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F FEBRPABY6, 1847. ~ ^ THE NORTHERN STAR...
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foreign iflQbemcnt&
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« « And T will war, at least in words, {...
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* " Kevelations of Austria," by M. Konbr...
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Colonial antr #oretp intelligence*
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INDIA. A rapid express via Alexandria an...
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TO T. S. DUNCOMBE, M.P. 8, Princess Stre...
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As Insatiaiilk Bog.-—Tho railway between...
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craves* 0&ftfturuu>«
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TilE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF UNITED TRAD...
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(From tho .New York Ti > >ime.) HAIR SEA...
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Imsn I'rodvck.—A very curious document h...
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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F Febrpaby6, 1847. ~ ^ The Northern Star...
F FEBRPABY 6 , 1847 . ~ ^ THE NORTHERN STAR .
Foreign Iflqbemcnt&
foreign iflQbemcnt &
« « And T Will War, At Least In Words, {...
« « And T will war , at least in words , { t { find—should say chance so happen—deeds , ) With all who war with Thought !" mm 11 «< i think I hear a little fcird , who sings TTheThe pejple byand by will be the stronger . "—Braoa "REVELATIOKSOF AUSTRIA .. *
ko . in . (( Ck ( Continued from the Northern Star of January 23 rd . ) 1 The following extracts illustrate the state of KDCCATIOH IK ACSTHA . ' The Austrian schools are divided into three branches . ! Ft Firstly , the German schools , subdivided into Trivial and ; He HonntL Secondly , Classical schools called Gj mnasimns ^ . Ar And thirdly . Universities . The German schools , called Trivial , are found estatol Wished in nearly alt tho Gallician towns , and are grata tnit « - 't > . The scholar * pay nothing . The course of instruction at the German Trivial schools la las ts four years . Iu tbe German Normal Schools , which are only estate Wished im the principal towns , geography and iineary i . drawing is taught . Tho professors of all three branches belong to the U laity , excepting tbe professor * of catechism , who is a al waj s the parish priest or his vicar .
They are appointed and paid by the government at the t rata of one hundred , two hundred , and three hundred f florins a year . All priests and professors of public ini a truction are obliged to teach from their pulpits , confes-< sionais or chairs , that it is tbe holiest daty , the Catholic \ 0 f Catholic virtues , to obey the most sublime Kiiser , his 1 fcefeVis a nd agents , and to denounce either to the priests , i srofetsors or magistrates , all evil-disposed persons , their ¦ pn-jects and illegal proceediogs . and finally to be discreet . Instruc tion keeps pate with the befehl of the Kaiser Francis , which says— "I do not want prating functionaries but executors of my befehls—submissive , obedient , and silent with regard to public affairs . " 9 9 * The course followed at tbe gymnasium lasts six years . Latin Greet , German , Arithmetic , the dements ef ^ eoDJetrsa Utile Algebra , geography , the history of Austria , ' and religion are taught there In Austria , el-ren gymnasiums exist , two of which are at Leopol . Tfce course of philosophy is separate from the
gymnasium , and takes tw . i years . The first year , Psychology , logic , Arithm tic , Geometry , Algebra , Universal History , Religion , and the Greek language are taught . The second year . Natural Philosophy , Mechanics , Experimental Chemistry , Univer sal History , and Religion . >\ . one is admitted to the gymnasium without a cetti-£ cate of success at the German school , or to philosophy without a certificate of success at the gymnasium . Excepting history and mathematics , which are taught in the German language , all the othtr branches are taught in latin ; np to 1530 mathematics were also taught in Latin . The following " artful dodge" is too telling to need comment : — The Polish villages are without any kind of school .
In 1917 the Austrian government invited the noblemen to establish in each villtge a trivial school , to raise funds for that object , and to sdrise the government of their having complied with its wishes . Three years after cams another befehl , ordering that the funds collet ted -should be secured and deposited in tbe treasury of the Circles . As soon as this deposit was effected , there came another secret bef . hi to prevent the establishment of rural schools and to retain the collected fun-Is in payment of tbe taxes that were in arrear , and as inGjlliciathereis not a village without arrears , ( be . tanse the tax absorbs n-ore than tbie ? -fourths of the net revenue , ) all the fund collected devolved to government . It is fo : bidden to teach the French language in the Austrian public schools . The spy system is so well deve loped that children denounce their patents and parrnts their children . As regards
3 ELIG 10 S IS AUSTRIA , Christianitv is professed in Gallicia by the following seels : tbe Catholic ; the Greek ( called Orthodox ); and the Protestant ( called Evangelical ) . The Catholic is subdivided into three branches : —1 st , the Roman Catholic , or Latin ; 2 nd , the United Greek Catholic ; 3 rd , the Armenian Catholic . We cannot follow our author in his review of the creeds and cer < monies of these sects . He says , * * The Austrian prksts are , like all the other officials , inhuman and h ; : u « htv towards the people , servile and truckling to
the Kaiser and his government , to whom they denounce all generous and virtuous 3 ien . " It is only justice to add to this , that the events of last year proved that , however corrupt the higher orders of the clerev of all sects in Gallicia may be , yet gre . it numbers ' of the bulk of the priesthood are largely imbued with patriotic principles . This is pre-eminently true of the clergy of the now absorbed state of Cracow . A considerable number of priests were massacred by the Austrian agents , and a large number are at this moment in Au .-trian dungeons .
51 . Koubrakiewira is particularly bitter towards the Je .-uits , whom he regards aa the agents of the Kaiser rather thau the Pope , and to whom he trace * many of the misfortunes of Poland . We come next to some revelations of ACSTSIAN * LAW AJfO JUDICIAL . 4 DJ 4 I . V 1 STBATI 0 . V . As relates to civil justice , the Austrian subjects are divided into three distinct classes ; nobles , bu . ghers , and peasants : each of these three classes has its particular tribunal . > rhen the defendant is noble the case must be carried before the tribunal called JVrttm A ' oMlictm . There are in Gallicia three courts for the noble . ; at leopol , Tarnow , and Stanislaw ; about fifty or sixty leaiues distant from each other . Tney are each composed ofa presiduit . vice president , from fiv « to eleven judges , and a certain numbsr of sab dtern officials to copy and expeJite the business as well as to preserve and earegister the documents .
To judge causes arising between Burghers there js id e ^ ery town a c ^ urt ca lled magistracy . Tue magistracy of La polls composed ofa Burgonwster as president , of a viK-Burgomaster , and from nine to thirteen judges called coaacUlors of the magistracy , and oi a number of subaltern employes All the otberraagistracies of the Gallicim tuwas are composedof a single Burgomaster who judges , Subject to appeal , the causes of the cititen . 1 he causes of the peasants are judged by dominical jurisdiction , that is to say , by the lord himself , or by his emjdoyei , c-ilied justiciaries ormandatarits . These seignorial employes are hired and paid by tbe fc-rtU but the Gubemium makes them undergo an examination , aud grants them certificates of qualification .
The appeal from the judgments of these three courts is carried before th < = court of appeal sitting at Leopol , and which determines the affairs of ait classes of subjects of tbe Polish provinces . When the judgments of the court appealed from , and that to which the appeal is made , are nut in conformity , it is then allowable to resort to the supreme tribunal sitting at Vienna , which is the last court of appeal . Everv complaint , request , or defence , must be written * in Latin or German , and signed by a lawyer . The Polish is expressly forbidden .
We are compelled to omit the account of the forms wbich bave to be pursued in civil actions . A simple actiou'f » r debt may last two years , occasionally even lorger , when tbe defendant proffers the jmtee a becoming present , and the plaintiff will not give any , cr even refuses to pay more than his adversary , in suih cases , the affur often lasts , Sve , ten . or fifteen * e ; irs and even longer , when the plaintiff is poor , aul tlie defendant wealthy . On this subject our author says : — The parties are not to know either legally or officially tht name of the judge , but they always do ascertain it , fcetausethe judge has his Jew , called factor , who pre . S-: ts himself to the parties or their lawyers , and secretly
informs thein that their case is in the hands of such a oa-. Then the parties think over the mejns of gaining thir cause , as it is forbidden both sides uader criminal penalties to attempt to corrupt the judges , who , nevertb . leas , get paid by both . and are sure not to bi betrayed : P :, t ! y , because the corrupting par'y . who should first inbrni , would be condemned to CarcereM d'trum , or cVrifsiBVM ; and secondly , because the deposition of a J ; -v ajainst a Cacholic judge would prove nothing in an Austrian court of justice Ihe civil code of 1811 , compulsory for all the hereditary states , excepting Hungary , is modelled on the co le Napoleon . Passing over our author ' s abstract cf this code , we come to his revelations of
ACSTBUH PESAt JUSTICE ( I ) Tht Penal Code of 1803 compulsory for all tbe Austrian Sutes . excepting Hungary , is divided into two parts : the first part treats ot crimes , the second of serious psiice transgressions , Schwere potest ulerttetuiyen . The punishment of death is awarded for several crimes , and is practised by the gallows . The punishment i , f imprisonment is divided into three degrees , namely career , career durus , career duris-Siurs . Those condemned to the third degree are subject to corporal punishment , which is executed with a caae , called stock , for men , and with a rod for woman , the punishment is administer : *! once or twice a week Ot , the naked back during the whule period of imprisonment . 01 until death . Generally the persons condemned to tUUkirid of punishment die after a few months suffering .
Tiejtetsons condemned for political oflences are sent tu S pkuVrg or Kufstein where they are condemned to forced labour under ground . The victims who groan in tbe dungeons of Spielberg o > Kui staii are more to be p itied thau the Sibtriau exiles . Penal procedure is very expeditious in Austria . The pi ocess of investigation is called inquisition . This inquisition is made by a copyist and a judge wh <» dictates to the former the interrogatories put to the accused , and his answer ..: the inquisitor exercises here the functions of accuser , defender , and judge of the acecsed . After the complete inquisition aud instruction of tht
« « And T Will War, At Least In Words, {...
case the judge-inquisitor makes his report in session composed of three , five , or seven judges , and the accused is either condemned , acquitted , or liberated for want of legitimate proof : the judgment ii thereupon read to the accused and executed if he declares himself satisfied , or sent to the court of appeal for approbation if he desire * it . All intervention ofa third party , all communication with a lawyer or with the father , mother or child of the accused , is severely forbidden . Tortuie ia abolished , but the judge is authorized to administer to tho accused , during tbe inquiry , blows of the stock , and every time that the a ' cu-ed refuses to answer , and that he does not answer the questions clearly and in a direct manner , or that he denies having committed the crime without-being able to do away with the suspicion of gemi-proof which the inquisitor considers to exist against him . More than twenty five blows of the stock may not be administered atome time .
This mode of extorting a sincere confession from the accused , is applied in the enquiries of all crimes and serious police transgressions , a . id against alt persons without distinction of birth , station , age or sex . All the Austrian nobility , M . Metternich and Rothschild included , all bi » bopjand priests , all general and military officers , all Austrian Ambassadors , ( Count Apponyas a Hungirian excepted , ) are subject , they their children and their wives , to the punishment of the stock
or rod . M . Koubrakiewicz sarcastically adds "All Austrian subjects are equal before tht law—of the slock ! The circle and police magistrates bave the power to administer blows of the stock to al ! servants , workmen , burghers , or peasants , without any written judgment . The police and civil soldiery carry , to effect this object , canes attached to their cross-bells . Persons suspected of patriotism , or agents of the government possessed of secrets which tbe government would fear the disclosure of , are summarily dispatched , usually by poison . The victims sent to Spielberg for a term of years usually die there . The Midden and mysterious deaths of enemies and dangerous friends of the Kaiser , are called by that potentate ' s subjects , "Austrian Accidents ]" Englishmen ! dont forget thai the English Government is the ally of the Austrian Kaiser I
* " Kevelations Of Austria," By M. Konbr...
* " Kevelations of Austria , " by M . Konbrakiewtc ; , ex AuMmn funttia ,,,, ^ London : 1 . C . N-swhy , T 2 , Hor tiatr-itreet . Cav 8 ndi & h-i < l « are .
Colonial Antr #Oretp Intelligence*
Colonial antr # oretp intelligence *
India. A Rapid Express Via Alexandria An...
INDIA . A rapid express via Alexandria and Trieste reached London on Thursday in anticipation of the Marseilles mail . By this arrival we learn that the Panjaub Yuzeer . Lall Singh , having been suspected of what the British call " a treasonable correspondence" with the Cashmere insurgents , and proofs having been supplied to the British , the latter commanded his deposition . Lall Singh was accordingly deposed , and removed under British " protection " t * Qindostan . The Panjaub government had asked for an army often thousand British to remain at l . aj bore during the minority of the Maharajah—the British commissioner v rtually to exercise the
functions of Vuzeer . This was assented to , the Sikhs I agreeing to defray all expenses . The Maharajah is now a child of seven years old ; and for the next ten years at least tbe Punjaubis in the hands of the British Government , and controlled by a British Army . It is idle to speculate on the events which may occur before the year 1857 . Just as the army < ~ m the Indus was about to be reduced from 22 , 000 to 14 , 000 men , a foray of the Booghtie tribe from the mountains has driven in our outposts and compelled a whole cavalry regiment to retire . The enemy werecomputed at 2 . 000 on their first appearance in the field They succeeded in ravaging numerous villages , carrying off the sheep and cattle ; in the face of our troops . The districts around Gwalior are said to ] be ia a sad state ; murders and robberies being of frequent occurrence . FRANCE . _ KOSE niSrOBBAXCES . A royal ordinance bas been published prohibiting tbeexport of meal of every description , and chesnuts , whether whole or ground , until the 31 st July next . The importations of various kinds of food from foreign countries bas been immense within the last ten days . Disorders , however , have continued in various quarters . The price of bread in Paris was advanced on Monday ; fears were entertained of an outbreak in consequence , but no violence was attempted . In the departments several riots have occurred , and in some places bands of armed medicants scour the country demanding bread and money . The Paris
, i urnals of Monday contain intelligence ofemeutes at Po .: t 1 'Abbe ( Finisterre ) , Guildo , Merdrignac , Guemeu 6 . Peufao , and various other towns in the centre and west of France . The issue of the proceedings in these cases is generally a compulsory sale of tbe provisions " at low prioes , named by the people . The gendarmerie occasionally interpose , but are often defeated , owing to their comparatively small numbers . Disturbances are also detailed in the provincial journals , attended by similar circumstances at Fontenay , La Vendee , at Courcy , Pethievers , and Orleans , in the Loiret , at Yvetot . in the department of Seitie-Inferieure and at Rouen .
The journals of Tuesday contains further accouufcs of riots in the provinces . Serious apprehensions continued to be entertained that a rising would take place iu the Faubourg St . Antoine ( Paris . ) In the midst of this state of things the Deputies are amusinj ; themselvesdiscussinu the "Address !" The Q >' or . ii « and the Gazette de France have been condemned , the former for publishing and the latter for copying , an article affecting the validity cf oaths , which contained the following sentence , " None is l » und , save to his country ; none owes obedience , si ve to his own conscience as a citizen . " The court condemned M . Carpentier , responsible editor of the Cohmne , to imprisonment for three months , and a finaof l , 00 df ., and M . Aubry-Faucault , responsible editor of the Gazette , to six months' imprisonment , andafineofl . OOflfr .
SPAIN . The ministerial cricis still continued without solution . A succession of expedients had been resorted to , and different individuals bad been commissioned by the queen to form a cabinet , who successively failed in accomplishing that object . Letters from Bayonne of the 29 th nit . announce that the Qeeen of Spain ' s troops had been defeated at Lleyda by the Carlists , under the command of the celebrated partisan chief , Tristany . General Breton , the Captain-General of Catalonia , had shot four Carlist prisoners ; and Tristany had informed him that be would make reprisals , by shotting ail the prisoners who fell into his hands . Thus a war of mutual extermination has recommenced iu Spain .
BELGIUM . A royal decree has been issued authorising tbe im portation , dutyfree , of flour , f rom whatsoever coun try it may come .
GERMANY . The scarcity of corn is daily increasing in the " russian provinces . The distress of tbe poor of Ber . iin is very savere , the city magistrates have , therefore , ordered that the fifty-two district superintendents of the poor shall sell daily 6 , 000 bread tickets , at four groschens . Rye is now worth 7-5 rix dollars per bushel ; a price which it did not reach even in the vear of scarcity , ISI 6 . This benevolence will , however , be scarcely felt by the poor , for their four sroschen loaves will be much smaller than those they have had in former days for three groschens . Viesna , Jas . 21 . —Tysowski , the late Dictator of Cracow , lately passed through this city , accompanied by an escort . " His destination is Trieste ; by direction of the Government , he will embark for America for life .
POLAND . A letter from Berlin , of the 23 rd , says : — " Tbe preliminary invtstigation into the affair of the Polish insurrection is drawing to its close . Already fifty-two indictments have been drawn up and forwarded with the corroborative documents to the supreme court of Berlin , which is always charged to take cognizance of all cases relative to the safety of the State and to high treasun . The number of persons to be tried is not yet known , but it will not , it is thought , exceed 250 . This trial will be the longest that has ever come before the Prussian tribunal ? . It will commence probably in the beginning of February , and will la > t three or four mon'hs . " On the 10 th lilt ., one of the most distinguished Polish landowners in Posen , Searrin Von Ostrouski , was arrested and c-. nveyed to Berlin .
* rh « rimes of Monday , February 1 st , contained a lengthy anonymous document , purporting to be an " authentic protest of many of the inhabitants of Cracow , pgainst the recent act of bad faith and arbitrary power by which the independence of their Republic had been destroyed . " This "protest" concludes a statement of tbe perfidious and atrocious act of the Austrian government in these words : — ' * We await until time and the aid of generous nations shall avenge our wrongs , and call " into action that spirit within us which seems to acquire new strength in proportion to the efforts made to extinguish it . "
„ TURKEY . Pkoobkss op Russian- Aoqubssiok . — In the existin" treaty between Russia aud Persia it is a wellknown fact that the harbours of the Caspian Sea are to be visited only by Russian men-of-war , but not by Persian . Asurabad only was exempted in favour ot Persia . Russia , however , now demands that even this exception shall cease . Persia withstood for some time , but as Russia at last threatened war , the Russian fleet is now absolute master of the whole Caspian Sea .
UNITED STATES AND MEXICO . UEXICAS RESOLVE— " WAB TO TUK KMF 8 !" The Noithumberland packet-ship , of tbe London line has brought dates from New York to the 13 th ult ' The intelligence received by this arrival is imnortant The Mexican Congress , on its meeting , i » stated to bave refused all negotiations for peace , except on tho condition preliminary of the evacuation nfth # Mexican territory , and the abandonment ot Ic ^ S theUnitedStatessva and land foccea
India. A Rapid Express Via Alexandria An...
It remains to b * . seen how & r Mexico is prepared to support this conras ^" teto 1 ^ tat tA ^ MOVSMBST . We have receircd copie » otroung America ot Dec . 26 th and January 2 nd . Tn ' ° former of these contains a reprint from the Northern Star of November 21 st , of the first of a series of article * . ° a '' The American Agrarian Reformers , " which i & tfii ) » ppe » rea in successive numbers of this paper , off .-Evans " endorse's" our comments by saying ' tbat "Tbe article is ably written and extraordinarily correct in i * facts . " The Free Soil movement is advancing gloriously . We are compelled to defer extracts .
To T. S. Duncombe, M.P. 8, Princess Stre...
TO T . S . DUNCOMBE , M . P . 8 , Princess Street , Manchester , 29 th January , 1817 . MrDKAnSiR , I am desired , by the parties interested , to bring under your notice the following circumstances , in tbe hope tbat Parliament may be induced to interfere in behalf of the persons complaining . On Sunday last , at some place in Derbyshire , about nine miles from Sheffield , four poor persons , JAMES GERRARD , JAMES IRELAND , JOHN DOBSON , and THOMAS WYKE , were , with two others , ail File Cutters , taken into custody , on warrants granted by a Lancashire Magistrate at Warrington , at the instance of a Mr . JOSEPH BAXTER EDLESTON , a File Manufacturer of Warrington . The three first named were contract servants lof Mr . Edleaton ; Wyke was one of his
apprentices . They were taken at between Five and Six in the Morning , and conveyed to Sheffield ; there they remained from Twelve till Five . They were then taken by train to Manchester , and at half-past Eight at Night were lodged in the Now Bailey there . At a quarter-past Seven the following Morning they were again in the train , and arrived at Warrington at a little before Nine . During tbe time they were in custody , they had seen a friend either in or near Sheffield , and had said they should like at their approachinj : trinl to have as an advocate some Attorney at Sheffield . After this they saw no one but the police . You will bear in mind that the day was Sunday ; tbat part of the hardship of this case is , that from its
circumstances the prisoners had noopportunity of obtaining l >> gal advice . It | so happened , that by some accident , an ncquaintance of one of the prisoners was informed ot tbeir being in Manchester ; he set off at three in tho morning of Monday , and wa'ked to Warrington , eighteen miles , and informed their friends . A messenger was immediately sent to me at Manchester , and saw me at my residence at about half-past nine . There was no train for Warrington till eleven , and fearing , that by waiting for that , all the prisoners would be committed before eur arrival , we took a Post Chaise ; there was some delay , but I arrived at the Court bv'twenty minutes to twelve . On going
into the Court I found that two of the prisoners , Wyke and Gerrard , had been tried since eleven o'clock , —in their summary cases the Justices are very quick , —and each sentenced to three months ' imprisonment and hard labour ; a third trial , Ireland ' s , was nearly finished , —two witnesses bad been examined , and he was about to be committed when I entered . I applied for a re-hearing of the two cases tried , stating the facts , the shortness of time , & - ? . , but the magistrates were inexorable ; I then applied for a postponement of Ireland ' s case tor an hour or two , and was at length allowed ten minutes . During this very short time I * ook such instructions as 1 c-uld , nnd was then sent for into Coart .
I called the Magistrate ' s attention to the fact that a few years ago an Act , 8 « fc 7 flW . IV . c . 114 , had been passed , allowing to prisoners , in cases where the Magistrates had a summary jurisdiction , the benefit of an Advocate , the same as at the Assizes and Quarter Sessions . By the second section of that Act , it was declared , " that in all cases of summary conviction , persons accused shall be admitted to make their full defence and answer , and to bave all witnesses examined and cross-examined by Counsel or Attorney , "but that this privilege was altogether useless , unless the accused had some little time allowed them : the prisoners had been but twa hours in Warrinston , and during that time , though application h ; id been made for the purpose , none of their friends had been permitted to see them : all applications bad
been met with " You cannot see them till after the tri d . " 1 dwelt at considerable length upon this , and you will see its great importance ; what follows is equally important . On Ireland's case being called on again , and after a witness had been examined , I asked for the " Information . " By referring to the Act under which thev were charged , 4 G . IV . c . 34 , you will see tbat an INFORMATION is absolutely requisite in these cases : it is the Indictment against the ac cused , and is the only legal record of tbe charge he is to meet . It came out , however , that the Information w ; is not in Court , nor the Information in the other two cases , which had b ? eu already tried ! it was said that they were with the magistrate before whom thev had been laid .
However , th-.- Information ajjainst Ireland was sent for and brought , a ; . d the trial proceeded . I had it in my hand , but was busy taking down the evidence : it was not read . In replying , I _ relied ou some points arising out of the Information itself , and iisked whether I might have a copy . No . Then 1 requested to be allowed to copy it myself ; then that it might be read ( it bad not been read before , though I had read particular portions , as I commented on them , ) so slowly that 1 might copy it : —both requests were refused .
In the mean time , the Magistrates hadjgot the Information before them . I requested—my request for a copy , Ac ., having been refuted—to hold it , that I might proceed in my argument : the Magistrates assented at first , but , on the application of the Solicitor against me , refused . I asked again , but was refused . I was literally unable to proceed in my argument without it . A Iter waiting a minute or two , without replying to my request , —having consuited his Clerk , —the Chairman said "THREE MONTHS AND HARD LABOUR , " and Ireland was removed .
It is a rule at the Sessions and Assizes that in cases where tbe prisoner is refused a copy of the indictment , it should be read so slowly that it may be taken down in writing ; it was objected , that I ought to have made the application before , at the commencement ; but the information was not in the Court at the commencement ; and when it came I was busv in the case : when refused the privilege of holding " it in my hand while I argue J from it , the Clerk said , "tbe Magistrates would read ne any part I thought proper , " but I declined this . There remained many legal points for observation , —but argument after this would have been idleness . DOBSON'Scase was next called on , —1 applied for the Information , —it was not in the Court , but was
sent for ; and I was allowed fifteen minutes to see tiie prisoner and his friends . In this case , the Magistrates , ( and they will rely on the fact in answer to this statement ) , offered t » adjourn the case for a week if I wanted time to prepare , but they refused my request that they would accept bail for the appearance of the accused—Dobson was to remain the week in prison—so I declined the offer . On returning into Court , the Information was not arrived , and soon afterwards a clerk who bail beensentforit , returned , and said " it could nut be found . " 1 immediately got up , and asked for the prisoner's discharge , there being no case against him . "Ono , " said the clerk , " we can make another , ' ' and forthwith they did " make another , " charging the same offVuce as the oue that was lost ; and thin the trial began .
On the commencement of the trial , 1 required that the Information—the new one—be read ; this was done , but so hurriedly that I could not copy it down . 1 requested the clerk to read it more slowly , but the Magistrate desired him to "read it in the usual way , " and so he did . The first evidence was the " contract of service . " This I requested might be read slowlv , but the Magistrates decided on its being read " in the usual way . " I made a few observations in replv , —but it was up hill work . As soon as the case was closed , the master made an application to the Magistrates . The prisoner had not been guilty of any previous offence , ana he , the master , was willing that he should be dweharsed from the charge , and also from his contract , provided he would pay the costs . The Magistrates assented to this proposal , and asked the constable the amount ot the costs . £ 1 . Is . S ^ d . was the reply ; this was the prisoner ' s share of the expenses ot bringing tije parties in custody from Derbyshire .
Dobson however was without money , and was therefore obliged to refuse the offer ; be was thereupon immediately sentenced to " three months imprisonment and bard labour . " Passiu" bv for the moment all observation on this system ofgiving a prisoner an alternative ot goingtn prison , or paying a sum of money to the prnseci to , von will observe , that on the Information actually tried against Dobson , no casts whatever hao been incurred except perhaps a shilling or twn-thelnfoimation on which he had been brought from Derbjshire was lost ; that on which he was tried was prepared while he stood in the dock . n P All the four convicted , WYlvE . -GbltrlARD , --IRELAND ,-and DOBSON . -werc sent oft at to . i ySterdav morning ( Thursday , 2 S . b ) , to Liverpool ; the trial took place on Monday ; and we presume that the delay has been occasioned by the consulting counselto the form of the commitments , iV : c .
aa All this is a long itory , but I must so Jar intrude as to ask you t . » make yourself master ot the facts . Petitions are now being prepared , to be signed > y the wives of the three contract servants , ami by tlie mother of the apprentice Wyke , in order to bring tlio subject before Parliament . The subject is a most important one . and is , to a great extent , beyond tne cognizance of the law courts , —and therefore a nt matter for the Secretary of State ' s interference . The great point , and which applies to all the
To T. S. Duncombe, M.P. 8, Princess Stre...
?{ JIV * he Practioe of try ' in % Persons iramedia'el > mat tney are taken into custody ; this is the general custom tn Lancashire . In tbe case of the children committed at Ashten , in Jjly last , and which was brought before the House of Lords by the Duke of Buckingham , the children were summoned in the morning , and kept at their work until the Magistrates were ready to try them the same afternoon .-and they were all in gaol before night . A few weeks ago , a working man at Rochdale was taken under the intimidation Act , and tried within an hour , and ^ entencfld to three months' imprisonment
. Ihe shortness of time not only prevents the accused from obtaining legal advice , but from enquirng as to witnesses , be . In tbe present cases , it was merely by accident that their frieuds heard of their being in custody . 1 have known a boy taken from his parents' house , and tried and convicted , without his parents knowing anything about it : for no notice is ever given . The frequent reply to this is—that the accused do not apply for a postponement ; but this is nonsense : the accused are ignorant , —sometimes merely children , —and on being brought up t nfu
hey are frequently cesed , and hardly capable of speaking . The next point , applying to all the cases , is the refusal to ado * ^ any of th- friends to see the prisoners TM ^ ' ^^ Vr ' . JilKals <> « « seneral custom It has probably arisen from the Magistrates confounding together the cases for their summary juris-? i * q . " . - i ' A * here ti , ey commit f , jr trial nt I JS'J " f 8 nd AS 3 TS- l" thelattercaseitmay be advisable to prevent any intercourse till the comraitment 1 S perfected , but in the cates of summary i- ! fS ° M ^ . ^ wsMty f » r previous communication with their friends to procure witnesses , lean ! ad-Vice , & C . is obvious .
A third point , which applies to the cases ofWilte and Gerrard ( and partially to the other two ) is , thai , the Informations against them were not in the coart at the time of their tri il . It will be said that this is a mere raatfei- of form and that the Information was repeated m the warrant . But this reply is altogether insufficient : to a certain extent the whole trial is a matter of form . " If the doctrine is admitted in these cases a man might be tried for murder with ut an Indictment . The Information is material—it ia r- quired by the Act—must be on oath ofa particular person-if its statements are false , tbe Informant may be indicted for perjury—and iu several other respects it is important .
Hie 4 Geo . IV . c . 34 is the Act relating to masters and servants ; the third section enacts that , when n servant shall have absented himself , Ac ., it shall be lawful for a justice , < tc , " and such justice is hereby authorised and empowered upon complaint thereof , made u ? . on oath to him , by th «> person or persons , o ¦ any of them with whom such s rvant , A-c , shall have so contracted " to issue his warrant for the appri-hending & c ., and to examine into the nature of the complaint . " It may be important to recollect , that m my persons have been released from prison by the judges , on the ground that the Informations against them were defective in some particularssuch as not shewing that the offence or the parties were within the scope of the Act .
A fourth point relates to the case of Ireland ; he was half tried before my arrival without an Information , but this it will be said was cured by beginning ; the trial over again , the Information , however was not brought till after the first witness had been examined on the second trial . In explaining this c-- » . se it will be important to recollect that the rule , nt the Assizes and Quarter Sessions , in favour of f he prisoner , that the Ir . dictment should be read slowly so that he might take a copy , was departed from , and also that his advocate was not allowed to hold the Information while commenting on it ; one of tlie Magistrates observed that the Information wai repeated ( recited ) in the warrant—but this is no reply either in law or common sense .
K sixth point relates to the case of Dobson . The information on which he had been taken into custody jn Derbyshire , was lost : 'it was said to be lost , but it really is questionable , whether there ever was any information at all . ) There being no Information in Court—no charge against him—Dobson , otiL'ht at once to have been liberated ; instead of which he was kept in the Prisoner ' s Dock , while another Information was prepared and sworn to . In this case too , the rule as to " slow" reading was departedfrom . The Magistrates observed that both the Information and the contract should be " read in tbe usual way , "
And the other point with regard to Dobson must not be lost aieht of . He was in reality committed " not for violating his contract , " but becau-e he refused topay the £ 4 Is . 8 R costs on the lost Information . Some other circumstances will probably be noticed in the petitions—but these are the principal . Whether the law affords any remedy for these variations from estnblishtd rule may be questionable but the friends of the prisoners are very poor ; any leual remedy would be too expensive for t ! iem and would involve considerable delay ; and , what is move to the ^ present purpo .-e , have little or no effect in re-. trainine the practices complained of .
The subjects of complaint are hetfer suited for the interference of the Secretary of State , than of the Queen ' s Bench . An exposure in Parliament , will do far more sood than a motion for the Certiorari , and the whole matter is more within the scope of the common sense than of law . With regard to tbe first point it cannot be denied , f h-it the prisoners were debarred ofa fair and reasonable opportunity of preparing for their defence . The facts are indisputable , ami will be admitted by the Magistrates themselves , though they may endeavour 'o palliate the inference from them . As to the st'oond point it .-i . dmits of no question , that the trials
of Wyke and Gerrard , in the absence of the Informations , were illegal . If Informations are not to be produced why need they be laid . With regard to Ireland it is notorious that in cases of misdemeanour the prisoner is intitled to a ropy of tbe indictment and that when he takes no office copy , he is allowed as a matter of right that it should be * read so slowly that it may be copied . And as to Dobson , the further point in his favour , the absence of theoriginal Information and the making his sentence a punishment for not paying the £ 4 ls . Sid . are plain inferences i . f c -lumon sense . If , therefore , the Secretary of State , can be induced to enquire into the matter , there is a fair piobabilityof the four being discharged from
prison . The principle evil , however , which the parties are desirous of bringing before Parliament , is the unjust and indecent hast with which these " summary jurisdiction" cases are disposed of . In ninety-nine cases out of a hundred , the accused is tried and convicted within an hour or two after he is in custody . It may be admitted , that in many instances the accused are proceeded against by summons . —not by warrant , —and in such cases , the hardship referred to does not exist
In the present cases , the accused were arrested in bed ; two policemen stooi over them with cutlasses ; they were handcuffed , it may be well to recollect , that the Act is very harsh and unequal in its operation ; it professes to be for the protection of servants as well as master ? , but there are no warrants against the latter , —nor imprisonment . With ' ihe master the violation of the contract isa mere civil offence , — with the servant , it is a crime . The Act gives no appeal . In each of the cases , I had a good defence . The master had not performed his part of the contract ; he had contracted to pay the snme wages as the other masters in Warrington , and had , in fact , paid
considerably less . But in reply to this the magistrates said , perhaps correctly , that the servants otu .-ht to have summoned the masters . I mention this , lest it should be thought that I merely relied on what will possibly be called technical points . A moment ' s reflection , however , will shew that these points are not technical , —on the contrary , they ate most substantial . If the prisoner is to be deprived of their benefit , ho might almost as well be without a trial . Incases of sunimarv jurisdiction—deprived of the protection of TRIAL BY JURY—onemight bf tempted to contend that the accused was entitled to an even more stringent application in his favour of the rules of law and usage .
I JntiBt earnestly hope that you will be able to bring these facts before Parliament , on presenting the petitions which the friends of the prisoners ate preparing , and which will be forwarded , I presume , in a d iy or two . At the samo time , I will forward you some printed copies of this letter , that you may give to the circumstances as much publicity as vnu consider desirable . Probably , MR . WAlvLEY , MR . ROEBUCK , MR . FERRAND , and others , may support the prayer of the petitions ; they will pray for enquiry as to the truth ot their statements , and that the men may be liberated , if it appears that they have not had fair trials . In the full confidence that you will do your utmost for us , I remain , my dearth-, Yours very faithfully , W . P . Robbrts .
t > O ' ! ' ! . « -i . _ . t . . i ... i- ... P . S . —T lie magistrates who heard the foregoing were-TIIOS . lA'ON and WILLIAM STUBBS , Esquires . Mr . LYON was the Chairman , and the most active . Mr . STUBHS would , 1 think , bave allowed us copies of tbe informations and contracts-Mr . S l'UBBS is , or rather was , —the celebrated file manufacturer ;—he says that ho lias now retired from business .
As Insatiaiilk Bog.-—Tho Railway Between...
As Insatiaiilk Bog .- —Tho railway between Shiptay and Kvighley is progressing- rapidly , with the exception of that part near Bingley church called the Bingley-bog . Sixty tons , of earth and atones arc cast into this bog every hour , of the day . The earth and stones on the east end arc conveyed by steam from the Nobwood , and frf rn tho west by horses . Notwithstanding this in > mense quantity being dropped into the gulf at both en < js by three lines of rails , all is swallowed up e ' . ery morning ; tho heavy matter sinking thus for Ces the lighter up , and makes a black spongy e ' . nbankisent on both sides . It is a question at wi iafc tirae j t wjh be compactly filled up .
Craves* 0&Ftfturuu≫«
craves * 0 & ftfturuu >«
Tile National Association Of United Trad...
TilE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF UNITED TRADES . " ust 1 En WE 8 IANO , DIVIDED WE Till !" Sn ^ y-Jr * ? - er * l , e above heading will be found whSwe sXTtthl ! bPBa , y . ( J ,, st Pulled ) , from \ n Th , z £ 2 tS ^ tracts given below . The writer s eedfo ^ rTobio H ^ Jg ft ' [ ab , e which appeared in this ^ ^* Za % & " *** statein ^ nav ta «^ £ r ?»{ they did NOT say , and extolled ' 8 tfiSS / f ^ S it . < p ( , ea , stb , t Mr . Robson , atlJ ^ SogJ conclusion ttathia class are now prepared to » m >; ..
tne language oi sterling truth , while the fact of his speech , well worthy a place in our pages to the exelusion of much valuable matter , not beiii" circulated in the form ofa handbill throughout fhe ^ fength and the brendth of the land , leads us to the melanchsly cori'dusion that his nervous and natural eloquence was l-. st upon hi * audience : while iu an oration , occupy im : less than half a column of a newspaper , we find the subject treated under no fewe * than ton distinct heads , all of vital impm-tansc , all indispensable parts of one great whole , and magically dovetailed into a piece of perfect mechanism , presenting labour ' s question " at a view , " and each furnishing ample materials for distinct and elaborate comment . The
sneaker treats of his subject under the following h <* at ! H .: — Fiiism . —The necessity of union . Secondly . —The fact of union giving to sectional movements , when rendered necesnry , greater strength . TniRnt . Y . —The ineffkaey of useless strikes as a moans of meeting the appliances at tho disposal of the matter clnss . Fourthly . — The indispensable necessity of taking the management of their own affairs into their own hands . Fifthly . —The profit made by master . ' , in consequence of the non-exi . ilenco of co-operative action . Sixthly . —The STRIKING difference between the old system that set men on STRIKE and the new that sets them to WORK . Skvk . vtiily .-SELF-EMPLOYMENT the onlv means of securing n FA iIt DAY'S WAGE FOR A
FAIR DAY'S WORK . Eiohthly — The value of espesitig the state ol their funds . Ninthly . —The necessity of en-ploying those hands not n quired in the artificial labour market in the rULTJVATION OF TUE LAND FOR THEMSELVES . And Tknthly . —lie wove his nine threads iiitoawcce of RECIPROCITY . To canvasss each of those distinct heads jvonl ' . l require more space than wc can possibly bestow , oven upon the consideration of so imp-n-tant a su'j- 'ct , while we trust that the dissection of it will enable those interested in its success to analyse it for themselves , when all must come tot . h
had to the defeat of the principle , while the critical observance of each would place the principle and its advocates beyond the POWER of the law ) the MALIGNITY « t the masters , the CONTEMPT of the press , and the SPOUT of faction . TO BB FOR EWARNED IS TO BE FORbARVIED , and it is rigiit that those engaged in the stniss . ' e for Inbour ' s emancipition , should be mindful of old USAGE and ANCIENT precedent . Protected capital will not allow defenceless labour the unopposed possess ! n of its own inalieoably , though tamely surrendered , ri « bt , and therefore recollection of pa * t errors should now serve as future warnings . There is no one thing on this earth more certain than that CAPITAL . the CHILD , will resist all attempts of
LABOUR , the PARENT , to rid itself of unnatural controul , and , though not obnervetl by the sleepy eye of industry , the ever-watchful nnd jealous glance of greedy gain isnon fastened upon the rcsultofitsfir . it assault against the move-ment of the associated trades , and th < -se of Warrington , be-.- * use secti- > nalized , have been selected for the masters' experiment . The main body , however , should b ? ar in mind that , althou-ih uiia 3 Sf . ciH . tfcd , the vicVm . s wi-tc nevertheless a portion of labour ' s sentinel-, nnd thst they cannot be shot down or destroyed without d-triment to the camp , and henee we were npt a little juortiliid at finding a partv , contending for co-operation and universality , attemptin !; to sertinr . a-izo the WARRINGTON CONSPIRACY with ihe maudlin
expression ot" regret that the per-ei-utcd videtshnd not joined the grand army . We tell the n : ireui , hnwvcr , that it cannot disinherit ONE of it- ! children , without the risk of inculcating disobedience in all ; that , while despots would frighten int- < subservience , it becomes the duty of labour to win to obedience , and tbat of all classes that of lai-oni cmiiot vinlnte the gr ^ atprinciple—that WHEN ONE OF SOCIETY IS OPPRESSED ALL SOCIETY IS INJ'JRED —without itself being the first victim to the violation .
It has been too much the pmctie ? of the leaders of a popular movement to seek a cowardly exemption from the responsibility of the acts of the spirited but misguided , the enthusiastic but in-iiM-rtef , while the professors of love of order , win' themselves live nn confusion , have gained man ; . - triumphs by Iv-lding morality ' s mirror up to the weak : ^ nd prejudiced , who could else find no fea-ible pretext for desertion and betrayal . Every workinif rr . in must confess , that the opponents of Chartism luivo r .- ' . ied for its destruction upon the bad name stamped by a venal press upon its advocate ? , rather than upon their power to overthrow the principl- by argument , ami what has been tried , but iinsu-.-ce-st ' ully . in the case of Ciiavt'sm , will bo attempted in the c :: se of
TRADES UNIONS The masters ami tluir press will profess a sanguine
instead of being foolishly wasted i : i the attempt to muster a mawkish and evant-scent sympathy—have saved the victims , and secured a triumph well calculated to inspire labour with confidence and its oppressors with dismay . It matters then not a single straw , whether the Warrington mechanics were or werenotof the ASSOCIATION FOR TIIE PROTECTION OF LABOUR , they were fighting labour ' s battle and cannot be desei ted without injury ! o lahonr ' s cause . It is therefore the paramount duty of the Directory to take their case out of its sectional limits , and , if needed , to DRAIN THE EXCHEQUER to the very dregs tojsecure their ACQUITTAL , resting satisfied thst every farthing expended will he cheerfully repaid TENFOLD . In speaking of this subject air . Robson
says" They were now uialiioij a furthi-r attempt through the sides of their sister Association , the Operative Eneitit'i-r ? , by means oi a " Monster Indictment , " at Warrington . Wiiut crime hud tlie men committi-d 1 Oh , th- ? y ! iuv ' . ' walked f . p and down , ami t-ilked . ' Well , out ofthis the Lawyer * had concocted an indictment of seventy yards in length , and ri-. e ma . ster . ' couiisel positively pleaded asgrnvation , ou the ground that the men still continued to ' walk up nnd down , and talk / hut ho hud no doubt thsir excellent and talented fris-nd and advocate , W . P . Roberts , would do as iie had dona many times ot ' oi-e , brin ? the men tfu-oi .- ;?! :. "
Yes , we too have every reliance upon the sagacity , talent , energy , and integrity of Mr . Roberts , but the Trades must see the impossibility of the best general Gghting a battle without the nieuns , and the impolicy oi ; allowing themselves to be stripped of all the glory cf triumph . Warrington LOST , ami the national union . CU . UMBLEO i » t-. »»;» , Warriacton WON , and tyrants will dread its name . ' The » reat advantage of the national over the sectional movements of the trades , is the > faet thai ; it takes from the masters the destructive power of constituting the satisfied few a hand of spies over the dissastisfied man ? , invariablv holding the spirit ofth «
boilv in subjection to the trcs / jhery at the artful and therefore favoured few , who wera rewarded with places of trust and profit in exact proportion ta . their subservience . Until this- sectional bliifht was dispelled by the generous warmth otitm associated- mind it was hopeie-s to expect any ninve in the prober direction . We cannot conclude without tendering our best thanks . to Mr . rUfoson for supplying the moans of clucidatim ; an extremely complicated sublet . The director * need but secure such talent to place the cause of the Trades beyond the power of their enemies , by recommending its practice to tka imentrammelled axinti of an improving uso . ' » Labour ' s battle once bejjun Bequeathed by bleeiUiij s-re to sou Though baflledoit is ever won - "
STATE OF TilK NOTTINGHAM TliADBS , Mabcii or Machiseby . —The NolUughain Journal says tbe plain net and plain quillini ; trades arc just now under serious depression , and this we attribute to the Germans , in Moravia , Bohemia , and Austria , having extended their machinery , ami that by their own native industry . On all bunds it is agreed by tho English mechanics , tbat tbe German smiths and mechanics are a very superior race of men to tlie Picnrda , tbe Normans , the Champagiiois , and tbe Lyonnois ; and oven Evans himself , the most able of our nuu . hino . smiths , admits Hint iheO-. rmaus have a wonderful facility in milking wooden machinery , which he has repeatedly declared will iiut-wear iron , for many purposes connected with the hosiery and lace trades . The making of muslin laces still continues , and this has extended to tho warp frames , but many of the machine-owners would do welt to avoid their present method of making p : \ v « rus , which bave too
Tile National Association Of United Trad...
strong arcsemblaucoto what is termed Nuns' laCo nn arUcl . which U extensivdy produced in th « vicb , ; v rf Amwui Great car . should be taken to , 111 ) W , ] lat ft J mush ,, kce , and not muslin . Even in NoUinsham lacs is made by an individual from the weaves loom th ! only oho we believe , in the vicinity ) , which Imitntet th > wire-ground mesh so completely as even to deceive tha best judges . Jiut it has a great cl .. g : the loom U tQ 0 narrow ; and if wider , the speed would lessen , and the difficulty Increase . We are glad to observe that in some quarters improvements are making in that wonderful machine the warp frame , and that some new manufactures are produced , respecting the nature of which « e
are prevented by prudence ftoni beii ;; ' moio explicit . Upon tlie whole , however , tbe Uee trade is consid-rod to bein a bad statu ; and what is worse , machinery , that up to November kept up its price , has rapidly fillen , though not to the extent it did in 1830 dUji , when a general opinion prevailed that hand would be superseded by power bobbin-net machinery . As we liare before obscrved . altbouxh cotton yarn has a ivmiced very seriously in price , yet it has had but little effect on the hosiery manufactures , as upon the whole , both wrought and cutup stockings may be considered a shade better , though '" many cases the hands are suffering a species of martjrdom from low wages . LABOUJl IN NEW YOAK . ITS ClBOt-KSTANCE S , CONDITIONS , AND B 2 WABD 3 .
(From Tho .New York Ti > >Ime.) Hair Sea...
( From tho . New York Ti > > ime . ) HAIR SEATING AND CTiaiED . lUltt MAStlPACTORE . . !„ i „ anch f of manufacture i » carried on pretty ejtten-„» i ' " . ? ' Wk but not ntar so , nuch »• ^ would be under a different regulation of tha Tariff . Under tho resent ^ regulation , owing to the extreaiel y low price o Dour in Europe , ( one would think it was low enough hmre . ) European Hair Seating c in pay a duty of twenty , liw per cent , and then be sold cheaper than the American made Hut forei gn hair-cioth is by no means of so good a quality a & tbe American ; and itis lure that oar ma . nafucturers have their onl y chance for reimbursing their outlay . The processes of this manufacture are carred to as high perfection in this city a , in aay part of tho world . ! m , l the only roaxon for Hid . « lVBr , ™ in j „ i „„ { , in tlie lower wages of Iabout nnd the inferior quality of the European article .
_ Nearly tho whole of the raw hair used in the manu . motor * of hair seating and curled hair i „ imported-some tromRos « ia , buttnoHtlyfrom Humus Ayits . Tie very best ai tide comes from the Rio Grande . A small supply of a tolerable second-rate article come * from Cincinnati . It is " composed of bristles and the inner hair or wool of hogs , misid in equal proportions . This is onlv ustd for eutledhair . Tlie hair after it comes into the hands of the maimlaeturor is first sorted—that is , tbe long hair nht-.-h will answer for weaving is separated from ihe other , which
, 'oes in to be curled . It is then hackled , find becomes iva-fy for fating spun . These two processus are per"ormed by men and boys . It is very dirty and disagreeable work—the hair containing a large quantity of dust ind dirt , h-hich renders it almost imposs-ible for one not •^ customed to it to breathe in the npartmsnt where this s goinst on . This work is principally done by boys , who ¦ tet all prices , from oiie dollar and fifty cents " to four or fare dollars per wi-. k . Tho general range is not mora than two dollars and fifty cents and three dollars . A few men are engaged by the day at one dollar and one dollar md fifty cents .
The hair for weaving now goes into the more delicate ing ,-rs of the huirdrawers , who s-. rt it into different lengihs , each length corresponding to tbe width of tho cloth to be woven . The girls engaged in this work make from toree doilirs to three dollars and fifty cents , and Mitm-times four dollars per week . Alter it is drawn , it is dyed m bunuhss about one-third as thick as a horse ' s tail , and is then ready for tho looms . The tiveiog is dono on a large scale , and the head dyer and engineer gets nine dollars per week . Tiie weaving is done by hand-looms , each worked by two girls—one to handle tbe l : ook , ( answering th < s purpose of a shuttle ) and the other to serve the hair . Tho warp for the best seating is of linen , but most usually it is cotton , and each hair is as long as the cloth is wide .
The server has two bundles , one with the large ends up and the other with the small ends . Serving from each alternately , the cloth is smooth and even . We have seldom seen any mechanical operation requiring more dexterity or constant attention thau this . The prices paid for weaving varying from twenty to thirty-tivo cents per yard . The average , including ilrin and figured coins , is twenty . four cents . A fair avtrago day ' s work is four or lite yards . But this requires two hands , you must remember—so that , perhaps , a fair estim . te of the wages of haircloth would be from fifty to sixty-two and alwlfcents per day . The labour is severe , and » e should think it impossible or very injurious for youiiu women to work at it more than two-thirds of the time .
The manufacture of curled hair is carried on in the same establishments as thi . t of hair seating . That portion of the half which is rejected as being unsuitable for weaving is spun into a coarse threo or four stranded rope . T ! , is work is done by men nnd boys , who receive about tbe same average compensation as those who sort and hackle . After being spun it is backed up ( tbe twist put into it ) and then boiled and thoroughly cleansed . It is then bakod and confirmed in its kinkiness . AU these processes are performed by men and boys . It is now read y for the pickers . These are almost entirely Irish women , who come and carry oft'large bundles of the rope , which they take- to their homes where
mother and children fall to picking it to picc « s . A smart woman can pick twenty- £ ve or thirty pounds per day ; and some of them with the help of " the children , ( of which there are generally plenty ) , open t ' jrty or fifty pounds per day . They receive for Ibis work two cents per pound . After they have finished what they brought home they tie the loose hair , now ready for the upholsterer , into a large blanket , mount it on their heads , and stagger off under it to the manufacturers . Every person will at once recollect having often met these women and wondered how they are nble to walk under such enormous loads , or where they were carrying them .
These women all , or nearly all , have husbands , who werk at various employments—any tbat they can get— . or at none at all . They live for the most part in quita a wretched manner—squeezed into hot and suffocating garrets or crushed into dark and deadly cellars . Hundreds of families * rent a single room each in the shanties and sheds which the cupidity of landlords has caused to be » ri . cted isi the rear of small poor buildings , whose tentmta sadly need and ought to have every square fo * t of ground and every mouthful of unbreatbed air that they can any way lay hold oi . When one goes about these miserable and crowded sheds-and shanties , nnd sees how much iimieoessai-y sufferings and privation is occasioned to the poorly thejavarice or thoughtlessness of landlords , he is ready to conclude thst the right to thus build and overbuild every inch of ground a man owns by titledeed ought to have some restriction , founded upon tbe general health and sanity oiVthe community .
TOBACCO-1 HPB . MAKERS- OF EDINBURGH AND LEITH . To ths Pontic . —We , tho Operative Tobacco-Pipe Makers of Edinburgh and- Leith having addressed our employers-for an advance of wages , tin- Le : th employershave , on aa average , given an advance of three shillings per weelt : the Edinburgh . employers one shilling aad six . ptnee on an average .
NOCTINGIfAM : U . mpbd Tiiades . —Tho committee of this district ; - lield ' a most important-public in-eetingiofall branches of framework knitters , at their Assembly-rooms , ths iving- ( S « orge on ilorscbiiek , Gregory ' s Buildings , on Monday , February the 1 st . Mr . \ Yinters , a veteran in the ranks of Trades Unionists , was unanimously called ; to the chair . There were present deputationsfrom Kadford , Ilyaon Green , Ba ^ ford , Arnold , Degbreak * Coulton , and various oMier places . The room- was literally crammed with , members anxious to-learn the result of tho deliberations on tlie many grievances that had been from time to time submitted to the dUtrlctcommitt (« ,. . i \ nd which afrcetcd , every branch of the framework . kiiitters trade .
Mr . Winters , opened the meeting by explaining Us . objects , and , bhen called on Mr . Wulley , the- tttsfa'sct aeci'etnry ,. i ; f » read over tlie several plnns-which had been adopted by the committee , after which Mr . T « un . ono of the executive bodv , addressed the meeting in a powers , eloquent , anil busiiica- . s-jt ?» c s b , and sat down-loudly applauded . At the close of Mr . Dean ' s . iddi-sss , many questions wore askail and satisfactorily , answered * . After which several resolutions were-unanimously adopted , incliwing the t ' oU - lowing :- ~ . "Thabthis meetin ? hereby rccommgadthe district ; conimit & e to enlist tho manufactures- with them in i their endeavours to destroy competition . " Tbat if any workman shall at any time be un- justly imposed on , he is hereby requested to make i suck ; imposition known to the Natum-ham district t committee , whoso daty it is to uphold the just tights s of"labour . "
The other resolutions pledged the meeting to sup- i-¦ part the National Association ol the United Trades , i , and the committee in carrying out an active agita- itiou . A vote of thanks to the chairman concluded the le proceedings . All communications for this body must be ad- 1-dressed to Mark U ' ulley , district secretary .
Imsn I'Rodvck.—A Very Curious Document H...
Imsn I ' rodvck . —A very curious document hasjusfc st been issued by order of the House of Commons , con- nsisting of " an account ol the quantities of wheat , it , barley , oats , wlicnt-flonr , oatmeal , butter , cheese , le , and meat ; of the numbor of cattle , sheep , and nd swine , imported into Great Britain from Ireland , in in each month in the year ISM . " l '' rom this it appears MS that the total quantity ot ' eorn of Irish growth im- mported into this country , was—wheat , 18 ( 3 , 730 ; 10 ; barley , 02 , 854 ; oats , USS . it fl ; whent-fl mr , 723 , 526526 qrs . ; and oatmeal , 553 , M 7 cwt . The number of- of cattle exported into England from the sister country ttry in 1840 , was—oxen , bulls , and cows , 180 , 483 ; calres . resi 0 , 363 ; sheep Mid lambs , 250 . 257 ; swiue , 490 , 827 . i 27 . No information is possessed by Government of the the shipments of butter , cheese , nnd meat , though tuey uej are , doubtless , iu equal proportion ,
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Feb. 6, 1847, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_06021847/page/7/
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