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Cf. ,w)urt Entelliseittt.
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0:sAL CiurvTErv association. 5> ~Z-U, So...
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. XOTTIXCHAM.—At a meeting of the Seven ...
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"' <A A dictates of reason, instead of t...
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, meeting the propositions laid down in ...
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THE CHARTISTS AND MR. THORNTON HUNT.—(A ...
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ExTHnoNiSATiox of Dr. IIknorox. —Notting...
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CHARTIST ORGANISATION. The adjourned mee...
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. "—•"••j' _________________ MANHOOD SUF...
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others who they reaU y/ rather tbarf ^ e...
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Transcript
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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Cf. ,W)Urt Entelliseittt.
Cf . , w ) urt Entelliseittt .
0:Sal Ciurvterv Association. 5> ~Z-U, So...
0 : sAL CiurvTErv association . 5 > ~ Z-U , Southampton-street , Strand . i'p ^ x , ^ ative Committee of this body held ^ , - - ^ i meeting as above on Alon-* ^ reUig iast » ^ eu " ^ ole ° f ^ ^ T ^ ia town ( excepting Air . O'Connor , ^^ i * invite d ) "were present—viz ., Messrs . * ° V wassUy . Hunt , Le Blond , HQlyoake , - ^ lilne . J- *" Grassby presided . The 8 ^* . L jeuce received was read , including ^ Uow ' mg letter from Mr . Thomas Cooper , ! i i f wis Ordered to be inserted in the ref fcidi ^ as " t * ~ ; Tari-iow , Kniohtsbridgo , Saturday , Xov . 20 tb . lS 51 . ;
\ RsVtT , —I "ave ° nly 3 ust reached home ^ he Wts ^ Eng land , and found jour letter . You fr ^' li-it 1 have bean nominated as one of the P * Executive , and ask me if 1 will act IB : Ul id I be elected . In reply , I can only state , , i have no objection to serve Chartism in that 1 m - other capacity ; but had supposed that 1 \\ ast be I djaUy elected , since I only ^ -entered I ? i ^ ociauou last mon th , at Leicester . V A" I am , yours truly , jlr . J . Araoil . Thomas Coofer . Tlie secretary then xead the plan of organic tion , and the rales relative to the Executive ^ reordered to he copied for general informagon-t hey are as follows : — GOVERXMESX—EXECUTIVE .
« Xhe Government of the Association is vested . Executive Committee consisting of nine mem-:, „ the secretary receiving a salary for his serl . '« riC < S ' ELECTION OF EXECUTIVE . « TLc Executive shall be elected annually from - list of persons nominated by the localities , such * < rj 9 l ) s having been bona fide members of the Assoleast six monthsAll nominations to
jflioii for at . y £ c jiiacc one mouth previous to the election , and -Bit lie forwarded to the General Secretary as soon « iiO = sible , a complete list of which snail be duly r ubiUued in the democratic journals . ' The elections IjjU bedecided by ballot , and the agent shall make jeivm to the general secretary of tbe name of the tjniiidatcs elected , with the number of votes polled j > , ri-3 ch . "
On the motion of Messrs . Milne and Hunt , je following , after mature deliberation , was rjjaujmously agreed o : — ' That as we , the Execu tive Committee of the National Charter . Uit-ciation , have been desired b y several localities to express an opinion whether the jjiurc Executive ehall be reduced to five or ilrM , we can only say that , having received jie p lan of organisation adopted by the late C onvention as the constitution on which the Association was based , we as a bod y cannot ra . f '"» ise « iny other authority , and feel bound
U conform thereto until its provisions are sknvise determined by a representative asembly duly convened for that purpose . * Il was also agreed—* That each of thelooh ' ties in and around the metropolis be desired jj-fihwith to elect two fit " and proper persons g delegates , to form the Metropolitan Delerite Council , and that the said delegates be requested to meet for the transaction of busik & - in the Finsbury Literary Institution , Leicester-place , Hay-street , Clerkenwell , on Sunday , December the 14 th , at three o'clock in lie afternoon .
The Committee then adjourned to TVednesb ? evening , December 10 th . The annexed letter from Mr . Kydd , the Secretary has been instructed to publish : — Norwood , Dec . 2 nd , 1831 . 31 r Yekt Dkak Sir , —I am not" duly qualified " oai as a member of the Executive Council of tbe Jitional Charter Association . ilr arrangements are such as would prevent me biu serving Chartism effectually in an official canity . I have made that fact generally known . " 8 j reply to your second question , therefore , is , 1 * 2 not accept of any office , even should I be Lttted .
fe honesty , John , I think there is no hope for the jiure until those persons calling themselves Char-_ ts , Democrats , ic , & c , learn not to waste their tiergiesin abusing their best friends . Some men . d Chartists too , seem to live in a boiling sea of assion . Others prate about " toleration , " aa if Sere was no other word worth repeating , and in ikir own actions are the most intolerant bigots . More the Chartists can hapeeven to command the ar of England , they must learn to command tbemshres . The suffrage is no plaything , bnt a grave sasiitutional question , rising far above all party sasicerations , and except it can be understood and
foiled upon in that light , success is an impoisii-irv . Tie "Executive" just retiring , deserve well of iwe persons whose opinions they have represented . L « r „ o know the history of Chartism to the letter ; 1 ^ 3 ?( andfor ten years preceding that period ) , 3 M > i think lishtlyof the servicesof my successors . ' . witc of the late " Executive" in their united 2 i ! i _ „ iv ; and those who are disposed to cavil and ixr and ask " What have tbey done ! " would do *« 1 by striving to be equally earnest in the good sa *> . * I am , faithfully yours , -Mr . John Arnotfc . S . M . Kym > .
I 50 MTXATI 0 X 3 TOR THE EXECUTIVE . The followin g have been duly nominated as [ 3 t and proper persons to act as the future iAC-utivo Committee of the National Charter As sociation : — leargus O'Connor , Ernest Jones , € f , Julian Harney , G . J . Holyoakc , Thornton Hunt , & 'bert La Blond , John Arnott , J . Grassby , Charles Frederick jSicholls , T . M . "Wheeler , Thomas Cooper , John Shaw , J . J . Bezer , IT . I HoWoake , A . J . Wood , George Haggis , J . B . Leifo , J . C . OHerenshaw , Gerald Massey , IU . O'Brien , Uohert Oliver , A . E . Dela-* ree , Itobert Cooper , J . M . Bryson , P . M . il llouall , \\ \ J . Linton , Arthur Trevelyau , ^ mes Leach , Edward Swift , and Edmund
• Mallwood . [ As several of the lists were received too « tc for the friends therein named to he cor-K-spnndcd with , it is deemed advisable that :- » votes be token nntil sufficient time be given W that purpose . Therefore , those -who ob-; - •« , or are not qualified to serve , are respectlaSt y solicited to apprise the General Secretary ' ic-rcof , on or before Wednesday , December 5- ' » t « . J The following friends have also been nomisaiod , but decline to act : —G . IV . M . Eey-J , -John Milne , S . M . Kydd , and John li-ttie . X . li . _ The last day for receiving votes will & Tuesday , December 30 th . ilembers only Him * a card for the present year will be
* -owcd to vote . further instructions will be given next « cek . Signed , on behalf of the Committee , Jons Ar . xoiT , General Secretary .
0:Sal Ciurvterv Association. 5> ~Z-U, So...
meeting the propositions laid down in the address of Sir . Ernest Jones , for the election of a paid Executive of three , he considered practical , and we recommend the election of three to be paid , as laid down by Mr . Ernest Jones in his address . ' That this meeting call upon the Executive to give notice to all localities immediately to meet , and consider the propriety of electing a paid Executive of three in preference to nine , as laid down in | the programme . mectintr the nronnsitfnns in ?/! < ir .,., r , ;« + t j
Fiksbory Democratic Association—A general meeting took place on Tuesday ni ght . Mr , Beaumont in the chair . The auditors produced their financial balance-sheet , which was ordered to he received . The secretary read the report of the proceedings of the Association from its formation in June last . The Association commenced with nineteen members , and since then bad increased to fifty-two ; it bal expended £ 4 16 s . Cd . in the gratuitous distribution of addresses and- tracts among the working class , and 15 s . to cards , stamps , and stationery , leaving a balance , due to the treasurer , of 4 s . Gl-d . Mr . Johnson moved— " ( "hat Ibis Asso . ciation be dissolved , and that its members join the National Charter Association , " if that body adopts the recommendation of Mr . Ernest Jones , and does not re-elect on the Executive those men who spent tbeir time and wasted the Association ' s
money in calling the meeting at the National Hall to sympathise with the great raoney-mongering Jew , and who so grossly ill-used Feargus O'Connor , Esq ., M . P ., at Copenhagen House , and Hi ghbury Barn . Mr . W . H . Hockley seconded the motion , which was carried . Mr . Williams moved— " That this meeting recommend the Chartist body to elect the following gentlemen for the next Executive , viz ., —Feargus O'Connor , Esq ., M . P . ; Messrs . Ernest Jones , " I ' M . Wheeler , and J , Bryson . " Mr . D . Hockley seconded the motion , which was unanimously carried . On the motion of Mr . Cater , a vote of thanks
was unanimously given to the editor of the "Northern Star , " for the generous manner in which he has inserted their reports . On the motion ol Messrs . Johnson and Cater , a vote of thanks was given to G . W . M . Reynolds , Esq ., for the able and patriotic manner in which he advocates the cause of democracy , and for the kind , brotherly feeling shown by him to F . O'Connor , Esq ., M . P ., at the Kossuth Demonstration . Thanks were then given to Mr . David Cater , the secretary of the Association , and also to the Chairman , and the meeting separated .
Scientific and Literae ? Lvsririmo . v , Leices-TEa-PIJiCE , EA'S-STfiEET , XirriiE Saffkon-hili . . — Mr . Nieholls lectured here on Sunday evening-Subject : " Chartist Ethics . " The lecturer described Chartist ethics as consisting in the six following propositions : — " Those that are not with us are against us . " " That opponents arc not actuated by principle , and are not conscientious . " " That the wider the franchise is extended the greater injury to those who are excluded from it . " "That the Chartists are the people . " " That strong words are strong sense . " " That working men are too wise and too manly to have recourse to policy . " The lecturer , in a concise manner , and with great moderation of feeling , attempted to show
the fallacy of each of these propositions , and the injurious effects which their adoption had upon the success of the Chartist Organisation . The first proposition assumed that the whole people had ranged themselves on one side or the other , whereas the great bulk always remained neutral . Our opponents always assumed that those who were not against them were with them ; this enabled them to obtain a superiority in numbers . It was a policy which converted those who might be friends into enemies . The second caused us to attribute bad motives to our opponents , and raised
bitter and revengeful feelings . Our duty was to seek their conversion , and not their destruction . The third was based on a false view of humanity . Justice was natural to man when his passions were not aroused . If we doubted the goodness of our fellow men we must doubt also of their fitness for the franchise . An extension would admit many whose social position was beinij ruined by the present system . The fourth was founded on the supposition that working men were the people , and that all working men were Chartists . If they ignored the existence of other men they must expect others to ignore their own . The fifth made
our words bear a different construction to what was oftimes meant : it created antagonism in our opponents . If we felt indignation strong language was useless to ourselves , and would never convert those whom we opposed . The sixth implied that we were too wise to consult the feelings and opinions of others . There was a wide difference between policy and diplomacy . Messrs . Bezer and Wheeler replied at some length to the arguments of the lecturer . They denied that the above was a correct definition of Chartist ethics , but advocated the doctrines laid down in several of the
propositions . They thought that it would bo wiser in those professing Chartism to attack the common enemy , instead of misrepresenting the policy and views of their friends and allies . Mr . Elliot briefly opposed the views of the lecturer , who replied , consecutively , to each speaker , and it was ultimately arranged that a public discussion should take place relative to the Parliamentary Reform Extension of the Franchise , between Messrs . Nieholls and Sicholls , junr ., and Messrs . Wheeler and Eezer , A vote of thanks was given to the lecturer and to Mr . Leno , who occupied the chair .
HocnDALT .. —A public meeting of members was held on Monday evening last . Afr . Sutclift ' e Crabtree in the chair . After some discussion the following resolutions were agreed to : — " That this meeting considers the conduct of the committee who got up the demonstration for Kossuth ( lis * graceful and anti-democratic , in not allowing Mr . O'Connor into the Committee Room ; and we further declare , that we have the greatest confidence in the honesty and integrity of that gentleman . We are of opinion that the sooner those parties retire from the Chartist movement the better ; and we return our sincere thanks to Mr . G . W . M .
Reynolds for his gentlemanly conduct on that occasion . Mr . E . Jones ' s letter was next taken into consideration , which was fully approved of with One exception , Le ., that there be five of an Executive to he paid for their services , and that the following gentlemen be put in nomination for that office : Feargus O'Connor , Esq ., G . W . M . Reynolds , Esq ., E . Jones , Esq ., Mr . G . J . Harney and Mr . 8 . 51 . Kydd ; and we further hope that the country will appoint men of sterling worth , who are known to the country , and we have not the least doubt but that the movement will progress rapidlv . Signed on behalf of tbe meeting , S . Crabtrek , Chairman ; R . Gill , Secretary .
Geougie Mills ( Edinburgh ) . —At a meeting of the Democrats of Georgie Milts , held 21 st November , to take into consideration the propriety o * joining the National Charter Association—Mr . P . ' M'Siel in the chair—Mr . James Xelson moved ;—" That it is our imperative duty to join the National Charter Association . " On this motion a very animated discussion took place on the merits and con duct of some of the present Executive , and especially on that of Mr . T . Hunt , towards F . O'Connor Etq ., at the Kossuth Demonstration , held at Copenhagen House ; and finally fell to the ground for a want of a seconder . —Mr . Thomas Clark , jun ., moved , and Mr . ^ Ym . Sommerville seconded : — " That we do not join the National Charter Association until it is purified of Thornton Hunt and his co-associates , who wish to snuff out our
esteemed friend , Mr . O'Connor , but that we form ourselves into a local body , to be called the ' Georgie Mills Charter Association / " Carried , with one dissentient . —Moved by Mr . Mechan , and seconded by Mr . John Rell : — " That this meeting p ass a vote of censure on Thornton Hunt , for his con duct towards tho people ' s sterling patriotic friend ar . d leader , F . O'Connor , Esq . ; and that the sooner lie resigns his office on the Executive the better . " Carried . —Moved by Mr . James kelson , and seconded by Mr . Alexander M'Donald : — " That this meeting piss a vote of thanks to Mr . 0 W . M . Reynolds , tor his m . - . nly and straightforward " conduct displayed at CoyettUagcn Hfcusc , < m the part of Mr . 0 ' Connor . " Gamed . [ The above « Wd have appeared in the " -Northern Star" of Saturday last , but , from some accidental cause was inadvertently mislaid . ] _
Gorgie Mills ( Eninbnrgh ) .-At a meeting held on Wednesday . 27 ih November-Peter 31 « Aeil in the c ' lair-the following resolution was adopted : — •• That it is the opinion of this Association that the EvVcntivc should consist of five members , three to h ) : mid to travel throughout the country and desi-1 Ch-irtist princmlcs ; the Association also S ommSSi a ^ , fe r ^ Sis of Great Britain , to take part in the election of a new Executive . "
0:Sal Ciurvterv Association. 5> ~Z-U, So...
Fraternal Democrats , —The Committee of this Society met at the Institution , John-street , on FrU day evening , Xovemher 2 Sth , when it was agreed to hold the tourth Annual Festival on Sew Year ' s eve at the above Institution , as a public reception to G . Julian Harney on his arrival in London . Jonx-sTREET Locality . —This locality held a special meeting on Tuesdayerening last-C . Murary In the chair . On the motion of Messrs . Bezer and nir ! ! .- - ^ - ^ h " * « ' amounting to A . 1 Ids . da : , -was unanimousl y voted to the Charter Fund . Sine persons were nominated as , an Executive , and ^ he meeting adjourned to Tuesday evening next . .- ¦ ¦•' ;¦ - ; - -V .-: .. , v . ^ - < ¦ v . - — _ ..
The Political Vicmms' Association . —Nov . > 30 i —Mr . Young in the chair . The secretary read a letter from Ashton , which gave no - hopes of the memorial on behalf of Joseph Radcliffe being presented before tho meeting of parliament , as Mr . Hindley , M . P ., would not be in town before some alterations in the memorial were advised , and the secretary was ordered to communicate accordingly . —A letter was read from G . W . M . Reynolds , Esq ., addressed to the Chairman , expressing his esteem for the associations of the working classes , and especially for the Political Victims' Association , whose titlo proves that its members rank among men who have undergone persecution in the gloristru
ous ggle of democracy . —Tho secretary reported that the arrangements were completed for holding a public meeting at the South London Chartist Hall , on the 3 rd insfc ,, to show the superiority of the Charter over all other plans of Reform . —J . M . Brtson , secretary . Bradford . —On Sunday last a meeting of delegates from Bradford , Kcigliley , and other towns was held at Bingley , to discuss the propriety of engaging a lecturer for one month , for the purpose of reorganising Chartism in that district . After a lengthened conversation it was resolved : — " That the secretary correspond with some lecturer willing to reder his services in order to carry out the above object . "
Bristol . —At the weekly meeting , held at the young men ' s Room , Castle Green , on Tuesday , December 2 nd—Mr . John Rogers in tho chairthe following subject was discussed , "Oughtgovernments to have the education of the people V which , after an amiable debate , was adjourned until Tuesday evening , December Oth . Tho following persons were nominated as members of the Executive by a large majority : Messrs . F . O'Connor , E . Jones , S . Kydd , Thomas Cooper , and Avno ' . t . Ship Locality , Wiutechapel At a meeting of this locality , the following resolutions were adopted : Moved by Mr . Knowles , seconded by Mr . Evans : — " That the members of this locality are of opinion that they ought to have a paid Executive , consisting of five individuals , and pledge
themselves to do all in their power to support the same . " The following gentlemen were put in nomination for the Executive : Messrs . F . O'Connor , T . M . Wheeler , S . Kydd , G . AV . M . Reynolds , E . Jones Robert Lo Blond , Bronterro O'Brien , and T . Cooper . Moved and seconded : — " That it is the opinion of this locality that the number of votes for each candidate be published in the Democratic Journals , and that each locality in the metropolis elect one member to scrutinise the votes . " Mr . T . Knowles and S . W . Docksey were appointed delegates to the metropolitan council . Moved by Mr . Docksey , seconded by Mr . Evans : — "That we , the members of this locality , do hereb y declare our entire confidence in Mr . F . O'Connor , the peo » pie ' s champion , for his honest advocacy in the Chartist cause . —G . Smith , Secretary .
Fixsddkt . —November -30 th— Mr . Butler in tho chair , Mr . Weedcn reported that he had communicated with tbe general secretary , relative to the formation of a Metropolitan Delegate Committee , and that an announcement should appear in the " Star , " convening it as early as possible . Mr . Weedcn moved : — ' « That a Visiting Committee of three persons be appointed to visit past and present members , collect subscriptions , enter now members , distribute tracts , ( fee . " Mr . Batchelor seconded it . Carried . Messrs . Winmill , Butler , and Crockett , jun ., volunteered their services , which were thankfully accepted . Mr . Osborn moved ;—
" That a distribution of prizes should take place on the 8 th of December , and that tickets should be twopence each . " Seconded by Mr . Hawley . Carried unanimously . Mr . Weedon moved : — " That the Executive be requested speedily to organise tho Metropolitan Delegate Committee , believing it to be essentially necessary to give life and vigour in the metropolis to the Chartist movement , " Seconded by Mr . Blake . Carried . Three new members were enrolled , and the meeting adjourned to Dec . Cth . Carlisle . —At a meeting held on Sunday last , a resolution , condemnatory of the treatment Mr . O'Connor received from the Kossuth demonstration
Committee , and expressive of confidence in that gentleman , was adopted . Manchester . —On Sunday evening last a lecture was delivered in the People ' s Institute , Heywoodstrect , by Mr . E . G . Lewis . A meeting of members was afterwards held , when it was resolved : — " That five persons constitute the Executive . " And P . O'Connor , Esq ., G . W . M . Reynolds , Esq ., Ernest Jones , G . J . Harney , and J . Arnotfc were nominated . It was also resolved : — " That Mr . E . Jones lecture at the Institute to-morrow ( Sunday ) evening .
Meetixc of Delegates . —On Sunday last a meeting of delegates representing Manchester , Stockport , Ashton-under-Lyne , Stak-ybridge , < fcc , was held in the Chartist-room , Stockport . Mr . J . Cittee in the chair . Resolutions of a local nature having been agreed to , a discussion took place upon the subject of Mr . Ernest Jones ' s letter , when it was resolved : — " That we approve of the recommendations contained in the letter of Mr . Ernest Jones , and are of opinion that three persons are sufficient to constitute the Executive Committee , each to be kept fully employed , and
efficiently remunerated for their services . "— "That we recommend to . our constituents the following gentlemen as lit and proper persons to be nominated as candidates : —Ernest Jones , George Julian Harney , and John Arnott . "— " That the next delegate meeting be held in the National Charter Association Room , Quarry-street , Staleybridgo , on Sunday , the 21 st of December , and that we request our Chartist brethren of Oldham , Rochdale , Glassop , af-d Mottram , to elect delegates . "" That wo adjourn to Sunday , the 21 sc of December . "
. Xottixcham.—At A Meeting Of The Seven ...
. XOTTIXCHAM . —At a meeting of the Seven ^¦ srs Locality , it was unanimously resolved— - " That the following gentlemen be put in nomi-]; : ; tiou for the Executive , and that they be ] ' «
November 30 , the following resolutions were a Sr <* d to : — ' That we ought to have a paid f vecumeoffivepersons—twoorthreetoremain : ' a Loudon , and the others to lecture and attend meetings in the country . ' ' That the ^ i ' nving persons be nominated as iit and Koper persons for the Executive : — Messrs . , ; <* rge J . Harney , John Shaw , Ernest Jones , fcaumtl Kydd , and Martin Wheela . ' We C ; dl on all true democrats to assist the
Execu-« v e in extending our principles . Acc ording l a statement in last week ' s Star , ' there are about G , 000 enrolled Chartists in the Association . If this small number was to <• ¦ ¦ » its duty , and imike proper returns , there ' Aj'uld be about £ 12 lQs . perweik comintf iu , * -liich would pay five persons 80 s . each per *" ' -ek , and leave £ 5 for rent , stationery , *<\ But , we assert , it would domore : H would svm double and treble our numbers -nd ^ uM soon tell a tale in hi gh quarters . -v-I- 'ng the democrats of England Vl \ l take < -ur advice , 1 remain , on be-hal f of the A blation , "\ A j uum Hallam , Ch airman . Lot-GnnoROUGH . -At the weekl y meetine Ul en Monday , the following Lo ut on ! * m adopted ;~ < That in the opiaiol ? f SI
"' <A A Dictates Of Reason, Instead Of T...
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, Meeting The Propositions Laid Down In ...
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The Chartists And Mr. Thornton Hunt.—(A ...
THE CHARTISTS AND MR . THORNTON HUNT . —( A LETTER TO THE LOCALITIES . ) Professed Co-Workers . —Accounts are rendered weekly of resolutions prssed in Chartist branches condemning a merabtr of tbe Executive , Mr . Thornton Hunt , for what is described as his conduct to Mr . Feargus O'Connor at the Copenhagenfields meeting , and at tbe Higbbury-bar » Banquet . There is a royal peculiarity about Chartism which
s . As the Imperial Court of France had its " Legion of Honour , " and as other courts distribute stars and garters to whomsoever they intend to distinguish , so the " imperial Chartists" have their Legion of Honour—which is censure . Cemure is the distinction which the "Old Guards" confer on those who serve them . That Mr . Thornton Hunt is censured I do not , of course , complain ( he does not complain himself ) , but I complain of the partiality of such ceusure . Why should one member of the Execu tive receive this distinction , and not another who equally merits it ? This partiality is unfairla fine , it is wjdemocratic . In alt that Mr . Hunt did I coincided , and coincide still ; and it is not right that I should be excluded from those votes of condemnation by which " pure and simple" ChartiUs express their gratitude to those who render any difficult service to the common cause .
Summoned to take part in the demonstration at Copenhagen-house , I arrived in London at middiiy , and at once proceeded to the grounds . 1 was refused admission , until I produced an order , which J was so fortunate as to have about me , but to which lhad attached no importance , as I deemed my name would be sufficient . But a val ued friend w no had accompanied me from the country was thrust back , nor could I procure him admission after I was w myself . 1 askea iJr . Hunt , to whom my f " « ul was equally known , to grant me an order ; but he answered that no order could he aivrn , as the
committee fcund it necessary not to add anything to those previously issued . Private interests I knew must always obey the necessities of \ mblie rules , and I consented to witness my friend thrust by the crowd into the water in front , without my being able to admit him . When Mr . O'Connor claimed admission the same rule was assigned as the reason , and I acquiesced in it—not readily , but reluctantly in his case ; and the reason of my " ultimate acquiescence was the understood disinclination of Kossuth to be subjected to the same annoyance as Air . Q'Coiiaor had subjected him to at Southampton ,
The Chartists And Mr. Thornton Hunt.—(A ...
and which was the reason Mr . Hunt was compelled to propose to tho Committee the omission of Mr . O'Connor ' s name in the invitations . Surely no gentleman but Mr . O'Connor would have so far iorgotten the respect due to himself as to present himself before Kossuth when lie knew he desired to avoid him ! And when no many thousands of the people had , met to honourEosauth , it became Mr . O'Connor , as a friend of the people , to absent himself when he found that his presence endangered tbe unit y p f ., the honour , ' - arid was likely to create discord , which would have destroyed the wjiole demonstration . ¦ ' . ? ; ... '•; - * " -. While Mr . O ' Connor was demanding admission , application came from another Member of Parliament , who was in the crowdwhich application I . ..
, referred to Mr . Hunt , as a matter of form , but be refused to entertain it " . ' flext , a lady , bearing an honoured name , sent . up her card to Mr . Hunt , asking admission in the name of Mazzini . Mr . Hunt was impartial , and declined to break . the rule . Yet Mr . Hunt , who inflexibly maintained the-rule adopted by the Committee of Management who refused a Member of Parliament , refused the application of persona . 1 friends , and of the application ol a lady for whom bo had great respect—did break the rale—he broke the rule in favour of Mr . O ' Connor , Mr . Thornton Hunt , whom ChaiA tists have so readily and rudely censured , was the only man who incurred risk to pay respect to ilr .
0 Connor ; and he went out uncovered into the crowd , and ; in the presence of a hundred applicants for admission—whom he was refusing—he admitted Mr . O'Connor . ' Yet this is the man whom the Chartists select to censure for disrespect to Mr . O'Connor , Before even this could be done , Mr . Reynolds had volunteered , and Mr . Fleming had been solicited , to use his personal influence to prevent Mr . O'Connor from forcing himself into Kossuth ' s private room or into his path . Nothing is plainer than this , that if Mr . O'Connor still retained the pride of a gentleman , tho slightest hint that this was not desired would have Kept him hack : there would have been no need of surveillance .
At tho Highbury-barn banquet I also acquiesced in Mr . O'Connor not speaking , and I appeal to any one whoobserved his conduct on that occasion , both to Louis Blanc and Mr . Coningham , and to the entire audience , whether he was not Mr . O ' Connor ' s truest friend who endeavoured to restrain him from committing farther humiliations on himself ? * * [ We omit a short sentence here , because , however honest an expression of Mr . Holyoake ' s opinion , the terras convey a substantially incorrect idea of tho fact . —En . N . S . ] Who are the true friends of the people ; those who would keep this painful chapter unwritten , or those who force it to he written in honest explanation ? It is strange that gentlemen who cry '' measures and not men " should get up an excitement iu favour of men and not manners !
Let those who lead and foment this unwarrantable mania for censuring those who serve—not the prejudices but what is far more useful—servo the honour and character of Chartism , declare two things , and then they may be understood : — 1 . Whether as gentlemen ( or " working men , *' for working men I hope are not without delicacy and honour ) , they would have forced on Kossuth the presence of a man he desired not to he mixed up with ? 2 . Whether they would , observing Mr . O'Connor ' s conduct at Highbury Barn , make for him facilities of lowering his own character more , and of lowering the character of his own party ? If they would , they can neither call themselves the friendsof Mr . O'Connornor the friends of Chartism . Certainly I would not notice this matter if I did not see tiiat the Chartists are committing
themselves ( under instigation of those who ought to know better ) all over the country , in the eyes of every one capable of understanding public propriety , public duty , or of taking any interest in Chartist character . But I believe they have too much good sense to persist in this course , if the rights of the thing were explained to them . Therefore I will ask insertion for this letter in the "Northern Star" and "Mr . Reynolds ' s Newspaper / ' 'And iu Mr . Ernest Jones ' s " Notes for the People , " that some portion of the other side of tho case may be before the Chartist readers . I have always found that the Chartists are as ready as any other body of politicians , to act fairly ivlten they understand the merits of the whole case they arc called upon to criticise ( which unfortunately they seldom take care to understand before they judge . )
As to personal respect to Mr . O'Connor , I have always entertained this , and as Mr . O'Connor lately said in Manchester , I had always shown it to him ; and I have on more than ono occasion publicly protested against tho real disrespect put upon him by persons now forward in this incoherent O ' Connor excitement . Even now I do not consider that Mr . O'Connor ought to bo treated other than with kindness ; as Mr . Hunt delicately said , his conduct "is evidentlv not under his own
control , ' ' and ho deserves our sympathy ; and none capable of feeling real kindness towards him would force him into public life until repose has recruited his broken health and exhausted powers . Mr . Hunt has always paid Mr . O'Connor the respect and consideration due from m . e gentleman to another , and ho has done that in my presence when others , makers of loud protestations now , have not ( lone it . 1 only mention this for the sako of undeceiving those who are being egrc » iousW misled on this matter .
Mr . Hunt is not aware that I have written this letter , and he will object to its appearance when he is aware of it ; as he will think some may regard ic as a plea ottered on his behalf , with a view to promote his election . Mr . Hunt is too independent to offer one word in his own just defence at this time , lest it should bo construed iu the sense above stated : and I respect that sentiment too much to impair such brave indifference . Nor do I mean by this to offer one word on my own behalf cither . But , differently placed from Mr . Hunt , my duty to Chartists , at whose hands I accepted the responsibility of one of their representatives , directs me to explain to them the truth o fa case on which others are silent , however the ottering of such explanation may ho regarded . le vote at
For myself , I would not expect a sing the expense of silence as to my real sentiments , or by any iucxplicitnoss leave the Chartists to suppose mo different from what I am . I know this , and every body outside us knows it also , arid Chartists ought to known it likewise—that Chartism has been reduced by Its unwise friends to a simple power for mischief . It can do harm , but it has no power yet to do good . It can bring discredit on Reformers—it can arrest reform—it can afford a pretext for tbe enemy to oppress us more—and that is all it can do . It has taken the present Executive a year to endeavour to alter this character , and create a power for good in the name of Chartism , and awaken some respect for it . Ciiartists arc now advised to undo this ; and they seem disposed to take the advice . Of course , they can please themselves ; but they ougtit not to talk any more of the apathy of a movement , if they condemn it to apathy or hindrance .
What Chartism wants is , some friends who will make it fair , dispassionate , practical , and solvent ; who will keep its expenditure within its available means , who will nentraliseiii mischievous tendencies —and who will carry on its political agitation in harmony with the equally honest agitations of our fellow patriots around us—who do not go so far as wo do . Chartism wants representatives who will be ablo to understand their own case , without misunderstanding every body else ' s , and who are able to be independent in their own position , without being intolerant and abusive to every body else . This is what 1 have endeavoured to do , this is what I shall still endeavour to do : and if the
Chartists want this kind of service , they may command mine ; but if they do not , I have no business and no wish to be among them . And this is all I shall say about the election . G . J . IIOLYOAKE , _ Member of the Executive .
Exthnonisatiox Of Dr. Iiknorox. —Notting...
ExTHnoNiSATiox of Dr . IIknorox . —Nottingham . —The ceremony of formally enthroning Dr . llendron , the newly-appoinwd " bishop " of the itoman Catholic diocese of Nottingham , took place on Tuesday morning iu the cathedral erected some years ago on the Derby-road , in this town , under the superintendence ot Mr . Puguw It is a fine stone building in the early English style _ of architecture , and since its erection has been internally decorated—the choir , the transepts , the chapM of
the Blessed Sacrament , the eastern chapels , < Sscunder the direction of Mr . Maycock , formerly a student in the local school of design . Dr . iicudrnij , apart from the distinction he has obtained by btiiy translated from the llo . 'nisb see ol Clifton , near liristol , to that of Nottingham , will long be remembered on account of his celebrated correspondence relative to the noviciate of Miss Talbot , and the manner in which be alleged her propeity was intended to be disposed of if she completed her alleged intention of becoming a uuu .
Chartist Organisation. The Adjourned Mee...
CHARTIST ORGANISATION . The adjourned meeting was held on Sunday afternoon , at the Literary Institution , Leicesterplace , Little Saffron-hill . Mr . Houseman in the chair , _ : .. ;_„ -.. - ^ - ; ' ^ , iA- ; g » , On ' the minutes boing conffrme ' di ' Mr . Bhoii protested against the portion wnich . gave the delegate council power to make their Wn rules . . Mr . Le Biond moved : — " That the tinie allotted to each speaker be increased to ten minutes . " Tiie motion was lost . A motion was made that no person but an enrolled Chartist should take part in the discussion . An amendment was moved : — " That those only should take part who paid to the Executive . "
Messrs . WnEEi , ER and Osborkk showed that the number of enrolled Chartists were few compared with tho Chartist body . ¦ That all persons , whether enrolled or not , had been allowed to vote for tbe Executive , and that it would now be unjust to deprive them of a vote , upon tho motion for altering the number of that body . They were called together to resuscitate the body , and they would onlyraise an obstacle , by refusing the aid of those whom they wished to conciliate . Messrs . Leno and Brisck contended that persons not members of tho body had no right to vote on a matter affecting the disposal of funds towards which they did not contribute . After some further discussion the motion and amendment were lost ; and it was decided that the meeting should be a public one .
The discussion was then resumed upon Mr , Wheeler ' s motion for reducing the number of the Executive to five persons . Mr . Cudden objected to a paid Executive . Tho only officer needed was a secretary , who should report proceedings once a quarter to public meetings called for that purpose . The secretary muse bo a man capable of defending and expounding their principles . Such a course would prevent the funds being expended by a clique , whose only object was to prostrate the movement . < Mr . Delafouce withdrew bis amendment of the previous week : — "That a Conference should be called prior to the time of a new election , for an Executive taking place . " He perceived it was impracticable .
Mr , Salmon moved : — " That the number of the Executive should be three . " He believed they would not be able to pay a greater number , Fast experience confirmed this opinion . Mr . Delafokce seconded the amendment . Tho Executive might be an unpaid body with a secretary , clerk , and staff of lecturers , who should be paid . Mr . Bnvsos moved tho following resolution : — " That this meeting considers it would bo an unjustifiable usurpation of the powers delegated to the late Convention by tho Chartists of Great Britain , to materially alter tho constitution of the Executive , as laid down by that body , which would be a dangerous proceeding under " most circumstances , and totally uncalled for at present . " He considered that an Executive of three would he liable to great abuses . Tho p lan of Mr . Delaforce would not be equal to that of Mr , Wheeler ,
Mr . Bezer seconded the amendment . They wore bound to agree to laws passed by the last Conference . He did not say that tho present body had acted wrong ; but if they had , that was no reason why other nine men should act wrong also . Thoy were now unable to procure a quorum to transact business , and instead of decreasing it would be better to increase the number . It was easy to talk of paying an Execirive of five ; but , though they might vote for it , they would find that His . only would be subscribed when £ 10 would be needed . Each must exert his energies , and they would speedily raise the movement . Apathy reigned in the country , and the Executive appeared to have considered this a reason for their quietude ; instead of which it should have spurred them on lo greater exertions . The path of truth and virtue was ever stormy and rugged .
Mr . Wheeler said the main question appeared to rest upon tho number to be appointed , and upon their right to make an alteration in the plan laid down by the Conference . Asa member of the Organisation Committee of that body , he could assure them that the Conference was entirely in favour of a paid body of five ; the only difficulty they felt was relative to raising the necessary funds . Past experience has shown them that five was the number most fiited for a governing head . It contained th ( i nearest svnproach ) o unity , consistent with
warding oft the dangers of a dictatorship . From 18 ± Q to " lS 42 they were enabled to pay an Executive of rive . From lSi' 2 to 1 S-17 , during which period ho acted as secretary , tltej had not only an Executive of five persons , four of whom vera paid , but they also employed , during a great part of the time , five or six paid lecturers . At that period great prejudice existed ( igainst Chartism which had now subsided . The principle was now popular and widespread , and it only needed an effort and necessary funds would be raised , lie suggested a new year ' s gift to commence with .
Mr . Bnisciv said ho was satisfied with the present Executive and the manner in which they had conducted their business . Let those who were not satuficd elect men of their own , and pay them . If they found fault with the expenditure they ought to contribute to it . No man had a right to blame the Executive unless he was a paying member of the body . Mr . Leb said he had not heard any person venture to say one word in favour of the manner in which the present Executive had conducted their business . They had depressed and ruined tho movement . Be was only anxious to see the cause progress . They wanted men at their head who would look to the Charter more than to their shops , newspapers , ov to the sweets of office .
Mr . Dick moved : — " That the metropolitan delegate meeting be tbe governing power of the movement . " lie believed that tbe feelings of the men ol Londen wore in unison with those of the Chartists of the country , * . \ nd tbe body that represented the one would bo a representation of the other . An Executive might bo honest in pecuniary matters ami yet bo tampered with by appeals to its passions or interests . They did not want editors of newspapers , but upright working men . Mr . Flaxma . n seconded the amendment . lie disapproved of the conduct of the past , Executives . They had never benefited the movement . A delegate council , like tho former one , would be equally useless . They must elect men who understood the political and social position of tho people , and who would make converts to Chartism by showing them the benefits they would derive from it . They must advocate the nationalisation of land , reform of the currency , and the other social reforms .
Mr . Thornton lluxr avowed himself grieved that such a discussion should take place just as they were proceding to an election . It would produce injurious results . Tho only motion on which it appeared they oould all agree was one to do without officers at nil . In discussing the policy of u body , they were not justified in finding fault with any individual of which it was composed , as they were not aware how his individual votes might have been given , lie was a Communist ; if they elected him , they ought also to elect Communists for his colleagues . All the members should be of one opinion , and that opinion should be in accordance with that of the majority ; thus they could act together .
Mr . Le Bloxd yielded to no one in his desire to serve the cause . It was impossible in five minutes to embrace so large a subject . It had been said that no one could say a word in favour of the Executive . He had only recently been a member of that body , but he could spoak to the devotedness and singleness of purpose of his colleagues . Putting out of view the money forgiven them by Mr . Reynolds , the Executive were stilt £ 27 in debt . This was a proof that the people had not done their duty towards those whom they had elected , How , then ,
was it likely they could pay an Executive of are ? Some talked of having an Executive of working men . He considered himself a working man . Talk of men belonging only to one movement . Was a man to have no religious feeling . ' ; ?—was he not to assist in promoting any cause which he considered good ? Was he to he a Chartist , pure and simple ? If so , he would be simple enough . It was by such propositions that they drove an ay from democracy many who would otherwise be its best friends , Cont crenci ^ h tfd decided that the Executive should consist of nine members , ami tbey were bound to
rof-puct Us decisions . Mr . Fuxwuit said they could or . ly have a change of government by means of organising public opinion . How this op inion was directed depended upon their choice of leaders . Without subordination there could not be a national movement . For llr . ' . t reason he was in favour of abiding by the- laws of the Conference . The Executive had made nwiiy good suggestions , bur . they had not been carried out . Mr . Oixkbexsiuw represented men who did not agree with the violent tone or policy which many Chartists wished to adopt . They were men of luodcratica . sho acted in accordance with the
Chartist Organisation. The Adjourned Mee...
dictates of reason , instead of tho impulses of pas sion , T . ' : e > o men were m favour of calling a Confereneo , : ilsd ; wen * W . ir . li ^ III pay Cfiiv . ' irds the t ' . vpcitse . The localities st < : mr- « m- ' re- willing to abuse f . hi - . n _ tc : i .-si .-i the KxectU a ; . Tin ; q' - ' . u-ixds aiul divisions anion ; , tiieinsvlvi ' s v . oiv : iiu triif cause of the failure of i he movement . Their plan of orgaiiiantiun was , faulty ; all puuvr , ivfierh-.-r ! et'is ! ativo oradminisiracivi . , * w .- ! . s vc .-to . iin the ISx . 'cut ' ive . The legislative power should Uc in the delegate council , and the loe d-. ties should ai .-o have their proper sphere 0 ! action as ^ n ,. ^ Uiem ; dictates of reason , instead of tho irnnulses of pas
Mr . Osiiokxe moved the following : — " That until tlu-. Chartists could alTonl a Conference or a paid Executive , the movement should be conduced by twenty working men , ducted bv the Chartists of London . " It was useless to elect men unless thoy could pay them . The Chartisis had been abused for not having done their duty , They wished before they paid a shilling to know how it would be expended . The present system cost them £ 3 a week ; could they say that they enrolled sixty members a week at Is . a member , " or that they created a public opinion worth that amounjj ^ crf money ? The . system now-carried out ' was riot ' one of common honesty ; it was ' a fraud upon the public , and , in his belief , it prevented the formation of a great popular movement . If thoy elected the same Executive they would never have a movement . They wanted men of energy and business habits to conduct the movement during the approaching crisis , . Mr , Jeffbts seconded the amendment . \
. Murrat said if they expected ; the Executive to do their duty they must pay them , lie agreed with the views of Mr . "Wheeler , but thought they should abide by the decisiouof the Conference . That bod y consisted of tho leading men in the movement , and was worthy of all their confidence . They owed £ b' 0 to Mr . Kydd , their late Secretary , which he had forgiven them . They were now again deeply in debt ; and before they could have a paid Executive they must reorganise the localities . Mr . Nioiiolls said they had no course left open
lo them , except to elect an Executive of nine . If they wished to alter the system , and could not call a Conference , they must adopt resolutions , and agree with tbeir brethren in tho country as to their being carried into effect . Thoir primary object should bo to reorganise tbeir localities . ' It was useless being active unless their activity was devoted to a beneficial end . Energy was worse than useless , if it was misspent . Some seemed to think that Chartism consisted in having their own opinions carried without consulting those of others .
Mr . Jeitiivs said the present Executive was nofi doing its duty to the people . It was useless to deny it . Mr . Harney had been absent from his duty four months ; Mr . O'Connor—owing to differences of opinion—seldom attended ; other members were often absent;—in fact , the movement was governed by Messrs . Hunt , Arnott , Milne , stisd Orassby . Tbey were told about tho talent of the Executive : they needed honesty and energy more than talent . They could employ lecturers who possessed the necessary talent . He thought the duty of the Executive wa 3 to vesigti , and allow twenty working men to be elected . Mr . IIibbeot thought tho question ought to bo referred to the delegate meeting . Mr . Wiieeur having replied , Mr . DlCK protested against the vote being taken , seeing that a largo number of the independent part of tho audience had left .
the votes were then taken ; when Mr . Bryson ' s amendment was carried by a majority of three . Next in order , was the motion for twenty working men , then Mr . Wheeler s motion for five , those for an Executive of three , and for the Metropolitan Council to supersede the Executive , were still further in the minority . Mr . Fahuer moved , and Mr . Slocombk seconded" That , in the election of the Executive none bub members be allowed to vote . " ' Mr . Jeffky moved—'• That every person of twenty-one years of age , tfcc , be entitled to vote . " Mr . Wheeler moved— " That a public meeting of the Chartists of London he called at some large central place to decide upon the whole question of tho Organisation . " Ho denied that the present meotin * could be taken as expressing tho feelings of the Chartist body .
Mr . BiztK supported the motion of Mr . Farrer . He said if taxation without representation was tyranny , representation without taxation was unjust . All who voted for the Executive should pay towards its support . The motion of Mr . Farrek was carried by a majority of fourteen . The meeting then dissolved . Tho meeting was not quite so numerous as that on the preceding Sunday . " —• " j'
. "—•"••J' _________________ Manhood Suf...
_________________ MANHOOD SUFFRAGE . A public meeting was held on "Wednesday evening at the South London Chartist Hall , to demon * atrato the superiority of Manhood Svdfvage and the other point * of the Charter , over every other description of reform . Mr . 3 . Bryson having been called to tho chair , stated that the meeting had been called by the Political Victims' Association to consider the respective merits of the various reforms proposed to tho public , and to counsel the people as to their adoption . Mr . John Shaw moved the following resolution ~~ " That this mooting is of opinion that the Charter is the only practical plan of reform which the people can safely accept of . " All ranks of
societ y now admitted that lielorm was necessary . They had only to inquire into ij > o merits of the respective shemes . They had the Protectionists , who were willing to protect everything but labour . Tho Free Traders propounded only a . partial system—that of Household Suffrage . Their only object was to continue a class parliament . If tho Parliamentary Reformers wore sincere they would adopt Manhood Suffrage , which iv 6 > uld ensure them the support of tho great mass of the people . The , events , in Franco would expedite tho lleform movement in England . Lord John had promised the people a new I ' l-form Bill , and it was their duty to speak out in order that the measure might be a bona fide one .
Mr . Bezer seconded the resolution . Universal Suffrage must bo made the groundwork of nil political reformers . Many efforts were being made to induce tho people to accept a smaller measure ; and ho was grieved to see that some who professed to be Chartists were deceived by their plausible Statement , that this measure would speedily lead to other and more extensive reforms . They were told that policy demanded that they should join tlld middle class in advocating Parliamentary lleform . If policy demanded that ho should be excluded from tho franchise , how was it that policy did not demand that he should be exempted from the payment of taxes ? Every thing was taxed , and instead of the man who was not a voter , being exempt , be iiad to nay on most articles a much
higher rate than his wealthy neighbour . Thoy argued that working men wore not intelligent ; enough to exercise the Franchise . How could they expect men to bo educated when they denied them a national education ? In all that concerned tho production of wealth , or tended to enhance tho comforts of lifo , working men were well educated . He was for a return to the political economy of St , Paul;— " Ho that will not work , neither shall ho cat . " That would establish brotherhood and community of feeling among men , it would give scope to tho faculties of all , and prevent the degradation of ono man being tho serf of another . By extending the Franchise to a portion only of tho people , they would lessen the number of claimants , and
increase the number of the satisfied , who , if they were not positively opposed to thum , would render them no assistant )! . They were told that it was an instalment ; he denied that another man getting his demand was any instalment to him who was deprived of it . Those who had the Franchise care d but little for those who possessi-d it not . On the bench , in the jury box , or as employers , they constantly deprixed them of justice . What was only Co-eperatiou among the rich was combination and conspiracy amon g the poor , If a working man advocated the rigli-s of labour and free discussion , it was sedition ; if two met together , it was conspiracy ; if three , it was rebellion ; and if four , it was treason . Universal Suffrage was their right , and nothing short of that would ensure them from oppression .
Messrs . Flaxmax , Park , n heeler , and Murrat supported the resnlution , which was carried unanimously , and after the usual vote of thanks , the meeting adjourned ,
A Cure Iir Iiolli.Way's Okvisiect And Pi...
A Cure iir IIolli . way's Okvisiect and PILLS or A Tusiocn i . v Tin ; K . vke . — Ki |; lit ( -cu months ago Mrs . Jones , of l ' ortugal-street , u ' liuuln ' s-inr-nehls , caught a severe cold , which settled in liev laiec , anU formed a tumour on the joint , which in the course of time became so s ' . ilVthat she could not heud it , and it continued s » f < , r twelve months . She tried remitlv siller remedy , but to no imi-jiose , and she he . enme fearfully alarmed . At last the rubbed Ilolloway ' s Ointment inn , it unsparingly every night an ^ niornine ; and tooK the Fills , which completely disused : Jie tumour and the joint lias V . ceome again as pliant as ever , and free from pain .
iiiE Income Tax , —Many of our townsmen have this week been subjected to the inconvenience of proeoodtni- to the city of Durham , to apueal against their respvf . y asac ? sn cuts to the Prowrty and Income fax . Tic trouble , loss of time , ' and expense thoy must submit to in tho jomnevof nearly thirty miles to Durham and back on such an enand , as the only alternative of being ovuvci > av » ed , is aggravated b y tho consideration that under proper management tl . o business miubt bu iiiiiuh better transacted at home . It amounts in fact to a denial ol justice . Many patties in this town and i ci » hbourhood who are assessed , notwithstanding their net yciirlv incomes arc below £ 150 , and are assessed upon a creator income than <• 'njoy , have paid the assessed amount subject themselves to the annoyance and Q * going to Dm _ aui 4--. & : n „ crkJt ( £ # « ' ' - » ' . ' -
Fr J 3 I -;>V- 1 - * ] F\ \ I^L
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Others Who They Reau Y/ Rather Tbarf ^ E...
others who they reaU y / rather tbarf ^ expe ^ seXW ! _ j M & t 'hers who .- - ; -r- I hey waUyA . ^ jMfN _ ' -J ithertjHfflL ^^^^ | fc - ; f
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Dec. 6, 1851, page 1, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_06121851/page/1/
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