On this page
- Departments (4)
-
Text (12)
-
to the May B, 1851. . THE NORTHERN STAR,...
-
^—. ^oeirjj
-
HOPE ON, HOPE EVER, f from the Voices «/...
-
l%eiHfU39
-
Royalty and Republicanism in Italy ; or,...
-
The Heir of Wast Wayland. By Mab y Howit...
-
$ttlMf .amii0*m»it!0.
-
Processor Kiskel's Lectures.—On Monday n...
-
Tns Patent Laws.—On Saturday, by order o...
-
Cmconv in Coffee.—In Belgium, where chic...
-
fc/awim*.
-
The longer the sair of contention is dra...
Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
-
-
Transcript
-
Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
Additionally, when viewing full transcripts, extracted text may not be in the same order as the original document.
To The May B, 1851. . The Northern Star,...
May B , 1851 . . THE NORTHERN STAR , i i . " " —¦ ¦ ¦ — •——¦ —»^ . ^—— - ^ __ . ¦ £ )
^—. ^Oeirjj
^— . ^ oeirjj
Hope On, Hope Ever, F From The Voices «/...
HOPE ON , HOPE EVER , f from the Voices «/ -Freedom . By Geiuld M & ssky . ) flone on , hope ever , though to-day be dark , The sweet sunburst may smite on thee tomorrow ; Tho' thou art lonely , there ' s an eye will mark Thv lonelinc-s , and guerdon all lhy sorrow , Tho ' ihou « 13 ? est t 01 * ' m 0 B" ° M aild sordid men , "With none to echo back thy thoaght , or love lIltM ? Cheer up . p » or heart ! thou dost not beat in vain , While God W over all , and heaven , above thee—Hopooa , Lope ever . I know 'tis hard to hear the bitter taunt , With the heart ' s honest pride at midnight wrestle ; To feel the killing cankerworm of want , While rich rogues in their stolen luxury nestle . For I bave felt it ; yet from earth ' s cold Heal
My soul looks out on coming things , and cheerful , The warm sunrise floods all the land Ideal , And still it whispers to the worn and tearful—Hope on , hope ever . The iron may enter in , and pierce thy soul , But cannot kill the love within thee burning ; The tears of raisery may he thy dole , But cannot quench thy true heart ' s scraphyearniug For better things , nor crush thy ardent trust , That Error from the mind shall be uprooted , That Truths shall dawn , as flowers spring from the oust Aud love be cherishc where hate was embruitcd—Hope on , hope ever . Hope onhope ever , after darkest night
, Comes full of loving life , the laughing Morning , Hope on , hope ever , spring-tide flusht with light , Doth crown old Winter with its rich adorning . Hope on , hope ever , yet the time shall come When man to man shall be a friend and brother , And this old world shall be a happy home , And all Earth ' s family love one another . Hope on , hope ever .
L%Eihfu39
l % eiHfU 39
Royalty And Republicanism In Italy ; Or,...
Royalty and Republicanism in Italy ; or , Notes and Documents refafiiui io the Lombard Insurrection , and to tte Eoyal War of 18 : 10 . By Joseph Mazzisi . Gilpin . The writer describes these papers , speeches , and other memoranda as being notes—not history . Properly speaking , they are what he calls tlieai j for lie seems to have jotted down his tboaghts , reflections on events , corrections of mis-statements , without regard to the rules
of literary art or to the exigencies of any species of established writing . But rough and ondeliberate as tliey appear at first sight , the reader will find that they throw a clearer aud more convincing light on the great events of the Italian Revolution than any set of papers or volumes which have yet appeared in England . The volume contains—and this is its chief fault—too little of Mazzini himself . If
we are not misled by report , the Triumvir ' a personal adventures have been most romantic , not *» nly while he ruled in the capital of the Christian world as its unquestioned master , •—but when he was a common soldier in the corps of Giacomo Medici , under Garibaldi , — and after his departure from Rome , in his retreats among the alps and lakes of Switzerland . Into these matters , however , we have no right given us to pry : —but what belongs to European history is public property . The writer of course must be allowed to adopt his own plans . Better than we can , he must know what it is safe to reveal and what it is prudent
to keep back , so long as tbe great drama m which he plays one of the chief parts is still in progress . Yet , after reading his lucid and logical exposure of the causes of the Lombard Insurrection—of the intrigues of Charles Al bert and his agents to defeat tbe national cause—and of the reasonings of the Republicans , with the attitude which they took aud held daring the contest—we cannot but regret
that , on public grounds and in behalf of historic truth , Signer Mazzini has not thought proper to embrace in his notes the entire series of events between the expulsion of the Croats from Milan and the entry of the French into Itomc . Much of darkness and doubt yet broods along this chain of revolutions . Jfot a little error and misconception as to the conduct of persons aud ofpartiesin Northernltalyare here removed . —For the affairs of Yeuice and
Naples new illustrations are not so much required . But from Milan to Rome tho insurrectional movement is a comparative mystery j and of that brilliant defence of the Italian capital which levived the old glories of republican Italy , a thousand things require to be told about which at present we have onl y a conihsed notion . TVe want an exact and graphic picture of that marvellous siege drawn from the patriotic point of view . Some glimpses of this we get in the letters addressed bv tbe Triumvir to members of the
National Assembly in Paris , —translations of "which appear in ibis volume j but we long to seethe machinery employed as well as the results achieved , —to be present , as it were , at the internal organisation and march of events as well as at the mere military spectacle . We desire to know how a beleaguered city , in the absence of all ordinary laws and roles , was kept in a state of peace and internal activity—factions repressed and conspiracies checked—without martial punishments , proscription , or apparently any other
species of terror . Nor would it be less interesting to know how those regiments were raised , equipped and disciplined in a few weeks which served to defeat and disperse the regular armies of Naples , and to stand before the veteran soldiers of France long enough not only to earn applause from the admiring civilians of Europe , but to confound the calculations of experienced generals and extort praise from the exasperated troops who had served their apprenticeship in war against the redoubted Abdel Kader . All this Signer Mazzini might have told us .
But , to return to what is now more immediately under notice , —In a general preface Signer Mazzini sketches what he conceives to he the true reading of his country ' s history , — the tendency which that history indicates , — and the character which it foreshadows for all institutions that are to take root and flourish among its people . The leading conclusion at which he arrives from this survey is—that the Italian mind is essentially republican in its organisation . The result is stated and illustrated with vivacity and force . The following passage recapitulates the argument : —
The Italian tradition is eminently republican . In j England , the aristocratic element bas a powerful influence , because it has a history ; well or ill , it has organised society : it has created a power , snatched from royalty , by conquering guarantees for the rights of the subject ; it bas founded in part tiie wealth and the influence of England abroad . The monarchical element has still great influence orer the tendencies of France , because it also Claims an important page in the national history ; it has produced a Charlemagne , a Louis XL , a 3 fapoleon ; it has contributed to found the unity of France : it bas shared with the communes the risks
and ibe honours of the struggle ag ainst feudalism ; ii bas surrounded the national banner with a halo of militarv glory . What is the history of the monarchy and of tbe aristocracy of Italy ? What . prominent part have they played in the national development ? What vital element have they supplied to Italian strength , or to the unification of the future existence of Italy ? The history of our royalty in feet commences with the dominion oi Charles V ., with the downfall of our last liberties ; it is identified with servitude and dismemberment ; it is written on a foreign page , in the cabinets of France , of Austria , and of Spain . Nearly all of them the issue of foreign families , viceroys of ope
or other of the great powers , our kings do not offer the example of a single individual redeeming by briliiaut personal qualities the vice of subalternity , to which bis position condemned him ; not a single one who bas ever evinced any grand national aspiration . Around them in the obscurity of their courts , gather idle or retrograde courtiers , men who calfiheaiselves naibls , but who have never been able to constitute an aristocracy . An aristocracy is a compact independent body , representing in itself an idea , and from one extremity of tbe country to another , governed , mote or less , by one and the ^ ame inspiration : bur nobles bave lived upon tbe crambs of royal favour , and if on some rare oeca-Bteas thev hare ventured to place themselves in
Royalty And Republicanism In Italy ; Or,...
opposition to the monarch , it has not been in the cause of the nation , but of the foreigner , or of clerical absolutism . The nobility can never be regarded as an historical element : it has furnished some fortunate Condotlieri , powerful even to tyranny , in some isolated town ; it has knelt at the fcutofthe foreign emperors who have passed the Alps or crossed the sea . The original slock being nearly everywhere extinct , the races have become degenerated amidst corruption and ignorance . The descendants of our noble families at Genoa , at Naples , at Venice , and at Rome , are , for the most part , specimens of absolute intellectual nullity . Almost everything that hns worked its difficult way in art , in literature , cr in political activity , is .
plebeian . In Iiaiy , the initiative ol progress has always belonged to the people , to the democratic element . It is through her communes that she has acquired all she has ever had of liberty : through her workmen in wool or silk , through her merchants of Genoa , Florence , Venice , and Pisa , that she has acquired her wealth ; through her artists , plebeian and republican , from Giotto to Michael Angclo , that she has acquired her renown ; through her navigators , —plebeian , —that she has given a world to humanity ; through her Popes—sous of the people , even they—that until the twelfth century she aided in the emancipation of the weak ,
and sent forth a word of unity to humanity ; all her memories of insurrection against the foreigner arc memories of the people : all that has made the greatness of our towns , dates almost always from a republican epoch : the educational book , the only hook read by tbe inhabitant of the Alps or the Transteverin who can read , is an abridgnient of the history of the Ancient Roman Republic . This is the reason why the same men who have so long been accused of coldness , and who had in fact witnessed with indifference the aristocratic and royal revolutions of 1820 and 1 S 21 , arose with enthusiasm and with a true power of self-sacrifice at the cry of Si . Mark and tlte Republic , God and the People !
After this passage , it is almost unnecessary to say that Siguor Mazxraihas no faith , iu the present race of Italian princes and aristocrats . In England , and even in Italy , it has been constantly asserted , that he ruined the cause of his country by withholding his supportfrom Charles Albert during the war , on the plea that the King of Sardinia was fighting , not for the independence of Lombardy , but to add a new crown to that already worn by the House of Savoy . This charge is here met ,
and contradicted by facts which seriously implicate the honour of the deceased sovereign . The writer undertakes to show from State papers , aud chiefly from the correspondence of English Ministers , that Charles Albert took the field for the purpose of combating the republic , and saving crowned heads from the retributive justice which threatened them in all parts of Europe . Signer Mazzini has had good opportunities of knowing the unfortunate prince in question ; and thus judges his character : —
I speak not of the Ring ; whatever his adulators , and the political hypocrites who are now making the posthumous enthusiasm for Charles Albert , an arm of opposition against his successor , may attempt to say , however sincere the people of the kingdom ot Piedmont may be in their illusion , that the idea of the war of independence is symbolised in that name ; the judgment of posterity will weigh heavily upon the man of 1821 , oflS 33—of tho . capitulation of Milan . The nature , the temperament of the individual was such , as to exclude all hope of any enterprise on his part , for the Unity of Italy . Genius , love , and faith , were wanting in Charles
Albeit . Of the first , which reveals itself by a life entirely , logically , and resolutely devoted to a great idea , the career of Charles Albert does not offer the least trace : the second was stifled in him by tbe continual mistrust of men and things ; which was awakened by the remembrance of an unhappy past ; the last was denied him by his uncertain character , wavering always between good and evil , between to do and not to do , between daring and not daring . In his youth , a thoaght , not of virtue but of Italian ambition—the ambition however which may be profitable to nations—had passed through his soul like lightning ; but he recoiled in affright , and the remembrance of this one brilliant moment of his
youth presented itself hourly to him , and tortured him like the incessant throbbing of an old wound , instead of acting upon him as an excitement to a new life . Between the risk ol losing , if he failed , the crown of his little kingdom , and the fear of the liberty which the people , after having fought for him , would claim for themselves , he went hesitating on , with this spectre before his eyes , stumbling at every step , without energy to confront these dangers , without the will or power to comprehend that to become Kine of Italy ,-he must first of all forget
that he was King of Piedmont . Despotic from rooted instinct , liberal from self-love , and from a presentiment of the future , be submitted alternately to the government of Jesuits , and to that of men of progress . A fatal disunion between thought and action , between conception and the faculty of execution , showed itself in every act . -Most of those who endeavoured to place him at the head of the enterprise , were forced to agree to this view of his character . Some of those intimate with him went so far as to whisper that he was threatened with lunacy , lie was the Hamlet of Monarchy .
No man , however , lost more by the revolution than Charles Albert . Whatever his weaknesses and his faults , he atoned for them bitterly , by a forced abdication—exile—a broken heart—and a premature death . He sought an extension of his own little kingdom and for that was willing to fight to tbe best of his poor ability . He failed ignominiously . With the grave , personal resentments should cease ; and there is nothing to he more approved of in these memoranda of strife and factious persecution , than the calm and
passionless tone in which tbe dead are personally dealt with by the writer . But against the ideas which inspired the policy of the dead , Mazzini holds himself at liberty to inveigh . If the past is to be the guide of the future , its lessons must he clearly indicated ; and , Hungary perhaps excepted , there is no nation that needs to ponder orer its own annals with more candour and frequency than Italy . The main fact which , in Signor Mazzini ' s opinion , the late revolutions have developed is—that the Republicans only can free the land from the dominion of the Croat , and make Italy a
nation . Marani endeavours to show tbat at Milan the Republicans were always out of favour and their opinions slighted . Hia own counsels were rejected . The sword of Garibaldi was refused by the King ' s partisans , lest its owner ' s valour and success might tend to inflame the democratic sentiments of the army . In the hour of his greatest distress Charles Albert would not trust the people of Lombardy with arms . For example : —
The news of the fall _ of Udme had struck all minds with terror . At midnight I was summoned to the government , where I found several influential Republicans assembled . It was necessary , said the members of tbe government , to raise the country , to prepare it for a tremendous effort , to call upon it to save itself by its own force—and they asked us to indicate ihe means . I wrote on a scrap of paper several things , which I believed would contribute to the end to be attained ; but declared that they would be inefficacious if the government charged itself with their execution . "Godalone , " continued ! , " can bring forth life from death . Your government is deservedly discredited . Until now , you have done everything to weaken enthusiasm , and
and to create , by falsehood , a fatal security ; you . cannot suddenly start up and preach the people ' s war and crusade , without causing the cry of treason to be uttered by the masses . 2 Jew measures , new men . I ask for no dismissals , which just now would look like flight ; but choose three men , monarchists or republicans , it matters not , but men who knoiv and will , and who , if not beloved , at any rate are not despised by the people ; and under the pretest of the enormity of your labours , or under any pretest you will , let them be charged with all care and authority in the affairs of the war . From them let all the measures I have now proposed to you emanate ; to-morrow , we will rally round them , and be their guarantees towards the people . " One of the means proposed was levies en masse of the five classes ; whilst the government thought it was doing too much by calling out the
three first only , and putting off the convocation of j the whole until the month of August , because then the peasants would have had time ' to gather their , harvest . Tbey added this blasphemy , that the peasants were Austrian atJuart ; whilst the poor peasants of the two first classes were revolting against the surgeons who rejected some of them as not fit for service ! I insisted that at least another appeal should be m ade to the volunteers , and offered myself as a guarantee , feeling sure that the example would be followed in all the towns , by engaging to form a legion of a thousand volunteers at Milan , provided ! was allowed to placard the appeal , and to inscribe mv name as the first . I retired , apptauded , andtvith a promise of assent . Two days after the consent for the enrolment of . the volunteers was recalled , and as for the Council of AVar , it was transformed into a Committee of Defence for Yenelia , and tltfo into a Committee of Aid for Tine
Royalty And Republicanism In Italy ; Or,...
tia , composed of members of the government , and then it disappeared . Castagneto , Charles Albert ' s secretary and factotum , had said , " that the King did not choose to have an army of enemies in his rear Did space permit , I could cite many other similar examples . It was so throughout . The King was fighting for himself , not for Italy ; and he would receive no aid that did not come in the shape of personal service . When he g ave up Milan to the Austrians , Mazzini quitted that city , — and for some time it was not known to friend or enemy what had befallen him . For an account of bis re-appcarance we are indebted to a letter of Giacomo Medici , subsequently one of tho heroes of Rome . Part of it runs as follows : —
Ou the morning of the 3 rd of August , 1513 , Garibaldi , with his division , was just about to quit Bergamo , in order , by forced marches , to reach Monza , when we saw appear amongst us , carbine on shoulder , Mazzini , asking to join our ranks as a simple soldier of the legion I commanded , which was to form the vanguard of the division of Garibaldi . A general acclamation saluted the great Italian , and the legion unanimously confided its banner , which bore the device , " God and the People , " to his charge . As soon as Mazzini's arrival was known at Bergamo , the population ran to sea him . They pressed around him , they begged him to speak . All those who heard him must
remember his discourse . He recommended raising barricades to defend the town in case of attack , whilst we should march upon Milan ; and lie conjured them , whatever might arrive , to love Italy always , and never to despair of her redemption . His words were received with enthusiasm , and the column left amid marks of the deepest sympathy . The march was very fatiguing—rainfall in torrents , and we were drenched to the skin . Although accustomed to a life of study , and little adapted to the violent exercise of forced marches , hia constancy and serenity never forsook him for an instant , and notwithstanding our counsels , for we feared for hia physical strength , he would never stop , nor leave
the column . It happened even , that seeing one of our youngest volunteers clothed merely in linen , and who consequently had no protection from the rain and the sudden cold , he forced him to accept and wear his otrn cloak . Arrived at Monza , wo learned the fatal news of the capitulation of Milan , and heard that a numerous body of Austrian cavalry had been sent against us , and was already at the other side , at the gates of Monza . Garibaldi , very inferior in forces , not wishing to expose his small body to a complete and useless destruction , gave orders to fall back upon Como ; and placed mo with my column as rear-guard , in order to cover the retreat . * * la this marchlull of
, danger and difficulty , the strength of soul , intrepidity , and decision which Mazzini possesses in such a high degree , never failed , and were the admiration of the bravest among us . His presence , his words , the example of his courage , animated our young soldiers , who were besides proud of partaking such dangers with him ; and all decided , Mazzini amongst the first , in esse of an engagement , to perish to the last man for the defence of a faith of which he had been the apostle , and for which he was ready to become the martyr . This resolute determination contributed much to maintain the order and the firm attitude which saved the rest ot the division .
Six months later , Mazzini , as virtual dictator of tbe Roman world , planted that flag on the summit of the Capitol . Of the series of striking events in Rome we have here but few accounts , —and none at all of the heroic defence of Bologna and Ancona . —Among the charges that obtained the largest credence in Europe at the time , was the assertion , that those who expelled the Pope and founded the Republic were aliens and refugees ,
conspirators by habit , and anarchists from self-interest—in short , that the Roman Revolution was the work of foreigners . To this charge Mazzini indignantl y replies in his wellknown letter to the French ministers . Warm , eloquent , and rhetorical , like nearly all Signor Mazzini ' s compositions , —this letter throughout breathes a spirit of scornful and righteous contempt , unusual with him , but the use of which , under such provocation , history will sanction .
To the historian Signor Mazzini ' s notes and memoranda will be of great value : —the general reader will find them full of present interest .
The CAroniele of Battel Abbey , from 106 G to 1176 . Now first translated , with Notes aad an Abstract of the subsequent History of the Establishment . By Mark . Antony Lower , M . A . Russell Smith . The original of this Chronicle is in the CofctonianMSS . of the British Museum . It is now translated and published for the first time . Its contents have almost exclusive reference to the Abbey itself ; but an Abbey in those ages represented a section of tho world , and had political significance of a very decisive
kind . Here wo see clustering round this Battel Abbey some of the most momentous disputes of episcopal and civil jurisdiction , not a few of the most remarkable of our early feudal customs , anecdotes of our Norman kings than which nothing can bo imagined more characteristic , singular facts and incidents throwing light upon our national history , and a series of quarrels and suits between the Abbots of Battel and the Bishops of Chichester touching the respective limits of their power , which in life-like illustration of character and men equal anything contained in Mr . Oarlyle ' s Chronicle of Jocelyn de Brakebnde .
We copy tbe scene of one of these quarrels at tbe bearing of which King Henry the Second presided . It is full of masterly dramatic touches . Observe the lion-like King stretching forth his hands to give point to that grim joke against the Church whereat all his courtiers laugh , and his Chancellor Thomas a Becket the first ! Hear in what keen , piercing tone , sounding clear over the abyss of six centuries , this stout Plantageuet ridicules a bishop ' s claim to set at nought tbe charters of bis kingl y predecessors . " You , or any like you , to think of defying the lawful authority of the English Crown J" And finally let the reader note how the good Archbishop marks himself with the cross in token of astonishment when he hears his cool friend the
Bishop tell an enormous fib . When this had been done , Thomas ( a Becket ) the King ' s chancellor , looking towards the Bishop of Chichester , said : "Mvjord bishop , your charity has heard what bas now been done before our lord the King , and in the audience of all present . It is now permitted to your prudence to reply , if it so please you ; for it is you , as it appears to us . that this matter most concerns . " Then the Bishop arose apd caid : " I am not addicted like many , to roaming all the world over , but induced by love and honour to you , my lord King , and quite unaware of . this kind of
opposition , I have come into these parts of your realm with the others who are present . But if it please you , and the abbot , and the rest now before you who are well disposed , an arrangement can be made , by your mediation , between me and the , abbot , without damage either to our church of Chichester , or to the Abbey of Battel . With that intention have I come hither . Even if I did not know this to be your desire , I should of necessity —though unaware of the opposition to be brought against me , and unprepared for it—make satisfaction for my self and for the church of Chichester committed to my charge . "
But some objected to any compromise , saying that the controversy , so long maintaine d between them , ought to be brought to a close , and not continued any further . Upon this the bishop proceeded with a loud voice—all attentively listening —in these words : " Since you refuse a compromise for peace , I will give our lord the King , and all here present a detailed account of the matters hitherto in dispute between us , respecting the rights of my church of Chichester . " With this introduction he proceeded : — .... -jthe ds
"Jksus Chbist , my lord King " - wor Jesus Chrislow Lord he repeated three times , and then added— " Hear ye all , and understand . Jesus Christ our lord , in the disposition of this worm , has constituted two places and two , pow ers , one spiritual , the other material . The spiritual is that concerning which our Lord Jesus Christ spake to all his disciples and their successors , in our first bishop Peter the apostol , namely : ' Thou art Peter , and upon this rock will I build my church . From that time , as yoiir charity knows , it nas grown to be a custom in the church of God tnat inc bishops of holy church , being vicars of the' said blessed Peter , the prince of the apostols , should preside ia the worthy governance thereof . " u ® tons who are set over'God's church , was it said by our Lord-Jesus Christ , ¦; through those , blessed
apostols : « Whoso- hoareth you , heareth me . . hence the church of Rome , beim * invested with the apostqhhip sfthai prince of the apostols , holds such
Royalty And Republicanism In Italy ; Or,...
£ Iw , ft y of Power throughout the world , that hi , ! 2 v f ccl (! sia 3 tical person can , without office " e or permission ! be deposed from his «' 7 r * i £ m £° , V tretoMn 2 f 0 rt Q » is handa , said : stilI bv n ? . | r " ? , h ^ , abi 8 u 0 P cannot ** deposed ; ^ LiS fflj 7 t , 0 hed , hand 8 ' he niaybe e * J > - " again " - UUghcd ' and the bishop began rt » ' t tii „ h e a , J ldy fiaiJ > wen so say I again , SncL ? M ^ l - \ s bcen thus constituted Trom ancient times . Neither is it lawful for any layman liber ' tip . , , ! TV ' - - kin S ~ t 0 confer ecclesiastical hem a ^ v l , ' gn , tleS u *" m chui ' chcs ' nor * ° ** iKnn « J » « " ° ° - e conferreJ . unless by the per-3 SX 5 ™? , n 0 f tlie 8 am f ! ithcr > as ec - ( -lesiastioal authority b y the Roman law proves . " bv ilrtlSt k , l , £ S <' angry " You think by subtlety and craft to overturn tho atnm « Lh of
ArnJT ^ h , ! rcro S ative s which God has given me . ibfehvfe « V thotWe % and the oath by 5 Vll mt bou " d to me , that you submit your-SL , f Z T theso Presumptuous words against my royal crownanddignitv .. ! . ft fa c car that jou are acting in opposition to my regal dignities and labouring to deprive me of the pviviieges due to mo by ancient right . " Those words excited such murmurs against the bishop as were with difhculty quieted . The chancellor then said : " It should not escape your memory , venerable bishop , whoso excellency . J ' " otfond against our lord the King , to whom you have certainly made an oath or fidelity . lour prudence must therefore be careful . " So the Bishop seeing himself thus encompassed , and perceiving that the king was offended , as soon
as snenco could be obtained , continued hia discourse thus : "My lord , " said ho , "if anything I have said has been offensive to your royal Majesty , I do declare , before the God of heaven and your royal dignity , that I intended nothing contrary to , X on , ° . yoi 'r excellency bv craft or subtlety . " fo this the king replied : * " We have here heard a statement very much to be wondered at , namely , that you , my lord bishop , esteem as frivolous tho charters of the kings my predecessors , confirmed by the lawful authority of the crown of England , and by tho testimony of eminent men 1 Par be it from me—far be it from the excellency of my kingdom , that what upon mature consideration has been decreed by me , with the advice of my archbishops , bishops , and barons , should be condemned by you or any like you !"
Then the king , looking at the bishop with a changed countenance , said : " Were the letters of which mention is now made of your procuring ? By tho fidelity and oath you owe mo , I charge you answer me truly ! " The bishop replied : " By my fidelity , and by tho oath I have sworn to you as my sovereign , your excellency , shall know , that these letters were procured neither by myself nor any other person with my consent . " Now the archbishop hearing the bishop deny , in the presence of all , that the letters had been procured by him , and knowing how matters really stood , and that they had been so procured , marked himself with the sign of the cross , in token of astonishment . All these transactions took place before our lord the king , whom the Archbishop of Canterbury now
addressed thus : " Will your Excellency command us to retire , and do what ia necessary to be done , and to determine these matters according to the legal method of ecclesiastical custom ?"— " JSay , " said the king , "I will order you to determine them in my presence , and after due deliberation , / shall decide . " So saying , he arose , and retired to the cemetery of tho monks—the rest , except the bishop amijthe abbot , accompanying him . After some consultation , the king sent for the bishop , who came and sat down with the others ; and after much discussion—the affair being brought to a conclusionthe king commanded Henry of Essex to bring in the abbot and the monks . The abbot took his seat , and tbe bishop , at the king ' s signal , spoke as follows : —
" Most excellent King : I , bishop of tho Church of Chichester , do entirely liberate and quit-ciaim the Abbey of Battel , as your own royal chapel—in and upon which I neither have nor ought to have any authority— from all the claims and challenges which I have hitherto maintained . In like manner also , I absolve the abbot , as one upon whom I have unjustly imposed the chain of excommunication , which I neither could do , nor ought to have done ; I protest that , in consideration of his elevated dignity and that of his Abbey , I ought not to demand anything of him except bis good will ; and 1 declare that from this day , for ever , he is free from all episcopal exactions and customs . "
The Chronicle exhibits the holy men of Battel in the character of" wreckers , " successfully asserting their claim to the property of ships lost on the coast and compromising with the Archbishop of Canterbury in a disputed case by yielding up " a portion of the shipwrecked commodities . " The extract we bave made , shows how unchanging is the character of the Priesthood . Strange that Yictoria should now be involved in tbe same dispute as Henry the Second .
The Heir Of Wast Wayland. By Mab Y Howit...
The Heir of Wast Wayland . By Mab y Howitt . ( Parlour Library . ) Simms and M 'Intyre , Paternoster-row . This admirable and exquisitely told story will add to the alread y deservedl y high popularity of Mrs . Hewitt . The scene is laid in a part of the country , aud among people where she is perfectly at home—the events are natural , the language simple , but beautifully appropriate , and the morals excellent . Wast Wayland is one of the romantic spots in tllO north of England , which have inado the " Lake country" famous among searchers
after the picturesque ; but many of which are as yet unexplored and unvitiated by contact with the outer world . Into its recesses , with their mild and fresh natural beauties and sublimities—and to the primitive usages , homely hospitality , warm feeling , and true Saxon dialect of the simple dalesmen , who inhabit them , Mrs . Howitt delightfully introduces the reader . Tho story is appropriate to the scenery . We are told how a young lady , illused , both in matters of the heart , and the purse , journies from the busy world to a remote corner of the dale district , aud becomes the mistress of a female school , established by
the benevolent owner of Wast Wayland . How the scheming relations of the squire , who have long looked upon themselves as his heirs , discover that ho has fallen in love with the schoolmistress , and set on foot all kinds of plots , to prevent the property from being wrested from them , and how their stratagems end . But we will not divulge the secret , for the book is only one shilling in price ; and we wish all our readers to have tho pleasure of reading it for themselves . As an incentive to do so , we will onl y inform them that we read it at one setting , and were sorry when it was done .
$Ttlmf .Amii0*M»It!0.
$ ttlMf . amii 0 * m » it ! 0 .
Processor Kiskel's Lectures.—On Monday N...
Processor Kiskel's Lectures . —On Monday night the first of a course of twelve lectures on the history of the modern theatre , was delivered by Dr . Gottfried Kinkel , late professor at the University of Bonn , at Willis ' s Rooms , before a numerous and fashionable audience , who were highly delighted with the address . The subject of the lecture was , "the tendency of the drama on the people ; its moral and national importance . '
CttBMouNE GAROBSs . —The preparations at Cremorne appear to be of a very attractive description for thei ensuing season , which commenced on Thursday last , being a grand fete in honour of the opening of the National Exhibition . A double platform has been constructed for the convenience of the dancers , lighted by ninely-Uo tripod lamps , and surrounded by waterproof arbours . The expense of this improvement , and of the new Chinese pagoda' is said to exceed £ 1 , 000 , Batii ' s Hippodrome , —This extensive building now erecting at the corner of the Victoria-road ,
Kensington JSew Town , is fast progressing towards completion . It is of oval shape , about 500 feet long by 400 feet across , its capacity being , it is said , to held some 14 , 000 persons , who sit on seven roofed seats ; whilst the area itself is open to the sky . It is a fine buildincr of'its class and does credii to tho architectural ability of Mr . " G , L . Taylor . Situated so immediately in the vicinity of the Crystal Palace , and managed by a gentleman so experienced and cnterprisingas Mr . Batty , the Hippodrome is sure to receive a vast amount of patronage during the forthcoming influx of strangers into the metropolis .
Tns Patent Laws.—On Saturday, By Order O...
Tns Patent Laws . —On Saturday , by order of the House of Lords ; was printed a return containing some suggestions and memorials addressed to the Board of Trade on . the subject . of the Patent Laws and the amendment thereof . The documents show the expense and delay attending , letters patent for inventions . There are . now two bills before the House of Lords for amendment of tho Patent Laws , which bills win be considered on the meeting of their Lordships on Thursday . >¦ vAsuMqf £ 1 , 280 ; has been raised , by ^ subscription in Sew South Wales , for tho purposoofintroducim ? alpacas into that colony , where it is , a * pca that those animals will thrive ,
Tns Patent Laws.—On Saturday, By Order O...
FATHER GAVAZZl'ON " INTOLERANCE . " The introductory passages of the day ' a discourse were bestowed on the conduct of the Times in paridering to the great continental system ot muzzling free utterance of opinion hy att un-English onslaught on himself . He took at once a broad and philosophic view of the relative position in which all created beings stood with reference to the great Creator and Father of tbe Universe , tbe essentially beneficent and inUimically loving attributes of the Deity , from which he argued with forcible demonstration that the groundwork of natural theology would be utterly demolished by tbe admission of intolerant the ires ,
involving , as they unavoidably must , the disfigurement and distortion of every feature-in the conception ot a godhead , and the degradation of that sublime and adorable ideal to the wretched level of a j'fllous and vindictive deraonolatry . He showed how , if mere numerical preponderate were conclusive as to the monopoly of truth , Buddhism and Mahometanism could triumphantly vindicate cac > i their respective right to be considered the priviledged creed of Heaven ' s predilection , inasmuch as the former ritual far outnumbered the adherents of the Popedom and the latter liturgy fully equalled the hij-h- ' & t estimate of its more or less enlightened votaries . It was in truth from the Saracenic doctrine of
compulsory enforcement by the sword of religious belief that tbe first g ,- 'rra of active persecution had originated within the bosom of Christianity ; and , abhorrent as such proceedings must bave been to the genius ol out faith , it is hut natural to trace their adoption by the Popes to the example of tlw Caliphs , The inquisition , an offspring of Spain , was but a wrong headed reminiscence of the long-dominant Moors ; and the subsequent working of sanguinary intolerance in the case of the Waldenses , the Hussiies , the Albigenses , and other communities anxious to purify their worship from Papal corruptions , was but a bloody parody of the war-cry , " There is but one God and the Pope is his prophet . "
A free pulpit or a free press could not CO-exist with the full development of this self-condemned imposture . Abundant historical references , familiar to the English portion oi the auditory were followed up by modern instances of the same conscious inability to cope , unassisted by brute force , with the growing intelligence of mankind ; and the instinctive terror which mixed educstion and mixed marriages , or any contact tvith or approximation to antagonistic influences inspired , was sadly indicative of latent misgiving . When in possession of rampant ascendancy , the lengths to which cruelty was carried would be ludicrous , were they not lamentable , as in the case of the Jews in
the Roman ghetto , the annoyances to which thcs « poor people were still subjected having apparently no earthly object , save the wanton indulgence of an inveterate habit of persecution . The recent vexatious interference with the Swiss Protestant congregation of Florence , and the interdiction of preaching in Italian , was ably and eloquently stigmatised , while the terrorism upheld at Naples by the wretched King ' s crafty confessor , Code , and the frantic alarm which fenced out and blockaded every inlet and avenue of free thought , were characteristic of the Pope's model kingdom and the normal state of society he patronised . No wonder that the blessed Bomba prohibits his benighted and besotted subjects from visiting England , or her marts , her assemblages of freemen , and , above all
such gatherings as our own . ( Cheers . ) Tho voice tbat rings throughout this hall is well Rtted to strike dismay wiih its most distant echo into 1 ) 18 craven soul . He has seen me once before , though I could only catch a glimpse of his back when he turned it in disastrous flight from the gallant men who routed him at Velletri . I saw him gallop in the direction of the Pontine marshes , scared at the glitter of Garibaldi ' s bayonets , and trembling and aghast at the rattle in his rear of our Human musketry . Until I again confronthira in the inevevitable clash of the coming conflict on Italian ground , the winged words that are wafted from this platform will whistle in his ears as if spoken in tbe Largo di Casttlto , or the broad bustle of Strada Toledo , conveying to a corrupt court the certainty of impending catastrophe .
From the aspect of intolerance in other countries of Europe he adverted to the manner iu which forbearance and toleration were understood by the authorities in France , and drew a forcible sketch of the oppressive machinery at itork in tbat republican community for the extinction of every spontaneous utterance of independent opinion . Religion was desecrated by an alliance with tbe poliee , snd the old "Voltairian scoffers had pressed into the service of their political intrigues the sacred appliances and resources of tbe sanctuary . Ostentatious attendance at fashionable churches was the indispensable preliminary to bureaucratic preferment , military advancement , or , in the case of fortune-hunters , to
the hand of some heiress m the various nunneries of " the sacred heart " under the control of convenient confeisors . Rank hypocrisy was the result in the upper classes , and wide-spread unbelief in the more humble observers of this scandalous comedy , Paris has undertaken the pious task of converting London during tbe great festival of the world ' s industry , and the Hanover-square rooms have been hired for the performances of the plausible Jesuit , Ravignan . The French milliners of that distincuished quarter of the town import the newest figurine of Parisian fashion , and the inhabitants of this metropolis are to be presented there with the latest pattern of demure gallic piety , as a
persuasive to forego their ignorant impatience of Roman aggression . Lessons of toleration are to flow from the lips of Loyola , the tide of popular commotion is to be stemmed and rolled back on the Anglican EpUcopacy , while the invectives of Gavazzi are doomed to undergo rebuke and refutation ! By all means let the rejoinder be heard , let England Itarn to admire a government of priests , and applaud the benevolent interference of France to secure that blessing to the Romans . Let every abuse denounced in succession be whitewashed in its turn ; let ihe iii / al ) ibiliiy of lying encyclycals be upheld , the infamies of enforced celibacy hushed up , the Inquisition vindicated in all its atrocities , the idle
vagrancy of mendicant monks , such as infest our Italian towns , justified on the principles of political economy or any principle at all ; let the Jesuit exonerate his own fraternity from the impeachment of systematically assassinating the freedom of mankind in every land cursed with its mischievous ubiquity . The blunt and straightforward slate ments made and recognised by th * assenting adhesion of a fully competent assembly , ore of a nature to exercise all the subtlety of Escobar in any attempt at palliation . The work of exposure shall go on : tbe assault on the crazy structure that en . cumbers the Italian soil with its antiquated and exploded accessories , shall continue with unabated energy and undaunted determination .
Cmconv In Coffee.—In Belgium, Where Chic...
Cmconv in Coffee . —In Belgium , where chicory is cultivated to it considerable extent , and used with coffee , with which it is mixed by the consumer , and not by tho retailor of coffee , the poorest person grinds his own coffee , and thus effectually prevents the possibility of having an adulterated article . Tho chicory ia usually sold by the vendor of coffee , and is used by tbe consumer in the proportion to su't his own taste ; and in the opinion of many coffee drinkers a moderate quantity of chic > ry with coffee is an improvement , though its general use in Belgium is from motives of economy .
Tub Witts Act . —A case lately occurred in tho Prerogative Court of Canterbury , which affords a remarkable illustration of tbo unjust operation of the Wills Act upon the classes of society who cannot afford to pay solicitors to draw their wills . The testator , a labouring man , died on the 17 th of March last , leaving a will , disposing of the little property he had saved . It occupied the first and nearly half the second side of a sheet of letter paper . The attestation cltuse was on the third side , immediately opposite to the concluding paragraph of the will , and the testator signed his name just below tbo attestation clause in the simultaneous presence of two witnesses , who then duly attested and subscribed the will .- Tho next day tho will was shown to the medical attendant , who vory properly observed that the testator must sign immediately at the foot or end of the will . Accordingly , in the presence of tho same two witnesses and tbe medical his in tne
attendant , the testator again signed name proper place ; and the two witnesses proposed to sign theirs again , but the medical . « " »«»»«> ( unfortunately not being acquainted with all the nice distinctions of this law ) said that was unnecessary , as thev bad already attested and subscribed the will . This will was declared invalid because the signature of the testator at tho foot or end of tbe will was not attested , and tbe signature ( which was duly attested , though at the foot or end of the attestation clause , and nearly opposite to the last line of the will ) was not at tho foot or end of the will . The same day- several other wills were doclared invalid because the signatures . of the attestators appeared , not at the foot or end of tlie . will but at the end of the attestation clause" on the next page , which the Judicial Committee ef the ' Privy Council have decided is not a sufficient compliance with the requirements of the statute .
Fc/Awim*.
fc / awim * .
The Longer The Sair Of Contention Is Dra...
The longer the sair of contention is drawn the hotter it grows . He who improves thepubltc taste is a public bene * CosuNimuM . —Why is a cm 6 t more nke a dog tnan the dog-star ? -llecause the comet has got a tail , and the dng-star hasn ' t . mi \? J ? f l v 1 CAt work i asi Published , states tho lHfl 4 lrox fr ' »' il'o Prussian monarchy at I 0 . WC . , 08 ; and th . it of Papists at G 079 , 013 . " MAsrsL-piKcss of marble mav be iff eluallv cleaned by rubbing them with a K « el dipped in a weak solution of carbonate of s ,, ) a A Lover , writing to hia sweetheart , says : — " Uelectible Dear ! \ ouare so sweet , that honey would blush in your presence , and treacle stand anpidJ « d ! " v
Rkmhhrkr This !—To decline ftH advice , unless the example of the giver confirm bis precepts , would be about as sapient as if a traveller were to refuse to follow the direction of a finger post , unless it hopped after ifs own finger . FonuiGiV Alo . VBV .-Jt may not be amiss fo caution the puolic to bu very careful in taking money , as there is at present a very large number of French and Belgian one-franc pieces in circulation throughout the metropolis . They arc rather defaced on" each side , mid pass easily as a ' shilling , to those not acquainted with the coin , which is not worth more than Sid . or 9 d .
_ What is an Old Baciiiclor ?—An old bachelor is a bass ( base ) solo—an unfinished piece of creation ~ tbe first volume of an interesting work—a watch without a regulator—a voluntary martvr , refusing Heaven ' s best gift—a fruitless hlossom on the tree of life—a ship without a rudder , dashed by the waves of despair on the nicks of ilesolation-sonielimes a gilded peg for aspiring relatives to hang their hopes on . r "I Ekjovs , " says Quintilian , "that such as ara begiuniuis the pviclice of composition , write slowly , and with anxious deliberation . Their great object , at first , should be to write as well as possible ; practice will enab'e them to write speedily . By degrees , matter will offer itself still more readily , words will he at hand j composition will flow : everything , as iri the arrangement of a well-ordered family , will present itself in its proper place . The sum « f the whole is this—that hy hasty composition we shall never acquire the art of composing well ; by writing well we shall come to write speedily .
The Indian asothe IsNKEV . PEit . —Colonel Putnam used to tell a story of an Indian , upon Connecticut River , whocalledata tavern , in the autumn for a dram . The landlord asked him two coppers for it . The following spring , passing the fame house , he culled f or another , and had three coppers to pay for it . " 1 low is this landlord ? " says be , " last tall you asked but two coppcra for a glass of rum , now you ask three . "— " Oh ! " says the landlord , " it costs me a good deal to ket-p rum over winler . It is as expensive to keep a hogshead of rum over winter a 9 a horse . "— " Ah ! " says the Indian , "I can ' t see through that ; be won ' t eat so much hay : maybe he drink as much water . " This was sheer wit , pure satire , and true humour , in one very short repartee .
I < Asmoss for thb Dti . ng . —Same days before her death , which took place lately , Mademoiselle Eliza Forneot , ex-tlirectreis of the Theatre FranQais at London , was conversing with some friends , when some one knocked at her door , and her femme de chambre whispered some words in her ear . "It is my dress maker come to try me on a new dress , " said the actress . " Will you come and see it ? " She then led the way to her dressing room , and her friends , ivho followed her , were surprised and pained to see ihe newgmvn was—a coffin . Tbe coffin was of rosewood , lined with white satin , and was placed a ^' -vtnsithe vail . She entered to try it . "Yes , " said she , smiling , " it fits well , and I am pleased with it . "~ raris Jlcouedes Theatres "
Glorious Ukcbrtajntv of Law . —An American farmer had remarked ' , during the sittings of the Circuit Court , a p irt of his corn field to be beaten down in a regular track of ten or twelve paces in length , as if by the rangint . ' of some animal to and fro . Anxious to dtitcct the cause , he ensconced himself one day anions the thick leaves , and observed , aboutth & hous of adjournment , one of the Judges cautiously approach tbe spot . Arrived at the path , he commenced pacing it gravely up and down , with knit brow and air of cogitation , and at length , drawing a small chip from his pocKer , he spat on one side of it , balanced it an instant on his finger , flipped it up in the air , and watching its descent intent ' -y , exclaimed , as it fell : — " Wetl ' m defendant— dry for plaintiff ;" then , stooping down , he added , " Plaintiff has it !"
1 be farmer avoided all litigation from that moment . Increuse ov Fo « aTft > Ci . » ss Traviuxehs . —Tho pas ^ emrers bv rail increased from 35 , 000 , 000 in 1816 to 53 , 000 , 000 in 1850 for England and Wales alone ; and the total of the United Kingdom for the last year was 06 , 000 , 000 , The largest proportion of this increase ( says the Times ) is due to the lowest class of passengers . While the number of first-class travellers has increased sixteen , and of second-class ninety-seven per . cent ., and while third-class travellers have actually diminished two percent ,, the passengers by parliamentary trains have increased 330 ^ per cent , upon their number in 1840 . Yet , for their most numerous class of customers , railway
directors seem to take the least care . Origin of the Sign of " Tub Bag of Nails . " —Some hundred years since there stood in the lyburn-road ( Oxford-street ) a public house known as the ' Bacchanalians , " on the signboard of which was painted a representation of BaecllUS and a group of Satyrs . The jolly god was represented with cloven hoofs and horns , the traditionary form of satyrs , and the sign was vulgarly called " The Devil and the Oacchanals . " Time , however , ignored the existence of his Satanic nwjesty , and as the signboard became dull with age and weather , the term Bacchanals was construed into " Bag of Nails , " a lorm it has ever since retained . It is by no means an uncommon sfcn in tbe centre of England .
; Self-satisfied Partt . —Four gentlemen , a Baptist , Pr ? sbyteri . in , Methodist , and Roman Catholic , met by agreement to dine on ji lish . Soon as grace was snd , ihe Catholic rose , armed with si knife and fork , and taking about one-third of the fish , comprehending the head , removed it to his plate , exclaiming , as he sat down , with great self satisfaction , Papa est caput ecclesicc I ( the Pope is the bead of the Church ) . Immediately the Methodist minister arose , and helping himself to about one-third , embracing the tail , seated himself , Finis coronal opm \ ( the end crowns tho work ) . The Presbyterian now thought it was about time for him to move , and ,
taking the remainder of the fish to his plate , exclaimed , In media est Veritas ! ( truth lies between the two extremes ) . Our B iptist brother had nothing before him but an empty plate , and the prospect of a slim dinner ; and , snatching up the bowl of drawn mctled butter , he dashed it over them all , exclaiming , Ego baptito vos ! { I bapthe you all ) . Taxation . —If the question were put to seven millions i . f the inhabitants in the several parishes of this kingdom , whether they would prefer paying the following direct taxes , instead of tbe present indirect taxes , leiving a general free trade , what reply would be made ?
1 Jnillifcn to pay 0 s . Gd . weekly , would prouuca £ 1 , 500 , 000 1 million .. Is . Od -i . C'iO . OliO 1 million .. Is . lid 3 . 9 U 0 . 0 U 0 1 milium .. 2 a . Oil 5 . ' >)> l > , 0 » t > 1 million .. 3 s . , SO !> , 000 1 million .. 4 s . Od 10 , 41 ) 0 , 000 Imillion .. 5 s . Od lS . voo . OQi ) Tmillions would pay , in lieu of all Taxes .. £ ll , 'i 00 . Twenty-one millions of children and poor would be free , and the burden light for seven millions . Liverpool u . vdek Tiibbb Quee . vs . —The Liverpool Times gives the following tabular statement , prepared in connexion with a model of the town , to he shown iu the Exhibition of Industry : — 1570 . 1710 . 1851 .
Elizabeth . Anne . Victoria . Population 800 8 , 108 400 , 001 ) Vessels 1 "» 334 23 , 000 Tonnneo 2 C 8 12 . 638 3 , 5315 . 337 Dock Dues - £ G 0 tt £ 211 , 7 * 3 TounDues £ 20 £ 379 £ yl , 000 Customs £ 272 £ 70 , 000 £ 3 , 30 ( 5 L'S * Corporate Income £ 20 £ 1 , 113 £ 139 , 153 Astbo . vomical CiocE . —The Liverpool Albion states that a curions astronomical cloak is at present being constructed in the vicinity of Liverpool , by E . Uenderson , LL . D ., f « Vhe Exhibition , from , a series of very intricate calculus and complicated projections , which has engrossed a large share of his since It is calculated
time and attention ISM . so finely that in many of the motions of the wheel-work it will not err one minute in 1 , 000 years . The clock will show the minutes and hours of the day ; the swn ' s place in thn ecliptic ; the day of the montb perpetually , and take leap j car into account ; the moon ' s age , place , and phases ; the apparent diurnal revolution of the moon ; the ebb and flow of the sea at-any port in the world ; the golden , number , epact , solar cycle , Roman iudiction , Sunday letter , and Julian period ; tbe mean time of the rising and setting of the sun on every day of the year , with itsterms , and fixed and movable feasts , the day of t ' : e week will also be indicated , and tbe year will be registered for 10 , 000 past or to come . It will also go 100 years , without requiring to be wound up .
' A-Hymn of my own Composing . "—Absut a century ago , there was , in the far-famed town of Glastonbury , an eccentric man , who performed the duties of clerk at the Presbyterian meeting . His friends deemed him . a poet of no common order , and the plaudits of his associates contributed not a little to : foster an opinion so congenial to his own . He was urged to make bis talent beneficial ( othepubJic-On one 5 th of November , alter an impressive sermon bad been preached , this man of office stooii up . and in tho broad Somerset dialect , said :- fJ _ ua gwain togie out hymn of my own « W . =
a •' Tbisistbeclay that . was the nlgnt , when Papists did cons pire , _ . \ Vi ' drekll ! g « n P (> ff dlre ,
-
-
Citation
-
Northern Star (1837-1852), May 3, 1851, page 3, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_03051851/page/3/
-