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February 7, 1852. THE NORTHERN STAR. 3 t...
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"FLECTI, SON FRAXGI."- « BEXT, BUT KOT B...
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Tm ffs Magazine. For February. London: S...
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Tfie British Journal. February. London: ...
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The Frhni of tlie People. No. 1. London:...
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Pictures of Life in Mexico. By R. H. Mas...
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A Descrqrtive and Historical Account of ...
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A Social Theory. By Arthur Bromiley. Lon...
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PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED The Dublin Review,...
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Vavtitm
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The only backbiters who ever did any goo...
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y^Howaw natioff" b»^M w W$ 'MS whe^w?Wp^...
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
Additionally, when viewing full transcripts, extracted text may not be in the same order as the original document.
February 7, 1852. The Northern Star. 3 T...
February 7 , 1852 . THE NORTHERN STAR . 3 t ~ " ' " ' I f ~™ \ " "" ' " ' ' : " " . ^ M ^ -, M __^ , — ^^ —rTT 1 > -7 rrMW | W ^ -ril— Mmrr—mi
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"Flecti, Son Fraxgi."- « Bext, But Kot B...
"FLECTI , SON FRAXGI . " - « BEXT , BUT KOT BROKEN . " A beautiful lily bent its fair bead , "While the rude blast swept o'er its earthy bed , But with morning sua the flow ' ret sighs , " The storm is past , and the azure skies Shed over my leaves soft dewy rain , Bent , but not broken , I'll charm again . " Ton vessel seems doomed for the ocean ' s grave ; Her shiTering masts touch the briny wave-Though the sea rans high , and dark the sky , " Bent , but not broken , " the mariners cry ; And the stately bark once more doth ride Onthe foaming billows in fearless pride-.
The midnight storm howled fearfully round A lonesome spot of sepulchral ground , "Where a verdant willow shed dewy tears , Jtjm drooping bows , o ' er early biers—And its leafy sprays were prostrate laid On the clayey turf which it loved to shade . The treacherous winds have passed away . And the willow shakes off the mouldy clay , "While it raises once more its stately head , And friendly whispers the silent dead , " Bent , but not broken , my sprays wave wide On the morning breeze in my native pride . " The British Journal
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Tm Ffs Magazine. For February. London: S...
Tm ffs Magazine . For February . London : Simkpin , Marshall , and Go . VoLTJSiABTissi , in other words laissezfaire , in education , is cleverly handled in the first article of this month ' s Tait , on 'The Manchester Education Scheme . * The writer shows that the connexion of sectarian instruction with general education is artificial and arbitrary , and we think with him It is both an insult and an injury to a working man practically to tell him that his child shall not be taught the multiplication table unless he at the same time learn the Athanasian creed ; and that his child shall remain all his days ignorant of his endowments as a man , and his duties and rights as a citizen , unless he be surrendered into sacerdotal hands , to be tinctured , as locality or chance may determine , with the deep dyes of Puseyism , the imperial scarlet of Home , or the dark shades of Geneva . "
The Leeds clique , who preach up . the doctrine of * "Willinghood , ' will have some thing to do in cracking the following nut : — But what is Voluntaryism ? Is it the absence of co-operation ? So . Is it the absence of organisation ? Ask its via d officers . Does it leave each one to do as he wills ? For an answer , mark the bustle and hear the thunders of its agitatioa . Perhaps it recosmises the will ( vohaOas ) of the parent . The parent ' s will is subjugated to the wUl of the sect and to the will of convnittees . What , then , is "Voluntaryism ? Voluntaryism is a system of will , but it is the will of a few sectaries who form a ctnmon centre , and compass sea and land to force their will on others . In
truth , Voluntaryism is a misnomer . As it actually exists , it means " My will and not your wilL You shall be educated , if you come to my school and frequent my chapel My chapel and my sect are my ends ; your education is my means . Be an Independent , be a Baptist , and yon shall learn to read ; otherwise , go your own way and remain ignorant" If the will of the propagandist cannot prevail , the will of British heathenism continues unreformed and unqualified . «• Willinghood ! " Why , if only the willuig , the really willing—that is , the spontaneous willing—were to contribute to popular education , miserably small would the number of the supporters be . Take indirect of
away the fictitious stimulus and the compulsion those auctions of benevolence in which one Voluntary (!) bids for fame against another , until the snm assessed behind the curtain is , after hours of excitement , at length wade up ; let those reciprocated goadings cease to be ; and very , we opine . " Willinghood" would dwindle to a name . In truth , we have had far too much willinghood in education . The will of the parsimonious has kept his pockets closed ; the will of the selfish has kept the school empty . The will Of individuals is good only so far as it is a righteous will ; and , until men have risen so as to be a law to themselves , they and society at large are advantaged by being under the control of outward and written law .
The comparison between the relative merits of the ^ National School p lan and the local measure by which the Manchester sectaries seek to supplant it , is well deserving the careful perusal of all who wish to have clear ideas on this important and practical question . The new story ' Norman Hamilton' exhibits the same quiet perception of character , especially in various grades of Scottish Society , which distinguished the former production of the writer , ' Craigallan Castle / and promises to be as interesting . If we had room , we should extract largely from a capital paper , entitled
'How to Teach and Preach to Colliers , ' by a miter who thoroughly understands his subject . As it is , we can but advise our readers to get the Magazine and read it carefully . "We promise them amusement as well as instruction . * The Health of the Metropolis , * by a medical man , broaches the theory apparently sustained by the Registrar General ' s returns , that its defective sanatary arrangements have generated what the writer calls ' The London Blood Taint , ' or predisposition to disease , which in warm weather becomes Cholera , in cold Bronchitis , and in
these two forms carried off last year o . OOO more persons than even the high averages of former years . Cholera , therefore , instead of being intermittent in its visits is now a permanent resident amongst us , though many medical men disguise its ravages under other names . ' The Working Man ' s Way in the World' gives a spirited sketch of the production of a Blue Book' in a hurry to meet party or parliamentary exigencies . The evils of protracted labour were never more graphically portrayed . The sketch of the Printers ' reader' is also capitally done . The other ardcles . sastain the general reputation of « Tait . '
Tfie British Journal. February. London: ...
Tfie British Journal . February . London : Aylott and Jones . Ax agreeable , smartly-written selection of topics characterises the second number of this new candidate for public support . In the opening article , the demoralizing trash which constitutes what is called 'The Literature of the Streets , ' in other words , the low-priced , and deleterious publications which are sold by tens of thousands among certain classes of the . population , receives merited censure . Few subjects are more worthy of the attention of those who sincerely desire to elevate and improve the condition of the masses than this . Hitherto the
attempts made to counteract the vitiating influence of this low-priced rubbish have been made by well-intentioned , but inexperienced persons , who knew little or nothing of the kind of mind they proposed catering for . The consequence was , ihat their * good books ' fell still-bo- n . Let all who may feel inclined to embark in such an enterprise ponder on the following suggestions , which conclude the article we refer to : — The present success of these works should teach us one lesson , —that the people will not be satisfied with reading of a . purely utilitarian character . Something more than n-cfnl knowledge they will have , and why should it be withheld from them ? The very popularity of fiction , points it OJt as a proper aeency to be employed in the culture of the
national mind . If romantic literature of a good and wholesome kind were placed within reach of the poor , we may be sure they would not choose the bad in preference . That which is now supplied to them is really not so cheap as it seems . It would take fifty penny numbers to form a decently sized volume , and at that rate the works not only of Scott , but of onr best living novelists , might be supplied to them at a handsome pioSr . The number of readers in this country is rapidly extending ; a largely increased sale would more than compensate for a great reduction in price , and wc hope the day is not far distant when the original works of our highest minds , —the fictions of Bulwer , and the histories of AJacaulay , —will be published in shilling volumes and penny parts , aud the poorest reader in the kingdom , have thus as opportunity of sharing in a luxury now reserved only for the richor the comparatively rich .
, It is when a hook is new , that it is most keenly relished , and as the mind of the nation is continually moving onwirds , one class of tlie community should not be left , in iate'Iectual taste , a generation behind another . We wish ¦ we could persuade one of our great publishing houses to veniure on a bold experiment , and issue two editions of the next fiction by a popular writer , —one in penny numbers for the millions , —another at the old rate of 31 s . Cd . for circulating lilxirief . We have a shrewd suspicion that the sale of the latter would not be greatly injured , —while the former , taking the place of the wretched publications we hare noticed , would be called for by tens of thousands , would swell the gains of both author and publisher , and form a new , an important , and most gratifying era , in the annals of what may be termed " Tbe Literature of the Streets . "
The Frhni Of Tlie People. No. 1. London:...
The Frhni of tlie People . No . 1 . London : J WaUon . ^ k Habxey takes the field in strong force with his new periodical , which is ably written throughout , and if continued in the same spirit and with the same ability , will be an honour to the Democracy of this country . To those who know how earnestly the conductor has battled for freedom , itfis unnecessary to describe the opening article on « The State of Europe , and the Proi-cription of Free Thought . ' Jverer were
The Frhni Of Tlie People. No. 1. London:...
the tyrants who aim at crushing all free thought and speech more forcibly exposed , or more powerfully held up to public execration . Gerald Massey contributes a useful paper , elicited by the Engineers ' Strike , in which he advocates the practical adoption of the co-operative principle as the cure for all such unfortunate occurrences . With respect to Suffrage Reform and the manner in which the conductor proposes to advocate it , we quote from the leader one sentence , in which we entirely concur , and commend it to the attention of those who , at the present mo-. « .
ment , are playing the game of the enemies of popular sovereignty , by mistaking men for principles , and names for things . As regards names , if we must have some party designation , we shall prefer to all others that of " Democrat ; " a name unsullied , pure , and respected even by our enemies . As to questions of conduct , we only need say that we ignore both faction and compromise . Let us add that tbe resurrection of the Past we hold to be neither practicable nor desirable . "Let the dead bury their dead . " To the exponents of Democracy we say , help us to inaugurate the living , the regenerated , the young , strong , and omnipotent Future .
Pictures Of Life In Mexico. By R. H. Mas...
Pictures of Life in Mexico . By R . H . Mason With Illustrations by the Author . Two Vols . London : Smith , Elder , & Co . A series of sketches , intended to exhibit the scenery , the society , and tbe various classes of Mexicans in a dramatic form . The author is well qualified for his task , from the rapidity with which he seizes upon the salient points of landscape or character ; and the sketches themselves have the freshness of aspect derived from the comparative novelty of the topics themselves , though Mr . Mason furnishes little new information to those already acquainted with Mexican history , geography , and statistics . It may be argued , indeed , that his pictures of Mexican society throughout are of a darker and harsher character
than some travellers , quite as capable of judging as he seems to be , have left us . But society has probably deteriorated , through the violence and anarchy consequent on the American war ; or it may be that Mr . Mason correctly describes the society that fell under his observation . The priests , especially , he paints in the worst possible colours , as ignorant , licentious , gluttonous , and avaricious ; and to their debasing influence he traces much of the degradation and vice which , unhappily , are the most prominent characteristics of the people . How , under their sway , the worst results have ensued , may be judged of by the fact that , for some time past , the people have actually been lassoed by thieves in the streets of the capital city of Mexico . Mr . Mason narrowly escaped on his first entry : —
Entering the city of Mexico by the Puerto de San Lazaro ( gate of St- Lazarus ) , with my moso , I was startled by cries of " Stop , Senor ! the lasso—take care ! Madre di Bios ' , he is upon you . " "The lasso ! To the left Holy Virgin , stay !" I had just time to wheel round the pony I was leading , when swifc footsteps approached from behind ; a sound as of rustling whipcord rushed past my ear ; something appeared to hover for an instant over my right hand ; and a wild and crouching figure ou horseback thundered by me , with the curse of disappointed villany upon his lips . " There is another on our track , " exclaimed my attendant . " The plundering rascals ! But no—blessed Mother I now he turns away , discouraged by the ill success of his
companion . We had , indeed , narrowly escaped being corded like a couple of packages , thrown down and robbed on the highway ; for this second ruffian had doubtless intended to secure my fellow traveller , bad his comrade succeeded in rifling my person and saddle-bags . This system of lassoing in the public streets of the capital is still pursued ; although the authorities pretend to prohibit riding on horseback at night , that the practice may be suppressed , and endeavour to persuade people that mounted videttes are posted at tho corners of the streets for the same purpose . The crime and negligence continually lying at their doors are woful : yet they have the assurance to give out that every precaution is taken to prevent the depredations of both ladrones and leperos .
Dishonesty and lawlessness seem to pervade all classes . The late President Santa Anna was as great a thief as the ladrones who tried to pin on Mr . Mason : — In one of the last years of Santa Anna ' s power , an English merchant and traveller , about to quit Mexico , having some very valuable goods in his possession , and being aware of the unsettled state of the country , desired a private audience of the President , iu order to solicit his advice and protection . An interview was granted , and the merchant had , as he thought , the good fortune to communicate his position and wishes to the President in confi . dehce—no one being present but Santa Anna and his secretary . The President received him most graciously and condescended to caution him emphatically against making his journey known , or communicating to any one the
secret of his wealth ; further advising him to secure his treasure in secret boxes , and proposing to provide him , as an English merchant whom he highly respected , with an escort of his own trusty soldiers . The escort was duly provided , and the English merchant soon began his journey He had not proceeded far , however , before his guards fled , at sight of a band of heavily armed men with blackened faces , wbo seized upon his goods , aud quickly discovering the secret boxes and slides , despoiled him of all his treasure and decamped . The plundered merchant complained to the President of the treatment he had received , and many protestations of indignation and sympathy were made in reply : nevertheless , he had shortly ample reason to believe that the whole affair had been covertly planned by President Santa Anna himself : that the robbery had been executed under his private orders , and that the proceeds had been devoted to the enrichment of the President ' s
treasury . If the sway o f tbe priests be injurious to the country generally , they are not exempt from the consequences . In the story which follows , the morals as well as the incidents are purely Mexican types of a land of ignorant monks and lazy ladrones . During the troublous and sanguinary times that preceded the first Congress of the Republic in 1825 , it was judged expedient by the authorities of a distant provincial cathedral , that the gold and silver- utensils and ornaments , with the precious stones and other costly moveables , should be removed , for greater safety , to another church in the interior of the country . To thisend , hoses and hampers , with false slides and secret contrivances , were made ; so that , in the event of their capture or examination by robbers , the
most valuable articles might remain undiscovered . The treasures were packed with the utmost care and secresy ; and much deliberation was exercised in the choice of an escort to accompany tho precious cargo . At length it was decided that one Teztriu—a worthy disciple of the church , who had been employed to command an escort under government—and his band , with several holy brethren from the cathedral , should be entrusted with the duty . The caravan set out in due time upon their journey , with the utmost caution and privacy : the treasure being disguised under the appearance of a common bale of merchandise ; and its guardians wearing the semblance of merchants with their escort . They proceeded for a considerable distance in security ; but on the evening of the second day of their journey , the party were assailed by a determined band of
ladrones ; they were disarmed , and their luggage was carefully examined . Not content with merely surveying the packages however , the robbers , as if by a strange instinct , broke the boxes to pieces , and thus the hidden gems and most costly vessels were exposed to view . Everything was ruthlessly carried away ; tho prisoners were left behind , bound hand and foot , and the robbers made good their escape , leaving no traces whatever of their flight . For a long period , the secret of this daring and successful sacrilege continued an impenetrable mystery . The chagrined priests left no method untried for the discovery of the plunderers and their booty , and to learn how their secret expedition had transpired ( for it was evident that the thieves had been supplied with previous information ) , butall their efforts and inquiries were entirely unavailing . At length the immaculate
Tezarin himself was apprehended , and condemned upon a charge of theft and conspiracy ; and while under sentence of death for these misdemeanours , he confessed , among other revelations , that the unaccountable robbery of the treasures of the church just recorded had been executed under his own direction . He admitted that the time and place of tho occurrence had been planned by him ; though he had submitted , for obvious reasons , to be bound as a prisoner with the rest . He also gave such information as led to the apprehension and execution of his accomplices . The punishment of Tezarin was mitigated ; and the principal treasures of the cathedral were , by his agency , recovered : but their history does not end here . " Although the jewels and golden vessels were restored to their old places in the cathedral , outbreaks and disturbances in its
neighbourhood were of frequent occurrence . The hearts of tho holy fathers were once more filled with doubts and fears ; and so bitterly had they earned the experience of the past , that they had scarcely now the confidence to trust one another . "While affairs were iu this situation , news came that a church at no great distance from their own had been entered and plundered of its richest treasures , and that a series of such robberies was to be apprehended . This report , which they had every reason to fear was but too correct , had the effect of greatly increasing the consternation of the priests . The superior ecclesiastic and two of his favourites , had come to the determination ,
without the knowledge of their brethren , that a subterranean vault should be formed under a particular part of the cathedral ; where , in time of heed , the most valuable of tbe church ' s possessions might be deposited . With much ingenuity the desired receptacle was stealthily completed and the entrance preserved a profound ' secret among ' the worthy trio . They had decided that the only means of access should be by a trap-door from above , closed with an invisible spring , —and the trap-door was euaninfflv fixed , and the iraperceptib . ' e spring duly set , accordj n „ f' The disturbances in tho vicinity increased . Insurrection followed insurrection ; outrage succeeded outrage ; pilaee appeared to become fbe order tf the duy , Neither
Pictures Of Life In Mexico. By R. H. Mas...
life nor property was held saored ; and the cathedral itself was threatened with an invasion , " We ' must watch vigilantly and incessantly , from night to morning , each in Sis turn , " exclaimed the affrighted dignitary to his companions ; " for we know not at what hour tbe peace of our Zion may bo threatened by thssesacrilegious depredators , " And watch they did , night and morning , in parties ; in obedience to the orders of their chief . * * At length at a late hour , one stormy night , when tho three ecclesiastics —to whom alone tho secret of the vault was known—happened to be on the watch together , a sound as of a thronging multitude arose in the distance ; which , as it drew nearer , was heard above the howling of the wind and the falling of the rain . The tramp of heavy footsteps ap . ^
proached tho cathedral ; shouts and vociferous cries burst forth on every side ; the red glare of innumerable torches shone through the' emblazoned windows . At the first alarm , the trio of monks proceeded . to carry the portable boxes containing their choicest treasures into tbe vault below ; and by the time tho building was su'rounded , they had concealed the whole . Meantime , a series of thundering knocks assailed tho door , which it was evident musk soon give way beneath the repeated strokes : the massive bolts were forced , the hinges torn away , and an entrance effected . Just as the band of depredators rushed madly through the opening ,, the shaven head of the last of the three priests disappeared below the entrance of the vault the trap-door was hastily closed , and the spring was made
secure . But this movement had not escaped the searching eye of a lepero in the crowd . The cathedral was thoroughly ransacked ; many valuable articles were broken to pieces , and the fragments were passed from hand to hand but a murmur of disappointment arose , ere long , that so few available treasures were to be discovered . The idea of a subterranean concealment at once flashed upon the minds of the robbers , and the supposition was confirmed by the lepero who had seen the closing trap-door . They immediately tried every crevice and brokn stone , and beat violently on the floor with hammers and axes ; but so well had the opening been concealed , that thov were oomnfillod
to abandon tho attempt in despair . Venting their disappointment upon the building , they demolished several of the painted windows , and carried off the choicest of the ornaments ; and it was a miracle that the edifice escaped conflagration at their hands . The beating upon the floor , however , had broken the spring of the trap-door , the holy fathers' only avenue of escape ; and when , on tho disappearance of the invading crowd , they attempted to emerge , they found themselves , in spite of every effort , hopelessly immured in a dungeon that must soon prove their living sepulchre ! The remains of the three monks were only discovered—fast beside the treasures which in life they bad loved so well—when tlie marble floor was taken up by some workmen who were engaged in the restoration of the dilapidated and desecrated cathedral .
The expulsion-of Sauta Anna by the Americans , and the continued influx of the energetic and enterprising people of the United States have , however , opened up new prospects for Mexico . The Americans carried with them into several printing presses , —they established cafes in the towns through which they passed , — -they tried to regulate the gambling-houses , —and they introduced the cutlery of Sheffield and the cottons of Lowell and Manchester , without those high duties which in ordinary times more than quintuple the market value of these articles . Mr . Mason assures us that their short occupation of the capital has had a great moral result . American manufactures have become popular . The shopkeepers have adopted American methods of dealing . The European costume is gradually growing into fashion . We are further informed that : —
Many young ladies , also , of the better class , seem to delight in lisping forth a few broken American words , on particular occasions ; pronouncing the English vowels with all the fulness peculiar to their own magnificent language ; and making a most incongruous jumblo of the whole affair . Many articles of established reputation under old Spanish names , with a few others of novel construction , now astonish their possessors by their new American appellations . Not a few conventional phrases and expressions , also , may be traced far northwards ; and , upon the whole , an heretical traveller from Europe or the States , encounters far more forbearance , and is thought less monstrous , at the present time , than might have been the case before the period of the war .
In ' due season' it is certain that Jonathan will ' annex' the rich and fertile territory of Mexico to his already gigantic federation . All events tend in that direction , and there is no power in an ignorant , superstitious , and idle people to resist or prevent the extension of the Anglo-American republic .
A Descrqrtive And Historical Account Of ...
A Descrqrtive and Historical Account of the Cotton Manufacture of Dacca , in Bengal . By a former Resident in Dacca . London : Mortimer . Tffa beautiful aud delicate muslins from Dacca which formed so prominent a feature in the Indian Department at the Exhibition have again directed attention , in some measure , towards that peculiar district and branch of industry in Bengal to which we are indebted for productions so exquisite and so costly . It is admitted on all hands , that the finest of the Dacca muslins exceed anything which can be produced by the looms of Europe ; and when the Manchester manufacturer describe them ' as the merest shadows of a commodity , ' he pronounced , in fact , the highest
eulogium which they could receive , and indicated in a few words the deficiencies of the English when compare with the Indian manufacture of muslins . There have been several general descriptions given of Dacca and its manufactures in the books of travellers , and in papers received from their servants by the East India Company ; but before the appearance of the present volume we have had no treatise on the question at once general and technical , and written by a person competent from long residence in the locality to describe the changes which have taken place in the Dacca district since its cotton trade was almost extinguished by the importations of British-made calicoes into India .
The Dacca district is situated in the eastern division of the province of Bengal , and is about 1 , 960 square miles . The population is composed of Hindoos and M . ihommed ans , in about equal numbers , and was esteemed ill the year 1937 , at 530 , 000 . * * The business of weaving ia carried on , to a greater or less extent , in almost every village of the district ; but the principal manufacturing towns ( aurttiujsj -where muslins are made , are the city of Dacca , Sunargong , Dumroy , Teetbadee , Junglebaree , and Bezettpore . Dacca is situated on the Booreegunga , formerly a branch of the Ganges , but now one of be several tohanuels through which tbe Brahmaputra discharges its waters into the Megna . It stands on the northern bank of this river , extending along it to a distance of about four miles , and is surrounded inland , partly by comparatively high ground covered with jungle and partly by low rice fields , which are inundated to a considerable depth during the rainy
season Like most- native towns in Bengal it is very irregularly built . Its streets and lanes are long and narrow , and lined with brick houses and thatched huts , erected closo to each other , and placed without any regard to uniformity . In some of the bazaars occupied by certain castes—iis weavers , goldsmiths , and shell-cutters—the style of architecture is peculiar , many of the houses of three or four stories in height , having only a frontage of eight or ten feet , while the side walls , unperforated by doors or windows , extend back to a distance frequently of sixty or seventy feet . Tho dwellings of the European residents are large and well-built , and give to the town a somewhat imposing appearance on approaching it from the 800 th . Most of them stand on the bank of the Booreegunga , and have in front gardens upon terraces , the walls of which are washed by tho river in the season of inundation . The population , consisting of Hindoos and Mahommcdans , with a few English , Armenians , Greeks , and descendants of Portuguese , was computed in the year 1838 at 03 , 000 .
It has been known for some time that a peculiar fine kind of cotton wool was employed by the Dacca weavers for their muslins;—and of this cotton the writer speaks as follows : — The cotton of which the fine D . icca muslins are made is produced in the district . The plant is an annual , and attains a height of four or five feet . It is a variety of the Qossypium herbaccum ; but according to Dr . Roxburgh , it differs from the common herbaceous cotton plant of Bengal in the following particulars , viz .: — " 1 st . In its being more erect , with fewer branches , and tho lobes of the leaves more pointed . 2 nd . In the whole plant being tinged of a reddish colour , even the petioles and nerves of the leaves , and being less pubescent . 3 rd . In having the peduncles which
support thefiowcr longer , and the exterior margins of the petals tiiwd with red . 4 th . In the staple of tho cotton beir . g longer , much finer , and softer . " This is the indigenous CdeseeJ cotton of Dacca , which has been cultivated in the district from time immemorial , and which is generally known there by tho name of pholee . Another variety of cotton called bairaiti , which is raised in the eastern part of Bengal , has been regarded as yielding the material of which the fine muslins are fabricated ; but at Dacca it is considered as being inferior to tho pkotee , and as differing from it , as it does from the desee cotton of Hurriaul , in having a larger pod , and shorter but coarser fibres . Cotton h raised in different parts of the- district , but the photee , or fin * st kind , is grown only in certain localities situated along
the banks of the Brahmaputra or its branches , and tho Megna . Speaking of the latter of these sites of cultivation , the Commercial Resident of Dacca , in tlie year 1800 , remarks : — " A tract of land extending from Feringybazar , twelve miles south-east of D . icco , along the banks of the Megna to Edilporc , twenty miles north of the sea , occupying a space of about forty miles in length , and in some places as far as three in breadth ,-and situated in the pcrgunnahsof Kidierpore , Bickrampore , Rijenagur , Carticpore , and Edilpore , ia allowed to produce the ' finest cotton ( kapas ) grown in the Dacca province , and , 1 believe , I might add , in any part of the world , since no cotton that has yet been compared with it , whether the produce of India , or of the islands of Mauritius or Bourbon , whose cotton is celebrated for its superior quality , li & s . heca . found
A Descrqrtive And Historical Account Of ...
equal to it . " He attributes tho superiority of the cotton raised here to the vicinity of tin ' s part of the province to thn sea—" the water of which , " he remarks , " mixing as the tide rolls it in with the water of the Megna which ' over flows that part of the coun'ry during three months in the year , deposits , as it subsides , sand and the saline particles which very considerably improve and fertilise the soil which consists of light sand aud brown earth . " The other sites of cultivation noticed by him are " the banks of the Luckia , from the Dulaseree river to a little above Roopgunge , about sixteen miles in length , and a few miles on the banks . of the Brahmaputra , north of the Dulasereo , " which , together with the country above mentioned , "furnish the greater part of the kapas used in the Dacca province . Of the rest , some is grown in Buldecal , Bowal , and Alephsing , and some imported from Boosna , in the adjacent district of Rajeshy e . " Two crops of cotton are raised in the district . Ou ' e is gathered in April and May , another in September and October . The former yields the finest produce , and is the crop , therefore , which is most extensively grown . "
The following extract , which we put together from tho concluding pages of the volume , contains precise aud acceptable information with reference to the actual magnitude of the cotton trade of Dacca when it was most prosperous , and also with reference to the changes which have taken place in the industry of the Dacca district since its former staple productions have been in a great measure superseded : — The aggregate value of the cloth of Daoea , in the year 1753 , was estimated by the Commercial Resident in 1800 at Arcot rupees 2 , 850-, 000 , or £ 365 , 250-as the prime cost . * * Prior to 1765 , the goods provided at the factory were purchased with bullion imported into the province from England . But after the Company acquired possession of the territorial revenues of the country , money was advanced
from the provincial treasures for the purposes of trade . The stock of goods thus provided annually , or " the invest mtnt" as it was called , was increased after that date to more than twice its former amount ; and private merchants now began to trade with capital , borrowed in the country . In 1771 the Company exported clothes to the amount of ten lacs of rupees ( £ 125 , 000 ) , and English private traders that of twenty lacs ( £ 250 , 000 . ) The manufacture of muslins had been attempted at Paisley as early as the year 1700 , but it was not until 1781 that it was permanently established and carried on with success in Great Britain . On tho expiration of Arkwright ' s patent , and the introduction of mule twist in 1785 , this branch of industry was greatly extended . From 1781 to 1787 , the cotton manufacture of Great Britain increased in value from £ 2 , 000 , 000 to
£ 7 , 500 , 000 . Iu the latter year there were forty-one spinning factories at work in Lancashire . In 1787 , the estimated prime cost of the cloths that passed through the custom-house of Dacca was fifty lacs ( £ 625 , 000 ) , while the value of the whole trade of the town for the same year was calculated at one-and-a-quarter crores of rupees ( £ 1 , 562 , 500 . ) This appears to have been the most flourishing period of the cloth trade of Dacca , or it was , at least , the year in which the amount of exports was the greatest . Soon after this , tho trade began to decline . In 1793 , tho total value of cloths exported to foreign countries was estimated at £ 170 , 269 . The estimated prime cost of the cloths manufactured at the stations connected with the Dacca factory , for exportation , from 1790 to 1799 , inclusive , was £ 1 , 703 , 252 . In 1807 the amount of the
Company ' s exports was £ 107 , 690 , while in 1813 it was reduced to the comparatively small sum of £ 33 , 8118 s . In 1817 , the Commercial Residency was abolished , and the factory closed . Since the extinction of the trade to Europe the manufacturing industry of the district has , from the increasing importation of cotton-twist and cloths into the country , been declining yearly . Native spun thread , with the exception of very fine and very course qualities , has in a great measure been superseded by the British yarn . The cotton goods manufactured at Dacca in ISii we valued at £ 94 , 000 . * * Deducting £ 40 , 000 , which ia the computed value of the British cotton yarn into Dacca and the neighbouring marts , and £ 5 , 000 as the value of the silk used in the fabrication of cloths of mixed texture , the amount of money expended annually among the manufacturers of tho district does not exceed £ 54 , 000 . * * The experiment of growing cotton in the district suited to supply the wants of the English market has been carried on by Government
during the last seven years . It is under the personal superintendence of a gentleman practically acquainted with the culture of this plant in America . Though , indeed , little success has attended the cultivation of the American or otheir exotic varieties of cotton , in the district , yet there is reason to hope that the results of the efforts now being made to raise the native kinds of the plant adapted to tho above-mentioned purpose will prove more fortunate . The celebrity of tho indigenous cotton used in the manufactures of the district , and the suitableness therefore of tho soil to this cultivation , lead us to anticipate success in this experiment . Government have done everything in their power to promote the object in view . In addition to an expenditure of upwards of £ 3 , 000 on the experimental farm , they have held out encouragement to the ryots to engage in this branch of cultivation , by making advances of money to them for tho purpose , and promising to purchase all the cotton that they raise .
A Social Theory. By Arthur Bromiley. Lon...
A Social Theory . By Arthur Bromiley . London : ' Simpkin , Marshall , and Co . The object of the author of this brochure is to explain what he conceives to be a primary law in Nature affecting social development , and to present an outline of a scheme of society framed in accordance with that primary law . The fundamental principle of Mr . Bromiloy ' s theory is not so new to the students of Social Science as be imagines . It is simply that , ' the social body , like the human frame ,
is a being of daily growth and [ advancement . Its capacity , experience , constitution , and resources , aro constantly expanded or being unfolded ; but this growth and advancement may be healthy or diseased / Starting from this point , the author proceeds toshow how private property in the soil , and in the raw materials of wealth , have caused society to become unhealthy and deformed . Mr . Bromiley advocates the holding of land and capital in trust for public purposes , but stops short of Communism . He says : —
The principle under consideration , while it forbids the appropriation of land and capital for private gain , or otherwise than upon trust for management ( that is to say , as regards land , that which is used as capital for the purposes of production ) , cannot , like the Communist principle , he made to include as a consequence the negation of all individual rights or private property ; for while it points to private ownerships of things in the course of production , or that are used in trade or manufilCtlirOi as impediments to productive energy , it merely requires necessaries and comforts , when produced and fit for personal use , to bo distributed fairly as regards the amount duo to each person , leaving them afterwards to be held arid enjoyed in whatever manner may best suit the natural taste of their possessors , or which most accords with tho isaiure of tbe thing to he enjoyed .
By anticipation of the claims of the Employers " to do what they liko with their o \ vu , " Mv . Bromiley ably argues , and we think , conclusively demonstrates , the right of society to dispose of the joint . product of all individual exertion , in the manner best fitted to promote the general welfare . There can bono such thing as absolute private right—no individual or class can call anything ' their ova' in the sense in which these terms are at present used by tbe holders of capital . On this point the author forcibly says : —
It is quite clear that however an individual may be employed he can act in no other way than by contributing with others to produce a joint result . No one can satisfy himself with the proper produce of his own induatxv ; but each can contribute to a joint fund , Out of which all may be provided with what they require . The actual produce of a man ' s labour must in fact go from him , and become amalgamated with the produce of the labour of society generally ( < as well as with natural produce , before it can become useful , and then he receives back not what his own labour has produced , but a part of the fund realised by tho community jointly . This amalgamation of the results of individual actions is a matter of necessity , independent alof
together any choice either on the part of the individual or even of society itself ; for whatever incongruous laws or rules the latter may have adopted , or whatever may be the inclination of the former , the fact is so and cannot by any possible device be annihilated : even now this process is every where going on around us , disguised as it mav be by the miserable inventions of past ages . Society may ' indecd so divide the sources of wealth , that this joint fund , created by joint labour and the common gifts of nature , shall be divided in its creation and never pass entire into its own actual keeping ; but it cannot alter the fact that in every community , there is but one joint result of the labour and activity , whether for good or bad , of all its members .
No one can so separate his w ork from that of others as to give it an independent existence , or point to any production or part of one as exclusivel y bis own . Thus men as individuals are contributors only , producing partial and incomplete results , which by a natural process of amalgamation go 'to make up a general whole for the benefit of all ; while all complete results aro the fruits of collective action and come from tho community . We are compelled therefore to attribute every entire action and every influence over us not to this or that person , hut to society or the world generally : and if each influence and benefit is derived from society , much more plainly is tlie aggregate so derived in which all those influences and benefits are intermingled and made to coalesce .
The community , therefore , having everything at its disposal , wealth , influence , honours , and the sources of wealth , must of necessity deal out its stores in some fashion to its several members , either for private personal use , or in trust for management , according to thoir respective natures , and upon the proper performance of this function , all its prosperity and happiness depend . Tho individual , we know , can have nothing but what he receives from the community ; there are indeed a variety of channels but only one source , and these channels , through which the joint wealth passes in the distributing process , are merely the creations of the community and dependent on its will . Now if the channels are not well arranged , it is evident that the wealth and influeww ol the vommunity will tun too much in some direc-
A Social Theory. By Arthur Bromiley. Lon...
tions , and probably stagnate and do mischief in others , while parts of the community will be left parched and destitute . Nor are even those who gain the most really benefited by this arrangement ; but are in fact greatly injured , either by their very superfluity , or by tho slow and unhealth y circulation of wealth , as also by the want of some of the greatest of social blessings which cannot now be had or purchased on any terms . ¦ Not hing can be a greater mistake than to suppose that if L i ?^ can heeome richer or happier by an unfair , than 11
thfirt " ! m { air distribution , because every unfairness in uie uistribuiion at wee injuriously affects the contributions , „ i „ 7 tho whoic stock of the community , which is H ° K « ontribnU < Kw . is vitiated and diminished . While confer al-fif ? ' « s 3 "d acts of parliament , exist , which that whieh r ^ , P r , Vilte ri 8 h * » ^ ™* P itlU - or afc least transmi SriTJ 2 "P ^ Wee to it , and allow them to be eve ?? cS 2 iJSnl ! ' or b ^ st , and to ho fettered in isthe power J ^ S ^™ F ™ S ^
to a reat SXWZ & ffV '"* i H ^\ caprice the distributionTo 2 wMltt ""?? 'T * '" W resources ; and tho management ? of itJ ' nmS , * ' ^^ suit is . 1 * might have be ^^^ ft ?^ elocufedI ° 3 mn 3 fi cmel , fcia bl ^' y or ShieSS For the legislative and administrative remedies bv which tho author proposes to remed y the evils he ' has so clearly depicted , we must refer to tho pamphlet ItSGJf .
Publications Received The Dublin Review,...
PUBLICATIONS RECEIVED The Dublin Review , Reports of the Lecd ' s Flour Mill Society .
Vavtitm
Vavtitm
The Only Backbiters Who Ever Did Any Goo...
The only backbiters who ever did any good in this world —leeches . Cons . —What kind of paper most resembles a sneeze ?—Tissue . Why is a game at cards like a timber-yard ? -Because there are always a number of deals in it . Which is the most intelligent , tho man who hmus the most , or tho one who has the most nose ? \ Yosibn —Although the women have not" rights" enough to be allowed to become sailors , they can always command a SniBCtC * Nature makes us poor only when , we lack necessaries , but custom gives the name of poverty to the want of superfluities .
Ihk peers of England lost twenty-seven of their number oy oeath m 1851 :-two dukes , two marquises , twelve earls , eight barons , and three viscounts . Two eldest sons of peers also died during the year . . 1 , ° 0 SB A . N 0 Gander . — " Why , doctor ? " said a sick lady , you give me the same medicine as you are giving to my husband-how ' s that ?" - " All right , " replied the doctor ; what is sauce for the goose is sauce for the _ Friendship is more firmly secured by lenity towards failings than by attachment to excellences . The former is valued as a kindness which cannot be claimed , the latter is exacted as the payment of a debt to merit .
A Marruoe Cehtiticate . —A . n Irishman being asl * d on a late trial for a certificate of bis marriage , bared Ms head , and exhibited a huge scar , which looked as though it might have been made with a fire-shovel . The evidence was satisfactory . A power loom , worked by steam , for weaving Brussels carpets , is said to be on its way from America to this country . A steam loom produces 110 yards of carpeting a week , whilst a hand-loom only gives about thirty-six yards . Pibasubes . —We cannot multiply our pleasures as we multiply our possessions . We may indeed set no limits to our acquisitions ; but Nature sets limits to our capacity for enjoying them .
Mas . Boas , well know about town as the lady who boiled the outside cabbage-leaves , and threw away the inside , observes that she always shuts her eyes when she looks at the Wind beggars ia the streets , their appearance is so awfu ) . Salt Maxupactories . —There are ninety-seven establishments in England , mostly in Cheshire and Worcestershire , which manufacture salt . These works produce , on an average , 800 , 000 tons of salt per annum . The town of Newcastleon-Tyne consumes 70 , 000 tons annually . Thf Church : of Fromk . —A waggish printer , who inclines to Puseyism , pretends to see little difference between the Churches of England and Rome , A "thin space , " he says , is the only distinction between tho " clergyfrome" and the " vicarofrome . "
Marriage . —A civic law has been passed in "Wurtemberg to the following effect .- —That no citizen shall be permitted to contract marriage , till he brings proofs to the authorities that he is possessed , if not of a competency , vet of the means of supporting a wife . Emigration—It is said that the plan lately recommended for a system of emigration to Australia , on sound , business principles , is likely to be attempted without delav , and that the Family Colonisation Loan Society , founded by Mrs . Chisbolra . will constitute its basis . Mr ' * Uncle ' s Nephew . "—An Edinburgh pawnbroker , of short standing , has taken a long run—it is supposed to America . Having closed his shop " for the holidays , " it was opened no more . "My uncle" had achieved a coup d ' etat—making , like our " nephew , " a clean sweep of his " unredeemed pledges . "
A Failing Business . — " Boy , what is vour father doing to-day ?"—" Well , I s ' pose he ' s fail-in ' . ' l heard him tell mother yesterday to go round to the shops and get trusted all she could ; and do it right straight off too—for he'd got everything ready to fail up to liothiu ' , ' ceptin' that . Cool . —A . Beloochce , condemned for murder , walked to execution , conversing with calmness on the road ; when turned off , the rope broke , and he fell , but started up instantly , and , with inexpressible coolness , said , "Accidents will happen in spite of care . Try again . "—Nawkr's Administration in Scinde .
Good Advicb . —Hate idleness , aud curb all passions . Be true in all words and actions . Unnecessarily deliver not your opinion ; but when you do , let it be just , well-considered , and plain . Be charitable in all thought , word , and deed , and ever ready to forgive injuries done to yourself ; and be more pleased to do good tuau to receive good . —Lady Fanshawb . Considkrate Bacuelors . —There is a place in New Hampshire where they never have any old maids . When a girl reaches twenty-nine , and is still on the ladder of expectation , the young fellows club together , and draw lots for her . Those who escape pay a bonus to the one who gets her . There ' s gallantry for you ! Three ladies of our acquaintance would start immediately for the Granite State , but they are past the age . —American Paper .
EXTRACTS FROM PUSCH . Punch ' s Counsel to Louis Napoleon . —Stop , thief . The Stamp op a Swindler . — . One who always carries ai bill-stamp in his pocket . A Military . Problem . —Given—A Kaffir . To find—At " regulation" musket that will kill lu ' tn . The Beau Ideal of a Cook . —One that cooks a rabbit t to a hare ! Something Racy . — Numerous important subjects ares now laid'before us ; but the topic most worthy oi' our attention , at present , we consider to be that of Goldner ' s
Pre-:-serves , since we certainly could not fly at higher game . A Question for the War Office . —A young lady pre- ! - sents her compliments to Mr . Punch . She has heard of tho . a Mindnadehjewher , or Prussian needle-gun , and wants too ) know whether they load it with a thimble . True Patriotism . —Several noblemen and gentlemenwhose names we would give with great pleasure , if we weree able—have thrown open their preserves to all persons desi-irous of rendering themselves good marksmen—and thus de-:-feilders of their country in the event of invasion—by prac-stising on the hares and pheasants .
SONG FOR THE FRENCH GOVERNMENT Air— " 3 V « s Glasses Sparkle on the Board . " The musket , bayonet , and sword Assert the sway of Wight ; The Keign of Terror is restored , Of Panic , Dread , and Fright . The ptizt ! is won ; the game ' s our own ; The troops at our control ; If men of brain or worth remain , We 've cow'd them , every soul . A truthful Press says awkward things ; Then surelv it is wise
To gag it , like despotic kings , Or make it publish lies . Oppose our power—your streets we ' ll scour , Our volly'd fires shaU roll , _ And roar again until we ' ve slain . Or cow'd you , every soul . A French Caud .-A certain Professor in England adndl vertises lessons iu '' Dancing aud Deportment . l ' rofessonoi : Louis Napoleon , who gives balls at the Tuiler . es , and send . du French citizens to Cayenne , may be considered as a teacher . e « of Dancing and—Deportation . rjm . nrv — M kf Dr . Darlisg Outddkk . -Eluctuo Biowgv . M . l Louis Napoleon Bonaparte will ¦ ^ SiSSffi . XSuS ! raents on the People in a Per ectly "fj" ^ ^ atami . j go down on their knees to him at J * rd ^^ imagine themseve * to beNegio , ; < »« £ j fl Csd 3 Owner ; believe htm to be Alexandei the J ™ ' . y i [( » ^ the Caliph Haroun Alraschid , ^ -. « " « h wm f ^ 5 ^ - ^^ ffA ^ . «« - ^^
aw .. r „ AUAcrFR .- 'l'he ' * Daily News" which fihh A Perfect C"ARAcrKR ^ c b ^ b y theway , i ^ sbe > . nK poo ^ j ^^ tuat lh ( J p renclnch hibited in AubJi , < c ;; i Wvnl ) gUpilU detemme „ Ih . ng-a-mee ouu ^ - y of t |) e Orleans fopail 25 feet the ««««! " of the liberty of u hsrftSE - rfc— l \ nd — Every new Government ship , of steam frigate , is always so pulled to transformed , and deformed , after its cons would imagine tiie Lords of the Admirali thing they could for the complete a : ; li
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Feb. 7, 1852, page 3, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_07021852/page/3/
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