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4 THE NORTHERN STAR. _ • Novmbbi 8, 1848...
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RALLT FOR TBE CHARTER! THE CHARTISTS OF ...
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Just Published, Price Sixpence. A VERBAT...
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NOTICE. m flE MEMBERS OF ,THE LATE I -pv...
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So <K0n-e0poflftent0,
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MPnfTRT" — The pieces headed ' When will...
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THE PORTRMT. OF KOSSUTH, Presented-with ...
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THE NORTHERN STAR. SATURDAY, NOVEMBER 3, IS 19.
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COMMERCIAL FEUDALISM AND SLAVERY. " The ...
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ADOPTION OF THE O'CONNOR CURE FOR PAUPER...
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Transcript
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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4 The Northern Star. _ • Novmbbi 8, 1848...
4 THE NORTHERN STAR . _ Novmbbi 8 , 1848
Ad00410
THE FAMILIES OP THE MARTYRS WILLIAMS AND SHARP rpO THE PUBLIC . -An appeal is respect * . M I ^ ^ ^ ' maaet' > tiie Benevolent Pnblic ™?? i . » £ * V ^ and CWWrcnof the Lite JOSBI'H "WILLIAMS and ALEXANDER SIIAKP , who , Laving been convicted on a charge of SEDITION , were cut off l . j the Chdera m tbe prison irliereiu thev were confined Their untimel y and lamentable deaths were mainly Drought about by tiie cruel fact , that although the pestilence was raging ill all its fun- at the time , and the publications of flic Hoard of Health emyaaticaHv recommended a generous diet as one of the necessary precautions , those nnfortunatemeftvjere placed upon the fare of hreadand "water as a punishment for their refusal to perform that portion of labour which was allotted to them . To this refusal they were instigated liy no motive of factious opposiu ' ou to the discipline of the gaol where they were incarcerated ; but simply by the deeply rooted conviction that a broad line ofdemarcatiou wasto he drawn iietwecn political prisoners untainted by dithonouring crime , and the usual class of felons and misdemeanants .
Ad00411
TO BE DISPOSED OF , AT CHARTERA ILLE , A FOUR-ACRE ALLOTMENT , p leasantly situated . Trice £ 30 , the rent paid . Also , " a THREE-ACRE ALLOTMENT , the Company ' s demands paid , with au acre of wheat sown , a quarter of an acre of potatoes , carrots , cabbages , turnips , Ac ., with great improvements in the house and outbuildings . The price j £ & i . DirecttoX . Y . Z ., Chartervule post-office , Oxfordshire , with a postage stamp . - - " '
Ad00412
PACTS Ef THE BACK , GRAVEL , LUMBAGO , STRICTURE , & c . ONE TRIAL WILL PROVE THE value of Dr . BARKER'S celebrated SPECIFCEENAL PILLS , for speedily curing all kinds of pains in the batk , diseases of the bladder , kidneys , aud urinary organs generallv , whether resulting from imprudence or otherwise , Pricels . lid ., : 2 s . ad ., and 4 s . Gd ., per box . They have never been known to fail , and will be sent free on receipt of 2 s . 3 d ., or 4 s . Cd . in postage stamps , by Da . BARKER , 300 , Great ilttssel-street . iaoomsbury-sqoare , London . Full directions enclosed . AcroExncTEsxiMosiirs . —Mr . Henry , Mb ] J , says : * They Cured me directly . '—Mr . Ernes , Ledbury , writes : 'They are the greatest " blessing I have met with . ' Dr . Philips , says iu Hs work on these diseases that they ore the best compound for all these diseases , he has ever met witli , he saving many times used them with great success . Address Dr . Alfred Barker , HIS , Great RusselLstreet ; Bloomsburysquare , London , where he may be consulted daily from 10 till 1 and 4 till S o clock , ( Sundays excepted . ) Advice with medicines for the whole cure sent on receipt of 10 s . Those cases deemed Isccuaele are particularly invited .
Ad00413
BALDSESS , WEAK , OB OBEY HAIR , WHISKERS , ic . MISS COUPELLE respectfully solicits oxe tbiai oxtr of her celebrated Parisian Pomade , for quickly producing whiskers . 4 c ., restoring lost hair , strengthening and curling weak hair , and checking greyl uess , & om whatever muse . It has never been kuoirn to fail , and wiR be forwarded ( free ) on receipt of twenty-four postage-stamps . —Miss Young , Truro , writes : — "Ithas quite restored mine , which I had thought impossible , after everything else had failed , and I shall never be without some by-me . "—Mr . BuU , BriU , says : — - 'Itisthe only one that has had the dedred effect , "—Dr . Erasmus Wilson : — "It is vastly superior to all the clumsy greasy compounds now sold under various titles aud pretences . There are , however , ssmany impositions afoot , that people reluctantly place confidence where it may justly be bestowed . "—l ) o Kor ccr . rooB COB . VS . —Also will be sent ( free ) , on receipt of thirteen stamps , her safe , speedy , and lasting cure for soft or hard corns , bunions , ix . It is never-failing . — Address , Miss COUPELLE , Ely-place , Holborn , London .
Ad00414
BLAIR'S GOUT AND RHEUifATIC PDjLS . TllD acknowledged efficacy of BLAIR'S GOUT ASD RHEUMATIC PILLS , by the continued series of testimonials which have been sent to and published by the proprietor for nearly twenty years , has rendered this medicine the most popular of the present age ; and in corroboration of whicli the following extract of a letter , written by John Molard Wheeler , Esq ., Collector of Customs , Jamaica , having been handed by his brother , at Swindon , to Mr . Prout for publication will fully confirm : — "I know you have never had occasion to take Blair ' s Pills , but let me emphatically tell you in mercy to any friend who may suffer fromgout , rheumaticgout , lumbago , sciatica , rheumatism , or any branch of that widely-allied family , to recommend their using them . In this country they are of wonderful efficacy ; not only am I personally aware of their powers , but I see my friends and acquaintances receiving unfailing benefit from their use . I would not be without them on account If taken in the early stage of disease they dissipate it altogether : if in a later , they alleviate pain and effect a much speedier cure than iy any other means within my knowledge . "
Ad00415
HALSE'S SCORBUTIC DROPS . A SURE CURE FOR SCURVY , BAD LEGS , AND IMPURE BLOOD . Another surprising cure by means of Halse ' s Scorbutic Drops . BECIAEITIOX OF THE COASDUSS OF BKEXT , DEVON . We , the undersigned , solemnly declare , tbat before Thomas Rollins , ( one of our parishioners ) commenced taking "Halse ' s Scorbutic Drops , " he was literally covered with large running wounds , some of them so large that a person might hare laid his fist in them ; that before he had finished the first bottle he noticed an improvement ; and that , by continuing them for some time , he got completer est ored to health , after everything else had failed . He had tried various sorts of medicines before taking "Halse ' s Scorbutic Drops , " and had prescriptions from ihe most celebrated physicians in this country , irithout deriving the least benefit . "Halse's Scorbutic Drops" have completely cured him , and he is now enabled to attend to his labour as well as any man in our parish . Prom other cures also made in this part , we strongly recommend "Halse ' s Scorbutic Drops" to the notico ' of the public . Signed by Jobs Eixiorr , sen ., Lord of the Manor ; Jons ALlvnixg , Whltaji 1 'eabse , Hex & t GooDsuu , and AllTHOK Lasgwoktot . —June 21 st , 1813 .
Rallt For Tbe Charter! The Chartists Of ...
RALLT FOR TBE CHARTER ! THE CHARTISTS OF THE METROPOLIS are informed that two public meetings during the ensuing week wiU he held , for the election of delegates to the' Metropolitan Conference , ' to he holden on the first Monday in December next . The first of the two meeting will he held at the LITERARY AND SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTE , JOIIX-STKEET , TOTTENHAM-COURT-ROAD , Ox TcnsDAT Etexixg 2 iOyehbeb , . G * ih . Chair to he taken at eight o clock . SEC 051 ) MEET 1 SG , AT THE SOUTH LONDON CHARTIST HALL , BLACKFRIARS-llOAD , Ox Wednesday Evexiso , November Tin . Chaiv to he taken a eight o ' clock . Tiie followinggentlemen will he present , and will take part in the proceedings of both meetings : —P . O'Conxok , M . l \ , Mr . 1 ' . JI'Gbato , Mi-. S . M . Ktdd , G . W . M . 1 JEV . VOLDS , Esq ., Mr . IV . Dixo . v , and Mr . T . Clask .
Ad00416
HpHE REV . W . P . BRYAN , late curate J- of Minster Lovel , Oxfordshire , wishes to receive into Iris family a few pupils , at £ i < i ayear each . References to persons of distinction . Address , schoolhouse , Chartcnille , Minster Lovel , near Witney , Oxen .
Ad00417
THE CHEAPEST EDITIOS EVER rUBUSUEO . Price Is . Cd ., A new and elegant edition , with Steel Plate of the Author , of PMHE'S PQLITIGAI WGRKS . Jfow Ready , a New Edition of W . O'CONNOR'S WORK ON SMALL FARMS Sold by J . Wgison , Queen's Head Passage , Paternoster row , London ; A . Heywood , Oldham-street , Manchester , and Love and Co ., 5 , Nelson-street , Glasgow . And bi all Booksellers in Town and Country .
Just Published, Price Sixpence. A Verbat...
Just Published , Price Sixpence . A VERBATIM REPORT . OF . . THETEUlOFTEElfflMS FOR THE MURDER OF MR . O'CONNOR . Illustrated with Steel Engravings of MANNING AND HIS WIFE . G . Viekers , Holy well-street ; J . Strange , Patcrnoster-rowr , and all Booksellers in' Town and Country .
Ad00418
SOW HEADY WITH THE MAGAZINES FOR NOVEMBER , Xo . VI . OF THE DEMOCEATIC KEVIEW Of BRITISH and FOREIGN POLITICS , HISTORY and LITERATURE .
Ad00419
TO BE SOLD , TO THE HIGHEST BIDDERS , the right of localian upon the following farms . AT O'CONXORVILLE . —O . ne Fodb-Acbe Fahm . AT LOW 3 ANDS . —O . ne Tbbee-Acbe , and O . neTwo-Acee Fabji . AR applications to be made to theDirectors , at the office oftlie Company , 144 , High Holborn , London . By order of the Directors , Thomas Clauk , Cor . Sec .
Ad00420
TO BE SOLD FOR £ 5 . A PAJJD-TJP FOUR-ACRE SHARE in ti- the National Land Company . Application to be made to Samuel Boonham , 144 , High Holborn .
Ad00421
SPECIAL NOTICE TO TRADE SOCIETIES . A CONFERENCE OF DELEGATES , £ x . to be appointed by the Metroplitan Trades Societies , will be held in the Coffee Room of the Literary asd Scientific Lvsrrnmo . v , John-Street , Fitzroy-sqcase , on WEDNESDAY" EVENING , November 7 th , to consider upon tiie best means to be adopted to ameliorate the social and political condition of the People . Also for the purpose of considering upon the most profitable way of giving productive employment to the unemployed of our population , and to receive a proposition on that subject . Chair to be taken at half-past Seven O'Clock . precisely . No person will be admitted without credentials duly certified by the officers of his Society ; By order of the Committee of the National Association for the Organisation of Trades . Aefbed A . Walton ' , President Augustus E . Delaforce , Secretary . 10 , North-square , Portman-place , Globe-road , ' Mile-cud . N . B . —The place of meeting has been altered from the Craven Head , Drury-iane , to the Institution , JoUn-street , in consequence of magisterialinterfercnce . % * All expenses will be paid by the Association convening this Conference .
Ad00422
PAINS IN TIIE BACK , GRAVEL , LUMBAGO , « fcc ONE trial only will prove the value of DE R 00 S' celebrated COMPOUND RENAL PILLS , for speedily curing all kinds of pains in the back , diseases of the bladder , kidneys , and urinary organs generally , whether resulting from Imprudence or otherwise . They have never been known to fail , and may be obtained of all respectable Medicine Vendors . Price Is . IJd ., 2 s . 9 d .. and 4 s . fid ., per box ., will be sent free on receipt of Is . lid ., 2 s 9 d . or 4 s . Od , in postage stamps , by Dr . De Roos , I , Ely-place , Holborn Hill , London . Full directions enclosed . Authentic Testimosials . —Mr . T . Parry , Ruthin , writes : " Send me a 2 s 8 d box for a friend j the one I had has quite cured me . " —Mr . King , Aylesbury : "They are a perfect blessing , I have not been so easy for years . " The late Dr . Hope : " They are the only thing of the kind I can recommend , having tried them in very many instances with most gratifying results . I hope they wiU be largely patronised , as they deserve to be . "—Address Dr . Walter De Itoos , I , Ely-place , Holuorn-hill , London ; where he may be consulted on all these diseases daily , from 10 till 1 , 4 till 8 ; Sundays , not at all .
Ad00423
RUPTURES EFFECTUALLY CURED WITHOUT A TRUSS . ' EVERY var iety of SINGLE and DOUBLE RUPTURE , however bad and long standing , may be permanently cured by Dr . BARKER'S remedy , which has been established several years , and used with great success by many eminent members of the profession , that its efficacy is established beyond a doubt . It is easy and painless in use , and applicable to both sexes of all ages . Hundredsof testimonials and trusses have been left behind by persons cured , as trophies of the immense success of this remedy , which Dr . Barker will willingly give to any requiring them after a trial of it " The remedy is sent post free on receipt of 6 s . in postage stamps , or by postoffice order , by Dr . ALFRED BARKER , 108 , Great Russell-street , Bloomsbury-square , London , where he may be consulted daily from 10 till 1 , mornings ; 4 tiU 8 evenings ( Sundays excepted . ) Orders payable at the Bloomsbury Office , and all letters of inquiry must enclose a stamp and directed envelope for the reply .
Ad00424
DUPTURES EFFECTUALLY CURED rt . WraOOTA TRUSS 1-Dr . WALTER DE ROOS , 1 , Ely-place , Holborn-hill , Loudon , still continues to supply the afflicted with his celebrated cure for Single or Doable Ruptures , the efficacy of which is now too well established to need comment . It is easy in application , T ^ v ° inconvenien « e- and wiU be sent free 011 receipt of fas . 6 i , by Postoffice order , stamps or otherwise . Dr . De R . haaagreat number of old trusses left behind bv persons cured , as tropliies of his immense success , which he will readily give to those who like to wear them after a trial of tms remedy . n ? T ; J ; otilll ; ana * tai 8 .- ( Sunday excepted . ) Kev . lLWalcott , HighamFerrars , writes : — "Thepercon for nhom jou sent your remedy is quite cured , and you will be good enough to send me two more , for others " Cautioa—Inquiry wiR prove the fact that this is the only remedy known . Sufferers are therefore cautioned against j a host of daring dangerous , youthful ouacks . » h . w « ,:
Notice. M Fle Members Of ,The Late I -Pv...
NOTICE . m flE MEMBERS OF , THE LATE I -pvsSBTJBV CHARTIST LOCALITY ate request ^ to meet on Sunday evening , November 4 th , at Mr . Blake ' s , «™ f , a and Biscuit Baker , 85 , Leather-lane , llolhorn , at i « if n-ist soven o ' clock precisely , for the purpose of taking stepsTfor re-organising the above locality . v « _ The City of London branch of the Land members ¦ i ™ " likewise requested to attend at the above place , to Sonr i rcnort of the auditors , and on other important busij £ gg x W . Amsuxt , Secretary . .
So ≪K0n-E0poflftent0,
So < K 0 n-e 0 poflftent 0 ,
Mpnftrt" — The Pieces Headed ' When Will...
MPnfTRT" — The pieces headed ' When will right iiumphant be ? ' 'Ilaynau's Sol . loq . uy : '" and 'An . Addre'S to Justice and Liberty , ' & c , < Ec , are inadmissible . ^ \ v ' Manchester . —You should consult an Attorney . The Keioiilev Distbict . — Julian Harney has received 30 s . from Mr . Wells , Keighley , towards the amount due to the Printer , for printing for the late Convention , and has handed the same to that gentleman . The aforesaid sum of 30 s . was subscribed as follows : —The Chartists of Kei"Mey , 10 s ; do ., of Bingley , 10 s ; do ., « f Sutton , 5 s ; do ., of Willsden , 5 s . —Total , £ 110 s . [ 1 return my thanks to the good and true men of the Keighley district for their prompt performance of a duty , yet to be fulfilled by the . great body of our Chartist friends , —G , JW-iak Harsev . 1 . James Williams , Saiford . —Received .
Matiios Estate . —T . G . P . —Mr . O'Connor will be able to complete the purchase if the money comes in . No . 2 . — It will be potsibie to purchase without visiting the Estate . No . 3 . —It is little more than three miles h'om the town of Great Slalvern . A Chartist , Northampton . —It is not at all necessary that a person purchasing a portion of the Mathon Estate , should be a member of the Land Company . R . Mows , Jiiddleton , should have been . pcrfectly aware that no hank in England is more secure—or perhaps as secure as the Land and Labour Bank , and he should also understand that no depositor has applied for his money , without having it by return of post . Cosglbion-. —I have the pleasure of informing you that Bill Holme , the traitor who took Smith O'Brien is now no more . He died very suddenly on Saturday last . National Association of United Tbades . —Erbatom . — At top of fifth column , fith page , " eighth line , comment
ing with : —! Evacuate their places and arrangements , for social and political regeneration , is a thing to he utterly deplored and deprecated . ' Should read as - follows : — 'Even into their plans aud arrangements for social and political regeneration , is a thing to be utterly deplored and depretatcd . ' J . Sweet , Nottingham , acknowledges the receipt of the following sums : —Debt doe to Printer—Mr . Hunt , Id' ; Mr . Knott , 3 d ; Mr . Chipindale , Cd . Chartist . Executive—Mr . Bcetou , Chilwell , 3 s . Victim Fiwd . —l ' rom Hutcliison , 5 s . Fob " Widows of Sham- asd YfllLUMS .-r-Mr . Bend , Is ; G . Tomlinson , !> d . . Mb . G . Logan , Leeds I am not an officer of the Land Company , but have forwarded your letter . Asa-member I understand , by the rules , that I may dispose of the Scrip , hut I cannot withdraw the deposits . If I was about to emigrate I should advertise the Scrip for sale—. W . Rises . l ' . S . —All letters on the business of the Land Company should he addressed to the Directors , at the Office , Lk , High Uolbom .-W . R . HcDDEBSFffiLD . —Received hj Mr . S . Kydd—The proceeds
ofa ball , got up for the benefit of the Chartist cause , to be appropriated as follows : —Debt due to printer , 10 s . ; for Wm . Cuffay , 2 s . Od . ; for Messrs . Williams and Sharp ' s widows , 2 s . Cd . ; for Dr . M'Douall ' s writ of error , 2 s . Cd . ; for Mr . Macuamarra's action , 2 s . Gd , ; to C-Vempt prisoners from oakum picking , 2 s . ( Id . ; for the families of prisoners , 2 s . Cd . All communications for the Chartists to he directed to "W . Murphy , at Mr . R . Dewhurst's , Asplcy , Huddersfield , Yorkshire . Mr . I ' etek Hankattie , Manchester , is requested to communicate with Mr . John Smith , 3 , Lauriston-street , Edinburgh , stating when he intends lecturing in that city . Isaac Wilson . —Your letter should have been seat earlier . Its publication is impossible this week . Mr . James Leach is requested to send his address to Mr . John Skevmgton , Loughborough . iJsB * We are compelled by press of matter to postpone the insertion sf letters from Messrs . Brooks , Tomlinson , Shackleton , the Greenwich Chartists , and other communications , until next week .
The Portrmt. Of Kossuth, Presented-With ...
THE PORTRMT OF KOSSUTH , Presented-with the "Northern Star , " being in great demaud , those who desire to possess that splendid and correct likeness of the Hungarian chief , may he . supplied on application to Mr . J . Pavey , Holywell-street , Strand . An additional supply has just been printed , to accommodate those "who were disappointed on the first issue .
REVIVAL OP CHARTISM . Afr . O'Con . n'or and other Chartist leaders will attend the Meetings at John-street , on Tuesday night next , and at the South London Hall on the following Wednesday , to elect delegates to the Metropolitan Conference , to be convoked for the purpose of reviving Chartism .
jtaox . ii , Reform League . — Wo aro requested to apprise our readers , that the next meetings of the recently formed National Reform League , will be held on Thursday evening , the Sth , at the Wlicatshcaf , Hand-court , Holborn ; and on Friday evening , the lGth , at the Literary Institution , Johnstreet , Fitzroy-sguarc , G . W . M . Eetsolds , Esq ., ia the chair .
The Northern Star. Saturday, November 3, Is 19.
THE NORTHERN STAR . SATURDAY , NOVEMBER 3 , IS 19 .
Commercial Feudalism And Slavery. " The ...
COMMERCIAL FEUDALISM AND SLAVERY . " The age of Chivalry is past . " Tho age of Commerce has superseded it . Feudalism , based upon land , has given place to feudalism founded on trade . In the " olden times , " Royalty reserved its smiles and its honours for the tournament and the battle-field . Up to a very recent period , even in our own country , they were bestowed almost exclusively upon men trained to the arts of war , and the characteristic court spectacle of a landed aristocracy was a review in Hyde Park , or a grand field-day at Woolwich .
" Nous avons change tout cela "—as out-French neighbours say—We have changed all that . A new public opinion has been created , and the . Court—with true state-craft , if not an enlightened prescience—is adapting itself to the altered position of affairs . In the person of her husband the Queen takes every opportunity of propitiating the trading classes , and of identifying her dynasty with their prosperity . A few days ago a numerous and highly influential meeting of citizens was held at the
Mansion House , for the purpose of co-operating with PitiNCE Albert iu his proposed Exhi-, bitionof the Industry of all Nations . This week the Piuncb , accompanied by the'heir to the throne , and by his eldest daughter , has returned the compliment by attending the formal opening of the New Coal Exchange . The illness of the Queen prevented her from being present , and so the "loyal citizens " had to comfort themselves as they best could , with the debut of the young Pbiscb and Piuscess in public , as a substitute .
. 'We are by no means disposed to be cynical on such occasions , though we may not be able to fall into , or to imitate , the ecstacies of our contemporaries . Dull , indeed , must be the man whose blood would not be quickened—whose imagination could not be stirred—by such a spectacle as that which brightened the Thames and its shores on Tuesday last . It was , in ; all its accessories , pre-eminentl y national , and calculated to arouse the sympathies , the passions , d the
aneven prejudices , instilled from the cradle into the minds of a people who claim the hereditary empire of the Sea . Few have not endeavoured to realise to themselves the stately and gorgeous festivals of Venice , when her Doge proceeded towards the Adriatic . Those who witnessed the river procession on Tuesday , must have felt that the vision was more than realised , and that , too , in the midst of a city compared with which tho " sea-born CYBELE /' mher palmiest days , sinks into comparative insignificance .
Never , indeed , in the history of the world before , has there been an equal population crowded into the same space . Never before an equal amount of wealth brought from all quarters of the globe , and concentrated in one spot . Commercial feudalism may , with some considerable show ' of reason , look round upon its handiwork . It may boast of tho forest of masts which darkens the bosom of the river
for miles below London Bridge , and point to the immense docks and warehouses which cover thousands of acres on each of its banks as evidences of its power . In these warehouses are stored piles of wealth exceeding the wildest stretch of imagination in tho " fa bulous ages" of tho world ' s youth . Abovebelow-around-aro heaped up masses of treasure , winch neither the eye nor tho mind can comrui j pilwof ^ ifch wuicil a " „ ™
Commercial Feudalism And Slavery. " The ...
were more than enough to satisfy the cravings of the whole world . : The new Temple' of Trade , which was thrown open to its worshippers with so much pomp and ceremony this week , represents a department of industry , which lies , as it were , at the very-bottom of all this magnificent display of commercial power and grandeur . Coal sets in motion our mills—railway locomotives—steamers of all kinds—machinery and manufactures of every description . It plays the part of the genii in the tales of our youth . It is as ubiquitous and as obedient to tho will of its master ; while it far surpasses its prototype in the nature of the wonders it works .
Yet , when undazzled by the glittering display of Tuesday , we look beneath the surface , what is the state of the class , on whose toilsome and disagreeable labours in the bowels of the earth we depend for a supply of this inestim able and essential commodity ? One would think that such toil , pursued in darkness and discomfort , in" order to provide the nation with an articleindispensabletoall other industrial processes , and to that rapid transit to and from all parts of the globe , which keeps the blood of commerce in motion , would be
highly honoured , and highly remunerated . Let the actual state of the mining districts answer , as to the facts . Tho colliers are the slaves of an intense competition , which , by its g rinding tyranny goads them ever and anon , into that " civilised" state of insurrection known by the name of " strikes . " At every feasible opportunity a fresh clutch is made at the labourers' subsistence fund . Fines—abatements—per ceutages of all kinds—lurk in every corner as traps for the unwary , the powerless , or the ignorant . Besides being condemned to work at the lowest level to
which competition can drive down wages , the colliers are compelled , also , to pursue their labours in mines entirely deficient of those precautions against accidents and loss of life , which modern science has placed at the disposal of the coal kings , but which avarice and purely money considerations prevent them from adopting . The consequents is , that every few weeks we hear of another " appalling colliery explosion , " whereby scores , or hundredsof men , arc deprived in an instant of life , and thousands of widows , orphans , and other relations shriek aloud iu agony , over the blackened and mutilated bodies of their lost relatives and protectors . Then conies the usual Government
Commission and Report—the usual " Crowner's quest'' — " Crowner ' s quest " law—and verdict , " Accidental Death ; " perhaps , a gentle censure , or advice , by way of addenda ; and tho wholesale murder is hushed up . Everything relapses again into its usual channel . The coal master goes on coining gold out of the toil of the swart miner ; the collier goes on working until the ' Davy " gets out of order , or some of the numerous elements of destruction which are allowed to surround him , are again called into deadly activity , with a like fatal result . Such is the way in which commercial feudalism treats its serfs .
But we need not have travelled so far as Northumberland or Yorkshire for illustrations . A -writerin the "Morning Chronicle , " supplied the day before the opening of the Coal Exchange , a frightfully graphic picture of the state of the labourers who hang about the princely and imposing docks we have mentioned . The article ia question forms one of a series ou the condition of the Metropolitan districts , which again is but a single division of a series of Letters on " Labour and the
Poor , " which the proprietors have begun to publish with a view to an exposition of the actual condition of the labouring classes . One " special correspondent , " has been charged with the examination of the manufacturing districts : another with the rural districts and a third , as we have said , with the Metropolitan districtis . The results of these . enquiries , and the views of the writers , may usefully be reviewed upon another occasion ; meantime let us see how commerce treats her labourers at the docks .
The writer does not give , any statement as to the total number of labourers dependent , on the docks for subsistence ; but , that the number of " extras , " as they arc called , must be very large , is evident from the fact , that the difference in the number employed on a " brisk day " and a slack day , ' is not less than eight thousand persons ! " At one of the docks alone , I found that 1823 stomachs would bo deprived of food by the mere chopping of the breeze . " It is ' welladded , " That the sustenance of thousands of families should be as fickle as the very breeze itself ; that the weathercock should be the index of daily want or daily ease to such a vast number of men women , and children , was a climax of misery and wretchedness that I could not have imato
gined to exist ^ previous actual examination ] ' ; and since then I have witnessed such scenes of squalor , and crime and suffering , as oppress the mind oven to a feeling of awe . " The labourers themselves state , that taking one week with another , their wages do not average more than five shillings weekly , throughout the year , and their wages , miserable as they are , are rendered even more wretched by the character of the work on which they depend . Certainty , if income is indispensable to regular habits , and the exercise of prudence , economy , and moderation . Where the income of a man occasionally rises to fifteen shillings , and at other times sinks to nothing , it would bo absurd to look for such habits , or such virtues .
Hero is a sketch ( with slight omissions ) of a scene in tho immediate neighbourhood of the regal splendour exhibited on Wednesday : — Entrusting myself to an experienced guide , I was led to one of the most frequented and cheapest lodging-houses in the neighbourhood . It was a large outhouso , about the size of a small barn , and about as rudely put together The walls were unplastevcd , and the tiles above barely served to cover it in . In the wet weather we were told that it leaked like a sieve . Around the room ran along dirty tahlc , at which sat some score of ragged , greasy wretches . The others were huddled round the fire . Some were toastl ing herrings , others drying ends of cigars for tobacco , and others hoiling potatoes in coffee-pots . I soon covnmuni .
cated to them the object of my visit ; and having inquired how many of them then present worked at the docks I found them ready to answer any questions in a move courteous manner than I had expected . There were twenty nine people in the shed , and about a fourth were acca sional dock labourers . ' I worked at tho docks half a day tin ' s afternoon , ' said one , ' and all yesterday , arid half a day on Monday—three days last week , and never ahOve two or three days in the week these last nine weeks' This one appeared to have been about the most successful of the number ; and when I asked the rest what they did when they were wholly unemployed , the answer was , they were forced to walk the streets all ni
ght , and starve . 'There are plenty of us' said another , ' who have to walk the streets ofa night , though the bmifcs . ( beds ) arc only twopence here , and there ' s no other crib so cheap anywhere near' I asked those who spoke of having walked the streets all night till daylight what they had done for food » I ' ve been two days , * cried one ' without taste or sun- ' and one m the corner , with his head down , and his chin resting on his chest , cried ' I ' ve beeen three days without food-haven't had a bit in the world . ' ' Ah ! it It ' spW hard times m the winter time with us , that it is ' said a youth who could nothave been more than seventeen , 'Average i a I ( he year round , ' cried a tall Mlow in « auvahs
c su . ocv . -ive worked eleven years in the dock as « n extra , and it don't give more than 5 s . in the week Why , we ' re very very often three or four weeks and ear i S £ " ISM ^^ ttm ^ , ^ . ^»^ ^ S ^ mel ^ BB ^?^^^^ P ^ SK ^^
* * * a « v ! nf ' itS ' ^ owe wha t X ?* « V Cflnlto «*«* «^ it . ™ a ^ X ^ X ^ r' ? $ ' ' "' d D 1 C , hat ' There ' s ii S 11 ! ' , "' V '" that was his supper . s ^ 3 ^ T ^^ s ? t : ^ ^ KBfi S ^^ jaa ^ Wo should think not .
Commercial Feudalism And Slavery. " The ...
'Look at me , ' cried one standing up . The man was literally a mass of rags and filth . His tattered clothes and shirt were black and shiney as a sailor ' s dreadnought with grease and dirt . 'Look at me ; who'd give me a day s work in the state I am ? Why , thehestjoblvehwl l only got 3 d . by , and I don't make above 2 s . ( id . a week honestly at the outside . We couldn't live on what we get , and yet wc can live on a precious little here . Get a meal for live farthings . ' A farthing ' s worth of coffee , a farthing ' s worth of sugar , and half a pound of bread , ' three farthings , >> e can have a slap-up dinner for twopence ; a common one tor cried
a penny . ' * Oh , yes ! a regular roarer for twopence , ' the beggar boy . ' Three halfpenny worth of pudding , and a halfpenny worth of gravy . ' ' Or else we can have , ' said another , ' 2 ^ lb . of taturs—that ' s a penny—and | lb . fourpenny bacon—that ' s another penny . That's what we calls a fuskrate dinner . Very often we ' re forced to put up with a penn ' orth of taturs and a halfpenny herring-that ' s a three-halfpenny dinner . There ' s a chap here was forced to do to-day with a ha ' p'orth of taturs . He ' s been out ever since , and perhaps won't come in at all to-night . He'll walk the streets and starve . '
One glance more : it is at the sleepingplaces of the luckiest of these wretched slaves of the competitive commercial system : — Before my departure I went to inspect the' bunks , ' as the beds are called , for which they are charged 2 d . per night . The dormitory was at first appearance exactly similar to a small Dissenting chapel , the divisions between the beds standing up like the partitions between the pews . On inspection , however , I found they were much closer , the partitions being only twenty-two inches apart . So close , indeed , were the Imiifcs together , that 120 of them were "towed into a place about double the size of a four-stull stable . At the bottom of each . of these was spread a leather and as I walked round the place I saw many shirtless men stretched there like corpses , in a bed as narrow as a coffin , with another leather to cover . The stench of the room was overpowering , and I hurried from the place , indeed a wiser aud a sadder man .
" Horrible — horrible — most horrible ;" s mostfouland unnatural ! " must be the system which , in the very midst of almost boundless wealth , thus generates . a mass of squalor and vice—of poverty and crime—which cannot be paralleled by the most barbarous tribes who roam the desert . And yet the day after this appalling description of the fearful condition of these wretched outcasts appeared in the "Morning Chronicle . " a scribe , who writes " leaders" for it , overflowed with fulsome , loyal ,, and p atriotic eulogies on the greatness , and wealth , and happiness of this favoured nation ! All the other organs of the monoyocracy , of course shouted in chorus in praise of the god Mammon .
But the s ystem which thus murders the masses of the population , soul and body , must be stripped of its gaudy robes , and exhibited in its naked deformity . Mankind must not be content to exchange the serfdom of the landlord for that of the money-lord and the merchant The Sovereign and her Consort should be reminded , also , that they have higher duties to perform than even to foster and encourage a commercial greatness , the benefits of which are monopolised by the few .
< ' Train u p thy children , England , In tho ways of righteousness—and feed them With the bread of wholesome doctrine . Where hast thou thy mines—but in their industry ? Thy bulwarks where—but in their breasts ? Thy might But in their arms ? Shall not their lumbers , therefore , be thy Wealth ? Thy Strength , ~ thy Power , —thy Safety , —and thy Pride ? O Grief ! then—grief and shame , If in this flourishing land there should be dwellings Where the new-bora babe doth bring unto its parents' souls tfo joy ! where squalid Poverty receives it at its birth ,. And on her withered knees Gives it the scanty bread of discontent . " . - ¦ ¦ ¦¦ »¦ ' i i i r - -
Adoption Of The O'Connor Cure For Pauper...
ADOPTION OF THE O'CONNOR CURE FOR PAUPERISM BY THE GOVERNMENT . Noae of our readers can have forgotten the unqualified condemnation of the National Land Plan by Mr . Raven , the Poor Law Commissioner . He repeatedly assured the Select Committee of the House of Commons ,
that small farms and spade husbandry must inevitably and irresistibly pauperise every family that relied upon them as a means of subsistence . The Land , so far from fructifying and improving under such cultivation , would rapidly and seriously deteriorate , and even if the occupants did not pay a farthing of rent , in the course of two , or , at most , three years , the whole of them would have to seek shelter and relief in the workhouse . In short ,
small farms arid spado labour , to this " learned , " " experienced , " aud most positive gentleman , were synonymous with ' " . pauper warrens ; " and ought to be discouraged by all means , as tending to the degradation and impoverishment of the people . Truly and properly does Mr . O'Connor so frequently reiterate , " The foolishness of to-day is the wisdom of to-morrow . " We have now lying before us " Tta Minutes of the Committee of Council on Education , with Appendices , presented to the Houses of Parliament by Command of her Majesty , " in this present year .. The said " appendices'' consist of the reports of five inspectors to " My Lords "
of tho committee , as to the present education of the pauper children within their respective districts , and the means they suggest for its improvement . These Inspectors , be it observed , may be looked upon as essentially a portion of the machinery for working the Poor Law , because , though transferred to tho Hominal control of the Committee on Education , they aro , in effect , carr ying out the Educational Department of the Poor Law Commission ; and , looking at the instructions given to them , there can bo no doubt but that their reports are meant to give support and authority to the predetermined plans , both of the Committee and the Poor Law Board , or , in other words , the Government .
From the beginning to tho end of this state document , we are continually reminded that the great object is to diminish pauperism effectually , by introducing into full operation " those moral agencies which the authors of the Poor Law Amendment Act have been accustomed to plead as the true means of elevating the poor . " The most powerful and lasting of these " moral agencies , " in the estimation of the Government , is to be found in the improved education aud industrial training of pauper children . «« To overlook this improvement ,: ' says Mr . Kay ShuttlevoitiH , " will encumber tho workhouses with vicious youths , reared in ignorance and idleness , to be a burden to the country , either in its workhouses or its gaols . "
What are the specific means recommended for this object ? District Schools and Spade Labour—the thing which Mr . Raven said would breed paupers ! The Inspectors , while citing authorities , and arguing earnestly in favour of the latter , never allude to Mr . OCotoOK , or his writings ou the subject . He can aftordlo laugh at the omission , when he sees them adopting his principles , supporting his data , and carrying out his objects . ¦ Let US , as briefly as possible , give a few examples from this governmental authority of the physical , moral , educational , and economical advantages of spade husbandry .
Mr . Tufnell , Inspector of the Metropolitan Districts , after noticing the stunted growth , less healthy look , and inferior physical developcmeut of boys in workhouse schools , as compared with the girls , attributes the difference entirely to " the want of appropriate industrial work for the boys . " " In by far the majority of workhouses the boys are exclusivel y employed in shoemaking and tailoring or other sedentary occupations ; opportunities for athletic
sports arc rare , and thus at au age when tho frame is forming , and exercise necessary- to its full developement , thev are kept 111 a way that readil y iv , co , mt 5 for their inferior physical appearance . Iu some country cstabhshments where the boys are more employed m field labour , this inferiority of appearance is not perceptible , and this fact conhrms my opinion as to the true cause of this marked difference of the sexes iu some
worki Hoiicc , with a view of securing the health ot tho boys , garden or field labour is , lam satisfied , superior to most other , and if we view the subject with reference to their probable destination in after life , the uWti of tins species of employment becomes still more
Adoption Of The O'Connor Cure For Pauper...
obvious . The greater proportion of workhouse children will have to gain their livelihood as agricultural labourers , and where they are en gaged in other occupations , thegenerd practice of annexing allotments to cottages , renders a knowledge of gardening of no little importance to the tenants . J met with a shoemaker in Kent WHO from a quarter of an ache jhd received tex pouxds in return for the prodv . ee from January to August , besides plentifully supplying himself and family with vegetables ' ' After showing in detail , the defects of the present T \ orkbouse Scho ols , and their necessarily deteriorating influence on the children Mr Titneu proceeds to say : — "All the cvih nd difficulties ^
a above enumerated admi t of an easy and appropriate remed y by the formation of District Schools , as contemplated in the 10 th and 11 h \ icxoh-iA , c . 38 . That Act enables neighbouring . Unions to form a Common School ; and I cannot but think that its provisions would , ere this , have been called into action , had guardians sufficiently considered the advantages of such a consolidation . W here a large body of children is collected , an expenditure for their accommodation may be justified , which would be ruinous , and almost impracticable , on a small scale . A sufficiency of land would , of course , be attached to such an establishment , and thus their health and industry would both be eared for in the best
way . As the best rotation of crops , saving manure , & c , would be a special object of attention , the produce might be expected to be very large . The greater part of the food required would , ' in fact , be raised by the labour of the children ; and , hence , a material reduction in the cost of keeping them would accrue . The application of spade-husbandry , under intelligent guidance , toould cause a far greater saving in provisioning such an esV / bluhrnent than many . persor , s would imofjinR . I found that
one . boy at Tunbridge Wells bud made from the i-wentieth part of an acre , two pounds twelve shillings profit in a year , deducting all expenses . In a Union in East Kent—which , during the year , had . never more than forty-five inmates in it , and , consequently , not more than ten or a dozen boys , able to work—ioO sacks of potatoes had been raised in the course of the year : after supplying all the inmates with vegetables , the remainder had been sold for 7 ol "
Contrast this mode of bringing up the youth thrown on thecharity of the country—whether , with reference to its moral or pecuniary results—with the following , by the same inspector : — " A pauper boy , not taught to he honest and industrious , will , in all probability , be a burden on the parochial funds , in after-life , and may cost his parish 300 / . or 400 / . before he dies . If , as is too often the result in such cases , his bad training leads him into criminal courses , he will plunder society out of
about 25 s . weekly , or 6 of . a year , according to the estimate iu the constabulary report . If lie gets stopped in his career by being committed to Parkhurst Prison , he will cost the country , about 21 / . per annum , besides the expenses of his conviction ; and , if placed in any other prison , or transported , his yearly cost to the country ma y be double or triple that sum . " "No money seems to return so good an interest as that which is laid out in securing the morals of the labouring classes . "
Mr . Bowveh , the Inspector of the Eastern and Midland Districts , supports these views at great length , and with much ability , besides graphically " showing up" the defective—if not absolutely mischievous—results of the present modes of supplying an industrial training , One objection -to teaching boys shoemaking , tailoring , and similar trades in workhouse schools , is that it leads to overstocking the market with shoemakers and tailors ; and , consequently , does not secure the object iu view , namely , to render the pupil self-supporting . Tin ' s does not apply to agricultural
industry , which , in the first place nerves the body and mind of the labourer for healthy and hardy exertion , and in the next , enables him , on a small plot of ground , to earn his own subsistence . Mr . Bowver gives detailed estimates of . the . cost of a District Union School , and a Farm attachetVto it ; tho general resnlt of which is , that while they would provide for tho instruction and industrial training of tho youthful poor , in an infinitely superior manner , the produce from the farm cultivated by spade labour — and the saving of money bth
y econsolidation of the educational and industrial departments—would cause both an immediate and prospective saving ; and , ultimately , such establishments mi ght be self-supporting . "lam , " says Mr . Bowveu , " confident that agriculture would form by far the most advantageous employment of the children ' s labour ; and , on account of its superiority as a means of industrial training , that the farm sho uld form the principalfealure of tie school . Spade husbandry is obviouslv the kind of agriculture most adapted to an industrial school . " I
In support of . this opinion , the Inspector : proceeds to prove by well ascertained facts , , and the opinions of the best authorities , that t it will also , yield the greatest profit . After c quoting from Dr . Yellow-ay , Mr . Mitchell t of Suffolk , and Professor Cuthbert Johnson , , passages in favour of spade husbandry , ho o citos the following remarkable instance ' of its s value aftbvdcd by the monastery established d among some barren hills iu Leicestershire , 3
under the title of St . Bernard ' s Abbey , f . " By means of tho spado , those monks havere raised au estate of 19 G acres , consisting ;) flr % ty of stone , and partly of bog , and of which thelie cost price was only £ 9 per acre , to the prc-esent value of between 50 / . and 601 . an acre . " . " Another striking illustration is to be foundid in the experiment made by Mr . AllowayW formerly governor of the Tendring workhouse ; e ; the condition in which he found tho lartdad
belonging to the workhouse is thus dedescribed . — " Before the house was bnilt , il il was a heath called the Hundred Heath , he-belonging to tho Lord of the Manor , and for manyrj years the neighbouring farmers , when re re quiring earth ibv their manure heaps , h ? . < h ? . < carted large quantities of the top soil fo fo < that purpose . On the Guardians obtaining ] possession , one part of their contract was is t , find earth for making bricks for the houseuso
The heath supplied the whole , and whehes the-house was finished , alargesumwaspaipait to level fcho . ground ; the situation being damjimji some hundred loads of earth had been pnpm vicusly carted to raise the site of the housousi leaving man y parts of the heath entirely ba . ba :.: of soil ; indeed the nature of the soil was US '' proverbially had , that the Guardians , m , ni thinking it worth cultivation , had the great-eat t part planted with oak trees , aud in this sta stai i found it on taking office in 1840 .
fliis land , consisting of five and half acres , tcs , wn cultivated by the boys with the following result suit . in the year 1880 , tiie sum expended for potatotatiti Lfor the house ] , was £ 57 . For the last six res ve ? ««« mm has Um saved , besides gaining JE 3 or £ 4 £ 4 : potatoes sold . The paupers have also had the bee bc : j : nt ot a change of vegetables ; cabbaecs , camjarwi parsnips , turnips , onions , and locks ; clover , oir , out lucerne and tares , nearly sufficient for one hoc hoc tor the year , have been grown for the last 1 st ff years . Ui * iycar £ 'i \ % . teas received fur wheat neat nn
aeveraipigskcpton the promises have pIso bso lib partly led by the produce of the ground . " Mr 5 in liri'i chainnan of tbe visiting committee of of Hultonl union , states that the net produce of tlof till s . cres . cisitivaicd by the able-bodied men , avenavenri nearly A , 17 an acre ; as much also is made bve bvv Owltcross union . Mr . Bowtkk adds , " I have havoc duced this evidence to show the productive pouxpmxx spaih husbandry on land which would yield uo / . ' no pp to the plough ; not as examples for imitation hum inn quality ot the soil . I am , on the contrary , ; iry , viiiccd that the better the soil the greater would buhl 11 profit derived from it ; " and , in support of this ( this < < ion , ho adduces the following instances ,-An -An innrm
arm cottager named John Dumbrell , resil , resi-si at Javington , near Eastbourne , produced hied hisii counts before tho Select Committee , on Allotm . llotmn lliey proved that in the year 1840 , he obtaimbtaintm three acres of land , viz . two and a half araWarablde half au acre pasture , a netpro / ii of £ 23 lis . Otis . CiCi nearly £ S on acre . Iu the year 1841 , he ajjaift ajjaiiii )
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Nov. 3, 1849, page 4, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_03111849/page/4/
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