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TO THE WORKING CLASSES
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My dear Friends, It has always been my s...
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aisociitea'with this committee as countr...
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>. __j4jL ~ /. He Jtii^i^tt mm f AND NAT...
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Ctjaitfet . iiiteUigeiut*
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Boston.—The friends of freedom at Smitbw...
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forthcoming meetings. Assembly Rooms, 83...
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Rational £ani» Company
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Alva.—A general meeting of the members o...
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FORTHCOMING MEETINGS. Ashtok.—A meeting ...
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THE CHARTE R A N D N O S U R RENDER ! GR...
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Lectures bt Mr Ernest Jones at the Pkopl...
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Metropolitan Improvements.—Preparations ...
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POLAND'S REGENERATION. t - Ti !? 6 ?i ™ ...
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Flttor Ailiicvt. ncrimvp OP <YUV T\V\\n ...
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CMTesJpoifflettte,
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CAPABILITIES OF THE LAND, TO TUB EDITOR ...
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Sir,—I annex part of a conversation whic...
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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To The Working Classes
TO THE WORKING CLASSES
My Dear Friends, It Has Always Been My S...
My dear Friends , It has always been my stud y to furnish you with useful information , which , if properl y app lied , would guide you in your various pursuits . The darling object of my life has been to render myself as useful as possible to your order ; while , as I have not lived upon your credulity or made profit of your prejudices , my instruction may have lacked that intensity of interest inspired by the froth y ep istles of writers who pander to human weakness and pardonable susceptibility . I am frequentl y driven to the necessity of recurring to my past predictions , and too often neglected admonitions .
Two grave and weig hty . questions which you imagine are either disposed of or in course of easy settlement , are now m the scales-the question of FAMINE and of FREE TRADE ; and to those I mean to call your attention , as I believe the bour lias arrived when your eyes are opened to the belief that your fortunes and fate may be made to depend , and may be much affected , b y matters and transactions in which you have heretofore thoug ht you had no earthly concern . Not Ions since you could not be brought to believe
that the marriage of a little Spanish girl , the speculation of the Russian Autocrat , or the sensibility of OUR ambassador at Paris , would in any way affect your humble fare , or regulate Your " household . You have looked upon the form of Government as a kind of mngic thing in which you had no other concern than the elevation of some plausible leader , and his triumph you looked upon as a national victory , losing sig ht of the fact that , when merged in the representative mass , he was but as a drop of water in the ocean . Now , attend to my
facts : — In the early discussions on Free Trade , I told you , thousands of times , that it mattered not by what law the Legislature mig ht regulate the wholesale price of coin , so long as the importer ,- the corn merchant , the miller , the factor , the baker , and the huckster , had the power of regulating the value of the RETAIL LOAF p laced on your table . I told you that the manufacturers would find they had "CAUGHT A TARTAR , " that the shopkeepers would be taught their folly , and that the unrepresented
would be made to bear the weight of the experiment . I told you , and every one of our resolutions went to proclaim the fact , that Monopoly was unsound in princip le , but that we required such an adjustment as would turn the change to national instead of class purposes . IZow , have not those been our sentiments , and am I not trul y stating facts for you ? I told you that I did not dread Free Trade if those " for whose benefit it was to be achieved , were insured the promised advantages ; but—and mark this—what I did dread was the THREE YEARS of revolution and
aiternations , changesand upsets , which must inevitably follow the removal of the key-stone which had so long supported the social arch , and upon which every social transaction , from the price of Government stock to the staudardof wages , was based . I was met by the cry , that increased demand for goods would lead to an increased demand for labour , b y which wages would be regulated ; and I reminded you that the foreigner would not take more of our manufactured goods than he wished , but would take -our gold in preference , and that the abstraction -of that metal would reduce your wages , and compel employers to dispense with your services . I reminded you , that if five or six millions were sent out of the
country for food , or if five or six millions worth of food was sunk in the ocean , that the result would be tremendous ; while upon the other hand , if twenty millions * worth of manufactured goods were consigned to the deep , it ¦ would be a godsend ; and my intention , in all my writings upon the subject , was to familiarize youwith the difference between the value of productive and non-productive labour , and to teach you the value of the land , from whence you could coin your own medium of exchange for all the necessaries , comforts and luxuries of life : and vet you never would string these
things together . This year you have a taste of dear bread and low wages / rTiaf has been the first result ; next year you will have a reaction —bread for a SONG , and no wages to buy it with ; and thus you will remember another of my maxims , THAT CHEAP AND DEAR are relative terms , and that the quartern loaf at a penny would be dear to the man who had not the penny wherewith to buy it . Now , fixity of tenure , to enable the farmers to speculate for themselves instead of for their landlords , the total confiscation of Church property , and its app lication to national purposes ,
the equalization of the national debt , the payment to be equitabl y apportioned amongst those for whose preservation it was contracted , the regulation of taxes and equalization of personal engagements and liabilities to the ¦ new standard establis-hedby FREE TRADE , —all these , one ^ and all , together with many other arrangements , should have preceded the new order of things ; whereas now they must invariabl y follow , and , as in everything else , the Whigs have put the cart before the horse , and will he compelled to do at last what they should have done at first . They always make
the gap first , and then look round for a bush to stop it . If I have now brought you to the belief that your comforts may be affected and considerably abridged , nay , that your lives may depend upon that monetary system , of which you have never taken the slightest notice , I have prepared you for the following piece of intelligence . Since August last FOUR MILLIONS OF GOLD has gone to the foreigners for food which you might have produced at home . Now for another fact . Yesterday ( Wednesday ) the great Rothschilds' sent four hundred thousand
pounds worth of their paper to the Bank of England for cash to buy food ; but the Bank , for the first time since its establishment , returned all but ninety thousand . Here , then , is a crash—here , then , is warning ; and if you turn to the Star of November last , you will there find , that , while the Times and the Free Trade papers were speculating upon increased demand for goods and labour , I told
you that the first shock would come from the monetary system ; and is it not so ? All the corn-growing countries in the world are now preparing produce for the rich market of the world newiy opened to them , and , as I have often reminded you , the glut here , and not the price given there , will regulate the price here , and the farmers , now on the high horse , will have their taste of Free Trade next
year ; the manufacturers , shopkeepers and operatives are now having their taste . Now , observe what must be the next move . Russell is mortgaging the Irish landlords to the State , and he is quite ri ght , but , like the reform-machinery Peel , will come in and will say to the mortgaged landlords , " Now or never , the Irish Church must go or you must go /' Which shall it be ? and who can doubt as to
what the answer will be— " To with the Church . " It was with this view ; that Lord Lincoln was sent to Manchester as a feeler . Now , all those things will come out of time and when you will have suffered ; whereas , if done in time , all suffering mi g ht have been spared , and the idle , non-producing parsons would , by this time , have been partly trained as ploughmen , agricultural labourers , and so forth .
I . Now , one word about the Famine . The Times is boasting what England has done for Ireland , and this morning ( Thursday ) has a very able and powerful article upon the idleness and improvidence of the Irish peop le ; but the Times mistakes cause for effect . The Irish : ue not idle , but there is , in that country , a tax upon the poor man ' s industry , as I have very often shown you ; for instance , a farmer gets possession of laud , but no lease , or a bad lease , and the moment he improves his land he is put out , and , therefore , he has a
My Dear Friends, It Has Always Been My S...
direct interest in not improving it and in not employing more labour than is actually necessary to k eep the hut over his head and grow him enough of potatoes . M y answer to this charge of idleness is , that when the Irish people have an inducement to labour , they work like slaves . For instance , they pave your streets , mount to the top of your buildings , reap your harvest , from dayli ght to dark , and work like galley-slaves on your railways . Do these facts , then , furnish any proof of idleness ? And , as to the boast of English munificence , I merely ask you to take up the import note of all sorts of food
from Ireland for the last three years , and compare its value with the vaunted grant of ten millions now g iven to purchase security for the rich in that country ; and upon whose side stands the balance ? Because corn is now coming in , although it was predicted that there was not enough in the world to supply the demand , our rulers foolishly presume that the present stop-gap will put an end to the famine-question and to Irish suffering . Now , working men , my object is to prepare you for the coming time , and I tell you that you have not yet seen the beg inning of the end ; and , as I have told you a thousand times before , Free-trade is not yet
complete , and that the faction who carried the measure prematurel y , and before the necessary arrangements to meet it were prepared , have yet to apply the details by which they hope to turn the princi p le to their own advantage . This will he the next great battle , and will have to be foug ht , firstl y , out of doors , and lastl y , in the House of Commons . One great object of public men should be to take the sting out of events . I am endeavouring to do that b y placing as many as possible in a situation to make them independent of the machinations of Jews , jobbers , speculators , money-grubbers , traffickers , and
political pedlars , b y p lacing each man in his own nest in the centre of his own labour field ; and to prove to you that I have not overstated the value of this position , I g ive you the following irrefutable statement , taken from the People ' s Journal of last week , and furnished by the person from whom I have given you a previous communication upon the subject , and I ask you to compare these calculations and the fascinations of a country life with what I have written upon the subject , and then let the Whistler , the W . C ., and the Hirelings , refute the plain and simple statement if they can . Here is the statement from the Peop le ' s Journal .
"Spade Husbandry—Mr J . Gillctt , of Kelsall , near Saxmundbam , Suffolk , purchased , in the year 1813 , two acres of land , at the enormous sum of £ 236 , and being fully convinced of the advantages ot spade husbandry , resolved to abandon his former occupation of grocer , < fce . and turn his attention to the cultivation of the laud . In the spring of 1844 , he sedulously employed his time to attain his desired end . lie laboured hard for the first year with resolution firm , and mind cheerful , and at the
end of the jear he tound his expectations realised ; the following year he was mure successful , and he has been progressing ever since . Upon his two acres he keeps two eons , and has fatted two hogs , lie has but one-and-a-quarter acre under cultivation , the reit is pasture . The following is a faithful statement of last year ' s profits , after keeping the cons , keeping and fatting the hogs , finding himself and family with milk and vegetables of every descriptiuu for the year , and also seed for this year ' s cropping .
" SOLD PRODUCE . £ s . d . Milk from Cows 34 S Ik 13 Sacks of Potatoes ... at 12 * 7 16 0 9 Bushels of Wheat ... at 9 * 4 10 Vegetables * ... 4 0 0 2 Hogs , Wit . each , at 7 s per st . 7 0 0 . £ 57 0 7 J " You see by this statement , thataroan with two acres has no occasion to be in want of food » r clothing , but may live comfortable and happy ( as Gillett does ) , and the time occupied in cultivating
it does not exceed 132 days out of tiie 365 . TuU statement can be fully corroborated by Mr Gilie t , who states that he would not return to his former occupation , if any one offered him a situation at £ 150 per annum ; be further state ? , that if the seasons are favourable this year he shall be able to realise half as much again ; this proves tb . it the land is capable of maintaining all the sons ot labour , if but allowed to work . —Thomas Newman . "I ' . S . —l omitted to state , MrGiiletthasawife and two children . In another letter I will show how he cultivates his land , and how he gets three crops in the year off the -same piece of ground . "
There s the statement—not from Feargus O'Connor ; and as the People ' s Journal promises another letter from Mr Newman more full upon the subject , buy the Peo ple ' s Journal . and you will read it a week earlier than you could read it in the Star . I am for encouraging every Journal that tells the plain and simple truth about a p lain and simp le question . Now , here is an answer to two acres not keeping a cow ; and here is confirmation of my value of the milk of a cow , which I put down , without deduction for the famil y ' s use ,
at £ 18 os . a year , or £ 36 10 s . for two cows , while Mr Gillett , after his family ' s consumption , has realised £ 34 3 s . 7 id . Mr Gillett has g iven nearly £ 120 an acre for his land , and in less than three years will be able to pay that enormous price , and make himself proprietor in fee ; while the land I purchase will average about forty pounds , that is , three acres for the price he has given for one , b y buying it in the wholesale market . And you find that this excellent , industrious man would not accept of a situation of £ 3 a week , to leave his
" Celd , quiet home , " and labour field . Yours faithfull y , Feargus O'Connor
Aisociitea'with This Committee As Countr...
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>. __J4jl ~ /. He Jtii^I^Tt Mm F And Nat...
He Jtii ^ i ^ tt mm AND NATIONAL TRADES' JOURNAL . VOL . X NO . 494 . LONDON , SATURDAY , APRIL 10 , 1847 . " * w J ^^^^^^ Z * five Shilling * and Sixpence per Quarter .
Ctjaitfet . Iiiteuigeiut*
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Boston.—The Friends Of Freedom At Smitbw...
Boston . —The friends of freedom at Smitbwick , influenced by patriotic and benevolent feelings , hare held a tea-party , the profits of which have been handed to me for the benefit of the old veteran , Daddy Richards , as the following note will show : — "Received from Mr Charles Brooke the sum of 12 s ., being the profits oi a tea-party held at Smithwick . — Joseph Lwjut . " Covkstbt . —On Tuesday evening last a public meeting was held for the adoption of the ^ National Petition . Air Faro , formerly social missionary , moved the first resolution , and explained and defended the principles of the Charter in a powerful speech . AfrHartiop seconded the resolution , which was unanimously adopted . Mr Buckney , towncouncillor , moved the adoption of the petition , which was unanimously carried . The chairman wai Mr Gilbert , the winner of a two-acre allotment in the late ballot . The petition will lie for signature at several places in the town .
Metropolitan Committee . —This body met on Wtdntsday evening , Mr Grassby in the chair . Several sums of money were handed in to enable the committee to give effect to . their intentions . The deputation appointed to make inquiries as to the price of theatres having reported , it was unanimously resolved to take a benefit at the Pavilion , Whitecbapel-road , on Wednesday , the 21 st instant . Messrs Shaw and Cummins were appointed a deputation to engage the Pavilion , and to complete other preliminary arrangements necessary for the occasion . After transacting some other business the committee adjourned till Tuesday evening next , when it is hoped that localities hitherto unrepresented will have their delegates present .
Pewter Pi ^ itee . —Mr G . W . Wheeler lectured here on Tuesday , the 6 th inst . At the close several questions were asked and replied to in a satisfactory manner by the lecturer . On Tuesday next Mr J . Gytbaril will lecture . Rochdale . —On Sunday evening , Daniel Donovan lectured in the Chartist Room , to a respectable and attentive audience , en Irish affair * , which gave great satisfaction . —On Tuesday evening , a tea party and
Boston.—The Friends Of Freedom At Smitbw...
ball was held in the Socialists' Institution , which was well attended . Mr Dixon ( of Manchester ) spoke on the Charter and Land for nearly an hour , and gave the greatest satisfaction . Shoreditch . —On Wednesday evening last Mr T . M . Wheeler lectured at Mr Taylor ' s Coffee-house , 122 , Brick-lane , on "The Effec ts of Bad Government . " After which , a Chartist locality was formed . Several names wercentered . Soao , —RwauisATios GomiiTTBE . —This commit * tee met at 83 , Dean-street , Soho , on Tuesday evening , April 6 th . Mr M'Grath was called to the chair . Mr Godwin reported that he had made application to some of the parochial authorities of Marylebone , and had no doubt that the workhouse yard would be granted for a public meeting . Messrs Grasaby and Stall wood read many letters received from members
ot parliament and others promising support to the motion of the honourable member for Finsbury , and from Sir B . Hall , Sir C . Napier , and Captain Pechell , promising to attend the meeting at the Crown and Anchor . Messrs M'Grath , Doyle , T . M . Wheeler and Ernest Jones , were appointed a subcommittee to draw up resolutions , & c , for the occasion . All the metropolitan localities are earnestly requested to exert themselves strenuously , and io render all the support in their power , to the People ' s Parliamentary Leader , T . S . Dancombe , by crowding the large hall of the Crown and Anchor Tavern ; on the 14 th inst . The committee adjourned until Monday next , April 12 th , at eight o ' clock precisely . Tower Hamlets . —Mr C . Harrison * lectured at the Globe and Friends , Morgan-street , Commercialroad , on Sunday , April 4 th , and gave general satisfaction . -
Forthcoming Meetings. Assembly Rooms, 83...
forthcoming meetings . Assembly Rooms , 83 , D « an-sibbbt , Souo . —Mi Ernest Jones will lecture on Sunday evening next April 11 th , at half-past seven o ' clock precisely Subject-. " Middle Class Interests . " Birmingham . —The Petition Committee are re quested to attend on Sunda ) evening next , at seven o ' clock . Business of the utmost importance is to b ( brought forward . Edinburgh . — The Chartist council meet ever ; Tuesday evening , at half-past eight o ' clock , for dispatch of business . Attendance given on Saturday evenings for the enrolment of members . Parties hojding petition sheets are requested to get them filled and sent in as speedily as possible . Place nl meeting—Painters' Hall , Carruther ' s Close , Highstreet .
Hutt . —The Chartists of Hull are requested to attend at a members' meeting on Sunday evening , April 11 th , at six o clock , at tbe Ship lon . Churchlane , to take the votes for the executive council . Lhilkiows . —A lecture will be delivered by Mr Bawden , of Halifax , at tbe house of Mr Robert Redfearn , on Sunday next , April 11 th . Chair to be taken at half-past two o ' clock in tho afternoon . Liverpool . —A meeting of members will , take place on Sunday evening next , at seven o ' clock , at the Temperance Hotel , 4 , Cazneau-street , to elect the executive council , and to hear a lecture delivered by Nfr Edmund Jones . Subject , — ' * What have Revolutions done for the progress of Civilization ?" Mabtlbbosje . —Mr John Skelton will lecture on Sunday evening next , April 11 , at the Coach Painters' Arms , Circus-street . Subject , " Progressive Civilization . "
Manchester . —Mr J . G . Cooper will deliver a lecture in the -People ' s Institute , Herod-street , Anoints , on Sunday , April 11 th , at C p M . Norton Foloats . —Mr Gathard will lecture at the Pewter Platter , White Lion-street , Norton Folgate , on Tuesday evening next , at eight o ' clock . Repbal of the Rate paying Clausks . —A metropolitan public meeting will be held at the « Crown and Anchor Tavern , Strand , on Wednesday evening next , April 14 th , to support the great national movement in favour of repealing the above obnoxious clauses . AH the members who voted for Mr Dimcombe ' s recent motion are invited to attend and give their support to Mr Buncombe ' s projected resolution .
Shokeditcd . —Mr Lyltyle will lecture on Wednesday evening next at Mr Taylor ' s , Railway Engine Coffee-house , 122 , Brick-lane , Chair to be taken at 8 o ' clock . Subject : "TheLand . " On Thursday , loth , Mr Wig will lecture at 8 o ' clock . Subject : " Cooperation . " The Charier . — A publio discussion between Ernest Jones and Archer Gurney , Esqrs ,, on the principles of the People ' s Charter , will take place at the South London Hall , on Monday evening , the 12 th inst . Chair to be taken at eight o ' clock precisely . —A general meeting ef the shareholders of tho above hall will be held on Wednesday evening , the 14 th inst ., when the at ! endanefc of all persons interested is particularly requested , as business of the utmost importance will be submitted to the meeting . The Metropolitan Committee will meet at 83 , Dean-street , on Wednesday evening next . Chair to , be taken at half-past 8 .
Ths Cirr Branch will assemWe at the George Inn , George-court , Snow-hill , on Sunday evening next at seven precisely . Tower Hamlets . —A general meeting of the members of the Whittington and Cat locality will be held on Sunday evening , at nine o ' clock , to record their votes for the executive committee . —Mr G . W . Wheeler will deliver a lecture on the same evening , and Mr C . Doyle will lecture on Sunday evening , April 18 th . —A general meeting of the Globe and Friends locality , to elect the executive , on Sunday evening , April 11 th , at seven o ' clock—The agitation committee of the Tower Hamlets will meet at the Whittington and Cat . Bethnal-green , on Sunday . April 28 tb , at 0 o ' clock . —The local committee will meet at Mr Brett ' s , Globe and Friends , Morganstreet , Coramcrcial-road , on Tuesday evening , April I 3 th , at eight o ' clock . All persons having requisitions , "illolease tohrin « *»•« - »; -. .
Rational £Ani» Company
Rational £ ani » Company
Alva.—A General Meeting Of The Members O...
Alva . —A general meeting of the members of this branch of the National Land Company was held on Monday evening , the 29 eh of March , when the followins office-bearers were elected—William Fair , secretary ; Wm . Archibald , re-elected treasurer ; John Kinross , scrutineer ; two auditors , and five of a committee . Any person wishing to become members of the above branch may attend any Monday evening , at eight o ' clock , in the Christian meetiug-housc , head of the Green . All communications for the Alva branch must be addressed to William Fair , West Quarter , Alva-by-Stirling . Asro . v . —At the usual weekly meeting on Sunday the 4 th inst ., the following persons were elected on the committee—R . Pilling , Mark Dysoa , Henry Thoroughgood , George Millington , John Parkin , C . Richardson - , James M'Q , uine & s , president j J . Leech , scrutineer : Edw . tlobson , treasurer .
Bktuval Grekw . —The shareholders of the Crown and Anchor branch approve of the next Conference meeting at Lowbands , in July . Birmingham . —At the weekly meetingof theshareholders , at the Ship-inn , on Sunday evening last , the following resolutions were unanimously passed : — moved by Mr Fussell , seconded by Mr Garland , "That the best thanks of this locality are due and arc h reby given to F . O'Connor , Esq ., for his clear and convincing 'freati .-e on the Small Proprietory System : and we recommend The labourer te all classes , irrespective of party creeds . " " That in consequence of the extra labour imposed upon the secretary , in connection with the Land Company , he be allowed 10 s . per quarter , as an acknowledgment for his valuable services . " Bolton . —The following officers have been elected
—Garnett , president ; W . W . Ptckvance , secretary ; J . Lord , scrutineer ; J . Voze , treasurer ; G . Lindsay , secretary to the local levy ; J . Horribin , librarian . It was resolved to abide by the local levy rule instead of that of the directors . This branch has 135 members , holding 417 shares . All members wishing to have the benefit of the aggregate ticket , must send in their names and number of share , on or before the 19 th of April . { . This report , as received , was very badly written . Our Bolton friends are occasionally given to grumbling ; if they will not write as they can be read , we must grumble too . —Ed . N- s . ] Davkntby . —A public meeting was held at Daventry on Monday evening , Mr Thomas Webb in the chair . Mr Parkes , of Long Buckby , delivered an eloquent address . Resolutions approving of the land plan were unanimously adopted .
DtsBT . —The management of this branch will be conducted as follows in future : reading , discussion and general business from six o ' clock in the evening till eight , when the monetary business connected with the laud will be transacted , from eight till half-pa > t . The members are requested to attend a general meeting to be held next Sunday evening , April 11 . Newto . n Heath . —A branch has been opened at Newton Heath , and will meet at Mr W he well ' s , next door to the Bull ' s Head Inn , at two o clock in the afternoon , every Sunday .
Mwcastli-. upom-Tihb . —At the weekly meeting of the shareholders , held at the house of Mr Jude . on Sunday evening , April 4 , the following resolutions were unanimously passed : — "That a levy be laid upon each member of the Land Company belonging to this branch , to pay the expenses of Dr M'Douall
Alva.—A General Meeting Of The Members O...
for the services performed by him to this branch of the Land C ompany . That such levy be Is . each member , and the members are requested to pay the same as early as possible to Mr Jude , and also their a ^& orlo ? ft ex P ense 8 ' Members net complying with ^ fe rwo ution will be excluded from the ap . proacbjfek , || 0 t for ] oeatioB /» TneneWf ^ feg 0 f tfje ^ om ? aW * £ > «> ° w in the bands of the secretary of thin brancgftntf . dMes , price 4 d . each , m ^ lStoioed « T ; 2 £ JWun 2 nn Side , or of Jamea Niabett , o , uiomm-street . : ' S ^ uSi ^^ " ^ their report . Tho following , officers wereilected t- ^ anj ^ i A 9 aworta scrutineer ; H . Crossby « , d John Kershaw , auditors ; seven of com-M- » ^ wl ! L- 1 eorge % ? » tourer ; Edward Mitchell ¦ ' ' ' u " *
, jBecretaij . . .. Sn ^ ntt ^^^ lM ^ VflvaBlBff , ' April 5 , tha quarterly meetjr * of the members ohhe Land Company * tt h yWmtbo Democratic Temperance Room . 33 , Qheeni « treet , Mr Sanluel Jackson in the chair ! MeMW' 0 ; j « er ' slejranatie 6 rKe Ponies were elected auditors ; . On the motion of Mr Briggs , seconded by Mr Nfehofaoh ; the foUowihg resolution was unanf . mouslv aghiedibr—*' That ttts the opinion of this branch thit it $ not only desirable , but it would be permanently better ,, ipr the conference to beheld in July tbao w January ; and , likewise , we are of opinion that our school-houses would be the best places that the directors could select . " The auditors brought ti » tifcir report , which was voted satisfactory , lha meeting then adjourned . SovrnilfrrbN—The shareholders approve of the nextmeeBbg of Conference being held at Lowbands , in July rMt . \ !
' SwSfLOTbfitf'HAiA ;—At a general meeting of the shareholders in this district , on Sunday evening last , it . was resolved : _ * 'That the Conference be held in July next , and that this district recommends a programme of ' all' business to he transacted at the Conference , to be issued at least one month before the Conference meet . " The auditors reported the secretary ' s accounts correct . Mr Gathard was re-elected as secretary , and Mr Brown as scrutineer . A general meeting of members will take place on Sunday evening , the 18 th instant , to take into consideration the 13 th rule .
Forthcoming Meetings. Ashtok.—A Meeting ...
FORTHCOMING MEETINGS . Ashtok . —A meeting of members will be held on Sunday morning next , at ten o ' clock in the forenoon . BiRMiNOiiAM . —The shareholders meeting at 111 , Rea-street , are requested to attend a general meeting at the above place , on Monday the 12 th instant . Every member is desired earnestly to attend . And observe , the members of the Land Company and National Charter Association continue to hold their meetings every Monday evening , at 8 o ' clock , at Walter Thorn ' s , News Agent . Ill , Rea-street , where the Northern Star , the Labourer , and all other democratic publications may be bad . Burt . —Shareholders are requested to meet in their room in Claike-street , on Sunday , April 11 , at five o ' clock in the evening .
Dundee . —The treasurer and secretary attend every Monday night from 8 to 10 o ' clock , in the Schoohroom , Fuller ' s Close , Murraygate , to receive payments and enrol shareholders . Halifax —A meeting of the shareholders of the local Land Company will ha holden to-morrow in the large room , Bullclose-lane , at two o ' clock in the afternoon , to wjnd up the affairs of the society . Hvdk . —The shareholders will meet at the house of Mr John Leigh , on Sunday next , April II , at two o ' clock in the afternoon . Littletown . —The West Riding delegate meeting will beholden on Sunday , ( to-morrow , ) in the Association-room at this place , to commence at twelve o ' clock at noon . Mr Bawden is expected to lecture in the evening at 6 o ' clock .
Macclesfield . —A meeting of the shareholders will be held in the Chartist-room , Stanley-street , next Tuesday evening , at eight o ' clock . A convivial party will be held in the above room , on Saturday , May 1 st , in honour of the first location . Tickets Is . each , may be had of Mr Hargreaves , newsagent . Manchester . —The shareholders will hold a general meeting , on Sunday ( to morrow ) for the purpose of examining the accounts , Ac . The members ' , will also have their carJs returned to them on that occasion . Chair to bo taken at nine o ' clock in the morning . Norwich . —A meeting of the shareholders will take place on Wednesday evening , April 14 , at half-past seven o ' clock , at the Old Library room , St Andrew ' s Hall .
Salfohd . —The Monthly meeting will take place on Sunday , April 11 , at two o ' clock in the afternoon , in tha » . At . nr . i Charter Association roum , Bank-street G . tent George-street . Sheffield . —On Sunday evening , Mr Councillor Brigiis will deliver an address in the Democratic Temperance Room , 33 , Queen-street . Subject" Tbe National Land and Labour Bank . " Persons holding petition sheets are requested to forward them to the council . South London Hall . —A lecture will be delivered by Mr C . Doyle , one of the directors of the National Land Company , at the above Hall , on Sunday even ingnext , at 8 o ' clock precisely . Subject , "Cooperation : Commercial and Agricultural . " Tower Hamlets . —Mr C . Harrison will lecture at the Globe and Friends , Morgan-street , Commercialroad , on Sunday , April the 11 th . Subject , "The Land . " To commence at 7 o ' clock .
The Charte R A N D N O S U R Render ! Gr...
THE CHARTE R A N D N O S U R RENDER ! GREAT MEETINGS AT MANCHESTER . On Good Friday the Chartists of Manchester held their annual tea party and ball and demonstration for the Land and the Charter . The Hall of Science was tastefully fitted up lor the occasion , and about 900 "at down to tea , which was enlivened by the strains of an excellent band . Mr Feargus O'Connor on entering was received with shouts of applause , and the public having been admitted , and the hall crowded by an overflowing audience , the business of the evening commenced by the chairman , Mr Smith , proposing the first sentiment , " The People , " which was eloquently spoken to by Mr C . Clark . The Cnairinan tlion called on Mr Dixon to speak to the Land and the Charter , which he did in his
usual eloquent and excellent style , and was followed by , Mr Ebnest Jones , who was received with prolonged and hearty cheering , and in a brief but powerful address showed the necessity for the workingclasses combining in the furtherance of their rights , before they grew , too weakened by hunger and demoralised by slavery to make the attempt successfully . The chairman then introduced Mr Feargus O'Connor , who ^ nn rising was received with bursts of the most enthusiastic applause , and who propounded to the meeting the position and working ot the Land Plan and the Bank , the prospects of the Charter , and the course to be pursued for itsobtainment . Mr Roberts entered at the conclusion of Mr
O'Connor ' s address , and was received as he deserved tone . He had just returned from the trial of the mechanics at Liverpool , and gave an account of the proceedings that had taken place . The cheering consequent thereon having subsided , several questions were asked Mr O'Connor relative to the land plan , which , having been answered to the satisfaction of the querists themselves , the meeting was dissolved after three hearty cheers for Feargus O ' Connor , the Land and the Charter , —and the younger portion of the assembly prepared for the pleasur e * of the dance . The ball was carried on mik great spirit until morning , and the demonstration ended to the delight and . satisfaction of all concerned .
Lectures Bt Mr Ernest Jones At The Pkopl...
Lectures bt Mr Ernest Jones at the Pkoplb ' s Institute . —On Sunday last , at two o ' clock in the afternoon , the abeve hall was filled by a large audience to hear a lecture by Mr Jones on the Land , the lecturer gave entire satisfaction , and received a vote of thanks at tho conclusion amid the hearty cheers of the meeting . In the evening this hall was again crowded to overflowing to hear a lecture on the prospects and tendencies of the Charter . Mr Jones at the commencement and conclusion of his address was greeted with deafening plaudits , and frequently interrupted during the course oi his lecture by the o ud cheers of the audience . Oldhau . —The Chartists of Oldham held their annual tea -party and ball in their noble hall , on the evening of Easter-Monday . There was also a public meeting , which was addressed by Mr Tomlinson , Mr Dixon of Manchester , and Mr Ernest Jones . The proceedings were such as must materially tend to aid the great cause of Democracy .
Metropolitan Improvements.—Preparations ...
Metropolitan Improvements . —Preparations for the formation of the new street from the Broad Sanctuary , Westminster , to Shafcesburyplace , Vauxhallbridge-road , have been commenced , and also the demolition of the remaining portion of Upper St Martin ' s-lane , for the continuation of the new street through Leicester-square from Piccadilly and Coventry-street . ' Representation ©» Wkstminbteb . —A coalition has taken place amongst the partisans of Mr Lushington and Col . Evans , and the walls are placarded with Vote for Lushington and Evans . "
Poland's Regeneration. T - Ti !? 6 ?I ™ ...
POLAND'S REGENERATION . t - Ti !? ? i ™ "H ? meoti * of the members a „ d friends of " The Democratic Committee for Poland ' s Regeneration" took place on " Good Friday ,. " April 2 nd , at the Chartist Assembly Rooms , Deftiwtreet Soho . In the absence of the President , E . Jones ' Esq ., ( who was engaged at the Manchester Festival ) Mr Christopher Doyle was called to the choir , and Mr W . Hewitt elected to the vice-chair . A plain supper had been provided , the labour ofpireparing which had been borne by Mr audi Mrs Wheeler . The
entertainment gave perfect satisfaction . The cloth having been removed , the eaairman opened the bnsinessof the evening by explaining that this meeting should have taken , place on the 25 th of March , but circumstances had rendered that inconvenient . This had been found the first ooevenient day on which to hold the meeting . Juuan Harney , the secretary , then gave a state" * w * lwom the minutes ) of the origin and progress of he Committee , after which heread the " Rtport , " which will be found below .
» 'Ra n n ^ . » motio , l ° f Messrs Wheeler and Moy the Report was adopted . Mr Worcbm ,, ( native oi Poland ) movad the thanks of the committee to the secretary , for his-aealous and valuable services , lie was sure that couW the mass of his countrymen be informed of the laborious exertions of Mr Harney they would tender him the expression of their utmost , gratitude . Colonel Oborski ( native of Poland ) , seconded the motion , which was adopted by acclamation . The chairman thengave the health ofthesecretary , which was heartily responded to , Julian Harney said he fully appreciated the compliment paid to him , The words which had fallen from thew Polish friends were very gratifying to him , as lie wasaware that he wis no favourite with the Polish aristocrats . He understood , that the journal of the Czartoryski party , The Third e { Nay , published in Paris , had calumniated him and sought to
preiudice the Poles against him , by reprinting the lies and calumnies which some time ago appeared in the Weekly Di $ patth . This , however ,, affected him hut little as long as he knew that he possessed the confidence of the Polish democrats .. Mr Worgbll said , what Mr Harney had said respecting the aristocrats ' journal , The Third of Math was true , but it appeared that Mr H . did not know tuatZVie Third of May had been replied to . The Polish Democratic Journal published in Franco had defended Mr Harney , and shewed from some of h « labours his zeal and sincerity in the Polish cause , and his claims to the respect and gratitude of all good Poles . This defence of Mr II . by the Polish Demo cratic Journal had not been replied to by Mr Harney ' s enenies . ( Applause . ) The balance-sheet wa ) brought up , and Messrs Gathard and Hewitt were appointed auditors to examine it , and report thereon at the next meeting .
On the motion of Messrs Gathard and Whitmore , it was resolved that the committee be re-elected . The following new members were then added to the committee . Messrs Gathard , Stallwood , Whitmore , G . W . Wheeler , Hewitt , Milne , Boouham , Wild ( ofMottram ) . and Darnells , editor oltheMiners ' Advocate . On the motion of Mr Wheeler , seconded by Mr Caughlan , it was resolved : — That the best thanks of this meeting bo given to the Editors of tha Northern Star , Hun , and Horning Advertiser ' , for tha aid rendered by them to this committee , and their general and valuable advocacy of the Polish cauie , A number of democratic toasts and songs were then given , from the list of which we select the following : —
By air M'Giutu — " Success to the glorious objects of the Democratic Committed for Poland ' s Regeneration . " By Jouan IlARNEt , — " The principles of the Cracow Manifesto ; may we , in their pursuit , be steady at time and relentless as the grave . " By the Chairman , —Soug : — " Base oppressors , leave your slumbers . " By ilr Mox , — "May tha crownsof Europe be converted into type to imprint on the skins of tyrants the rights of man !" By 6 . W . WaEEtKB , —Song :-- 'TheLiou of Freedom . " By the Cuaibuan , —Song : — " Loud roat'd the people ' s thunder . " By G . W . Wbsskb , — " A speedy arrival at the port of Freedom of the oppressed of all nations . " By Miss Payne , — Song : — " Chartist cause . " By Mr WoBCELr .,- — " The people of all countries , the world ' s children and brethren . "
By Jolias IIasnet , — " The healths of Brothers Worcell sad Oborski ; and victory to tha Polish Demo * cracy . " After drinking the chairman ' s health the meeting adjourned .
Flttor Ailiicvt. Ncrimvp Op <Yuv T\V\\N ...
Flttor Ailiicvt . ncrimvp OP < YUV T \ V \\ n CRATIO COMMITTEE f 3 I i >& 5 «» £ REGENERATION . At a great public meeting held at the Crown and Anchor , on the 23 th of March , 1816 , a resolution was unanimously adopted appointing this committee , " for the purpose of guarding the interests of the Polish cause , and promoting , by every available means , the restoration ot Poland . " The committee ' s first ace was the calling of a public meeting in the south of Loudon in support of the agitation commenced at the Crown and Anchor meeting . The committee desired to hold a series of similar meetings throughout the metropolis , but the want of adequate funds rendered such a course unadvisable .
On the 20 th of May this committee held a public meeting at the National Hall , Uulborn , as a tribute of respect to the memories of the martyred patriots who fell in the insurrection of the 2 nd of February , or were slaughtered by Austrian assassins in Gallicia . In the month of July this camnnuee published an address to tlie electors of France urging them to use their electoral , rights in the election tlien about to take place for the appointment of deputies bound to enforce justice tor Pol md . The " address" appeared in the Naticnaland 2 ieforme , aadcalled forth the approbation of the French Democracy , aud the grateful thanks of the Polish Democrats , As regards the electa is ot France , the address appears to have been fruitless , but bearing in mind the corrupt construction of the French electoral body , any other result was hardly to be booed for .
On the 29 tli of November this committee held a public meeting in commemoration of the Polish Insurrection of 1830 . Ou the announcement of the confiscation of Cracow by Austria , this committee assembled and addressed to the British people a protect against that act of infamy , and an appeal in support of tlie rights of the entire Polish people . On the 22 nd of February , last this committee held a bublic meeting at the Literary Institute ,
John-streetj - jTottenham Court-road , in commeh . ori \ . tion of the Cracow insurrection ol the 22 nd of February , 1 S 16 , when a petition to Parliament was adopted , demanding the intervention of the British Government for the restoration of the nationality of Poland , and the establishment of the right of the Polish people to choose their own policial and social institutions , independent of foreign or class dictation . The petition was entrusted to Mr Duncombe , M . P . for Finsbury , and was by hira presented to the House of Commons on the 11 th of March .
It is unnecessary to enumerate the ordinary meetings of this committee , as the said meetings have been duly reported iu the Northern Star . Several " Reports of Occurrences in Poland , and Facts connected with the cause of Poland's Regeneration" prepared by this committee have been published in the Northern Star . These reports present a continuous history of Polish affairs for the past twelve months . This committee desired to publish the said reports together with other matter elucidatory of the wrones and rights of the Poles in a pamphlet
form , to be issued monthly , and sold for one penny . The attempt was made , and two numbers published , but the cemmittee regret to have to state that the speculation was a failure , as the returns of the sale of each pamphlet were considerably short of the cost of the printing . This failure the committee much regret , believing that such a publication would have been useful in furthering the objects of the committee . If hereafter the committee should receive assurances of adequate support , the publication ot the pamphlets may be resumed . _ . . .
The pamphlets Nos . 1 and 2 , remaining on hand , the committee propose to distribute oh the first favourable occasion . From the balance sheet presented with this report it will be seen that no funds remain at the disposal of the committee . Without funds it is obvious that no agitation can b « carried on ; pecuniary aid is , therefore , imperative , if this committee is to continue its mission . It must be observed that this committco has no paid members : uo one derives pecuniary benefit from connexion with this committee ; every farthing is expended in promoting the objects for the carrying out of which the committee was instituted , the only reward of the members being the consciousness that they are performing a sacred duty . ; In the course of the past twelve months a number of patriots , chiefly residing in Scotland , have become
Flttor Ailiicvt. Ncrimvp Op <Yuv T\V\\N ...
aisociitea'with this committee as country membert For theadhesion of these patriots the committee is mainly indebted to the vnueeworthy exertions ol BrothertDoylo . The list of members is . however , at yet incomplete , particularly as regards England . U is to be hoped that the leading democrats of ever ; district will ; forthwith , avow their adhesion to the principles-nnd objects of the committee , by vidua * leering their names as membm . » 1 SOCI ^ e " !« ith this coifimitlee as country
membertf Up to this time the country members have not been calledupon to act , but steps will be immediately taken to secure their active co-operation with the members-residing in tbe metropolis . Some time ago a member of this committee , William Beesley , of Acerington , North Lancashire , brought forward a plo » for the better carrying out of thoobjeccs-of the committee , which plan was to tho followingeSect : s-That the comraitteeshotild appoint missionaries-to agitate the question of Roland a wrongs and rights ; thftt there should be two missionaries eoB » Kcdj one * native of this kingdom and the other a Bole , both to work together ; the Pole . to explain bia-country ' s w «* g « , «« « theJSnglMbmarttO enforce thejustice and-necessity on the partto tniB country of national iBtetverition in behalf wroinml ; that the agitation shoald be eotiHoettoti ^ a * Manchester , than propagated through Lnhoashiw , Tort * shire and the Northoff England gWmaliy , jrndb $
, , tiltimatel yv extended ! over the entire oottnttyj that the-noveltyof a Ptriidi exile addressing BhalisBf . men or » behalf ef his . country would insure . J & rfO audienceg rand such audiences . would willing !* »«*«' such pecuniary aid as would make the agitation setfsupportrag , BrobhenBeesley added to this- scheme the sugKetition , that some Polish friend should write a history ^ ofihis counter / , which the committee should publish , in numbers > at a low price . j . Passing . ' over the- last-named suggestiou foE ^ tjjo present , this committee unanimously acknowledge that , if practicable ,, the plan of agitation- suggested by Brother Beesley would be tbe best means that could be adoptedtoanlighten the publio mmd , and creata-a npublSo opinion sufficiently strong to compel the Government to > earry out the generous wishes of the British , people- regarding Poland * But three g * eat difficultiesstand in the way © £ oartrying out this scheme ..
1 st . —Tho want tf funds with whi « hito ewnmcnce , and aid the sustninment of the agitation .. 2 ndi ~ The difficulty of obtaining tito services of a native of this country , eligible in ewy respect for this important mission . 3 rd . —The sti * ¦ reater difficulty tf ' ebt & ining the services of a Pate as missionary . Whether the first difficulty can be overcome will be-soon , sees by the manner in which the f act that this committee is without funds , is responded to ; The- second difficulty appears , to be not insurmountable . Tho third difh ' culy arises from the fact
that but comparatively few of the Poles are well acquainted with the English language , and still fewer have the facility and are at liberty to address public meetings . Possibl ) , however , if there was a well-grounded hope that pecuniary means could ho supplied to support the agitation , the Poles would make an effort to find in their ranks some ene who would devote himself to this great labour . That no false hopes may be excited in the breasts el the Poles , this committee , before engaging further in the matter of the suggested agitation , resolve to put the following queries to the country members and friends of tho committee : —
1 st . —fo what extent can you guarantee pecuniary aid to this committee in carrying out a national agitation in behalf of Poland ? 2 nd .- —What are your views of tho probable success of the missionaries ( if sent out ) in attracting largely attended meetings ? > 3 rd—What are your expectations as to the agitation in each town or district being made sell-supporting ? 4 th . —If , in your opinion , the appointment of missionaries would bo unadvisable , what aid can you render to tbe committee in the way of holding public meetings , and procuring the adoption by the publio of petitions to Parliament in behalf of Poland ?
The above queries are hereby submitted to all country members and friends of the committee residing in Aberdeen , Dundee , Edinburgh , Glasgow , Greenock , Paisley , Dumfries , Carlisle , Newcastleupon-Tyne , Shields , Sunderland . Hull , Leeds , Bradford , lluddersfield , Halifax , Barnsley , Sheffield , Liverpool , Manchester , Preston , Bolton , Oldham , Ashton , Rochdale , Nottingham , Derby , Leicester , Northampton , Birmingham , Bath , Bristol , Brighton , Southampton , Isle of Wight , Norwich , Exeter , and all other places in England , Scotland and Ireland , where friends of the cause are to be found willing to
aid this committee . Answers to the above queries with as little delay m possible are solicited ; and , in conclusion , the members and friends of this committee are again reminded thit no funds exist with which to p -osecute the agitation , and , therefore , that early and efficient assistance is necessary to enable the committee to faithfully perform the mission for which it was constituted by the public—the advancement of the cause tf Poland ' s Regeneration . Eknkst Jones , President . G . Julian IIarnev , Secretary .
Cmtesjpoifflettte,
CMTesJpoifflettte ,
Capabilities Of The Land, To Tub Editor ...
CAPABILITIES OF THE LAND , TO TUB EDITOR OF TUX NOBTDEBN STAB , Sin , — -Beinga constant reiderof your paper , Io / ten see , under the head of " Capabilities of the Land . " an account of what enormous crops may be produced by proper attention to its . cultivation—but , as none of tnose accounts are anything in comparison to mo f ollowing , perhaps you may find a corner in your columns for its insertion : — ( From the Universal Magatine of July , 17 C 9 ) Mr Charles Miller , of the Uotanical Garden at 0 am * bridge , gardener , son of Mr Philip Miller , whose writings in botnnyand agriculture are well known , relates the following experiment on the cultivstion of wheat : —
On the 2 nd June , 1 TG 6 , hi sowed some grains of the common red wheat , and on the 8 th of August , which was as soon as the plants were strong enough to admit of a division—a single plant was taken up and was separated into 18 parts , each plant of which was set separately . These plants baring pushed out several side shoots by about the middle of September , some of them were taken up and divided , and the rest of them between that time and the middle of October . This second division produced 67 plants . Those plants remained through the winter , and another division of them was made between
tbe middle of March and the 12 th of April , which produced 500 plants . They were then divided no further , but permitted to remain . The plants were , in general , ttrongtr than any of the wheat in the fields , some ef them produced upwards of 100 ears from a single root , many of them measured 7 inches in length , and contained between 60 and 70 grains . The whole number of ears which , by the process before mentioned , were produced from one grain of wheat , was 21 , 109— -which yielded 3 pecks & J of clear corn , the weight of which was 471 b Toz ., and from a calculation made by counting the number of grains in one ounce , the whole number might be 670 , 840 .
By this account we find that there was only onegcmral division of plants made in the spring—had a second beea made , the numbar of plants Mr M , thinks would have amounted to , at least , 3 , 000 , instead of 500 , and the produce have been much enlarged—for he found by the experiment made io the preceding year , in which the plants were divided twice in the spring , that they were not weakened by the second division . He mentions this to show that the experiment was not pushed to the utmost . The ground in which this experiment was made is a light blackish soil , upon a gravelly bottom , and consequently , a bad soil for wheat . One-half tbe ground was very much dunged , tbe other half was not prepared with dung or any other manure—no difference was , however , discoverable in the growth or vigour of tho plants , nor was there any in their produce .
Having myself , Mr Editor , produced more than double the quantity of wheat per acre than my neigh * hours , by dibbling in about one-tenth the quantity of seed , I am able to attest that the land , with additional labour , may be made to provide sufficient for the wants of the whole of our population—and plenty to spare . T . Savaob . Bristol , March 26 , 1847-
Sir,—I Annex Part Of A Conversation Whic...
Sir , —I annex part of a conversation which took plate between two gardeners of my acquaintance in . , my hearing a few days ago , to the following ; effect : — The one gardener told the other that he had got t four acres of ground from a farmer in the neighbour- hood of Glasgow for one year , at £ 0 per acre , pro- - vided he put on 40 tons of manure—off which ground 1 he was io get two crops of cabbage or other vegeta- ibles—one crop early , the other late , or winter crop . ) . He proposed , as vegetables were scarce . and , of course , i , dear or high , to have cabbage for the former , and d greens for the latter . After thinking a little , I was » induced to make the following calculation , which I I beg to submit to your consideration for information n as to its accuracy and insertion , if approved of—EX ? £ ND 1 TUBI » • £ s s 40 tons manure ( including caitage ) , at Ts . 6 d . 15 0 0 Rent r a a Labour for two crops , say „* ... — , 5 « « Plants do . do . CO manure at 5 s . ... 15 o O Total espenditure per neve 4 L O O BECE 1 FTS . 30 manure each , cabbage and greens ( the present price fov oach by retail is 2 d ., or wholei sale Is . 2 d . per dozen ) , say 60 manur . at h eart *« » 5 Deduct expenditure ... 41 01 0 Nott gain for one acre , ... 81 01 0 De . for 4 acres 338 0 ( 6 0 William Heii > , ii > , Glasgow . Member of the Land Company > any
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), April 10, 1847, page 1, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_10041847/page/1/
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