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will be long and BO- humanity, and sound...
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carospoiiBnim
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OK ' TEE EFFECTS OF TUS SIX POINTS OF TH...
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•LOYALTY' JN PE.VZAXCE. TO THE EDITOB OP...
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IGSORAXCE OF THE WORKING CLASSES OF THE ...
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A YICTIM OF WHI6 TYRANNY . TO THE EDITOR...
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HOW TO GET THE CHARTER
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THE KENSINGTON COMMON MEETING. TO THE EU...
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ROYAL. EXTRAVAGANCE. TO THE EDIToB OF TH...
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THE EMPIRE. ii . The English system of f...
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UNITY OF EFFORT IN THE CAUSE OP NATIONAL...
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PAUPERISM AND CRIME. i TO THE ED1TOB OF ...
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LETTER FROM A POLE, TO THE STATESMEN OF ...
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-" ^Sff**" ' "* THB KBNNINGTON COMMON ME...
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TO TEE IDITOB OF TBS IfORTBEBH STAB, Sib...
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TO TBE EDITOB OF TBE NOBTHEBH STAB. Sib,...
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HOW TO MAKE THE BANK OF ENGLAND QTJAKE, ...
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tO THE CHARTISTS . I beg to say that if ...
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ORGANISATION OF LABOUR. The following is...
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Seizure for Church Kates.—A short time s...
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Transcript
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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Will Be Long And Bo- Humanity, And Sound...
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Carospoiibnim
carospoiiBnim
Ok ' Tee Effects Of Tus Six Points Of Th...
OK ' TEE EFFECTS OF TUS SIX POINTS OF THE CHARTER IX AMERICA . BT At ? ASE 5 IC & K B 4 . MISTES . In eot of the States of the North American Union there is nnirerssl Suffrage , Vote by Billot , Equal Elec toral Districts , No Property Qialificatioa Is required for Btpr escatatives , they are paid for their services , and the House ? of Assembly are elected annually . Under this aemr-eratii ! system the people of the free States h-ve risen V- & higher condition of intelligence , comfort , ebS iadept-n- 'eacp , tbsn any other people oa the face of the earth .
The eneales ef democracy ara in the habit of refenng to the state of society in the Slave States , there , say they , one may behold the evil consequences of democratic covernment . I have nothing to say in favour ot the peo ' ole of the Slave States , their character is formed by the abominable institution of slavery . B at ia the f rea republics we tee a . very different state of things . There thepeonleare well educated at the expense ot instate , sod all " European traveUers are astonished at their intdligenCB , manlj rjearinp , and prosperity . One may travel for a thousand miles through many populous par : s of the cotmtrv without seeing a biggar , or a prostitute .
No nations ever advanced so rapidly in papulation and wealth as the free republic of North America . _ Sixty years ago there was not a single white person in the territory now forming the state ef Ohio—there are now two miiiiions . Splendid cities have risen , as if by magic , and thwe is bo reason to doubt , that at the end of the prestnt c « ntnry alt the European kingdoms ( if there be any then , ) will be intigHifioant , in comparison with the great American republic . Ia tiie free states the ciilsta feels his dignity , bb one oftaenwss from which all power emanates—he becomes BWllea in what concerns him—the affairs of his republic , and of the union . —and he derives amusement from his study of those affiirs . The American working man £ sbettt-racquaSnted with the constitution and laws of his eouBtry * than i » the Eng lish gentleman with the coBititction ( so called ) aud laws of England , The direct and immediate consequences of popular government ia tie United States have beea as follows : —
The pesple are provided with an excellent Education . Fone but men of talent can rise to eminence—masses of property casnot be eccumalated in the hands of a few families—there are no aristocrats . Under these circumstances the people are filled with energv and patriotism . As energetic , intelligent , and p & trio ' . ic people , they are widening the difference between themselres and the poor aristocrat-zoverned creatures Of tMs kingdom , every day and every hour . Tha people of the f ree states are eminently a moral and religious people , not being cursed with a bloated Church establishment , like that of England and Ireland . Each teacher of the Oespel is chosen and sup . ported by his congregation , or by the Church to which bsbeioc ' ss , instead of heme appelated by an aristocratic layman . The consequence is , thattbe American clergy , ttan is as much distinguished for his zeal , piety , and ability , ss the English clergysan too often is for the OBMsita quality .
1 h the free states of America , there is absolute political equality , and the most perfect freedom . Justice is administered without unnecessary delay , inconvenience , aud expense , in all cases , c ' vil and cri . raiaal . The American cifzsn is not like the English-,. f „; j ^ f e ^ ncBiimytp the Courts of Jus tice , on account of the delay and expense . A free people , lice tha Americans , would not tolerate for a single hour the English Cr-nrt of Chancery , the English Ecclesiastical Courts , the English Justices of the Peace , nor , iadced , any part or parcel of the English sy stem of administering justice ; it wouli nat salt freeaen . The enemies of democracy talk about * Lynch law in America , but they knew , or ought to know , that in the free Ptrtes the law i ? far more potent than it is in this country , aud that the citizens hare much more confidence in the courts than the people of England have in their * . Lynch law is confined to the slave states , and the e »! ? tme frontiers .
Auotner consequence of popular government m America ir the simplification of the transfer of land . In that country land is conveyed at the expense cf a few shilliE ^ s , but in England the aristocracy object to a registry of dee i s , because they do not like their affairs to be i .: nwn to the public . Moreover laws havo been made in England for the purpose of preventing the division ot large elites—such is the object of tha laws of primejenitcra and entail . TJE < ii-r the democratic government of the United States a totr . iiy different system has prevailed , and n-e there find t ' aat almost every man working on a farm owns that farm , and most sucheaics own the houses in which they d * veH . Similar censequeuces would result from the adoption of democratic legislation ani government in Eng ' and , ( To It continutd . )
•Loyalty' Jn Pe.Vzaxce. To The Editob Op...
• LOYALTY' JN PE . VZAXCE . TO THE EDITOB OP THB SOETHEES STAB . Ha EoiToa —For the i & fotmMion «[ the public , ana especially those friends of the cause whom poverty and misrule has forced from their homes to seek employment in ekt < : nt towns , I send jou a short sketch of the proctt 3 ii : ? s of the wiseacres of this town , styling themselves i the authorities . ' On Mosday morning last , the walls cf our town were extensively placarded , aEOOUticlng a public meeting , convened by the mayor , for the purpose of expressing our loyalty and attachment to her Majesty ' s person and throne , the result of which was that about Sfcy of the most rabid supporters of corruption aid misrule assembled , headed by the chief functionary—thaa whoa a greattr tyrant never existed nor aisgr .-. cea the o £ ce he fills . This worthy having been called to the chair , commenced a tirade of abuoe and
low slang against the ' firebrands , ' as -he designated the Chartists ; ia the course of which he s » id that he had beea informed that they , the Chartists , amounted to 5 , 000 in tliis town ; but for bis part , he did not believe that there were five to be found professing this obnoxious cr ; ei ; and when a respectable shopkeeper rose to rrp ' . y this empty-paUd braggart , he was met by such a howl by these lespestsbles that would have been disgraceful to an assembly of savages . But , not content with how'in ? , they set three blue dails upon him to expel him from tae meeting , which , having accomplished , they passed an address eongntulating her Majesty and government en their tecent 'escape from anarchy and confusion . ' Tho address is to be presented by the chairmen , he having presented a similar one in 1839 , for which £ 5 D of the corpoi ate funds was granted him , On the following morning two spectres of newspapers , one bearic ? the cognomen of the Fenzakce Bag , the other
done by tho ex-tditor of the said rag—who formerly cif the dirty work of the proprietor for the high salary of 30 » , psr week , bat , failing in the necessary talent re . quired of an editor of bueh an important paper , eonlmenc-:- ths second rag . This jolly pair—these lying , dirty , foal-mouthed sinks of corruption , cams out with the as' . oundicg news , that 'the meeting of yesterday was one of the largest and most inoaemial that had taken place within the memory of the oldest inhabitant 1 ' This vras a subjtct of merriment for the whole town ; and this merriment was greatly heightened in the course of the isy by the bellman going round , csllirg on all loyal subjects to sign tke address ; the response to which you trir . y jnd ? e of by the fact that the blue devils were stationed at the police-office door to seize on allpassers by , racn , women , and children , to sign the aforesaid ad-Cress , but , to the credit oftheworkic-s be it spoken , they one and all resolutely refused .
Igsoraxce Of The Working Classes Of The ...
IGSORAXCE OF THE WORKING CLASSES OF THE AST ASD ilFSrSBi" OF PETITIOX-1 IOSGER 1 N & . Mr Eotroa , —The honest , hardworking , unsuspecting operatives , who have served a full seven years apprentice , ship at trades to obtain honourable subsistance , are far from bring au fait at the er : aa 4 mystery of pstitionmongsring , as understood and prjetistd by the aristo . cratic fictions of this realm ; they had need to servo again under Wh'g masters to be qaits np to the mark . Havic-g had , Sir Elitor , much to do personally in tbe getting up , signi & g , aad subsequent polishing off of pititious , I teg to give them a hint or two , as Wti ^ s are very shre « d ahont petitions . First then , entrust net a petition sheet except to a tried and known individual . Whigs never do , but generally select lonkcrs-up
for places or well paid assistants of flexible kand at psnmansbip , to avoid spaces , which parliamentary committees or their subs may fill np , perhaps not quite to tha petitioners' minds . Secondly , never leave a petition eheet nt any place , house , or shop , without due surviillanes , or enemies may hzlp you with a few queer namfij , and help the : r own part ; in tho house , also , with a knowledge of this injtnious stratagem , A case in point . Tfatrc lay a pstition sheet of yora at a resectable Tory booksriler , called Curson , in the High-street , Exeter , against Catholic Emancipation . A larking young lad , called Coles , en acquaintance of the soas and a visitor at the « hon . in the absmca of the grave and venerable miStEr « . 'f th 3 premises , pas a pen ia the paw of a fa-Tourite dog , ' Poor dog Tray , ' and by the htlp of Master
Coles Tray inscribed on the petition sheet to the Lords 3 ) , Tbat , This being a Whig trick , of course became inly known at higher quarters , for , as Mr O'Connor remarked , — ' ThO = e who piiced snch there , know win re to fiad them . ' Caaseijaently , Lord Kins , in the House of Lords , announced the grand discovery that Dog Tray had signed against the rights of Catholics , and in Exeter , every subsequent petition against the Catholics , obtained the sobriquet cf Dog Tray ' s petition . Thirdly , previous to sending off a petition , select a few chosen friends well to be dtpsndtd upon—be very cnutious ef pretenled onescr spies—aud in some sanctum enictovum all Vu quietly down—give the sheets an overhaul—any
accidentally left with open ejaces , carefully & U ia , diiguisiajt tbe hand each time , end it by chance any Traj ' tricks , or cond . mnable nstnes have been inserted—if at tha bottom , cut off the strip , if higher up—Waste ^ not ether good Mines , bat with a little oxalic acid , citric acid , or spirits of salts , take 'SHubno-ei . / Pognoses , ' & c , nlcely ' oat , and insert better namei at discretion ; above all ttinjs leave not even one single £ iace onett for commttte : uw whtu out of youx hands . The very last petitions for Parliamentary and Municipal Reforms pre-Muted from Bavon , by Lard John RnsseU , to tbe Tory government wh en they were in pswer , tvere thus fiaishrd aad carefull y poiisied . The last ea the same subject
Igsoraxce Of The Working Classes Of The ...
for the City of Exeter , was by myself , my neighbour , Ifr 1 , bookseller , of the High . street , ( at whose parlour ia ? iJo * ihe shop , with closed curtains , the operations were performed , ) and three or four others , iacln « 3 Jng au attorney ' s clerk , and tho bill-sticker of the Wzstebh Tihes newspaper , according to the above rules properly prepared and sent off for Whig delivery . Ay , and there were potdb qnoer names too , but genuine names of city tradesmen , qaiieam & tch for- the * PugnOSfB / BIld 'Snubnoses . ' eg . One a respectable Fore-street linen draper , and
' ycUpt Shuffijbottom , and Clap , aud B adcock , Screetch , and Stubbs , end Tibbs , Hitcbcr-ck , Tancock , Ocock , Treblecock , N-cock , Sheepshanks , ( and we have an Archdeacon Sheepshanks , and a Lady Elizabeth Sheepshanks , an aristoeratic Wh % 'Newlon Fellows , ) aud names too that would be called obscene ; one I saw on an Exeter Tory petition , quite unmtnttonablo , who nevertheless was a very respectable tailor and lodging housu . keeper , whose address has often quite perplexed innocent , unsophisticated lady lodgers . So much for names .
I have not myself the slightest doubt that * Snubnose and Pugnose' may be teal individuals , for among working men especially with colliers and other miners it is a comm'n thing to bear through life familiar plysiognomie COOllOJHCns ; its an old degrading custom , nevertheless , descended from the times of feudalism and serfdom . 1 remember reading an anecdote in a review ( I believe the QrAETEBLy , ) once of a sheriffs officer having to serve oa attachment on a collier ; he erquired and enquired , could not find the man , he met a young woman
going with hor father ' s dinner—the daughter of the very man he was in quest of , he inquired of her—she did not know the name . Meantime an old collier came up , and the young woman willing to find out the person * for the gintleman , asked of him , — ' Whoi tea thy faather , ' said be , ' Vis eld Blackbird , he used to be called Brown , { the n & ma esquired after by the bailiff ) when n youngster . ' The sequel was , the young woman quite innocently conducted the unwelcome guest ^ to old 'Blackbird , ' her father . Yours iic , A Disgusted Middle class Whig op otheb Dais . Exeter ,
A Yictim Of Whi6 Tyranny . To The Editor...
A YICTIM OF WHI 6 TYRANNY . TO THE EDITOR OF THE NOBTHSBN STAB , Six , —I beg to inform my Chartist brethren that I , too , have become a victim because I objected to be sworn in to use the weapon of aggression against my fellow man . On my doing so , Mr Carless , the managing man coonected vrlth the firm of ' . Messrs Braudram and Co ., asked me if I was a Chartiit ! I said I was . He asked me again whether I was aware tbat they wanted no Pro . perty Qualification , which meant that we were all to Share alike , and then » tart again to create mere wealth ? and I had great trouble to explain io him the meaning ol tha point . I am happy to bear my testimony to the good feeling evincsd by the men in the factory towards our cams ; and I wish to tell ear oppressors that they will find themseWei mistaken when the time arrives , if they trust to special constables . Yours , sincerely , William Dbaee .
How To Get The Charter
HOW TO GET THE CHARTER
TO TBS EDITOH 0 ? THE KORTHEBK STAB . SlB , —Much has been said and done , with a view of forwarding the People ' s Charter ; but I fear much remains to be done before the Charter will become the law of the land . But there is a plait which might be adopted , which , in my opinion , would 100 a bring our struggle to a triumphant end—and tbat is , for the people to be determined not to use any taxed article till the Charter shall have passed into law . If this plan should be acted upon , the government will Boon be glad to yield to our wishes . I , therefore , think it advisable for every Chartist , and every man « bo wishes for political freedom , and every woman who wishes to see her husband and sens in possessioa of those libertteB . and privileges which are their
as ' . ural nghtf , to abstain from the use of tobacco , all kiads of intoxicating drinks , coffee , tea , and sugar , till the People ' s Charter shall have become the law of tbe land . I have bten a totsl abstainer from tofcacco and intoxtcatingurinks for nine years , and can recommend the plan as a beneficial one to my brother Cbartis ' . s ; but when it is to forward the Charter , I think it a double duty to give them up . I have lately added o ffee , tea , and sogar , to ttu- list of articles that I have g ive n u p , for wblle I am unrepresented , I am resolved that I will not pay taxes but such as I cannot avoid . Yours most respectfully , Wm , Collins , Branston , near Daventry , Northamptonshire .
The Kensington Common Meeting. To The Eu...
THE KENSINGTON COMMON MEETING . TO THE EUITOB OF TBE KOBTHEEN ST 1 B . Sib , —Having sent s letter to J . A . Smith , Esq ., M . P ., respecting a statement made by him in tbe House ef Commons , concerning the size of Kenningtaw Commen , ( twenty acres ) , and the number of persons there assem . bled on the 10 th inst ., and nceiving no reply either pub lie or private , I forward you a copy of tbe eame , tbat yonr numerous readers may be undeceived upon the Subject , as I have every reason to belisTe that many , ver y many , have been been grossly deceived by a corrupted aad venal press . Wit . Tapp , April 27 ( h , 1848 .
TO J . A . SMITH , ESQ , H . P . Sia , —la tbe ^ Eikeb of the 14 th inst ., yon are repo-teg to have stand in the House of Commons on tfce preceding evening : — ' That at an early hour on the morning of tbe 10 th Init ., means had been taken ( I presume by the authorities ) , to ascertain how many persons it was possible eould assemble on K ? riniagton Common , and tbe result was , not ciore tb & n 90 , 000 ; also , that you were present with the commissioners of police , and at no part of the day was tbe Common more than hah filled . Permit me , sir , to state , with all due deference to your opinion , that I twice with difficul ' y elbowed my way across the common on that day , and was kindly per ^ mitttd to survey the asstmbled multitude from tbe van containing the petition , and also the chaise in which was the marshal of the procession , and my honest conviction was , and now Is , that the common was fully two-th : rdt > filled .
I have since measured it , and find tha epace from tht north to the south wall , fronting the terrace , to be 1 35 J f . et , from east to west , 625 feet ; making 843 . 759 square feet ; and at tbe EOUth end , a comer stretches ou ' . 36 & fe = t , and at the extreme south is 76 feet week wide , and 175 wide , at the end running parallel with tbe south wall fronting the terrace , and measuring 45 060 square feet , makioginthe whole 838 . 750 squarefoet . By allowing four persons to stand on six square feet of groum' ( wbirb is ample , without any pressure ) , this space would admit of 592 , 500 persons standing without inconvenience on K ^ aningtonCummon . The huge mass of human beings
who crowded round toe van . containing the members of the Convention , did not occupy one gquro footof ground per man . Presuming what you have stated to be correct ( to doubt the veracity of an M . P ., however qaestionable , may be , by some , considered criminal ) , th : re must ? iava been pnsent ou that occasion , by your own showing 300 , 000 persons . Those adjacent to tke Elephant and Castle , en the road leading to the Common and arouud it . could not have been lets than 20 , 000 , who were anxiouely waiting to see the huge procession ( which hod it been allowed ) would in all probability have been the most orderly ever witnessed in Great Britain .
The measurement given above is uader , rather than over-rated . I have thrown off sixty feet oa tbe length , on account of the north west corner , and cot allowed anything for the ftttra width in tha centre of the common , I must now leave the subject for your most serious consideration and reflection , trusting , that if in thn warmth of debate , or in an unguarded moment , you have iucautioii'lj let slip an iottmperatc remark , or have been grossly imposed on by some hired or unprincipled underling , tbat you will take the earliest opportunity of acknowledging your error , and setting yourself right with tbe House of Commons , lam .
Your humble , chough not very obedient servant , Wm , Tapp , Fissbury Market , Loadou , April 25 th , 1848 .
Royal. Extravagance. To The Editob Of Th...
ROYAL . EXTRAVAGANCE . TO THE EDIToB OF THE WOBTHEBH SrAE . Sia , —If you are a real friend to the lower and middle classes , and the country in general , you will make a stir about Crown Landa , wliich might do so much good to hundreds , and to the revenue , instead of lying useless , Wby , too , should not a prince pay rates and taxes on farm ? , & c ., just as well as any one elie ? Beside !" £ 30 , 050 a year , the country is to give sewral thousands more of Uxless ' pickings . ' But England cannot now afford £ 30 , 000 a year , eventEough the whole of that sum were spent in Great Britain , It Is a much greater sum tb : n is necessary .
To deiray the expenses of everlasting building , repairs , & c at the different royal residences , and to complete the drainage at that very unhealthy place , Windsor Castle , there is aev « r any tfeongbt of touchiBg the roj-ai purses , but taxes are to bo increased , and the pOOP , Who are starving ia untrained eourts and alleys , are to pay ! This will not do ; England cannot afford to pay rojsl parsonages , royal children , royal foreigners , for royel buildings and numerous royal whims , as it could i'jUXb years ago . The country csunot afford it , and , moreover the present age knows what is necessary , audit likes not to give more . It is nothing short of on Insult to talk to the nation as it is in 1848 , of laws , gifts , & c , <& c , of CharWs time ! Laws and all else must be regulated according to the times - , and every individual , from . tho fcfe & SMit to the Qu : en , most have their pay , pension , d ; o ., In proportion . If the poor man can feed and clothe himself and family for leas than he could in 1846 or 47 , royalty can also .
Because a certain enormous grant is given in 1843 , is it ally rea 60 Q Why It Should be an everlasting one 1 There is not a more loyal surject than your hgmbh servant , but thwe is no necessity for such large rayal grants and pensions , and , moreover Kagland caonol afford it I Agitate , for much of the Cfearttr must bo acceded to now teat so strong a Radical party has shown Itself . Let tho nation insist on tbe royal expenditure bein ^ shewn and examined , and then it will be seen what amount is necessary ; the natfoa must be satisfied , ox
Royal. Extravagance. To The Editob Of Th...
there will be everlasting suspicion , jwlousy , and discontent . By tbe government acting fairly to the people ai once much money will h : saved . What are the small sums given as charity by lojaltj in comparison to the enormous incemes ! Its true we see the Queen Dowager and others down la a great many charity lists , —but ' patroness' often supplies the place of a £ 20 note !
The Empire. Ii . The English System Of F...
THE EMPIRE . ii The English system of finance is more critical than h generally imagined , and tho basis for public credit is in a otate of hourly fear end apprehension ; the minister , under an avowed deficiency of three millions annually , ia compelled to throw up his budget and trust to that chapter of accidents , called futurity ; the maximum of taxation has been attained , and from the state of profile , tho value of money , and the depreciation of wngep , a reduction of the public burdens is demanded—the critical hour is coming , when any ereat P flrl J ° & n act powerfully upen tha state , and produce either weal or woe , according to tho wisdom of its directions . There are
two objects to be attained , the destruction of the present complicated aristocracy , and the immediate re-establish ment of a BjBttm of order , tbat can sustain its position and impart confidence at home and abroad . Are tbe Chartists qualified to take advantage of a possible , noy , a p robable occurrence ! Thty are a great party , but stand in need of training and organioatiou ; effectively led , embracing talent both political and financial , indication of ability and intention to save the state , thflf could produce a crisis at the proper time , and take advantage of It . Tho manifestation of these qualities would remove the terror and doubt of tho middle classes , tbat Chartism portends destruction .
The indefatigable loader of the Chartists possesses nnder the most trying circumstances , the prudence of NeBtor—be is entitled to gratitude , for preserving the came intact , and for tho endeavour to improve its moral powtr both for declaration and acting . True wisdom and activity will prove a tower of strength , securing success and offering a political guarantee for the regeno ration of the empire , Ahon .
Unity Of Effort In The Cause Op National...
UNITY OF EFFORT IN THE CAUSE OP NATIONAL PROGRESSION , HIGHLY DESIRABLE AT THE PRESENT TIME . The Convention having advised the people to memorialise tbe Queen to dissolve the present parliament , I take it for granted that it will be necessary to Bod auffl cleat funds to carry the champions of the Charter at a goodly number of places to the poll successfully , and means will be wanted for election purposes , registration , lecturers , < fec . Some good lectures , to show the advantages of tbe Charter ever every other electoral system , are highly desirable , and to carry it out , I beg to suggest a holiday for tbe Chartists at Whitsuntide . I suggest that the Executive give immediate notice ( so as to give every man time to ha prepared ) to the secretaries of each locality to call a meeting of their several districts , to appoint a committee of active , trustworthy members , to collect flit ) do from doi-r to door ( in districts to be assigaed them by
such meeting ) , on Whlt . Mouday , thetwofoHov * Vng days to be appointed to tho out Parishes not comprising part of a town district , so as to complete the canvass of the whole country for subscriptions to support th « national enuae , in three days ; and let it bo understood , that every one calling himself a Chartist will be expected to subscribe on Whit-Monday , at least , one penny , and as much more as he can afford . The money so collected to be paid into the Land and Labour Bank , on or before the following Monday , to the joint credit of Mr O'Connor and the Executive . The man that refuses to giv up balf-a-pint of beer , if a beer drinker , or two pipes of tobacco , if a stacker , or a cup of tea or coffee , if a
teetotaler , is not worthy to enjoy the benefits and privilege * that the Charter would co & fer upon him , Who oan say that they are not prepared to mako this trifling saeri . fice , wh n called on , for the cause they have so much at heart , when so many boast ( and receive the cheers of thtlr friends ) that they are * up to the mark V Let it b » remembered that one thousand pence is £ 4 3 a . -id ., and It need not be stated what one million pence would bo . Let this bs set about manfu'dy , end I have no doubt a well-directed appeal to the public , for pecuniary aid , will meet with a proper response ; such a fund must be raised as will insure the success of the Charter , and be a fitting reply to the smers of the members of the House of Com . mons and the calumnies of tbe press .
I need not say the whole of an old IUdicave f » mily are ready with their pence , although they never make a boast that they are ready to fight for the Coarter , believlng it ia to bo obtained peaceably aad legally , with a unity of effort and well-directed agitation . The means suggested , if carried out vigilantly , will raleesuch a fond as will secure the whole talcut of the country to advocate the Charter . I would have it borne in mind that many will subscribe to the cause of national reform , when waited on at homes at their own bouses or work shops , whoso patriotism would not lead them to seek the secretsry or treasurer to pay In their aubscriptions wlthoat the personal appeal recommended . lam , & o „ A Rabicai . of Twemtv Teass' Standing .
Pauperism And Crime. I To The Ed1tob Of ...
PAUPERISM AND CRIME . i TO THE ED 1 TOB OF THE 30 BDEE ADVEETI 4 EK . ! East Linton , April 10 , 1848 . Dcas . Sik , —It may be laid down as an axiom , that every man gets his living somehow or other ; axiom second , tbat every man who does not maintain himself is supported by somebody else ; axiom third , that every idle man who Is not ostensibly supported by one or more individuals is a sorner on the public at large ; axiom fourth , that it would be more profitable to the public , if it ha & to maintain , a mao . at nry rate , to make him do some service in return , than to let him go about oidle or doing mischief . These premises being conceded , I think it follows that the system of providing work fir all persons out of employment , lately propounded by tbe provisional government ef France , is not so Utopian , bo contrary to tound policy , so utterl y impracticable , nor so pregnant with ruin to the holders of property , as it has been represented to be .
Durieg the last t * n years , the sums levied for tho re . lief of the poor in England and Wales have amounted to £ 66 , 000 , 000 , being nearly an annual average ef £ 7 , 000 000 . In Enj . -lar . d , one million and a half of persons , or nearly one-tenth of the population , receive parochial aid . List year in Ireland , three millions , or more than one-third of the inhabitan's , were supported out of the public parse . Undoubtedly a considerable proportion of those receiving aid were old and infirm persons , or children of lender age ; but oven grantinc that one-half were of this class , here wo have £ 3 , 500 , 000 in Eogland and Wales alone expended yearly to feed and clothe 750 000 able-bodied idhrs . Particular localities afford statistics yet more startling . In Manchester , the number receiving out . door r-lief in tbe quarter ending March 1847 , was 25 , 155 , at a cost of £ 8 , 266 " 12 a . 5 d . ; quarter ending Juoe , lo [ lS 0 , at a cost of £ 13 , 539 33 . ; September , 42 , 058 , at a cost of £ 15 778 0 j , 2 d . ; December , 38 552 , at a cost of £ 13 , 736 9 s . 2 d . ; being a total of 149 504 cases , at a cast
of £ 51 , 311 4 s . 9 d . In one we . k , tbat ending July 3 , 9 , 310 lamilies , comprising 23 , 002 individuals , were visited , andrelieved with a total sum of money amounting to £ 1 , 449 93 , ; whilstJn the same weik , tha seven wirkhouses in the town contained 3 , 4 0 ptrt , onB . 13 , 869 sitk paupers were gratuitously a' . tended by the medical steff within tho year . In the hospitals there were 5 , 071 fever patients , of whom 592 died . In order to enforce the ratec , 3 , 766 summonses br . d to be taken out from the magistrates , and 5 G 3 householders had to be told up . The last borough poor rate for Newport , Jfonmoutnebire , io two shillings in the pound , — ' a , levy which numbers of the rate payers , ' says the HebefjIiD JoUrhai ., which announces the fact , ' will be unable to inert . ' I might adduce fifty other instances of the same kind , but it would serve no- gcod purpose , as the above facta are quite sufficient to prtve the intolerable extent of the burdtn laid on tbe industrious portion of tho communiiy by the present system .
The evil is , moreover , increasing at a fearful rate . The population of the United Kingdom Increases nearly one thousand per day . So that , assuming pauperism to exist in the proportion stated ia public return * 380 pauper * are added daily , making an increase to the festering mass of 65 , 000 every year . Nor does the sum levied tot poor rates represent the whole amount required to support this formidable pauper claps . We must keep in mind that an immense sum is spent in private charity . Of that sum it is dim cult to farm even an approximate guess ; but it cannot be too much to set it down as eqaal in amount with
the legal assessment . Hiru then wo have other thrc * millions and a half , or seven millioES iu all , expended not upon old and Infirm persona , or children of tender age . but upon able-bodied idlers , some of whom are cooped up in workhouses end doing nothing ,, whila tho rest ore suffered to prowl ab ; -ut the country like the Pariah dogf of the East Indies , annoying all end sundry . Add the sum abstracted from the community in the shape ol thefts and depredations cosstantfy being committed hj the latter class—no inconsiderable Item . Add furthet the expense of checking-, following :, capturing , and jiro scouting to conviction , and maintaining in prison , the many hundreds of jannile and adult criminals who have
been made such solely through destitution and want ot employment . And in this way , to say nothing of tht demoralisation resulting from pauperism and vagrancy , we shew an aggregate sum lericd on the country of certainly net has than eight millions annually for the sup port of tho able-bodied poor , exclusive of what goi' 8 to feed' the widow and the fatherless , tho blind and the lame , ' who are the only parties having a natural right to snch support . Here is a gangrene fast eating into the vitols of the country , and threatening society itself wit ! , dUsolutiOtt--agaugrtno which our va & t pecuniary saeiifices have hitherto Increased instead of diminishin " since far from the
so aggregate or relative amount oi destitution being sensibl y lessened , and Its preaaare on IndividnalB mitigated , it baa of lato years been gr ^ uallv widening m its range and deepenin g in ltB ^ tensity Wdo that knows anything of the vital statistics of our large towns will deny this ? Th . re are hundreds In every densel y peopled locality , who have no homes of a , y benevolent and charitable appliances fail altogether to r . ach , Husdred . pick np a miserable livelihood by the meanest » ndmoat degrading Bhifts _ gatbering cinder * , rags , die , en dunghills , and sleeping atnl gbt under open sheds or in common-Btftira , Enter the houses of the
Pauperism And Crime. I To The Ed1tob Of ...
ooorest class—such aa are Ihe usual applicant , for admission to soup kitchena-and . you wtim-sa everywhere a ecene of indescribable misery : In many of them you will not find a single article of furniture ; perhaps a few Bhavinss In a corner and an old rug form tho family bed , and two or three stones placed round the hearth serve as stools You will sometimes find that the only income the tenants of these hovels have , arises from lodgers who pay a trifle weekly for permission to sleep on thO OOld liearttl before the grate unconscious of a fire In other cases tbe parents are kept alive solely b ' the thieving gains of their offspring , whom they send out every morning with orders to bring in a certain , sum , whiob , if tbey cannot beg tboy roust steal and woe betldo them If they return empty-handed .
fearing « o ineounter their onmttoral parents' wrath , these po ° creatures deseft their homes , and tecome total outcasts , sleeping' in any out of-the-way corner , associating with the lowest description of criminals , and living upon what they can pick up . In many of our large towns , forty or fifty children of this sort are lodged in the poUce-offiee every night . Our gaola are full of them for trifling offences ; indeed , they may almos t be said to resido there ; for no sooner are they liberated than they return to the eame courses which sent them jo gaol , and in these courses they must continue , almost of necessity , nntil they do enough lo transport them to the penal eofouicd , sfoco nobody will employ such wretches , and starvation or theft ie their only alternative . Prom a report lately published of the
Philanthropic Society for tbe Reformation of Juvenile Offenders in St George ' s fields , Southwark , it appears that out of the 200 , 000 offences which every year occupy the courts of justice , one-tenth , or nearly 200 , 000 , committed by children , and one-fourth , or nearly 50 OflO , by youthful transgressors under twenty years of age . Nor is this all . The class of public prostitutes is a largo and increasing one in most of our large towns . It is , perhaps , impossible t * get a correet estimate of their number , But I have seen it stated tbat the females rescued by the various institutions set apart for that purpose ia London javeroge about 500 annually , which is said to be less than one-tenth of the prostitutes in that city evcryjear passing into eternity . Dr Ryan cal . culted some yeiirVngo , that , within the preceding ninety years 14 , 000 Individuals had benefited by these societies , while go lees than four millions had been sacrificed alive to Chemo & h and Priapus . It was stated at the same
time , that in Edinburgh , wblle 814 females bad found refuge In the Magdalene , 162 , 000 bad perished in their Iniqnity . Other towns wonld present the same results lu proportion to their size . Now , while it is quite true that Intemperance is oho of the main prosimate causes , both of such destitution as I have alluded to above , and of those abandoned habits wbicb lead to prostltutien for hire atnonj the lower class of females , it is rgually true that inlenvperanco is , In tho majority of cases , a result of social and material discomfort . And while that discomfort exists , the efforts of tho benevolent to pat doirn intemperance , prostitution , and crime , will be comparatively barren ofjfroitB . It seems to me , howev « r that a radical change in our Poor Law , accompanied with snch Sanitary and Educational arrangements as all enlightened statesmen now allow to be necessary , would go far to extirpate these evil ; , or at least to mitigate them to such a degree , that society would bo longer be endangered by thelt existence .
The main feature of my plan is , that it would ensure employment to every number « f tho community , entirely suppress public begging , and in a short time naturally increase the fixed capital of the nation , without interfering with the industry and enterprise of individuals . With your permission , I shell state its main features in a eecond letter . The present seems to be a time when all who think they can do anything , however little , towards enlightening the public minds on such subjects , ought to come forward with their propositions—tie- quid dciritntttti respublica capital . I remain , dear tir , yours truly , WlLHAH BaOCKIB ,
Letter From A Pole, To The Statesmen Of ...
LETTER FROM A POLE , TO THE STATESMEN OF GREAT BRITAIN , ON THE PRESENT COMMERCIAL AND FINANCIAL CRISIS .
Sie , — The commercial and financial crisis with which England has been eo inopportunely visited , and the present position of public affairs , induce me , as a Pole , to submit to you certain considerations which may have an influence on tbe commerce and industry of your country both now and hereafter . Tbe principal cause of the present crisis is , without doubt , tbe famine in Ireland and a bad harvest in England and Sco ^ fand , It has been necessary to disburse an enormous amount of capital in specie to bring grain from Poland by the Baltic and the Black Sea , because Prussia and Russia who export from the ports of Poland , admit scarcely any English merchandise , and inundate tho unfortunate country tbey hare partitioned with their own .
But it Poland were independent , Esgland would have no need to pay in epscie for agricultural produce , because the Poles would willingly exchange their staples for tbe manufactures of England , which are much better than those of Gtrm . iny and Russia . Thus , coru , masts , timber , wool , leather , honey , wax , tallow , hemp , potash , and even oxen and borees could be exported to England in case of need , against the merchandise that comrar . nly encumbers tho warehouses of her manufacturers . She could even carry on a lucrative commerce in Polish staple articles , in transporting them to those
countries that are not agricultural . To give an idea of the itnmenno outlet for English merchandise in this new direction , it is sofficitnt to consider that ancient Poland extended from the Baltic almost to the Black Sea , with a population of some twenty millions , exclusively agricultural , without manufactures , and which , still posaessing an uncultivated territory capable of maintaining a population of twice tbo amount , would have no need to occupy herself with manufactures , while she could exchange her agricultural produce for good manufactures at a reasonable price .
It would remain , then , for England to provide for this papulation of upwards of twenty millions , not for some J ears to come only , hut for centuries , since the wellbeing of the population would be augmented under a national government , and consequently the moans would be augmented which the country ia at present forced to reject , under governments which drink up her riches and her blood , and leave her in exchange but misery aud despair . Add to this , that If the price of agricultural products in Poland , which at present is much lower than in any other country , though they pas « through the rapacious hands of co . partitioning states , and it is evident that such prodaets would be cheaper if received directly from Poland .
But the actual price would bo still more considerably reduced by tho construction of railroads in Poland . England could even undertake this , on conditions extremely ad « antageous to herself ; and would thus seoure to herself not only all tho profit which a redaction of pries would produce , but also a considerable debit from her steam tnd other engines . Tho establishment of railroads in Po ' a & d would not bo expensive ; her soil ia almost a continuous plain , la . hour Is cheap , and large masses of cast iron could bo furnished by ihe proprietors of furnaces at a very low price ,
If , therefore , a railroad wcreloid down from tbe Baltic to the Black Sea , across tho nurskes of Pinsk , with branches to the other provinces of Poland , the products ot tbe most fertile provinces could be transported to the one or tbe other sea , at all seasons , at a very low price , in a few days time , wfcile at presmt they are obliged to be brought by routes and roads almost impracticable , requiring several months , which increases their price in proportion , This fcigh price is felt the more whsn the demand is considerable , not from corn being dearer in the interior , but frora the impossibility of transporting a sufficient quantity within a fliren time to a shipping port , 1 shall here give the mean prices of soma of the products of Podolie and the Ukraine , the most fertile provinces of ancient Poland . Those are the mean prices for those years in which there has been no dearth in other parts of Europe , for then there prices rise a little Wheat , on the spot , Cs per quarter , A medium sized Os , at 30 s .
A good Horse for light cavalry , £ 7 to £ 8 . Tho price of other articles is in the same ratio , and the price of their transport to shipping porta , by means of a milroad , would not greatly augm . ut them . Oxen could be slaughtered on the spot , and salted for the U 65 of the navy , Meanwhile , to arrive at all these results , it is necessary that Poland should be independent . To this end England could contribute mncb . She used not make war on the three co partitioning powers e . f Russia , Austria , aud Prussia , nor adventure armies
and fldtts , to succour the Poles , nor even to supply the fxptnses of war ; no , she need do none of these , for a nation cf twtnty millions and upwards of inhabitants , when resolved to regain hor independenco , can find all the necessary resources within herself to break tbe yoke of her oppressors ; but the may come to the aid of the Poles by an official concurrence . Great Britain can do this without any inconvenience , because the destruction of the treaty of Vienna , by tho Powers who hnvo dis mernbercd Poland , baa untied her bands , and permits her to act henceforth according to her own views , and in the inttreets of her own cemmerce .
The British Government ought even to adopt as a po litical principle that of causing one of these powers Russia , to enter within her ancient limits , ' Has the latter regard tojthc interests of England ? Nobut on the contrary , has she not done her all the evil panible ? I it not Russia that has cut off all commercial relations from Borland with the people whom tho Czars have eurjugated ? I , she not lying in wait for a favourable moment to . size with impunity on Conatanlluoplo whoso capture would lead , of a necessity , to tbe successive corqueet of ail tho shores of tho ancient Greek empire , whtoh would permit her to raise a well manned navy by tho aid of Greek mariners , and to make ot tho Black Sea a Russian lake ? Does she not already stnuh forth hor bands towards tbo British posseaaiono in India , where she seeks , by covert means to foment troubles and to raise the people ngoinst the English ? The prepondorance which she has secured In l \ nla , already optns the w « y towarde these countries , and she will not fail to profit by it if she is not checked . But the re-establish
ment of Poland would crumble this Colossus like a potsherd—our only rcscutce , could we arrive at this grand retail . Meaosrhtie , aa amicable concurrence on the part of England would rtndtr tie labour more easy , for it
Letter From A Pole, To The Statesmen Of ...
cannot be dissembled , the straggle will be long and BO"' Let the statesmen of Great Britain fit their attention upon this important question . They would secure to me commerce and Industry of their country . mmense oavantages , and render impossible the return 0 ( ' ™ » and of every financial and commercial crisis , wltBout having to make any sacrifices . They would onlj be aiding us by legal means . It is with this view that I have the honour to invite ovary one who comprehends the gravity and importance of existing circumstances , to unite to form a society , whoso end shall be the re-establisbment of Poland . It is to be observed , that the laws of the Literary Soclety of the Friends of Poland , of which the Hon . Lord Dudley Coutts Stuart Is Patron , are opposed to any undertaking ofthepMgettl nature . ~ „ , . , „„„ „„ fl on .
I have the honour , in consequence , to pray that all those who wish to take part In 'The Association for the Re-Establishment of Poland , ' will send their declaration to that effect to my addreis , 10 , Hamilton . street , Camden-town . I shall ba obliged If yon will b & ve tbe kindness to induce your f riends to add their declaration to yours ; also , if you will do me the favour of inserting this letter in yonr valuable journal . 1 have the . honour to be , sir , " Yonr very humble servant . London , April 12 , 1848 , GENERAL BEM .
-" ^Sff**" ' "* Thb Kbnnington Common Me...
- " ^ Sff ** " ' " * THB KBNNINGTON COMMON MEETING AND THE LYING 'TIMES . ' TO THB EDITOR Or TBE HO » TBE & H STIR . Sib , — The following extract is from the NoMH Bbitish D * iLr If au , of April 13 th . We may doubt , with such specimens of dishonesty before our eyes as the statement of the Times on this s ubject , whether the editors are justified in declaring , os tbey did * ehort time since , that'England fs proud ot feer Times .-. « While on this matter , I may remark tha t several of the London dally papers , in their zeal to run down the demonstratlon yesterday , have to-day made a grossly untrue representation of the numbers on the Common . The Tihes and Cbeohicle try to make their readers believe that not 20 , 000 woro present . Truth compels me to notice this , for the errers of a party afford no
justifloatlon of a total misrepresentation of their numbers or their proceedings . Tbe Common is about 500 yards long and 200 broad ; giving an acre in square yards of about 100 , 000 . Now , at one o ' clock , the whole space W 88 dotted over—the centre very dense , and the outride rath 2 r thin and etraggling . Assuming oaly one p « son to tho iquare yard , instead of nine , the usual calculation in a crowded mcetinsr , we hare 100 , 000 persons . Those at least were on tbe ground yesterday , independent of the crowds in the adjoining thoroughfares . I went expressly all round the Common to be satisfied with my estimate ' , which , had the meeting been for any more aristocratic party purpose , wonld , no doubt have figured in tho ' Thunderer' at 200 , 000 souls . ' TourS respectfully . Tbuib .
To Tee Iditob Of Tbs Ifortbebh Stab, Sib...
TO TEE IDITOB OF TBS IfORTBEBH STAB , Sib , — . 1 wrote to you en Thursday week last , caking yon to inform me , through the medium of your valuable paper , what was tbe opinion of tbe leading Chartists upon the all-important subject of Free-trade , a » d more especiall y the Navigation Laws ( in which all working men ia our neighbourhood are most particularly interested , and in neither tbe papers of the 22 nd or 29 th ultimo have I seen any answer . Ton will perhaps wonder tbat I should ask a question which , I bare no doubt , has been asked hundreds ' of timeo before , and that , perhapg , ] is the reason that you have taken no notice of it : but the fact
is this , that it is only since the memorable day of the 10 th April that I have become a convert to Ohartistprinciples , and , indeed , I always looked upon tbe Chartists as a lawlees body , but now happily my eyes are opened , and the veil taken from them . If you can insert this letter with an answer in your next paper , you will much oblige Tour obedient end humble servant , A LiMEBOusE Shipwright . Limebouse , 1 st May , 1818 ; P . S , —I should have given my name and address , but the firm ? with whom I work were leaders of special constables in this parish ; and if seen it might got me my discharge ,
To Tbe Editob Of Tbe Nobthebh Stab. Sib,...
TO TBE EDITOB OF TBE NOBTHEBH STAB . Sib , —Knowing your readiness to give insertion in the STA . R to tbose usual actal of oppression , which foils due to the working man ' s lot , I forward you the following , which has just been put inte operation in Northumberland . It appears the working men of West Cooraliogton Colliery had notice given them by their masters for a reduction of prices , amounting to an average of Gd , per day . This reduction tho workmen have nobly re . slated , and have , to a man left their work , until the masters agree to allow them their previous prices . This , however , he refused to do , and has had recourse to the inhuman but usual mode , of turning them out of their bouses ; thereby expecting to drive the men into compliance with their unjust demands , and reduced prices .
Tbe men are , however , nobly doing their dnty , and from what has yet taken place , there appear good reasons to conclude tbat much good will result therefrom , as very m & ny of tha adjoining colliers aro taking tho matter up , and have resolved to organise again the Coal Miners ' Union ; seeing as they do most clearly , . that without sueh protection their labour , their only capital , is completely at the mercy of their employers . It is therefore most earnestly desired that each colliery In the Tyne , Weir , and Tees , will set abonttbo good work again , and by putting into immediate operation the restriction , ot regulation of labour , thereby establish a permanent union , and a uniform and healthy state of the trade . lam , & c ,. May 2 nd . M . JcDE .
How To Make The Bank Of England Qtjake, ...
HOW TO MAKE THE BANK OF ENGLAND QTJAKE , AND HER CHILDREN TREMBLE . A correspondent suggests the following mode of converting tbe ' upper classes' to a compliance with the demands of the people fer the Charter . A gentleman possessed of £ 1 000 , can turn tbat sum into notes amongst his friends and neighbours , and then cash them at the Bank ef England for gold—return to his neig h , hours for more notes , then to the Bank again for more gold ; successively journeying from the Bank to his friends , and from his frieads to the Bank , until the appearance of the said gentleman there , would create more alarm than an attack b y 80 , 000 armed men . A man possessing a £ 5 or £ 10 note , might alone sap the foundation of a country bank . Now if this plan were acted upon with unnnlmi'y throughout Great Britain , it would absorb tho mighty sea of floating capital , and strike terror into the minds of those who deny the people their rights . a Chabtist .
To The Chartists . I Beg To Say That If ...
tO THE CHARTISTS . I beg to say that if over there was a time when it be . boved the Chartist body to assert , maintain , and stand by their undying principles , it is now . We now nee the middle classes professing to fraternise with us for the attainment of our object , namely—enfranchisement , but I fear tbat that profession is hollow and insincere . The aristocracy and the middle classes have begun to sre that English tyranny and misrule are about to be tested , and may be swept out of Ireland ; and if by cajolery they can manage to keep England quiet , while they have butchered and subdued our Irish brethren , they would not hesitate to eat their otvh words , and assist to put down any disaffection that may arise here from such a vroceeding . A CnaBTisT of Fourteen Yeaes Standing . ITuddertfidld , May 2 nd .
Organisation Of Labour. The Following Is...
ORGANISATION OF LABOUR . The following is a general expose of the Government Commission of Labour , sitting at the Luxembourg : — Scarcely attoouuscd and installed , thecommlsslon was able to enumerate , by disasters , nil the defects of our economical system . A society shaken to its very foundations owing to the too long application of a subversive principle—ouch was the p rospect of the commission Trades ruined and crying for assistance , workshops in confusion , intirests atwar , workmen and masters divided by diurnal disputes , undertakings suddenly stopped , State interference loudly claimed by the proprietors of factories . State protection iavoked with anguish or anger by a boat of operatives reduced to their last shifts such is the spectacle which has brought under our notice the system of competition reduced to give a formal account of its miseries .
But , on tho other hand , it was easy to perceive that there was a fundamental tendency inthlgdiseBsedaociety , if not general , at all events very energetic , to encourage generous attempts , and to endeavour to organises better system of labour . To mediate with ardour the code of the proktaires to he enunoipated , whilst silently preparing the materialsin Bhort , to confine oureelves to solitary studies would not have suflloGd . Placed in the midst of a confused medley of interests , pressed by the clamours of misery , seized by the most legitimate impatience , w & bad to listen to complaints , to allay irritation , to settle differences with impartial benevolence , to maintain the tranquillity of Taris by a permanent B ) stem of arbitration , to welcome tbo operatives who offered to establish fraternal associations—colonies of tho future by the sido of a tottering past .
It docs not appertain to our province to explain the dangers of such a mission , In tho midst of tho most friguifu . 1 distress , in tbe tempestuous intoxication of a revolution , under the weight of the most urgent necssfll . ties , and with full consciousness of their strength , the working classes , by whom we havo lived surrounded , havo constantly behaved with calmness and confidence . Fncta speak for us .
BECOKCILIATIONS , Summoned daily as arbitrators between masters and workmen , we Interfered whenever our interference was accepted by both parties . A large number of roconoula . tiona was thus effected . We will only mention a few , on account of their extreme importance , for the peace of * the capital was stoked on the Issue . And , first , we havo been generally reproached for having- decreed the diminution of the duralion of daily labour , Well apart from the oensideratlons of justice ,
Organisation Of Labour. The Following Is...
humanity , and sound economy , which militated in fa » oa r of that measure , it is rig ht tbat tbo public should k now . tbat ' the question , on the day following the revelation was one of civil war . What did we do , however ! Not ! withstanding the ardent and apparently irresistible de . mands addrosse * to us , we bol * ly refused to decide any . thing before we had consulted ih « heada of esUbliah . ments , and having assembled them in large numbers , they hastened to adhere to the demands of their operatives , so equitable did it appear to them to adhere and perilous to refuse . morale of the humanity , and sound economy , whieh militated in favou *
Paris wa g notflrTflre that on the ^ 29 ( h of March the inhabitants rose without any pr 0 J . peot of bread . The journeymen bakers formally refused to continue their labours unless their palnfal situation were ameliorated without delay , They came to the Luxembourg ia thousands to expose their sufferings and their resolutions , All the baking establishment !! had been abandoned , and were not to be returned to . The masters hastened to us in consternation . The delegates deputed by the masters and the workmen discussed ( thanks to onr intervention ) all the details ef their respective situations . At length , aa amicable arrangement was effected ; ft tariff was adopted which gave general satisfaction , and these thousands of men wkose toll supplies tbe ordinary secefslties of the city , retired grateful and moved . Paris was supplied with bread the next day , as usual , and the inhabitants did UOt even dream that tbey had bees reduced to the very verge of starvation !
Some days previously , tbe traffic in Paris bad been doubly menaced . It was at first the pavement of tbe streets which still kept up the revolutionary movement . No vehicles eould pass . Now the parlors refused to dear the thoroughfares , and demanded more exorbitant terms : Recognised as legitimate , in & contradictory discussion between masters and workmen , tha demands of tha paviors were favourably admitted , and the streets re * sumed their wonted appearance . Bat no sooner had the pavements been replaced , and the resumption of traffic rendered possible , than the vehicles came to a stand-still , in all parts of Paris . At first , it was the omnibuses , favorittt , dso ., next the hackney coaches , cabriolets—in short , all the pablio vehicle * . For several days a similar discussion took place . At length an ogrenment was made , and the tra ffic was everywhere renewed .
It became necessary to construct a provisional hall for tbe meetings of the new National Assembly , the old Chamber of Deputies not being sufficiently spacious for the accommodation of the representative * of tho Republic . At the very moment when the works ought to have been pushed forward with the greatest activity , — the opening of tho Assembly drawing nigh , —the tilers descended from tbe roofs , and refused to reascend , owing to some dispute with the contractors . Onr intervention was again required , and as Bion as we had appealed to their patriotism , tho tilers offered to labour gratuitously for the Republic , —a generosity which the Republic could not accept , for it thenoetorth owed a eecond stipend—one of gratitude .
These recenciliatioos are sufficient to show what we have effected , Tbe whole list would be too long . There ara few branches of trade which have not appealed to ns ; we will only mention the mechanics of the attlier of Derosne and Fail , those of the atelier Parent , the paperstainers , tbe zinc-work operatives , tbo straw-hot manu . facturers , the night men , and the washerwomen of the banlieu , & c . It should be remarked that it was most frequently tha master * that were tbe first to solicit our arbitration , and impart their embarrassments to as . The masters and the operatives approach the Luxembourg by separate roads ; tbey almost invariably depart by the same 1 The prowvirbaux of these reconciliations are deposited In tho archives of the commission , invested with tbe signatures of the parties—modest records of labour and of concord !
IBTiBl-liBED ASSOCIATIONS . Whilst tens labouring to reconcile divided interests , we also wished to connect the future with the present by a f : w now creations . Several Important associations have been founded by our care , and these societies are now at work in the middle of Paris . The Old ( debtors' ) Prison of Clichy is transformed into ene vast workshop , The journeymen tailors , combiaed In one association , are there executing great works for the state . We subjoin a few details of the organisation and condition of the society . The principle on which the association of tailors rests is fraternity . A movable one , It Is always open to the workman who presents hinuslf at its portals , asking for work , and accepticg tbe fraternal conditions of tho house . Those conditions are , equal wages for all the asso . elates , equal partition in profits , aid activity in devotion .
A jury , appointed by election , is intrusted with tbe maintenance of order , and , if necessary , decrees exclu . eion from the society . Three delegates , equally elected by the association , represent and administer its affairs conjointly with a minis , terial commission . Tbe commission of examination controls the acts of the administration . The governmental commission for workmen is represented in the association by an egent , M . Frossard . The association is installed , aud has been at work since the commencement of the month of April . The state has given it orders for 100 , 000 tunics at lOf . each , and 100 , 000 pantaloons at 3 f . each , for the use of the stationary National Guard ( the cloth being supplied ) , and for 10 , 180 tunics at llf . each , and 10 , 180 pantaloons at 3 f , each , for the movable National Guard .
These works are being executed by about 1 , 200 associates . Besides wbicb , the association employs a large number of female breeches-makers out of doors . Notwithstanding the expenses of installation and materials , the association has already a profit to dividemoderate , it is true , as all first profits mast be , but pre . sentinf at once bope and encouragement for tho future , The considerable aumber of workmen who presented themselves durlr . g the first few days , and who were ob . liged to take part iu labour insufficient to employ se many bands , the somewhat disorderly kflux of tbe National Guards , who rushed in crowds to the doors of tho workshops to ask for tfeelr eiothes , and tbe inexperience of the management , so natural in the outset , at first oc onsioned gome confusion . Bat measures for restoring
order were taken , and now the associated workmensome assembled in tke large hall of the old parfoir , the others dispersed in groups throughout the cells , —are working with the generous order which is inspired by the certainty of developing a fruitful idea . What a noble spectacle in the midst of straggles of universal antagonism , to behold this great assembly of men united by bonds of the closest dependence ! What a touching sight to behold this prison becoming the first asylum of real liberty I The barracks of tbe AUee tf « Veuves , in tha Champs Elyseee , have received a second society founded on the same principles of fraternal devotion . The saddlers are there working for the equipment of the cavalry . The journeymen spinners , assembled in a third association . have also received large ordera ' from the State
New societies present themselves every day to the commission with their plans and their statutes , soliciting aid and approbation . The masters of factories , on their side , come and offer their workshops ' to the State and place at its disposal their implement ' s of labour , — ' soma actuated by generosity , and others b y an intelligent calculation of chances , Judging from the force of the current which fs carrying away the fragments of the old state of society , the transformation , unless a crisis supervene , will be easy and speedy . The impulse , in shon , is given , and it ii irresistible . Everything impels , and Is impelled , towards the principle of aesoelation— the saving system , wbic ' i will sooner or later be blessed by those who now decry and calumuiate it . The system of competition and
an-Ugomsin , that is to say , of hatred and anarchy , of disorder and war abdicates its sovereignty in the bosom of the calamities which it has produced . Perhaps its fall may bo retarded by a few temporary compromises , and , for our parts , we shall not refase to do our best to prop up this eld edifice which is cracking and crumbling on all sides . The public may rely upon us , upen whom , since the revolution of February , this perilous and ungrateful necessity has only entailed fatigues nlmost superhuman , abuse , calumnies—and calumnies , too , on tha part of the very persons whose security we were protecting at tho risk of our popularity , sometimes at the risk of oar lives . But let there bo no mistake . The time for vain palliatives has pa 88 f i away < k Qe 8 perate disease requires soverei gn remedies
And what « We have sought the solution of this quesion in good faith , taking account of the necessities of a transmon with all A « car * counselled by equity , but , at the eame ttme , setting out from this principle-do your dmy , and good will ensue . The commission will continue the publication of its expose m the course of a few days .
Seizure For Church Kates.—A Short Time S...
Seizure for Church Kates . —A short time since the parish of St Austell , Cornwall , was the scene of one of these disrating occurrences . Twooftheinhabitants had their goods taken tor tha purpose ot supporting that obnoxious thing called church rates , one whose rate was one shilling and " sixpence , had goods of the value of thirty-four shillings taken and sold for thirteen and sixpence . The other had 3 a good feather bed and sheet taken for eight and eightpence . After a considerable lapse ef time aa auctioneer was found bold enough to mount the rostrum and offer the articles for sale , part of which were bought in and the remainder ( two lots ) sold , one to the auctioneer , and the other to a devotee of Bacchus , who was compelled to remain locked up in the sale room for an hour and a half , not daring to show his face to the enraged crowd , who remained determined to see an end to the affair .
Pikes and penknives are stated to be tbe order of the day in Dublin , so far as English cutlery establishments are concerned . No other article seems lo be ordered or required . In the municipal borough of ManoliBBler , there are 49 , 023 habitable houses . The inhabitants amoun t to nearly three hundred thousand 1 The Manchester Guardians estimate the poor expenditure ot'the current year at £ 120 , 000 . whieh is equivalent to a rate of five shillings in th » pound . A public meeting held at tho Kensington institute , aas , by a majority of 87 to 4 , oeadfrnned Ii 8 Public HeaUkM .
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), May 6, 1848, page 2, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_06051848/page/2/
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