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TO THE WORKING CLASSES. _ ,_
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Mt Dear FmESDS . -Nothing gives nic hair...
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. TO THE IMPERIAL CHARTISTS. Mr Deab Fri...
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Character of the Parsons by the " Times....
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VOL. X. NO. 438- LONDON, SATURDAY, APRIL...
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THE POLISH INSURRECTION. The following e...
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LIBERTY FOR POLAND. A numerous and respe...
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TESTIMONIAL TO T. S. DUNCOMBE, ESOj Ther...
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State o» Trade in IiUAOVonn.—The introdu...
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THE TEN HOUfiS' mh. PUBLIC MEETING AT DU...
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THE CHARTER AND THE LAND
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Execution at Lkickstkh.—ihu ejiuirtmuttc...
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
Additionally, when viewing full transcripts, extracted text may not be in the same order as the original document.
To The Working Classes. _ ,_
TO THE WORKING CLASSES . _ , _
Mt Dear Fmesds . -Nothing Gives Nic Hair...
Mt Dear FmESDS . -Nothing gives nic hair so jntieh pleasure as working for yon . This week 1 am i * search of a suitable spot where some of your oroei m ay find refnge from the oppressors . fae more know of you , andthc more I seeaadkear of those who rule and gorera you , the mere am I convuiceil of the folly of expecting anything for you from them heneelcometo the conclusion , that whatever is to be done , must be done by yourselves . I shall now detail for vou brieflv what I have been doing since Saturday last . On Saturday Heft London to inspect which
t he land to be sold at Bawtry , concerning I j Iiave before written . I shall despatch this portion of : my suljeet very briefly . Yesterday I spent fully three hours in traTersing the land in question , had a man with me with a spade . As I was on the cpot , I went through the ceremony of trying the qualify of the land , but had it been the lest I should uothare purchased it ; and fortius simple reason , because ia too far bom any market for spare labour , or for produce in a retail or profitable shape , it is ten miles from Doncaster , the nearest market , and very , very bleak . With the tenant rights , the purchase would be about £$ , 3 ' }& , and 1 would not take it for our purpose at a gift ; so no more of that .
X am now on my way to Carlisle , to inspect 161 acres of land of great promise , which is to be had a bar train ; about this land more in my next . I will not purchase it if 1 cannot make a good bargain . It is bow nearly twelve o ' clock . 1 have been in company with Martin Ji . de , gaining useful knowledge from him for two hours , otherwise I should have written a longer letter . In my next 1 shall speak very fully © f our prospects and my recent tour , from which I have learned much . Cobden ' s few remarks upon the coquetting of Sir Robert Peel , tells me that we must be prepared for action . Believe me , that the League
will spring np again daring the Easter recess ; and , thank God , Manchester and the maniifectaring districts will b * occupied during that time by the whole army of observation . Cobden , O'Connell , and Russell are now scheming how to oust Peel , and get possessionof ibs government y and for the one-hundredth time I tell yon , that I would rather submit to the worst military despotism than to the rule of Cobden , O'Cojinell , and Russell . The ball is now up , and we must kick it ; we must not allow the oppressor to
h ave it all his own way . "When we are all at Manchester J % sit week , we must lay the foundation-stone cf mt « e ^ upi onc fa » 7 < ftn ^—we must try to lay the fouio ^ fioh of-the working man's future' happiness . 1 assortjpu * ; l anticipate more , from this our . Land project , tfian 1 can possibly explain to yon in the lLhutso f a letter . Next Saturday I shall address rou ' at Considerable length , and till then , " -IfcEeteme your faithfulFriendandServant , Fusses O'Cosxob .
p ^ S .- ^ While my thoughts are directed the great question of nationalr regeneration , I cannot divest my % Mb > of ' indmaual suffering . Jfow , I believe Hixon to be as good a man as any in our movement ; juntas I am too poor to assist him my * elf , or from m y own purse , this is to give you notice , that on Saturday , April 11 th , I will lecture for his benefit at fiie Hall of Science , or anywhere that his friends wish—the whole proceeds to go to him . Subjeet , " freland-r-her grievances and remedies ; the Irishtheir . oppressorsandhopes . " Admission , tectobody > ofithe hall and gallery 2 d ., platform 4 d . ; J ^ d ^ f { S countrymen intend to fight instead of vh ^ r |^ . th > are requested * ° 2 * Te me ftw few * ' wh *»~ -v < - ^ «»* - .-Newcastle , Tuesday Sight . F . O'C .
. To The Imperial Chartists. Mr Deab Fri...
. TO THE IMPERIAL CHARTISTS . Mr Deab Friends , —I am just about to start with out friend J . Arthur to inspect 164 acres of freehold property , to be sold , lam told , in a most splendid part of the country , and then I propose taking a trip to Cheshire , on the borders of Lancashire , where some good land is advertised for sale . I am induced to visit this Cumberland property from the information I have received of its suitableness for our pur poses , and'to keep it for a second ballot shortly making a purchase in Lancashire , or on the borders , for immediate use . Now , allow me to direct your attention to a subject of even mora importance to as , jb a political party , than the Land itself—I mean the proposed measure of
COERCION , o 5 ered as a boon to Ireland . One of the great impediments in onr way has ever been the cry that the English Chartists were either enemies to , or indifferent about , the sufferings of my countrymen . Now an . opportunity presents itself of giving a flat and nmnktakeaule denial to this foul and malicious assertion , so industriously propagated . THREE OR FOUR MILLIONS OF CHARTIST SIGNATURES , to a manly remonstrance against the BLOODY TJILL , wonld apeak home to the Irish heart , and would be an answer to our revilera . We
can get that number np during the Easter recess , and if Mr . O'Connell were able to meet the SAX OX PARLIAMENT on the second reading of this TREASONABLE BILL , with four milb' ons of English petitioners remonstrating against the measure , how cotdd the press or our enemies withhold this great FACT from our Irish brethren . I would recommend every single petition to be sent direct to Mr . O'Ci-nneu himself , and he will take care to chronicle the numbers . Already has J . Arthur undertaken to pledge for Carlisle and neighbourhood Cau you read * of the inhuman murders perpetrated
by the destroying Gerrards , without raising your voices against such wholesale butchery ; and can you reconcile to yourselves the injustice of making it a transportable ofience for a man to be out of his Louse an hour before sun-set ? We have long La boured to convince the Irish people that the Chartuts were their best friends ; we have now a golden orportunity , and shall we allow it to pass without improving it ? Never mind our difference with Mr . O ' Connell , or his abuse of the English Chartistswe have no cause of difference with the Irish Psorix . Let us convince them of that fact . On Saturday ,
April 11 th , 1 shall be prepared to submit a remonstrance to the people of Manchester , which will be published in the Star of that day . Let signatures be procured in the meantime ; and if the Irish in England do their duty , as I have reason to believe the English Chartists will do theirs , the remonstrance ihonld be carried te the doar ef the House as the giant petition was , escorted by hundreds of thousands of Englishmen and Irishmen—I will make one . Do not be led astray by the maudling cry of the Preservation or Life . I tell you , that for every life this bill is meant to preserve , thousands upon thousands
are murdered by those whose safety is always the especial care of our < joutrnmtnt . If you have read the article in last week ' s Star upon Ireland , and if you have read the lima of Tuesday , you will find that the picture I drew has been heightened by EVEN that journal . Are famishing Irishmen to be sacrificed , while a party professing the highest feelings of justice looks tamely on ? No ; justice , nature , and nature ' s God , forbid it ! Letusup , then , like one man , and rumple itox the lvferxu mossier .
Believe mc , we can do it ; and thus unite the Irish people to as by the strongest ties of affection . J . Arthur has just scut the drum and fife to beat up for a meeting to-night upon Ireland and the Land , and a remonstrance ; so that we are the first to move , ail England and Scotlasd will follow . Get 3 , » 0 < j , ( hjO of signatures , and a glorious procession to the House , and England andlnELAKD she . forever rsrrED ! We meet for Poland , wut sot for Ireland ? We meet for England , why xoi for Ireland i We crushed the MASTERS' COERCION LILL for
English labour , why not crush the TYRANTS ' COERCION HILL for Ireland ? Believe me , if we lose tke opportunity we shall receive the reward of our indifference in increased hostility . LET L * 5 IT ANU HO IT I Ever your faithful Servant , Fearcls O'Cosxob . Carlisle , Wednesday .
Character Of The Parsons By The " Times....
Character of the Parsons by the " Times . "jlany recent ca * is have unhappily sdiown us thai members of the clerical profession " can be depraved and infamous ; but the action tried on the llomt Circuit on Monday proves that they can also be mean , roguish , ai . d contemptible . From the gravest enormities to the ; ettiest frauds—from the highest crime to the lo « 'C-t cu'ining—from incest , adultery , * ud crurJtr , Ui nrarkt ; chiiznwrr , and sl . iialer , wo lind lie m ' iriistc ; s of the Church sfilrding the worn and moil ihgrain instances of the vices wc hav-j leaned . —Ihumk'V , Aj-ril ' 2 .
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* ¦ ' * ' ' - ' - £ . ' ' i * . ' ^ dBBft fe ^_ _ A Vi g * ¦ tm _ ' £ ST H / A A dm ^ M <^ ± / j & JttwFB I A . ^ 4 . A A » A , A AflBHV ^ - " A . A . A . AND NATIONAL TRADES' JOURNAL .
Vol. X. No. 438- London, Saturday, April...
VOL . X . NO . 438- LONDON , SATURDAY , APRIL , ! , 1846 . ™«* *™ £ ^ TZ ' mre Shilling ! , ami Sixpence per Quarter
The Polish Insurrection. The Following E...
THE POLISH INSURRECTION . The following extracts are from a letter written by a lady of rank in Posen , and addressed to a friend in this country : — Posen , March 'J . Mr Dflia , —Since I wrote last we have suffered much and severely , and are still uncertain what may await us . Yon hare probably learned from the public papers that our anxiousanticipations of a revolution were continually augmenting . The government was as much awake to the symptoms as ourselves , an d a t three different periods innumerable arrests have taken place , each serving to exasperate yet more the youthful portion of our population , who believed that their turn to revolt was come , for more than fifteen years cannot pass without a new generation ' s renewing the attempts in which their parents
hire hitherto felled . Onr youth have been always the first to rise , and now , more than ever , it has been the very young who have insisted on making the attempt . ^ In vain the rational refused to take part with them , sayuig . "It is impossible—this is not the moment—let us wait , " —they could not understand this language , and their plans were arranged , extending to every pwt ' of ancient Poland : it is even said ( and it is the enemy who say it ) that their measures were well concerted . But the Russian police got scent of these plans , and revealed the whole to the Prussian government , in consequence of which , soch enormous numbers were arrested that no movement took place hsre . But it had been arranged that the revolution should commence every where on the
same day—at Cracow , where the government had not been forewarned as it was here , the Austrians on duty I in the town were driven ont—everything was done in the most admirable order , ^ nd with extreme mildness . Excepting that the Russian and Austrian eagles were | broken and trampled in the dir ^ k"jd of violence was committed , nor any spirit of revenge shown , though God knows , the provocation of long years of oppression was not wanting . Those who desired to leave Cracow were at liberty to do so , and a guard even was given to the Prussian Consul who remained in the town . The provisional government , was formed of respectable and moderate persons , and not a drop of blood was shed , for the Austrian ' s , as usual , fled as soon as they perceived the probability of . danger . * - " v " -- . ..- ¦ -. .
In Gallicia things have taken a most melancholy turn . During the fifty years that Gallicia has belonged to the Austrians , thsy have dene all in their power to persuade the people that it had always formed r . part of Austriathat Poland had obtained possession of it . for some years , and that those years bad been very-unhappy for the country—that the Poles were their enemies ; ' and always treated them as a conquered people , and . that . since Austria had repossessed herself of GalHeia ; theinhabitants were far more . Sappy , and ought to bless their adorable sovereign awf bis ^ ov £ mmeitj . ;' 'Tou , who have so Jong resided ' there ); tho nf ; fio wadorablethey ' are , and how happy the people ' but it is not difficult to persuade those who have no means of "knowing better , that things are much worse ehYe ' where . When the revolution of
Cra-| y : cow broke out , the government in Gallicia took the alarm , and Formed guardsot safety , composed of the peasants ) , to whom arms were given , and on the first indication of revolt ( some horses being taken by force from a postmaster ) , ajievrard of ten florins good money ( squivalent -tofSJ ^ sjiii ^ g ^ wis premised for . every insurgent , living pr ] deaaVwlib shovffl be * pt «* jaJ £ ' K > the Austrian ^ ajDthorifiesif / Ehe spies andagenlfof tb « , Austrian government ' then played their part , fntoiiiiatiug the peasants , in ordar to produce in them the proper degree of excitement , and thus inducing them to massacre some individuals whe attempted to defend themselves . The promised reward for these bodies having been paid , and the pillage of their houses tolerated , the peasants attacked all they met in the streets , on the public roads , and even in the houses , and a herrible massacre took place .
The troops of the republic of Cracow baa repaired to Gallicia , intending to join the re \ olution which was to have begun simultaneously with that of Cracow ; but they were met by Austrian regiments far mora numerous than themselves , and receiving no aid from the inhabitants , who had been already massacred , they were defeated , and mostly cut to pieces by the excited peasants , ' the Austrian authorities continuing to pay for every'dead body brought in , and the Austrian troops looking on , without endeavouring to prevent any of these horrors . I feel , while writing these details , that you will have diffi . culty in Believing them , and that these to whom they are related must suppose them t * be exaggerated , but my husband has just arrived from Gallicia , having performed a part of the journey in company with the Vice-President of that province ( indeed , it would havj been impossible at that moment to hate travelled otherwise ) , and the Vice-President told him that in the whole circle of Tarnow there were not more than three or four proprietors
who had escaped the massacre . You may imagine in what a state we have been . When my husband arrived here , advantage was taken of his name to spread the report that he had returned from GalHcia ' where he hadbeen to commence the revolution , that it had broken out everywhere , that it was quite time to begin it here , and that it was disgraceful that the government should have so easily succeeded in suppressing it at Posen . Many poor dupes believed this , and an attempted attack on Posen was the consequence ; but having neither chief nor plan , and with many spies among their number , they naturally failed—some were killed , many arrested , and among them several people in the employ of my husband , which led to the belief that he was concerned in it . Here , then , was fresh cause for anxiety—a prison awaited him , and far some days we were every moment expecting him to be arrested ; this , however , tormented me less than the Test , for , as ho positively had nothing to do with it , I had no doubt the truth would soon be evident , and it appears that it is so . for he has not been molested .
The students of the college here being suspected , orders were given to four of the masters to visit their homes , and search for arms and othar proofs . This , which is the business of the agents of police , the masters very properly refused to do , therefore the college has heen closed , it is said for six weeks , but some think altogether . A second college at Tzemasvno is also closed , because suspicions have been awakened as to the fidelity of the pupils to the principles there inculcated . This is a great calamity . The government is now pursuing a system of petty prosecutions , with demonstrations of hatred and
revenge towards the entire province , and even towards individuals in no way connected with the late movements , which appear to me very dangerous and ill-advised , for they tend to exasperate those who are most disposed to remain quiet . It is said that the people in the kingdom { Russian Poland ) are beginning to rise ; but we hav « no positive news , all are intercepted . God knows how it will end . Vou may conceive that , in such a stats of tilings , it is difficult to find tiaie for letter . writing . Our habitual occupations are not diminished ; many new duties added ; and , as you may suppose , our condition , both soul and body , is deplorable .
The children do write , but sometimes their young imaginations lead them to represent things in a manner that makes it imi-ossible to send their letters , the impressions of th » momrnt ( often terrible ) inducing them to form judgments which I should be sorry to transmit to Kngland . Sometimes their letters are not of a nature to be sent to the post , and the difficulties I make about sending their letters discourage them from writing . Seme have only waited a word of explanation from me , which I have not found a moment toadd , and others have been despittched , but I perceive have never reached you . Do not be uneasy about our persons — nothing will happen to them . The town is fortified and guarded by | such an immense number of troops , that it would be
madness to attack it . The failure of the first attempt has discouraged the most enterprising . If further efforts are made , it will be anywhere rather than Posen , so that we are exposed to no risk ; but as to our poor countryentreat of God to have pity on us , for we are very wretched . We have this moment read in the Gazette ol Warsaw , that the Russians have sent to Cracow their most barbarous troops , Cossacks , Mussulmans , and Circassians to exterminate the insurgents . In Gallicia , the peasants will scarcely have completed their massacres , when they will in their turn be punished by death for what they are now paid to do . We are most unfortunate ! Our governments say openly , "We thoughtwc had crushed you long ago , but since you still live , we will soon find means to exterminate you !"
What c » n I add to this sa * letter ?—that , thank God , we still live!—it is even difficult to say , thank God , while we live only to witness such horrors . Adieu , pray for us ! I add jet a word to tell you the las * news from Berlin . The province of Posen is regarded as in a state of war , and the town as in a state of siege—nearly unlimited power is given to the military authorities , with the right of condemning to death without reference to the King . The quantity of troops that have arrived is inconceivable , and they are to be maintained at the cost of those who are under arrest , their entire property will not suffice , for though some are rich , Ultra are many who have nothing . A third college at Ostrow is to be closed to-morrow . Our misfortunes increase every hour . The Jews are the most zealous allies of the Prussians ; it is they who denounce the Poles , and whe guide the Prussians in their rcscarehes , r < -joicing openly in our misfortunes .
The following circular has been addressed by Prince PaskeiwitecL to the Russian Ministers accredited to foreign Courts , under date the 18 th of March 1810 : — His Majesty the Emperor having been informed of the annc-d attempt committed at Sicdk-e , and „ f the revolts that had broken out at Cracow , in Gallicia , and Posnania , has addressed an imperial ukase to the Mreetiii" Senate , declaring the kingdom of Poland and the Governments of \ olliyuia and I ' crtulia in a state of sice . On the other hand , no movement Vas occurred in the kingdom since the last despatch 1 had the honour of addressing to you . Gallicta is being p ^ j ^ a , anu tilice tllc
The Polish Insurrection. The Following E...
attack directed against rosen , order has not been materially disturbed in the grand duchy , I have thought proper , sir , to forward to you this in . formation , to enable you to contradict the erroneous ac counts circulated by foreign journals . The three assassins ef Siedlec have suffered capital punishment The penalty of two of the insti gators of the revolt , who , however , shed no blood , has been commutad into transportation and hard labour in the mines . May these instances of the speedy punishment of crime prevent the renewal of attempts calculated to compromise the fate of entire populations . The country people , that is , the mass of the inhabitants , proved themselves everywhere faithful to the government , and resisted the seductions held out to them . The peasants , guided b y their good sense , apprehended and conducted to the authorities all strangets who presented themselves to them without passports or regular papers , and were guilty of no excesses towards them .
The Pbince of Wabsaw . Frontiers or Galtjcia . —There is a ' reporfc current that on the 13 th March , at seven a . m ., the two principal emissaries of the Polish propaganda , 'f heophilus WiMniowsky . ( called also Zagorky ) and Edward Bembrowski ( or Borkowski ) were . conducted under strong , escort to Lemberg ., The latter headed the insurgents in the skirmish with the Hussars on the 21 st of February , hear Nardiow , in the district of Brzezneza . The government had offered a reward of 1 , 000 florins ( £ 100 ) for the arrest of either of them . Wiszaiowsky was arrested by . two *; peasants of Manaiotf . who discovered the fugitit ^' in a hay-loft ' . ' He was in the disguise of apriest ; haS shaved off his beard and made a tonsure on his head" . He gave his name as Lipinski , saying he had fled from Russia on account of religious persecution . It is hoped that some light will be thrown upon the conspiracy by the
arrest of these persons . The old castle , of John So- ' biesky has been converted into a prison " . The Archduke Ferdinand has proceeded from Lemberg to Tarnow . He is endeavouring to suppress the ardour of the peasantry . The chiefs oi the different districts are doing all they can to put a stop to the tragic scenes which are still continued , but it is difficult to place , the bit in the mouth of au unbridled populace . The government has named different provisional delegates in the district of Tarnow to manage the political affairs . In one district where the most dreadful social disorganisation reigned , scarcely eight gentlemen were left alive . The number of murders committed exceeds 300 . The castles are burnt , and the lands laid waste . The number ot persons arrested is iomteHse . Martial law is ' established all through Gallicia . "Troops arrive from all quarters .
Posbs , March 17 . —The town is quiet . The sentences of the prisoners will be pronounced in eight or tea days . Any persons attempting a new outbreak will be brought before a council of war , and sentence pronounced within twenty-four hours . Persons condemned to death may appeal to the royal clemency . The Gallician peasants repaired to" Cracow to sell the jewels and other valuable objects they had robbed , with the sanction of tke Austrian authorities . Count Dsikow , with seventeen of his dependents , had valiantly defended himself in his chateau during three days ; and three jiights , and ultimately forced tuo peasants to raise the siege . \ j . . Jfhe following proclamations , signed by the Emperor Ferdinand , have been" published at Vienna . The first is a letter addressed to tho Archduke , Governor of the Province : —
Mr beau Cousw , —During tho last disturbances of Gallicia my loyal functionaries and servants in that country distinguished themselves by their presence of mind and _ their fidelity to accomplish their duties . They have acquired thereby rights to my satisfaction , which I acknowledge by the present . PisDi » A : u > , Vienna , March 12 , 184 l > . Mr Firmox Giutctiss , —We havo had t « undergo severe trials during the l < st few weeks . A conspiracy , which was got up abroad by the enemies of order and public tranquillity , has penetrated into my kingdom of Gallicia .., You have succeeded in discovering some of the guilty parties who nourished the absurd hope of entangling you in their criminal projects . For the purpose of seducing you they resorted to all kinds of artifices , to promises of every description , and they did not even hesitate to « all to their aid ' theinost sacred sentiments .
J Your fidelity , " your uprightness , have rendered their attempts of noa-effoct . When the conspiracy broke out , twben the insurgents ,-with i «) j > ruden . * 7 ; oidnt *) , unfolded the revolutionary flag , they wero at once disheartened by the bold resistance which they met with on all sides . My hear t longs to thank my well-beloved Gallicians for their loyalty and unshaken fidelity to their sovereign . Your devotedness , your desire to maintain public order inviolate , have led you to pursue this course ; and now that the projects of the enemies of public order have ended in their own ruin , you will return to' yeu ' r ordinary occupations , you will preve , in short , by the rigid performance of your duty as subjects , that if you know how to fight f « r the maintenance of the laws , you likewise know how to respect them by your obedience and submission to them . Ferdinand . Vienna , March 12 , 1 S 16 , The following is an extract from a letter from Lemberg , dated the 17 th March : —
In the district of Tarnow only sis landowners escaped the general massacre ; being well acquainted with M . llrehial , the chief magistrate of the district , they were warned , and sought refuge with their families in the town of Tarnow , under the protection of the Austrian troops . The fine lands of Gorky and Glluy , belonging to the Princess de Ligne , wife of the Belgian ambassador at Paris , Princess Lubouiirska by birth , hare been entirely laid waste ; nearly all her servants have been murdered . The castle of the Prince , which is within cauuon-shet of Tarnow , escaped owing to its bting stcupieu by Austrian troops . The castle of Baranow , on the borders of the Vistula , the property of Count Karasicki , rich in historical events , and dear to the memory of every Pole , was
sacked , as well as the castles of Dubiecbo and Meadrzychow . The last , one of the finest in Gallicia , is the property of Countess Arthur Potocka . On certain occasions the pea-ants acted in n manner which seemed to imply that they blindly beyed some high and unrelenting command . When they surrounded the castle of Count Kotarski , the count , who had always acted as a father towards them , wished to persuade them to abstain from their horrible conduct . They listened to him , and answered him coldly that he must prepare to die . lie entreated them to allow him time to die as a good Christian ; they consented , and even sent themselves for the village priests . As soon as this worthy citizen , who was beloved by the whole province , had made his confession to the priest , they dispatched him with their daggers .
At the present moment , armed bands of peasants scour the country and burn and pillage . The government will , no doubt , take measures to stop these atrocities ; but , as yet , none of the peasants have been arrested . The daring of the peasants is increased , as they think that they will be rewarded by the government . Cracow , 22 sd Mahch . —Since the 21 st , no women are allowed to go from Podgorze to Cracow without a permission from the police , with tho exception of the market-women . All the peasants who enter arc searched . These latter have changed a quantity ot notes , from 10 to 100 florins [ £ l to £ 10 ) , ignorant of their value . They state that they have received the rates from the Austrian authorities as payment for the heads of the nobles , but it is equally probable that they have been stolen . Tho news from Gallicia is still anything but satisfactory . Excitement has not subsided at Lemberg . It is reported that Miroslowski has escaped from prison .
Poses . —It is difficult to express the feeling which pervades at Posen , owing to the executions which took place in Poland . The Poles are furious at the manner of death inflicted by hanging . It is said that Panteleon Potoeki , who was sentenced to death , has been poisoned in his prison . Other executions are expected to follow . The Russian government , now that banishment is ho common an occurrence , do not deem it efficient enough for striking terrorinto the public mind . At Posen great excitement ^ prevails . The number of prisoners amounts to 500 . ' An officer in the Belgian service has been arrested . The persons who ware arrested on the 14 th have been sent to Solembourg , near Knstrin . Count Dzialynski has been set at liberty .
lhe following is a list of the persons of rank arrested at Posen : —The Counts Constantin and Ignatz Jirunski , Wadislas Lontiki , Severin Mielsynski ; MM . Pius Arnold , Alphonse de Bcsdkowsky , de liialos Korski , retired lieutenant in the Prussian service , Stanislas de liicsickierski , formerly colonel in the Polish service , Bribrowha , Alex , dc lirudzewski , Arthur Ucrcwinski , author ( these two latter were arrested in Austria ) , Bronislau de DombrowAi , de Gousiorowski ( physician ) , Ak-x . de Gutray , the brothers Andm-as Valentin and Stanislas de Jclowiezki , Jaukowski , ami Wadislas dc Kosvnski , retired lieutenant in the Prussian service . The ecclesiastics belonging to the aa-l ii-epihcoual seminary have been released .
Nuums Lxi'ukssjox or Sympa tiiv « r rni : Ghumans in Paws . —Wc learn from the German I'itvt , published in Paris , that the sum of r . j-jO francs has ken subscribed by 370 U German trieuds of Poland , in aid of the brave people oi * thitt country . ,. . „ . Pans , Satubiuv . « According to one oi tho German newspapers , it wouUCappear , , says the . Y . < i , vm , / , " thai ilie thru ' powers arc going to address a note to the French Cabinet respecting the riclu of asylum . Thcv lmvc taken ia earnest the famous ex ; region of M . Guizot ,
The Polish Insurrection. The Following E...
1 France ought not to becomcthe den of conspirators . ' They will consequently demand that hospitality be refused to . those Poles who are proud of the name of insurgents—proud of their endeavours to excite their countrymen to . exertion—proud of their glorious attempt to throw off the yoke of the oppressor—and who would again rebel to-morrow if the moment appeared propitious to them . There is , however , one little misfortune attending this note of the three powers . It is that the whole of France participates iu tho hopes of Poland ; that both Chambers have , for the lastfifteenyears , proclaimed Polish nationality to be imperishable : that with another coverument
those declarations would not prove sterile ; and that the country would hail with transport anything which might be done by a determined and intelligent power to re-establish in its rights that friendly people whose courage is the theme of universal praise . The re-establishment of Poland as a nation is , moreover , a matter of the deepest moment . The whole of Europe is interested in it , for barbarism is hovering over tho unhappy kingdom . Its resurrection would prove a bulwark against invasion . " French Demonstration is Favour of the Poles . —In several parts of France demonstrations of sympathy with the Poles were daily taking place , accompanied by . cries of " Down with the King ! " " Down withGuianV . ' "
According to ii . . letter from Dijon , of the 24 th , the mayor of the city gave permission for & representation for the benefit of the Poleay . to be composed of th ' e ^ 'Mae . t' ^ dePortwi'Vand ' theV' . Esplbnhe . -Russe , '' cb & ludin ^ with the -VarsoYiohiie and Craco ' vienne . But it appears that the Counsellor of the Prefecture , acting as Prefect during the absence of that functionary ; thinkihglthat . the pemiissioh was unadvisedly givenfmadV iv telegraphic communication of it to the Minister o £ t " ie interior , whotsent back un order forbidding the ' representation ; ,: It had beeu announced for- Friday , but when the public came they found the doors sliut ^ nd upbntliem placardssignifyina ; that ^ he theatre ^ as closedf by order of superior authority . Upon this the populace became dissatisfied , and paraded the streets singing the ' " Marsel-Luse , " and uttering seditious cries . The crowd was soon dispersed , but assembled again en Saturday and Sunday , repeating thoir riotous proceedings . The
majristrates , however , having taken the precaution of calling in some additional troops , several of the most outrageous were arrested , ami , as it was fully believed on Monday , all further disturbance prevented . —Le Mans ( Sarthc ) was on Saturday jthe theatre of demonstrations in favour , of the Polish cause , similar to those noticed in other places . Between eight and nine in the evening a great number of persons assombled in the Place tic llalles , whence they proceeded through the different quarters of the town , sang the " Marscllaisc , " the '" Varsovienne , " and the " Guerre aux Tyrans , " but uttering no other cry than " Vive la Pologna ! " At . ten they returned to the Place de Hallos , when a man in the centre proclaimed with a loud voice , that it was to be the last night for the songs and other manifestations in honour of the Poles , upon which all dispersed in peace and silence . The next morning the mayor ssued an interdiction against such demonstrations .
Paris , Susday . M . Guizot is endeavouring to do something to conciliate the popular . fefcling toward Poland , and with that view he 1 ms , it is confidently asserted , applied to Lord Aberdeen , proposing that French and English Consuls be immediately appointed at Cracow ( where such functionaries do not at present exist ) , and whose mission would have for its object to watch over the proceedings of the three powers , in order to oppose any defensive encroachment against the freedom awarded to that great city by tho treaty of Vienna .
Liberty For Poland. A Numerous And Respe...
LIBERTY FOR POLAND . A numerous and respectable public meeting , to sympathise and assist heroic Poland , was held at the South London Chartist Hall , Blackfriar's-road , on Monday evening , March 30 th . Mr . John Gathard was unanimously called to the chair . A string of resolutions , similar to those passed at the Crown and Anchor Tavern , was submitted , and carried unanimously . Mr . T . Clauk , in rising to move the . first resolution , said . the object ef this meeting was to afford the men of South London an opportunity of expressing their opinion on the conduct of the governments of Russia , Austria , and Prussia . He conceivetl it our duty to sympathise with our oppressed brethren
ol all nations . ( Hear , hear . ) Governments ot all nations , without exception , appeared to treat the yeople . as mere wealth-creating niachiuss , to produce wealth for the aristocracy and middle classes to consume . No doubt the English people possessed more liberty than Poland , although he denied that they had a country to fight for . lie contended that Poland should have the right of governing herself . He could not conceive what right the Emperor of Russia had to go and take upon himself the government of Poland ; were he to come here and conquer us by his military hordes , and set up a government , the people would look upon him as a usurper and a despotic tyrant . ( Hear , hear . ) Well , what was true here was equally true in Poland . That unfortunate nation was now trampled upon by a triple tyranny , and lie thought the English government would be fully justified in interfering in her behalf . ( Loud cheers . ) In Poland the people hud
not the right to meet in public and express their opinions , in England popular rights might be obtained by moral force , and he trusted no other mean * would ever be employed . They had been abused for the expression of their sentiments at the Crown and Anchor by a portion of the press ; but the pros * generally was the organ of the landed and moniud interest , and by their recent articles , left us to infer that the government was the representative of the same interests , and , consequently , that no aid could bu expected from it in favour of any revolution , except it was a middle-class revolution . ( Hear , hear . ) He did not deny the right of the press to past their strictures on any movement ; but allowing their right , he or any one else had an equal ri «; ht so to do . ( Hear , hoar . ) No country , Ireland excepted , had so much cause of complaint as Poland . The Timet had admitted that circumstances existed which would
justify revolt , and at the same time took the unmanly part of condemning the insurrection . He had mucli pleasure in submitting the resolution . It was precisely similar to one submitted at the Crown and Author , which had been condemned by tho press , in order to test their opinion as to whether kings had any more right to rob than private individuals . lie would venture to affirm they held precisely the same opinion as their brethren who met at the Crown and Anchor . ( Great cheering . ) Mr ( iKoiuiB Wihtb , of Bradford , seconded the resolution , and said he was just como from Yorkshire , and he represented the sentiments of at least a million and a half of persons , when he said the people of that district deeply sympathised with Poland . ( Hear , hear . ) The cause of Poland was the cause ot humanity in general . He hud learned from the rotten London papers , and they wore all rotten
except one , the Northern Star—{ loud cheers , )—that the despots were hanging up tlio patriots by wholesale . ( Shame ! shame !) Had the reforming government of Idol ) done their duty and been sincere , Poland would then have gained her rights and have been saved the miseries of the present struggle . ( Hear , hear . ) He contended that the cause of Poland was the cause of every man . Poland contended for the right of self-government , for the right to live and enjoy freedom , which was the right of all . There was not a more noble people on the face of the earth . The Cracow manifesto was a glorious one , and worthy of all imitation . ( Hear , hear . ) It did not demand a mere ten-pound vote , but pure democratic equality , and tho right to the land for the benefit ol all . ( Loud eheci * . ) Let them not he dismayed by any temporary defeat , but press onward , remember , ing that
" Freedom ' s battle oncu begun , liequeiithed by blending sire to son , Though bullied oft , is over wun . " —( Loud cheers . ) The resolution was carried unanimously . Mr . P . M'GuATii , in niov ' rog tho second resolution , . said , the rccont articles in the public papers , in opposition to their present movement , adduced no argunants . ( Usar , hear . ) The re .-olution ho had tlas honour to nieve , was an epitome of tho political creed of every honest man . ( Hear , hear . ) One of the principles there laid down had bconenunciated by a previous speaker , via , that the land belonged _ to universal man . ( Loud cheers . ) Had this niceiiiubcen convened for any inferior purpose , it would have been quite unworthv the attention of the dwiioerate
of Briton—( hoar , hear ); but Poland had not risen j far mere uat ' uiwility ; no , she declared tho anil to bei the property of all , and desired to found a govern- , ment based " on the pure principle of democracy—( arwii theevVn" ); nwb hence she di sewed the support of every honest man . They had seen a revolution in IJcigiiim , in which tho llelgians broke the Hutch yoke « ilh tiie aid ol'Krance ; bul that crafty monarch , L-iuis Philippe , hud , for motives of self-interest , eausid a monarch—a creature « d" li-. s otvn—to be piami on the throne , iitstoatl nl" the people establishing a jjoveinmcnt for themselves . Franco , too , had thrown elf one despot to be only sucvcided by another . ( Hear , hear . ) Weil , he trusted Poland would take a lesson from thcisu things , and , iu the ivue spirit i of the Cracow maiiifeto , " establish a true sovereignly
Liberty For Poland. A Numerous And Respe...
of tho people . ( Grea cheerin . - ) . 'Another gnat principle of the resolution was , that it declared the division of the people into classes was the cause of their miseries , and hence it proclaimed the abolition ot all privilege and class distinction . ( Hear hear ) Were not the people of England , too , cursed bv privileged orders ; did not the aristocracy seize upon the land—that land from which food and clotliinc spnm » and charged us upwards of fifty millions before they would allow us to taste of the blessings our labours produced ? ( Hear , hear . ) Then we had another class , called profit-mongers—a class , of whose merits , or rather demerits , youmight hear of at meetings like this , but of which you seldom heard discussed elsewhere —( hear , hear)—although they were one of the
greatest curses that afflicted mankind —( loud cheers ); numbering , as they did , nearly three millions , and living wholly and solely on tho labouring classes , never performing one single hour of productive labour , lhero was yet another class—the tax-eaters , who wring from the industrious millions of Britain some fifty . millions .- per annum . Until this state of things was . altered there was no hope for the woi-kin * classes . ( Cheers . ) Rent ,. profit , and taxes was the ° conduitpipethat took away the . life ' s blood ^ f the people . ( Great cheering . ) The resolution condemned this state of things , and declared the desire of the Polish Insurrectionary Government to abolish them , and hence it had his entire concurrence and hearty
support . ( Hear , hear . ) Poland was at present portioned off by three crowned " robber * . ( Cheers . ) Austria , - who was spoken of with tho greatest respect in the two houses , also by her Majesty , had ; basely offered fifteen florins for a live Polish nobleman , and thirty for a dead one ! There was another tyranthe begged pardon , for he supposed he must not call the king of Prussia a tyrant , as he was . godfather to the heir apparent to the British throne —( laughter)—ho , too , had a share of the spoil , and was one of the gaolers and executioners of Poland . He cordially concurred with every sentiment in the resolution , and ho was sure the meeting would carry it unanimously with enthusiasm . ( Great cheering . ' )
Mr . W . Tdw * SEND seconded the resolution , and said—It was objected that " this was not the time . " What , was it not the . time for a man to have his dinner when he was hungry 1 What , not the time to save a man when he was under the wheels of a waggon ? Poland was oppressed , and surely , boinij oppressed , it must be the time to relieve her from oppression . ( Greatcheering . ) > The resolution was carried unanimously . MCsig . Keen and Stallwood having addressed tho meeting ,
Mr . Julian Harxeymoved the adoption of tho following resolution : — " That this meeting acknowledges with grateful pleasure the addresses of the Polish democrats published in the A ' orcAern Scar of March 28 th jand , heartily responding to the declaration of principles by our ' Polish brothers , we pledge them our fraternal aid in establishing the independence , freedom , and equality of the Polish people . " Mr . Harney spoke at some length in exposition of ths wrongs of Poland , and in denunciation of her oppressors . Mr . Pattenukn seconded the motion , which was carried unanimously . ...- ' ... A rote of thanks was given by acclamation to the chairman , and "three cheers for Poland and Liberty" closed the proceedings .
Testimonial To T. S. Duncombe, Esoj Ther...
TESTIMONIAL TO T . S . DUNCOMBE , ESOj There is on view at the Paribenium , 12 , St . Martin ' s-lane , one of the most beautiful and chaste specimens of exquisite workmanship it has ever been our lot to witness . It is intended as a testimonial to Mr , Buncombe , on behalf of the working classes of Great Britain and Ireland , as a mark of their affection and regard . Few public men have earned for themselves tho esteem and gratitude of their countrymen in such a degree as Mr . Buncombe ; few have battled so vigorously or so manfully , for the labouring classes , even against" the prejudices of his " own order " and he has had his reward in possess ? ing the confidence of a large portion of his fellowsubjects . Mr . Buncombe entered public life at an
early age , with all the preconceived notions incidental to his birth and rank ; he was himself one of the aristocracy—of the privileged order ; yet , up to the present hour—in times of great and imminent peril—he has continued the ardent and unflinching advocate of the working classes of this country . Through good report and through evil report he clung to them ; in their Tallen fortunes ; he never forsook them ; in their direst necessities he counselled , advised , and reproved them—preserving , through every change , his firm and unshaken loyalty to the Grown and Constitution oi England ; and lu ' s affectionate regard , esteem , and sympathy with those whose lot it is to earn their bread by daily and laborious toil . Few public men in England stand in a higher position than the hon . member for
Finsljury . He is the representative of the working classes—of the industry , and talent , and ingenuity of the British artisan ; he speaks their sentiments , and ably expounds their wishes in the Imperial Parliament . As a member of the aristocracy , ho is listened to with respect and attention in the most aristocratic- assembly on this earth ; as an advocate of the pool man , he is unrivalled ; for the case of his numerous clients is put forward with an energy and skill which could not be surpassed if the wrongs were his own . Grateful , then , must it be to his feelings to have his exertions and intentions appreciated by the working classes of the British nation ; and it confers the highest honour on tho intelligence and worth of that class of our fellow-subjects , to witness the deep gratitude they entertain for their patriotic defender .
The design of this " piece of plate" about to be presented to Mr . Buncombe is exquisitely beautiful : it is the work ef Mr . Grant , by whom it was modelled , and executed in silver by Messrs . Garrard . It weighs SCO ounces , is mounted on ebonj ; measures in height three feet two inches , and cost the sum of £ 020 . On the top a figure , representing tho spirit of British liberty , ia seen Yeww & ng the rights of her champion for defending the rights of her country from oppression and injustice ; and in two of the panels of the base are lassi releivi representing
on one side a mechanic in prosperity , and on the other a mechanic in adversity . On the third panel is beautifully ei . gravcd the following inscription : — "Presented to Thomas Slingsby Buncombe , Esq ., M . P ., by many of the working classes of Great Britain and Ireland , as a mark of their affection and gratitude for his patriotic , manly , and consistent advocacy of the rights of the people . " On the angles of the plinths are groups of boys , emblematical of trade , commerce , and tho fine arts , directing attention to the following patriotic votes and motions of the hon . member in the House of Commons .
" 1828 . Voted for the repeal ot the Tests and Corporation Acts . " 1 S 29- Voted for Catholic Emancipation . " m-2 . Voted for the Reform Bill . " 1 S-I 1 . Moved foran amnesty to all Political Prisoners ( which motion was lost only by tho casting vote of the Speaker ) . " 1 S-12 . Presented the great National Petition ,, signed by . ! J , 3-1 U , 000 of the working classes , praying that tlio People ' s Charter might become the law of the land , and moved that the petitioners l > o allowed to set forth their grievances at the bar ot the House of Commons .
" 1812 . During the progress of tho Income audi Property Tax Bill , established the right of the people to petition against a tax pending its discussion in Parliament , of which right they had bcea deprived upwards of 150 years . " 18-13 . Moved for an inquiry into the judicial conduct of Lord Abinger , and certain magistrates , in reference to political and other prisoners . " -8-y . Moved the abolition of ths Ecclesiastical Courts . " 1 S 11 . Strangled the infamous Masters' and Servants Bill . " iS-15 . Moved for an inquiry into the conduct of the Homo Sccictary , relative .- to tho Post-oflicc
espionage . " Advocated the principles of Religions Liberty , ( C ommercial Freedom , and Equality of Civil and Political Rights throughout the British Empire . ' Of the whole proceedings we can only say , that it confers a high and deserved honour on a useful public man , and a reward of which the proudest and most distinguished of his cotemporarics might bo justly proud . Long may ho continue to enjoy the esteem ami gratitude of his fellow-countrymen , by the performance of acts which not oniy confer an honour on the assembly to which he belongs , but aro calculated to advance the liberties and promote the prosperity of the whole human family . — Morning Aihertbcr .
State O» Trade In Iiuaovonn.—The Introdu...
State o » Trade in IiUAOVonn . —The introduction of machinery to comb wool has had a deplorable eftVi't on the operatives imployed in that branch of inuusvry , and ' the hope of tho woolcotnber , that ingenuity could not produce a machine capable of combing foreign wool , litis been fallacious . Machines of a novel and superior construction are now in full operation , and have been tho cause of seuuiuu . hundreds of industrious fumil'u'S to bt £ or starve in the streets . A collection lias been nnulo , amounting to i'SDO , to find employment for the able-bodied at Is . pentoy . This fund cannot last many days , nun unless trade alters speedily tlio wurhmen in "lUf . r brunches arc likel y Us be iu tiiQ same eoudUW ' . l as the woolcouibers .
The Ten Houfis' Mh. Public Meeting At Du...
THE TEN HOUfiS' mh . PUBLIC MEETING AT DUNDEE . On Monday evening a public meeting of male and female factory-workers was held in Bell Street Hall , tor the purpose of petitioning Parliament in favour of Lord Ashley ' s Ten Hours' bill , and of thanking the Free Church Presbytery " for the independent stand thoy have made on this question . " The hall was densely crowded . Mr . Davih Linusky , tenter , having been called to the chair , expressed in a few words his conviction that tho factory-system was hurtful to the health and to the moral and intellectual well-being of the operatives—that it was a system of slavery in opposition to the spirit of British liberty , lie . then called on J . GiUHAM , factory-stareher , who in a lengthy and argumentativospeech , proposed the first resolution : —
That this meeting is of opinion that a legislative cnacU ment restricting the continuitnce of factory labour to ten hours' per day is just and salutary in its nature , and a measure which it is the duty as well as the interest of tho factory labourers to support by every legitimate means iu their power . Jambs M'Qubkx , mill-foreman , seconded the resolution . He said he could bear the testimony of twenty-two years' experience that the factory system was detrimental to the health . The resolution wag then put to the meeting and unanimously adopted . . IticiiAKD- Slatkii , mill-foreman , proposed the adoption of a petition founded ou the foregoing resolution . Mr . Rkie , mill-f « remam , made a few remarks upon the advantages of shorter hours , and seconded the adoption of the petition .
An individual in tho hall here rose and said ,, he behmged to a body of 2000 canvas weavers , who also need a legislative enactment . The evils you speak about affect our class too . We can produce a deal of work- , and if our-hours were limited we would pro duce less , and our wage * would be letter . We have long hours ; and 1 hope you will take us into your cognisance . The petition was adopted unanimously . . The Chairman here called on Mr . M'Donald ^ stareher , to propose a vote ^ of thanks to the Free Presbytery .. ; The speaker moved : — .: That ' -the--thanks bf this meeting aro eminently due , and are her * by ' given to the Presbytery of the . Tree Church of Dundee , for th « manly and dignified expression of their opinions in favour of Lord Ashley ' s Ten Hours'Bill . ' - Mr . Watson seconded the resohitii n , which was adopted unanimously .
Dr . Grkt proceeded with his usual vigour to denounce the evils of the factoiy-sjstcm . lie maintained that persons under fourteen yr ar * of age should be brought up in the country , and as much ; is possible in the open air where they could inhale the-pure oxygen from the atmosphere . ( Cncers . ) .. ile had raised his voice long ago against , long hours , know-, ing the consequences' to which they led . -Twelve years ago he uddtt-saed a letter signed "Medicua' * to the j ) undee Aduertiur , showing how the du ? t ia mills effected the » ir-passa » es and produced phthisis .
The hours of confinement should therefore be made as short as possible to lessen tlnse terrible consequences . " Really this is just the meeting 1 ought to attend , " continued the doctor . "' My irkule heart and soul goes with you . 1 am delighted to see that you are taking tho righf way . Tin ; Chamber of Commerce are not the people to do it , although we are nil friends working together in oilier matters . " After some remarks on the right of the legislature to interfere , the doctor sai down , and was geeefed with three hearty cheers for tho part he bad taken .
It was then proposed that the petition should he sent for presentation to Mr , Duiieonibe ; but ifc having been Hug » c » ted that Mr . Pieldon had now the charge oi ' the bW , and hud expressed it wish that the operatives should strengthen li is hands , it was agreed to entrust it to that gentleman . The Committee was instructed accordingly . A vote of thanks having been then passed to the Chairman , and another to J ) r . Grey , the meeting quietly separated .
The Charter And The Land
THE CHARTER AND THE LAND
' Placards having . been circulated announcing that Peargus O'Connor , Esq ., would , deliver a lecture on the above subjects , at the Brunswick Hall , RopamakersV fields , Limehouse , on Tuesday evening , March 31 st , longbefore the hour of meeting every nook and cranny of the building was densely and inconveniently crowded , ifr . Edxvm > Stauwood was unanimously called to the chair , and briefly stated the . objects of the meeting , and read the following letter from Mr . O'Connor , who was detained , at . Manchester on the business of the Chartist Co-operative Land Society — . "oi , Great Marlborough-streot , * "Tuesday Morning , 31 st March , 1816 .
"Sir , —Mr . O'Connor having r & ceivcd the particulars of an estate for sale , was obliged to leave London at a mo , ment ' s notice ; he has therefore desired me to write to you , as chairman , for the purpose of apologising to tha meeting , and to explain to them the cause of his absence ; and to assure you and them that nothing but the emer * gency of the cast ) , and the desirability of placing as many members of the Land Society as there was a possibility of doing at Its flwt location , would hare induced him tOQQ absent oh so interesting an occasion / ' ' > "I bare the honour to bo , sir , . / " Tour very obedient servant , "YTiuAah Hhwitt . The CiUiBHAX said , —Although 3 fr . O'Coenor iras absent—and being absent on such busing-- v ,, ^ . U afford them as . much pleasure as his presenec- ~( ch » s .- ^)—they would find a Tery able substitute in Mr , Al'Oiath , whonii ho wonld now iiitroduoe to their notice .
Mr . Pmtir M'Gbath rose , loadly applauded , and entered most lucidly and ably into the objects o- ' ? he Chartist Co-oporative Land Society , and adduced . a proofJ of the practicability of the scheme the irreat mass of ; money accumulated by the middle and upper classesby the construction of railways , & sc , and asked what waste prevent the working classes from co-operating together , and obtaining the like advanUiges on the Imiil , and thus retain the wealth thsy created for their own advantage , and prevent the awful scenes now nightly represented of the daughters of industry walking the streets , victims to the cupidity and lust of those who , by their labour , Jthey support hi indolence , and their aged parents , in theisiday of adversity , driven to the Vnion Workhouse .- In order to carry on the oprrations of the society it would be
necessary to buy and sell estates ; yet the members would have every security by having their land and cottage at a specified nominal rental on lease for 91 ) 1 ; . ' years , ( Cheers . ) Thus , ho thought , it must be clean that the Chartist Co-operative Land Society was the very best Building Society ever established .. They were now receiving at the rate of three Hundred pounds per week as instalments on shav « s . In Mr . O'Connor ' s narrative of his travels in Delgium , they might see what advantages and happiness-plots of land conferred on tho people of that country . In Switzerland the natives are , I ' or the same reason , proverbially light-hearted , contentment beaming ; in their countenances , happiness Hushing in each cys . ( Loud
cheers . ) In Jersey the Small 1 ' arm system- produced wealth in such abundance that the residents of that isle wore continually exporting their produce to other countries ; while Mr , 3 . S . lluckinglianv the groat traveller , stated that the possession of the ! a . nd and the suffrage had not only brought plenty around , the door of ; every cottage in America , but that education and all thesocial virtues followed in their wake . Several questions w « re asked , and answered to tuu satisfaction , o ! rtw meeting , which was evinced by the loudel / stppto use . A . large number of rules was dfcposi-d of , mil several -hares , were taken up . Afirr a few words fnv-u- Hes-frs . l ' lVKtfv ami John Shaw , a vote of thanks -. «* ^ ivcti t «> tha lecturer ; and a like compliment hir ; Ci » c . ° bi on pui & : ! itt . chairman , the meeting dissolved .
Execution At Lkickstkh.—Ihu Ejiuirtmuttc...
Execution at Lkickstkh . —ihu ejiuirtmuttcman , William Hubbard , expiated his aft ' e ace of murJerins his wife by the ignominious d'i & tkiof being irtu ^ cd ou the scaffold on Wednesday ? raovning . The carpenters have been busily en > .- ^ ged for tho lust few days in preparing the seallbh . 1 formerly nsedt at the > ¦ gaol , which in this instance was erected in . the open i space in front of the Genei . ^ i Infirmary aad . County ; Bridewell . Since the con dvuination of Hubbard , go ' has manifested an ignorant and sullen , disposition . . l ' olieemcn have been in ; ittendance upon him night t and day . and the rev . cl aplain used his . endeavours s to bring him to repentr vWo , but in vain , lie move e than once used his exc rtious to inflict bodily injury y on the police , until th & » overnor ordered . hvtn to be M
ironed . The unhappy . ' culprit , detfti-mined ou pining \ g himself to death , actually went without food two vo days . II is friends ar , d relations have been constantly , 1 y visiting him , but in . jaos ' e of the interviews he tils- is " -. played the utmost i . ' « Jiiffe renco of his position , telling n <» : the rev . chaplain aa . 4 hj . s friends " ho wanted none no of them . " On IWd ' ay evening he was removed cd I from the Borough Csau , to the House of Correction , }!! ,, where ho slept so « odV ; till near six o ' clock . As early rly r as tw 6 o clock ttft T people began to assemble , anduull gradually kept w U increase until eight o ' eloek . ek ,, from all parts ottto county , when there could not hex boa less than -o . ljOO p' eople present . At ton luinuteatess alter eight o dock the officers made their appearaneeneee on the platform , f ollowed by the unhappy man andamld tho executioner , an old man , upwards of wsvoulvuUy , with grey locks , r ind ferocious appearance . The pri-pri-isoner waiked up the ladder with a firm stop to the tliac ol the dru
edge -ji , when he made a stand , apparenthntHi with a view to say something to tho crowd , hut all lull luu uttered was-.. » 1 have not had a fair trial or a jus jus s sentence . He repeated this three times , when Ua tlito executioner- placed the fatal cord to the beam-a b \ n bvv standcr on the platform puifumj him ou the drop ^ op--Uid bolt was then drawn , and the unhappv man wa wau launched , nt 0 eternity . Ho once raised his left left lee a great Height and let it fall . Alter a few twitchin ^ iinsg ol tuc , hands and body he ceased to move ; and afti-afti-: v havip . g hung the usual time he was taken down am ami Pk ^ . ed in a shell . Ko minister attended him on Urn thh jW . afl ' uld , and Jack Ketch dragged the cap over lu > r luu 1 face in a ruflianlv kind of manner—he was hanged au trniir , r were present following their usual avocations . WheiHme will such brutalis ' tng scenes cease to he enactedctedil Thev are a disgrace to society . — Cvrn-yonUuit .
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), April 4, 1846, page 1, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_04041846/page/1/
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