock , the time appointed for commencing operations upon the Eastern beverage and the old English esculents , Messrs Doyle , Elms , and Radley , arrived from Newton Abbott , and were received with acclamation by a numerous and highly respectable assemblage . During tea , the band played several popular and soul-stirring airs . About half-past seven , Mr
Elms was unanimously elected to the chair , and in a brief address introduced Mr Doyle . Mr D . upon rising was received with loud cheers . He addressed the meeting for two hours in a speech replete with lucid reasoning , and was repeatedly applauded throughout . A schoolmaster of the town , and the only man , we ^ are informed , who has heretofore stood forward as the public champion of the landlord and capitalist , and the opponent ot our glorious principles , boasted that he would make an onslaught upon Mr Doyle , and of course demolish him . However , the valiant gentleman ' s courage cooled as the time drew near , and he acted upon the old adage " that prudence is the better part of valour ; " though Mr D was quite prepared to receive his fire , if he had thought proper to pour in a volley , and would have , we are confidcat , returned the compliment in good style .
Forthcoming Meetings. Carrington.—The Su...
FORTHCOMING MEETINGS . Carrington . —The sub-secretaries for the Land Company of the following branches are requested to send two delegates on Sunday next to the New Inn , Carrington , at five o ' clock , on business of importance , namely : —Nottingham , Radford , Basford , Hucknall Torkerd , Lamley , and Carleton . Dewsbory . —The sub-Secretary of the National Land Company , in this district , will attend in the Chartist Room , Bond-street , on Saturday evening , April 3 rd , from half-past six o ' cleck till eicht , and every succeeding Saturday evening .
Forthcoming Meetings. Carrington.—The Su...
Halifax . —Shareholders are requested to meet in the Large Room , Bull Close-lane , on Sunday , April llth at two o ' clock . Hull . —The shareholders ' meeting will be held on and after the first Monday in April . on Monday nights instead of Tuesday nights as heretofore . Members not having paid according to rule , and not doing so onthehrst meeting m April , will have their names erased from the books . OtBHAM .-The Committee will meet on Easter Sunday , at one o ' clock m the afternoon , in the Sehool-roomofthe Working Man ' s Hall . Pudsey . —A public meeting will be held in Pndseyat Green Side , near the Wesleyan Chapel , on Sunday , to explain the principles of the National Land Company , and form a branch of the third section . Several members from Bradford will
attend and address the meeting . Rochdale . —Shareholders are requested to meet in Mill-street , to-morrow , at two o ' clock , to elect fresh scrutineers and other officers , & c .
Drm'douall's Mission In The North. To Th...
DRM'DOUALL'S MISSION IN THE NORTH . TO THE MOTOR OP THE NORTHERN STAR . Sffl , —Having observed that several important n « eUngawhich I have attended were not reported ra thenar , * I take this opportunity of giving a brief sketchof events in the North . I lectured first at South Shields on the Charter and the Land , co a very good audience . I visit it again to-day , March 30 th , for the purpose of adopting the National Petition , at an open-air or gaslight meeting . On Sunday , March 14 th , I addressed the people of Newcastle , on the Quayside . On Monday , the 15 th , I lectured in Nelson-street Room , to a very attentive assembly . Many
questions were put to me , which the proposers themselves publicly admitted to have been answered to their satisfaction . On Tuesday , the 16 tb , and Wednesday , the lfth , I spoke in the Athenreum , Sunderland ; first on the Charter and the Land , and secondly on the Petition . Both meetings were more select than numerous . T also attended a colliers' meeting , and found the spirit of Chartism still active amongst them , and it is high time that oppressed body of men had the power of protecting themselves from the gross riving and reiving of the roasters . The old border system practised by the moss-troopers , was honest robbery compared to the refined cheating of the modern pit troop .
On Thursday and Friday , the 18 th and 19 th of March , I lectured at Shotley bridge , where the petition was adopted , and active measures resorted to to advance the Charter aud Land Movements . On Monday , the 22 nd , we had a very large and enthusiastic meeting in the Town Hall , Newcastle , to adopt the National Petition . The local press , especially the Guardian , has given a full report , and the imparlance of the meeting fully merited the columns devoted to it . Town Halls have now been granted for the same purpose in the following large towns , viz .. Northampton , Nottingham , Leeds , Sheffield , Cheltenham , Hull and Newcastle . That proves that we are making progress by an undercurrent , which , in time , if circumstances are favourable , will influence the whole stream of society . On Tuesday , the 23 rd , I lectured at Birtley , and on Wednesday , the 24 th , at Blyth . Both meetings were well attended .
On Monday . the 29 th , I attended a capital meeting at Winlavton , where the old spirit is still glowing , and far more te be depended upon , because it has been tempered by experience . Wherever I go I find that Chartism has made a silent , slow , but sure progress . The people may seem apathetic , and they no doubt are so , but it is not the apathy of disgust , distrust , or hopelessness at , or of Chartist principles . The people have heard all they can hear in defence of Chartism . They know all they can ever know of ii theoretically . The argument is all on our side . We require to reason no more on that which is so obviously right , so absolutely necessary . The people are convinced , triply convinced , that nothiug short uf me cnaner can remove tncir grievances , but they are pausing to ascertain how they
are to get it . Now it strikes my mind , that no one circumstance can , but many combined , and all of these taken advantage of , may achieve the great aim of a ten-years' agitation . The Petition is one mode that has been adopted , because it acts upon an almost defunct parliament , and is pushed forward at the proper time . It is of vast importance at this particular crisis , and I hope the people will not neglect the time of presenting it with effect . The mere act of petitioning is a farce , but we are so situated now , what with the sham famine of the corn dealers , and multiplied difficulties at home and abroad , that the discussion of the merits of our principles will fall with good effect on the minds of a people already sick and perishing from the results of an iniquitous system of legislation . Besides , France is moving on
the Suffrage question , and the debate on that subject has shaken the government of Louis-Philippe . It the petition is to be presented , it ought to _ have as many signatures as the last one , otherwise it would be infinitely betterto petition separately from towns , and pour them all in together . There is no time to be lost now , and the sooner Mr Buncombe is consulted as to the best and most effectual mode o ? ' proceeding , the sooner will we all be prepared to support him . I hope , therefore , that the Chartist body everywhere will at once meet and consider the question of public meetings , campmeetings , & c , far the adoption and signing of the National Petition . I have found everywhere a most excellent spirit prevailing , which " when once called into operation , should not be allowed to subside . The Land
movement , the Trades movement , and the Registration movement , are all great means towards the great end . It is useless denying the fact , that practical and immediate means will always be received with more favour than distant and uncertain ones . Besides , the Land movement ia a practical plan for enfranchising the people , and in the absence of a better and more certain one for securing the Suffrage , it must be acceptable to thousands , who have been long thirsting in the dry bed of some tormer stream , waiting ; and watching until the waters flow past again . It is with the ( most perfect conviction that but for the Land movement the Charter would have been nowhere , that I always weave in the one with the other ; and I have determined to devote a portion of my time to the furtherance of a scheme , which will
do more to advance our principles than any other , because it is a practical mirror of the intentions of Chartism , whose purity and excellence of purpose no man can dispute . 1 propose strengthening Mr O'Connor ' s hands , as well as the Land Movement , by a series of lectures with illustrations on Agricultural Chemistry , with which I am perfectly familiar . I think they will prove useful , instructive , and amusing . I think no cue will object to me being as useful as I can , so long as I am amongst the people , and unattached to professional duties . Atall times I shall be found "hat I was , am , and will be—a sincere and devoted advocate of Chartism , and the friend and supporter of those who strive to ameliorate the condition of my fellow-men . I remain , Sir , yours truly , P . M . M'Dooall .
* Every Report Of Dr M'Douall's Meetings...
* Every report of Dr M'Douall ' s meetings received at this office has been inserted , —Ed . N . S .
Public Meeting At Croydonto Adopt The Na...
PUBLIC MEETING AT CROYDONTO ADOPT THE NATIONAL PETITION . On Tuesday evening , March 23 rd , a public meeting was held at this place for the purpose of adopting the National Petition for the enactment of the People ' s Charter . The committee had prepared a requisition to the churchwardens , requesting the use of the Town-Hall ; but though they obtained the signatures of thirty-two electors and ratepayers , they were refused , and a subsequent application to the trustees of the Waste Lands met with no better success , The committee were , therefore , constrained to convene the meeting in the large club room of the Ship Inn , High-street . At eighto ' clock , the meeting being numerously attended , including several ladies , on the motion of Mr Clark , seconded by Mr Frost , Mr Hodges was unanimously called to the chair .
Mr Hodges said he would rather the meeting had elected a more competent person ; but , in the absence of the gentlemen who had been invited , htdid so from a feeling of duty , regardless of the consequences . The committee had invited Mr Alcock t o take the chair , but that " gentleman" had not condescended to answer them ; and he thought he was mare fit to exercise the functions of an unpaid magistrate than those of a member of Parliament , to which ho asp ired . Mr P . A . Taylor had also been invited , but that gentleman , who was so warm an advocate of electoral reform four years ago , now thought their demands ill-timed . The subject of the meeting was most important ; they bad assembled there to petition Parliament lor an extension of the suffrage ; bow great an extension the meeting was prepared to suppert he knew not ; but he hoped they would go the full extent , and ask for the suffrage on the broad princip les ot nature and reason ,
Public Meeting At Croydonto Adopt The Na...
Mr FSost moved the first resolution : — That , in the opinion of this meeting , the rights , \\ . bprties , and prosperity of Great Britain can only be secured by giving to every male Inhabitant of the population a voice In the making of those laws which be is cnlled upon to obey ; and , therefore , we call upon the Legislature to enact such laws as shall carry tbeprincipU into praciral effect . Mr Clark seconded the resolution . Mr M'Grath said he fully agreed with the worthy chairman , that the subject they had assembled there to advocate was the most important which had ever occupied the attention of the working elapse * . Was there ono in that meeting satisfied with his present condition ?—was there one there content to bear the
stigma of political inferiority ? What a monstrous anomaly wag our present constitution-an electoral body of 300 , 000 jp an adult male population of seven miliums ! What working man wou'd join a benefit club in which the whole managing power was engrossed by two or three individuals ? Yet the Stste was but a benefit club upon a larger scale . He held that the ninety should govern the ten , and not the ten domineer over the ninety . He contended that every man in the nation had a right to a voice m the making of those laws which he was called upon to obey . There was a time when the Tories maintained that working men had nothing to do with the laws but to obey them ; nor with the taxes , but to pay them ; but he thought no Tory would have the
unblushing assurance to rise in that meeting , and promulgate such a doctrine now . ( Hear . ) Blackstone , the learned commentator on the laws of . England , bad laid down the principle , that no man should be taxed without his consent . That was the opinion ofthe ablest of our jurists —( hear)—and those terrible fellows , the Chartists , asked no more . He contended that taxation without representation was more than injustice—it was a robbery . ( Hear . ) The supporters of class legislation asserted that the working classes were too ignorant to be entrusted with the suffrage ; but he contended that the intelligence among the working classes preponderated over that ofthe upper and middle classes . We were accustomed to regard members of Parliament as beines
of superior wisdom and eloquence ; but he ( Mr M'G . ) who had sat in the gallery ofthe House of Commons , and listened to their frigid harangues , knew better . There were not in that house one hundred and fifty men who were capable of expressing themselves in decent English . A short time since he had waited npon Captain Pechell , with an invitation to a meeting in London , got up in honour of Mr Duncombe ; and Captain Pechell , though he represented the aristocratic constituency of Brighton , declined to attend , on the ground that he very seldom spoke in Parliament , and if he attempted to address the meeting he should be lost in the contrast with the brilliant oratorical powers of Mr Duncombe and Mr O'Connor . He contended that the intelligence of the
working classes had always been in advance of the government ; and he did not stand there to make assertions which could not be supported by fact and argument . When the Corn Laws were forced on the people in 1815 , who opposed them ? The working classes , the men who , led by the brave Henry Hunt , fell beneath the sabres of drunken yeomanry , on the bloodstained field of Peterho ! ( Hear . ) Peel and Russell had now acknowledged that they—potent statesmen as they are—were wrong , and the despised and calumniated working men were right , in their estimation of that measure . ( Hear . ) And when Cobden and Bright were agitating a repeal of those laws , though acknowledging the correctness of the principle of free trade , the working men maintained that their abrogation , unless accompanied by other measures of
reform , would fail to be productive of benefit to thnii class . And what had been the result ? The advocates of free trade bad carried their measures , and , instead of dispensing comfort and happiness among the homes of the industrious millions , it had been followed by reduced wages , decreased employment , and starvation , ( Hear . ) Thousands of our Irish brethren were being hurried to premature graves by the gaunt hand of Famine , and the only remedy the imbecile Russell could suggest was the solemn mockery of a National Fast ! ( Hear . ) What , then , had become of the vaunted superior intcUl ?< mce < jl tucn [; pci classes f vii uie Droad ground of nature and religion , he thought the meeting could adopt no other course than that proposed by their worthy chairman . All men were equal by nature ; there was no difference at birth between the child of the
peer and the child of the peasant , * all social distinctions were artificial , and were produced by circumstances acting and reacting upon the organization , from the cradle to the grave . Neither was there any difference between the close of the aristocrat ' s life and that ef the pauper ' s . The grave levels all distinctions , and the son shines as warmly—the flowers bloom as luxuriously—on the grave of the peasant as on that of the peer ! And when the peer and the pauper stood together at the bar of Heaven ' s tribunal , was there any distinction of persons there ? On the broad ground , then , of religion , of nature , and of justice , he demanded the Suffrage for all , and gave his most cordial support to the resolution before the meeting . ( Loud cheers . ) The resolution was then pat and carried unanimously . Mr . Beare moved the second resolution : — -
That » petition , embodying a full and fair representation of the people in thu Commons' House of Parliament , as contained in tiie document called the People ' s Charter , be now adopted by this meeting . Mr Macarty seconded the resolution . Mr T . M . Wheeler then read the petition , and observed that the stirring address of Mr M'Grath had left him little to say in its support . There was nothing unjust or unreasonable in their demands ; those privileges which they asked for themselves they wished to extend to all . In entering into the social compact , in order to enjoy the advantages and refinements of civilization , man gave up a portion of his liberty to obtain protection for the remainder . But the masses had gradually lost the remains of their liberty , and
now they were assembled to demand freedom for all , tyranny for none . ( Hear . ) Lord J . Russell had declared the Reform Bill to be a final measure ; but he had yet to learn that it was in the power of any man to fix the limits of human progressionlie was sure there was no one in that meeting so utterly selfish , so unutterably depraved in heart , as to desire a privilege for himself which he would deny to his fellow-man . He agreed with Mr M'Grath , that taxation without representation was a horrible injustice , - he contended that the meanest beggar that crawled the streets had a right to the franchise , insomuch as he paid a tnx to government on the crust of bread which maintained his abject existence . He therefore felt great pleasure in expressing his entire
concurrence with the principles embodied in the petition which had been submitted to the meeting . Mr G . Wkeelwv wvW , that though Universal Suffrage was the basis of the plan of electoral reform which had been proposed , there were other measures required to give it full effect . They all knew that a general election never occurred but petitions were poured into Parliament from all parts of the country , complainingof bribery and corruption . The ballot would remedy this deplorable state of things . He considered that seven years was too long a period for the duration of Parliament ; some thought that a
seven yeaw apprenticeship was necessary to acquire a knowledge of legislation , but he contended that Parliament was not a place for those who had te learn their trade , but for those who had already acquired it . ( Hear . ) They were all aware that a property qualification was required for a member of Parliament ; but , in his opinion , a man should be tested by the depth of his mind , and not by the breadth of his acre * . ( Hear . ) With regard to the payment of members , he had found it a sore subject with working-men , who thought thoy had enough to pay already ; but be thought it better to pay the members than send them into Parliament with the
power and opportunity ol paying themselves . ( Hear . ) The last point which he had to comment upon , was the division of the country into equal electoral districts . It was a numerous anomaly that Harwich , with a constituency of 308 , should be represented equally with MaryLbone , with a constituency of 10 , 000 . Neither could he see the justice of giving a vote to a £ 10 limisoliuMcr in Guildford , and denying it to one in Croydon . ( Hear . ) These wpre glaring anomalies whirh ouulit to be amended . He trusted that every one in thu * meeting would not only sign the petirion but alto asabt in promulgating among
bis fdlow-men the principles of Reform , which they had heard enunciated that night . They must remember that " he who allows oppression shares the crime , " and tln : t it was their duty , as men who wished to be free , to aid the emancipation of their fellow-countrymen . ( Cheers . ) The adoption of the petition was then put by the chairman , and carried without a single dissentient . Mr HoDGBS here informed the meeting that the district council « t i ^ National Charter Association meet every Monday oveiling , at 8 o clock , at Loveday s tofiee-housr , Surrey-street .
Mr i host altenvaixk moved a vote of thanks to MesMS M'Grath , T . M . Wheeler and G . Wheeler , toy their able services ; which was also carried unanimously . The Chairman then declared flic meeting dissolved , when numbers pressed forward to sign the petition . Sach a strong and unqualified demonstration in favour of Democracy h ; ta never heen made in Croydon before .
Report Of Occurrences In Poland, And Fac...
REPORT OF OCCURRENCES IN POLAND , AND FACTS CONNECTED WITH THE CAUSE OF POLAND'S ^ REGENERATION . Febr ua by—M a rch , —184 7 . Since the Committee's last report the concentration of Russian troops in Poland has gone on , for the purpose , as is supposed , of overawing the people , and preventing any outbreak , on the occasion of the comp lete incorporation of " the kingdom" with Russia , which it is asserted will shortly take place on the occasion of the Autocrat's ( intended ) visit to Warsaw . Rumours have circulated of the arrest of several Polish patriots at Warsaw , said to be agents of the Polish Propaganda .
The Autocrat has imposed an infamous and disgusting oath upon the priests appointed by the Ecclesiastical Academy at Warsaw . Proftssbg tobelieve in a Deity he makes his God a partner itt his iniquitous tyranny . We have to record thetleath of a Polish patriot ,. named Antony Babinski , reputed to have been one of the agents of the Polish Propaganda . While engaged in the good work of preparing the means for his country ' s deliverance , he was arrested in the month of January last . In his attempts to defend himself , he shot one of the bloodhounds of tyranny ,, a Prussian gendarme , who died of his wound * . For
this act he was tried by a Prussian court-martial , and condemned to be shot . The sentence was immediately , carried into execution . He fell with twelve musket-balls in his breast , and , according to the accounts of the enemy , " died without having betrayed the least weakness ; on the contrary , he repeatedly saluted the people , " who followed the mournful procession to the place of execution . Tyrants and their degraded tools may profess to regard the act for which Babinski suffered as " criminal , " and bis end as infamous ; this committee , on the contrary , justify the said act , honour the patriot , and lament his death—all the infamy of which is , in our eyes , attached to his executioners .
The execution of Babinski was followed by a funeral service at Posen . The coffin used in the ceremony bore a plate , on which was engraved an inscription to the following effect : — " Antony Babinski , member of the Polish Democratical Society , martyr in the cause of his country ' s liberty . " The cross which the martyred patriot had kissed at the execution Xt & $ C . vhibiUd attrrmmdod h \ iuvrols , the leaves of which were distributed to the mourners as relics . In consequence of this sacred manifestation several arrests took place , and one lady has been banished - . —another prool ot the liberality of the Prussian Government . It is stated that the greaj . trial of the Polish prisoners confined for the \> z % t twelve months in the dungeons of Posen , would commence at Berlin on the 1 st of April .
The infaray of Louis Philippe s government is coming to light . The Mine and Moselle Gazette states that proofs exist that M . Guizot was enabled by espionage to detect the Polish conspiracy of last year , of which he duly apprised the Russian , Austrian , and Prussian governments , previous to the outbreak at Cracow , The usual paragraph in behalf of Poland has been inserted in this year ' s * ' Address , " in reply to Louis Philippe ' s speech;—a barren demons ration , of no use t » Poland , and of no honour to
France-The Northern Star of January 30 th contained an " Address of the Polish Democrats to Europe , ' ' one ofthe most eloquent ontl truly noble documents ever given to the world by suffering , but determined patriots . A copy of that " Address * ' has been supplied to each member of the two houses of legislature in France and England , and to each of the Paris and London journals , political and literary . The legislators of the tsvo countries cannot , therefore , now plead ignorance of the Polish question . The people are not so fortunate , for the English journals , with one exception , have combined to stifle the " Address , " the publication of which would have
done so much to enlighten the people . The " one exception" is named above . True , a very few journals notified that they had received the " Address , ' ' and gave a meagre paragraph therefrom ; but the " Northern Star" was the only English journal , so far as this Committee can learn , which published the " Address" in full . There are many journals professing to advocate the cause of freedom , justice , progress and humanity ; but this committee can find but one , the columns of which are always open to the proclamation of the wrongs , and the advocacy of the rights , of the oppressed of all nations , colours , climes and creeds .
A public meeting , convened by this committee , was holden in London on the 22 nd of February , in commemoration of the Cracow Insurrection of 1846 , and for the purpose of petitioning Parliament to aid in restoring the nationality and freedom of Poland . A full report of the said meeting having appeared in the ' 'Northern Star" of February 27 th , it is unnecessary to state more than a record of the fact that resolutions and a petition to Parliament , in accordance with the objects of this committee , were unanimously adopted ; as was also an Address in reply to the " Address of the Democratic Poles to Europe . " The petition adopted at the above-named meeting was presented to the House of Commons , on Thursday , March llth , by Mr T . S . Duncombe , the patriotic member for Finsbury .
A public meeting convened by the " Literary Association of the Friends of Poland" was holden under the presidency of the Marquis of Northampton , at the Freemasons' Tavern , on the 2 nd of March . This meeting was remarkable for the attendance of a number of peisons belonging to the aristocratic classes , and for the determined tone of several ofthe speakers , particularly Lord Beaumont , Admiral Codrington , and Commodore Napier . On the 4 th of March , Mr Hume brought forward the following motion in the House of Commons ,
1 . That this house , considering the faithful . observance of the general act of Congress , or treaty of Vienna , of the 9 th day of June , 1815 , as the basis of the peace and welfare of Europe , views with alarm and indignation the incorporation of the free city of Cracow , and of its territory , into the empire of Austria , by virtue of a convention entered inty . at Vienna on the 6 th day of November , 1840 , by Knwia , Prussia , and Austria , in manifest violation ofthe said treaty . 2 . That it appears , by returnslaid before lama * ment , that there has already been paid from the British Treasury , towards the principal and for the
interest ofthe debt called the Russo-Dutch Laati , between the years 1 S 16 and 1 S 46 , both inclusive , the sum of 40 , 403 , 750 florins , equal to £ 3 , 3 U , W sterling money ; and that the liquidation of theiirinemal and interest of the remaining part of the loan , as stipulated by the act 2 nd and 3 rd of William i V \ , cap . 81 , wiil require further annual payments from the British Treasury until ttieyeor 1915 , amount ing to 47 , 000 , 250 florins , equal to £ 3 , 017 , 187 sterling money , — making then the aggregate paymen t £ 7 , 291 , 666 ; and the average , for each of the 100 years , of £ 72 , 916 .
3 . That the convention of the 16 th of No \ ember , 1831 , between his Majesty the King of Great . Britain and Ireland and the Emperor of ail the Russias , was made to explain the stipulations of the treaty between Great Britain , Russia , and the Netherlands , signed at London on the 19 th day of May , 1815 , and included in the treaty of Vienna ; and by that convention it wus agreed by Great Britain ' to secure to Russia the payment of a portion of her old Dutch debt in consideration of the "oneral arrangements of the Congress of Vienna , to which she had given her adhesion ; arrangements which remain in full force . '
4 , That this house is , therefore , of opinion , that Russia having withdrawn that adhesion , and those arrangements being , through her act , no longer in force , the payments from this country on account of that debt should be henceforth suspended . A three nights' discussion took place on the above resolutions , ( March 4 th , llth , and IGfch , ) which were finally withdrawn . The extraordinary reasons advanced by several of the speakers against the adoption of the resolutions by the House of Commons will for the subject of comment in a future document . Si gned on behalf ofthe Committee , Ernest Jones , President . G . Juman Hakney Secretary .
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t New fnuss .-We have been favoured with the sight of a new truss , the property of Messrs Poole and Co ., which certainly far excels in comfort , and promised durability every other description of truss previously in use . It fits so perfectly and is so constructed that in whatever position the wearer may place him or herself , there is always an equal pressure upon the part affected . By the help of a spring and hinge , this Iruss so adjusts itself as to cause ) not the slighest inconvenience to tho _ wearer . In the construction of this truss copper is used instead of steel , hence the new truss—unlike the old—is not liable to corrode and break . These and other advantages render this truss cheap at any price . lieve that Messrs Butler and Co ., St Paul ' s yard , have been appointed wholesale agent should add that this improved truss is the of a working man , who deserves great credit admirable production . " Fast Bind , Fast FiND . '' -. The Fast the Mansion-house in the most rioid manner tare did not differ from that of any other
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), April 3, 1847, page 1, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_03041847/page/1/
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