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Apbil 10. 1841 THE NORTHERN STAR. ______...
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«\ "Anaiwillwar . atleagtinwords, (A (An...
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[ t •« I think I bear a little fcird, wh...
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D THE AMERICAN AGRARIAN REFORMERS. T Tbe...
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E ILSKEHT*. °*DIBS- 0tND8is . - tauvcrti...
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MOVEMENTS OF THE WEEK. Sotomayor and his...
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SPAIN. Change op Mishibt. — Queen Isabel...
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FOREIGN MISCfcLLANY. Fuescii Embassy—The...
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ROYAL PREROGATIVE AND REPEAL OF TUB UNIO...
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REPEAL OP THE UNION. TO THE EDITOR OP TH...
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SouinwooB Smith ash Bun-mam.—At the hous...
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THE WARRINGTON " CONSPIRACY/' NORTHERN C...
Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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Transcript
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
Additionally, when viewing full transcripts, extracted text may not be in the same order as the original document.
Apbil 10. 1841 The Northern Star. ______...
Apbil 10 . 1841 THE NORTHERN STAR . ______ - - " **** " "" m " " *'" ' '¦ ' ¦ » r ^ L 21 _ ILH ! JrLl' ^ : ^ ^ HZL' J """" " . ' . . , _' ~~ _ 2 'H * jj <• . ' _ - —— - ~ - ~— , ., ^^
Jttcifin Jrotemems.
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«\ "Anaiwillwar . Atleagtinwords, (A (An...
«\ "Anaiwillwar . atleagtinwords , ( A ( And—should ay chaace so happen—deeds , ) With all who war with Thought !"
[ T •« I Think I Bear A Little Fcird, Wh...
[ t •« I think I bear a little fcird , who sings ie Thep ^ iplebj-and-bywillbe the stronger . " — Bt » os .
D The American Agrarian Reformers. T Tbe...
D THE AMERICAN AGRARIAN REFORMERS . T Tbe following carious document i * from the pen of si Lecis MifQCKiUKP , an eminent member of the N . r oi tional Reiorm party . ( From Fbun < 7 ^ men ' ecs . ) Q THB THOROUGH PRINCIPLES OF POLITICAL SCIENCE , OR RIGHTS AND WROSGS , t SPECtriED , 1 SAKSED , CfciSSWUD , AND CO . NTRASTEO , B ! Showing the Cause of Good , of Evil , and its R-nieuy .
E Ilskeht*. °*Dibs- 0tnd8is . - Tauvcrti...
E ILSKEHT * . ° * DIBS- 0 tND 8 is . - tauvcrtigut j !< Equality ) fPersonality ^ Lie n Individuality > RIGHTS , J ( . Labour 8 JaalieoaMeniSrl J ( Property I Domain \ Products fuffictry t Infquality * j ( Slavery J Violence l < Combination > WRONGS ,. * \ , - >« vitude H t / OmOlUtlllOU > 11 i »\ J- ^\ J « J , l" '""""
^ i Alienation ) ( Monopoly I Im . dorldry | Prufimongury To ftClitafe tbe progress of knonk ^ e ia political ii science , it is here attempted to reduce it to a more eyM « . i BaVc form . Tie thorough principles and causes ot rights and wmugs , are jet but crmiely devel .-ped in the f works of a -dern onoidea reformers , and require a ; wore specific nommcJitur-, with an analysis , ciasuficat tion , and contrast , betore they can be oade to stana out i in a suSciently boM relitf to strike tbe wpprtheasUm of i ignorant anii Mj 9 » rtng Iiumanitj ! Owing to the part * or . tibewueor of Crwe . J COunected sciences otiiig scattered in voluminous work * , men get such a limited association of tdias that it cause them t-o seize upon one or p « t of a principle , te work it into a system , and pre : cri , « it as a panacea for every W oBg . and thus society is jet torn lyone ideirefonntrs , parties , and sectsl or sin
Although a party for each right and wron ^ gle principle i * ferpre < erabetonoce , ye . t , ti'tun we r » fleet , that , as tlie principles of e-ery right are the same , it niii take but tittle mure thought with a lew more nanus of rights , tnd the conjunction nnd to link them together , to agitate lor every rigbt , it is to he regretted thai there should be so muck wear and tear of biaia upon a one , instead of ihe five-idea reform of the National ll-forme , s 4 Then why should the rights ofrotftkind , su intinutely conceded in their 6 odies , t > e di ' scatstd in sach an isc / ated manner , aud have so many revelations exhausted apea thnai
-Sights are a ean ' * title to his personal properties and a -shire of the womb-like surrounding elements , ; laws are the uniform rules by which tliey are protected , ano liberty is the « iercisu aud enjoyment of every i \ f- ' M io proper person- ; while wrongs are a dcpiivalion-stf title , -anarch ; , a want of law , and oppression , the practical -destruction of liberty . ^ SIXXBSTS . A thorough , complete , ami jerftct right is composed of tbe tbiee » e 5 Ee . itisl and constituent elements or principles of Eounit / , Individual ; j , anil IualienaMeticss ; while a wrong is io : npouiu ! ed-of the three opposite j , tofirties ol Inequality , Combination , aud AlitnatonH
That tqcality is one of ifce necessary elements of rights , th = palpable fact , that tacli nun ' s nature » an : s and lowers of production are « o nearly tbe same , is conelusive evidence that his i-igLls are also equal , ani that tie oppus-te principle of inequality is to destructive to equal right * . The fact , too , that the God ot -Nature bas only apportioned a sufiiciency of natural products wnen improved l > y liealtliy lai-cur for on easy corcpetence , is also an additional proof that rights must bs equal , and that a iseuopoly by a icr tion « : mankind is the deuiiutien of the rest .
That Individuality is aksa necessary lngredunt of a perfect-right , tlie obvious fart of the identity or' each man ' s person , wants , and emotions , an-i of h .-s lei-s intimate connection witn ib-.-bodits of others Sfean with the surrounding elements , i « adequate proof that his r ' glits must be individual and cannot be mi » ed ,-com / . ijitd or agg ' uticated with th ,.-sj of others as in a a-mtnunity- of property . Au association , sf persons as individual * ovexeigntieE in the prop-jttiiMiate numbers lor the mutual supply of each other ' s "tats « itu tlte : r peculiar and sur . plus productions , is the true principle ; but a couibination of jjersuns , rights , and property in coa-mon , is but an element of evil ; while-a strictly isoIated-suAe if mine and this ? ten-is to pnsefrc efficiently the individuality ol rights !
That Inalitnableness k the other most indispensable ingredient of a complets right , the glaring fact el tie insepar . nl / ie connection of . the organs of zcan ' s body and their properties , such as life , motion , sviisatie-n , and thought with each other * and wiih the earth , air , and light of the external wcrii , is incemestible proof that h S rightiicast be inalienaWa , and that tbecp ; , oFite ev 1 principle of Alienation is fraught with so much oamua . tion of oae portion of tbe human race by the other . The seme reason that proves the InaiienabJsness of a right from its inseparable const ction with ti ; e means o ;
eristeaee , also proves the tivci-ssity ovits iiidiTidjaiity and > e | jaratiojj from that of others , aad aiwK- ^ iat of its equality . Every comLinsrisn of rights , titles , idbucrs , and tii _ < ijnieiit . s in community , instead < £ iutliviiual associations cf thetn , is destructive to the ii ; iturit oi a perfect right . Equaluess—Oneness—Ir . alienableneisare the tnuue dcific prinetples of man ' s redemption ! OiElES . Rights , first naturally class in-o the two orisrs of Personality and Frui-erty , and -Vs ' roogs into these of Slavery ant ! iloiio'wlv .
GEKTSSS . Han ' s . ajhts and wrongs to his peisonality « r properties of his body , divide according t-j its tripla division by tbe Bervenf , vayculsr and JHnscular system into tl . Ttc genuses , and these again subdivide into species . Mind , depending oa tbe nervous fystea ? , . ] eonst :-fotes the fjcndation and ( iisCiuctioa of the ( . qua ! , mdtridnal , andiaalieuableri ^ htcf s <> vtitigu ; j or wiX ! , nnd of its opposing wTi = ng oi offiasry ! Vitality , ttSPerature , and sustenance , the properties elab-jr * ted by tiie vascular oiga ^ s . become the warre of tbe equal , iodiiidua ! , and inalienable right o : life and of its opjiosAtt , viukvice . Mjtiua , the . property of the ; nia-calar and osseous Sjstem , is th-- b ^ sis of the equal , iuiiivi' ua ; , and ius . » enable right of labour or production , and ot its most pro-BJineiM wrong of servitude or nuii £ jrothn : t . un .
Thu ? , tUisuisue fjsum of tte tody , is not oniy tlie origin , bnt tht natnral deajarcaiiui ., not only for : ' . l > z cl-ssib' -arioa ufcr ^ ans anii aiseasis , but also of V . m rights and wrufcgs of man , to the properties of his personality . Han ' s » Lbts s & t wroTigs to projarty , riivi ? ed acctffiliag to the most obTiou */ ivi £ ioiKif thcixUrnal wurid iutu tbe soi ' , conslituttL'g the right of domau > , and mtc ij-s man-iuiprovcd productions fouciiing the right oi $ roducis . Land , in itsGoi-ctcatrd , wild and uncultivated s-tate , or with its man-made improvements , is the foun laiiim and-Jistinctiun of tte ^ qual , inchidaal , ia 2 i inalituaMe right of domain , an-1 of its proiiiiutn : wrongs of lun .-Jordry , tenure , and njOEopely .
Coajmodiiies , the detachable end moveable pronuctions . of the earth , Lupr . ivtd r-y the labour . a * man , arc the basis lor the iislinctifa of his iqaa ) , indiridual , aud inalienat-le right of produc . 's , aud the opposing wroiu of profitxoagery . L-. t application now be isade cf th £ fe principles to the reform of ihe present insiitc'ions of . 'Otiety . sovEHXiosir orrtcEur . Ai tqaaUiy is a constituent < jf sovereignty , sveri' nun ' s right to it ufcist be equal , au £ no one can acquits more than bis share of it , so as to become an officer , ( except iu the very s . ight form of arVurattrs , ci"iimittee , & c . J ar . jrcore than he can cl-iim more lsad than he can us : so as to become a landlord 2 ! All saoa and guiltless adults , vheierer resident , are eqnally quslitied tcr the exercise Of sovereignty ! Jiow at > eurd to prssriTae that the destitution of any right—that tiie want rather than the to \ ti-Unity of properly sbauid disqualify f r the eieicise of the erroneous principle of delegating sovtzvignty !
As Individuality is also an ingredient of sovereignty , it . Cannot fce tqnal uiiltfs it is alio itdiridual . it can only bepropcriy estrdstabie by each man is Ills own pr-. ptr person as an individual sc-ere- ' gn . ' A union of v . iild in the form of parties , tt-cts , raaj ritie * , or cliques , destroys more or less that of the bihi . ee of toricty a ? d even that of a portion of thcmstlre ; . Far the bocy cf inciri ( . ' uals of all associations only help the aspirants for office to alienate tbs-ir sovcreignths aa-i to tax the prcdu ^ -t of their labiinr . The only just principle is , for ev rr one : o ererrise his sovereignty iu his own individual cap-ai-ity , and th-.-n where there will be no salaried or grA ' . w . twss offices , there will be no tyrannical party or class legisl v tion granting itself esclaiive privileges . When a liw shall be needed , which will be very seldom when teen are in possesion of their rights , it will be such a one as will be , with rare ezc « pti < . ns , unawunouslj enacted . In this way all would be self-govtiued ia thesirirtcst sense of the ter .-n , and the disticcrion of society into governors and governed would le aanibilitcd !
Bat the right to sovereignty is not only equal and individual , but also inaliensbk- ! For it is as . mpussiilc for officers to reprtssnt or exercise sovereignty , or the wills , wants , and interests of their constitn ? nt « , as it is f jrlanj . lords to hold more thnn their soar * of tbe domain for the benefit of landless tenants ! The inseparable conntctioj of each man ' s will , wants , aud sensations with each . othcr aad the surrounding eltmsnts , proves that sovereignty cannot bs alienated or delegated ; but lhat it must bu exercised by each m ^ n in his own propir person , and not by agent or repvessntatite . Universal suffrage , then , is only the universal alienation of sovereignty as much as universal tenure be that of the domain . The
commonplaee and demagogue doctrine , therefore , that sovereignty sever departs from the people by what is called a delegafen of it , defrauds the anderstandiug by its spet-iousneas ; and is equall y absurd as to suppose tha : life is iiot . ilimated by homicide , labour by servitude , or the domain by tenure . The sovereignty of tbe people is as much alienated by a representative government as by an usurped or baieditary one . The only difference i * , that in the former , it is alienated and realienated at certain periods , nnd in the latter , in perpetuity . The deeply-rooted evil of all the present gournmenM , is not wholly in tbe want of nnivmal suffrage , that all officers should be elected , or in tbe Bxrcecsry itf kirir for office Icttead of principle ;
E Ilskeht*. °*Dibs- 0tnd8is . - Tauvcrti...
but it is in the existence of such a thing as office or efflcery itself , the gnat pposing evil of sovereignty ; which should be exercised as an equal , individual , and inalienable rhrht . by t vsry man in his own proper person . This can be most practicalls dona by the whole nation organizing into townships in the proper proportions to produce , diginbnte . and consume the necessaries of life , and to meet in a central village Hall , where al ! can discuss and vote their w lis . the majority of which , when collected over the state , will become the law ; so that there may be no delegation of sorerei . nty , but in the slight form of a committee of a few philanthropic citizens , who can meet at the capital to perform the f w idle ceremonies of state . ITobe concluded in our n « lt . )
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Movements Of The Week. Sotomayor And His...
MOVEMENTS OF THE WEEK . Sotomayor and his gang of Afrancesados have at last been favoured with " the dirty kick-out . " These high-minded Spanish dons exhibited far less " good breeding" than the dog , who , seeing preparations made f . > r throwing him out of the window , put his tail between his legs and quietly walked
down stairs . The Afrancesado curs had fo be kicked out . Isabella wanted to get rid of lliem long since , but budge they would not . At last one of ( he gang gave way , and consented fo countersign the decree for the dismissal of his colleagues . This sufficed j the crew were sent packing , amidst fhe jeers and execration- of their countrymen , and the expressed contempt of honest people everywhere .
Whether the new Minislers will be found much belief than their predecessors , is very questionable . Pacheco and his colleagues belong to the Moderado party . Pacheco himself has -been nicknamed a Pnrilau ; having been thought more nice than wise , in occasionally ohjroting to the sanguinary atrocities of Narvaez , and some of the most glaringly-infamous
acts of Louis-Philippe ' s tools . But his associatesin the n * w Minisfry are precisely . someof them at least , the very men who were associated with Narvaez in the time of that ruffian ' s most sanguinary rule . Benarides ( Minister of the Interior ) was Political Chief of Madrid under Ts'arvaet , and remorselessly executed the bloodiest decrees of that butcher . Mazarredfl was War Minister of tue Gonzalez Bravo
Cabinet , and the horrible executions , without any form of trial , ordered by him daring the invan-ections of Alicante a-d Carrtregena , comiuTOd his name to universal execration . Salamanca , the new Minister of Finance , is principally known as a leviathan ? fock-jobber and -money-juggler ; "if not a citizea of tbe work *! , he is a-citizen of every 6 ourse in tbe world ! " The difference between the mass of fee Moderado -party , and Pacheco with his two or three adherents , amounts to this—that the old Moderado ruffians "would rule by force and terror , whilst the Purffan genfrydesire to attain the same end by fraud , and the profession of sham-liberalism . The present Cabinet combines both .
Nevertheless , the recent change may lead to other and better chenges . The Pacheco Cabinet is not likely to last long . In dllikelihoofi the Progresshtas will ere long return to power . The pardon of Olozagamay be considered as an indication of future events . Indeed , according to 'The Times , it is already intended to attempt the reconciliation of " all parties . "" The London embassy , according to the same authority , will be offered to General Espartero , and the Paris mission to'Gcneral Narvaez . Such a combination , -we think very improbable-. ; eh hough / the return of Espartero day not be far 'distant .
The Portuguese inscrgents have made a move--ment , the results of vvhich have -yet to be seen . 'Nearly 'fifteen hundred tronps , under the command of Sa da Bandeira , 'have left'Oporto , breaking -through the blockade , and gone south , whether for the Alg ^ rves or Lisbon was not clearly known ¦ when the packet left . It is just possible that while Saldadha is watching 'Oporto tlie insurgofit troops
may capture Lisbon ! That rtafwoaldnot be a very difficc ' t undertaking ersry one will admit , always provided the Portuguese could he got to act with that decision which seems to be so : utterly foreign to their nature . Wc should add , that it is also just possible that now Oporto has been , to a considerable extent , dercaded of troops , Saldanha may make e dash thereat ? buf of thctwo " possibilities" this is the least probable .
'Certainly things altogether look—lhat for foreign intervention—favourable for the Junta . Saldanha , instead of-marching to the assault-rot Oporto , has been writing begging letters , containiig a considerable amount of insolence , to the Queen , demanding more moneyand men . and intimating ( that unless he gets both he shall cut connexion with her Majesty and take himself off to another country . The Queen has been trying ti raise a'loan * but not a dollar can she get . Under these circumstances , when , in all probability , the natural course of events would send iJoana Maria in the course of a few weeks hence to this refuge fer destitute rovaltv ,
England , —at tins moment the British government is about to interfere to prevent ihe triumph of the people , and proptnp tiie throne * f the -Queen with British bayoneis' ! Yes , on Saturday last orders were received atPortsmaithfoi the Sidea steam-frigate to prepare instantly for a flip to Lfebon with a reinforcement of 220 marines . There ean be no doubt !< that Lord Palmerston intends to make British soldiers the hateful instruments of maintaining Donna Maria on her ihrenq , in spite of the Portuguese people . While our Government thus acts , always j fighting for mouarehs and against the people , is ' there any wonder that England is hated by the ! peoE ' e of every other land ?
Keaieniber , that tlie presant ( British ) government bas refused to move a finger for Poland ! Everywhere for tyrants , everywhere age & nxt the oppressed , is the maxim of those who usurp the sovereignly of this nation \ British istcrvention , if successful in putting down tbe present revolt , cannot prevent future revolts .
The struggle is not so much between the Septenibrislas and the Queen , as between tbe people who are weary of lieiiig taxed and plundered , and tbe tax-eaters , with the Queen at their head , who live iijaon public plunder . " Constitutionalism , " " . Liberalism , " and all the rest of the humbugisms , \\ 2 rvc fallen into disrepute in the Peninsula , because the people have found that the ? have been heavier texed and
more cruelly plundercu by " Liberalism , " lhan they ever were by Despotism . Hence the popularity of Dom Miguel amongst the Portuguese peasantry . The ' Septembrittas" are popular with the people of the towns , because they use the language of the partisans of Miguel , as regards taxation , associating therewith democratical sentiments . Bnt if the Seplembristas were ia power to-morrow , unless that day , or the next , they reduced taxation to ihe level demanded by tbe people , they would et once become as unpopular as their predecessors . The Oporto correspondent of
the Times shares these views , and puts the whole question into a nutshell when be says , " 1 believe that all government is impossible iu Portugal , which does not address itself to the heart , and leave untouched the pockets of the peasantry . " What wickedness , then , for our government to bring odium upon the English name , by interfering with arms to prevent tbe Portuguese people doing themselves justice ' . We trust the attempt will meet with
discomfiture . If Biitish red-coats are landed at Lisbon to fight against the people , we trust they will be driven into the Tagus . If the Portuguese Queen sanctions this intervention , and should , after all , fall into the hands of the people , wc hope the people will do themselves justice . We suppose the laws against treason in Portugal are not milder than elsewhere , and a monarch who makes war upon the people , and calls in the assistance of foreign arms , is a traitor doub > >
Movements Of The Week. Sotomayor And His...
The news from Italy this week is of a more cheering character than last week . The journals have resumed free publication , in spite of the Austrian . A change of ministry would appear to he impending in Greece . The Time * of Wednesday says , " Before this , Coletti will have ceased to be a minister . "
Spain. Change Op Mishibt. — Queen Isabel...
SPAIN . Change op Mishibt . — Queen Isabella h . ia at Ien ; th dismissed the Sotomayor cabinet . In the course of the day , on the 27 th , tbe Ministers of the Interior and of Finance had transacted business as usual with the Queen . At a late honr of the evening , M . Roca de Togores , Minister of Public Instruction nnd Commerce , attended her Majesty at the palace on public business . The Qoeen expressed to this minister her wish that the cabinet should resign . The minister fep'ied that personally he was ready to do so , but that he did not believe his colleagues would consent to retire . Her Majesty then proposed to M Roca de Togores to countersign two ordonnances , the one dismissing the Duke of Sotomayor , President of the Counciland the other nominating Al . Pacheoo to
, that office . 1 hf se two ordonnances accordingly appeared next morning in the Gazette . The list of the new ministers is as follows : — Pacheco , President , and State ; Benavides , Intcio' - ; Salamanca , Finance : Mazarredo , War ; PastorDi »* , Commerce ; Sotelo , Marine ; and Bahamw . de Graceand Justice . On the 29 th the new minist rs gave , in the Congress , through the President of the Council , the usual explanations respecting the ci island their nomination to office . Gonzalez Moron , and some others who are known as the most zealous members of the Mqn-Pidal fraction , moved that a st ;< foment ef tho ncciunts between the late government and Senor Salamanca should be presented to < h house , and every explanation given tending to elucidate them .
After a rather exciting scone , the proposition of Moron was rejected by a majority of 153 to 59 votes . This result is important , as it shows the probability of the present Ministers having a large majority . General Cordova has been definitively appointed Capfc .-Sreneral of Madrid , Gener . il Oribo , Inspector of Carahiniers , and General Manuel Concha , Iuspco or of Infantry . General Serrano emerged from bis concealment on the 28 th ult ., and presented himself to the reporter of the commission charged with th * inquiry regarding his conduct . This affair will of course be dropped .
Olozaga ha * been nardoned . His brother addressed a petition to the Queen praying her to allow M . Oioztga to return to his country . Her Majesty , with her own hand , wrote upon the rsargin of tbe memorial the words , " Concedido comempide ? ' ( the request is granted ) . Tiie petition was then presented to the president of the council , who laid it before his colleagues . The ministry , before acting upon the order , waited or her Majesty , to ascertain from her mouth whether this favour was her spontaneous act . Tlie Queen , it is said , replied in these words ; " Yea , I do this spontaneously , wishing that we should enter upona . 'Eeweraof conciliation and amnesty ; and , desiring to i ; ive the first example I have taken the initiative of pardon and oblivion . " The new Home Minister , Senor Benavides , has published a royal order , reducing the heavy internal postace on newspapers to one-half . It was previously 100 reals the anoba , i . e . four reals , or lOd ., eicbsnound wei g ht ; and operated most materially to prevent the circulation of newspapers in the
provinces
PORTUGAL . The Civii , Wac—News from Li-sbon « f the 31 st of March state that the Queen ' s government had failed to raise a loan either at home or abroad , and was consequently nnable to prosecute the war with eny effect . . Disaffection was becoming very general amongst the Queen ' s cidevant supporters . Sa da Bandeira had sailed-out of Oporto with a force of near 2 , 000 men , in two steamers , breaking tho Government blockade with ea * e , and itwasapprebendeil tt Lisbon that he would attempt to seize the capital ' by a coup de main . News has baen received from Oporto to the 80 th ult . Things remain in statu quo . Saldanha had not left his old quarters . The Mindella , Porto , and Vesuvio steamers had sailed with an expedition , consisting of 1 , 250 men . This is the force which had cxeitod-so much
apprehension at Lisbon . It was rum'tired at Lisbon , just previous to the sailing of the packet , that the > Oporto troops had landed at Peniohe , an important fort on the sea , and after a smart action with the Queen ' s forees , in which the cammander of the latter was killed , have taken that place . In the Alemte ^ o a guerilla chief , named Galamba , had taken a hundred and odd men , and killed nine or ten cf the government forces . A smart affair has been accomplished by the dunta troops , who are besieging the ¦ castle of Viana . Hearing that one of the Queen ' s regiments was advancing Jrora Videttz * to raise the siege , the 7 th Cacadores marched against it , and defeated it with considerable loss . This success is the more grateful to the Junta , as the < Queen ' s troops were landed" at -Vigo , and allowed to march across the Spanish territory .
GERMANY . Rior * at BncitAP . —On the 2 ? nd ult . the work-Men collected in a-disorderly manner and proceeded to very deplorable excesses . The mob assembled before a house which was baiMing , destroyed that part whicii was finished , nnd drove away the foreign workmen ; the rioters then proceeded to the Town Hall and impetuously demanded work . A large military force was called out . At seven in the evening the rioters collected near St Magdalen ' s churchward , troni whicii acontpany of infantry drove them . At half-past eigfet they proceeded to the
marketplace , where they evidently deliberated , and then cried "March . " They then repaired to the theatre ^ - Government-house , where they destroyed nearly the whole of the windows . Detachments of cavalry and infantry patrolled the streets . Some of the siotera were arrested , their companions endow nr d to rescue them , an affray ensued , and blood wus shed ; still tranquillity w . is not as yet restored , though the rioters were often disp - rsed by the military , they assembled strain and broke Jmndrtdso ; windows , till about eleven o ' clock , when tranquiilitv wis restored .
a PALY . iRome . —Another of those popular manifestations ef which Rome has so often been the scene since th ; advent of Pius JX ., took place in the holy city on the , 25 th ult . That day being the festival of the Annunciation , the holy father was to holda"CapelIa Papale " at the Minerva * whither he was expected to proceed in grand state . The retrograde party , incited by Austrian agents , put in circulation a report thai hostile proceedings were contemplated on the part of the populace , in consequence of the recent establishineni ^ f the censorship , ft was communicated to his
holiness that he would be stopped on his route , that his horses would be unharnessed , and that he would be compelled to proceed by such a route as the people should dictate . Iu spite of these reports the i ope proceeded to church amidst the acclamations of the populace . On his return , the acclamations of the populace were still more enthusiastic . On arrivingat the /^ uirinal Palace , his holiness immediately presented himself on the balcony to thank his affectionate people , when instantly * , by a spontaneous movement , the multitude dropped on theirknecsand received , uncovered , the papal benediction , after which thoy separated quietlv .
Tmtmi ' hofihr Press . —Rome , March 28—The struggle between the Roman newspapers and Austrian interference , of which we had reached the crisis when I wrote last , has just terminated in the total discomfiture of Metternich and the triumph of the Press . Tiie " edict , " forced on the pusillanimous Gipi , has , thanks to the f irm attitude of our local editor .-, become a desd letter ; and yesterday all our jcurnals came out fresh and vigorous ns ever , without the ghost of a " gorernraent stamp , " and evincing no trace of meddling censorship . UNITED STATES AND MEXICO .
The New Yoik packet-ship Waterloo arrived at Liverpool on Tuesday evening , bringing New York papers to the 15 th inolusirc " . Previous to the sailing of the Waterloo it was reported that a great battle had bren fonglit between the Mi xican and United States ' armies , but just before the Waterloo left the bay of Njw York it was contradicted . Col . Benton , who had been appointed a M . ijor-General by the Senate , had d . clined to accept the appointment , unless he was clothed with supreme authority over the army in Mexico , and tho power of signing preliminaries of peace . Mr Polk having " searched the records , " informed him that he was unable to grant audi powers . aud the Colonel declined the commission ofMjjor-General .
Foreign Miscfcllany. Fuescii Embassy—The...
FOREIGN MISCfcLLANY . Fuescii Embassy—The Paris journals ef Friday and Saturday announce the retirement of Count St . Aulaire from the Embassy in London . The Ki . vo of Saudis : a is alarmingly ill . Dasish Constitution . —The Faedrelandet states that the four provincial diets wi ! l bo specially convoked for three days , to take into consideration a new organization of the states . The four diets are to name 23 delegates , who are to assemble at Copenhagen to discuss the new project for a constitution , aud seek the means of conciliating the interest of tbe duchies and those of the kingdom .
Fire is Gekmasy . —A fire recently broke out at Wernigcrode , in a baker ' s shop , where trial'was being made of a new oven . The progress of the flames was so great that in two hours upwards of 244 houses were burnt down . It is feared that several men who are missing , seven childien , and a servant girl , have perished . St . Michael ' s Offehed to Ekclaxd . —The revolutionary Junta of St . Michael ' s in the Azores , has offered to annex the island to the British dominions —an effer which Lord Palmerston repelled . Lwnr . MORE Light !—A decree has been published for lighting Lisbon with gas . No one can object to increased enlightenment in Lisbon , but the time seems oddly chosen , the whole country being in 8
Royal Prerogative And Repeal Of Tub Unio...
ROYAL PREROGATIVE AND REPEAL OF TUB UNION . T ? 11 T < LIU * IUKH RBSfW * ' 0 IK BN 0 UHD . fellow Countrymen , —The following letter was published in the fVe « man ' s Journal « f Saturday , the oYd instant . It was written in the intention , and in tho hope of persuMKrws mv deluded , ctmfidine , and betrayed countrymen to think like men endowed with reason before they would affirm any propositi-n , no matter by whom brourht forward , or bvwhnteloquence and sophistry sustained . In order that you may understand the question clearly , that yon may comprehend the full meaning of my objections to the oopulpr folly , as well as mv motive for writing this letter , n is necessary that I should
state—, First , I hat a meeting of the citizens of Dublin was recently held in the Music Hall , a spacious building , for the purpose of taking into consideration the distressrd condition of the shopkeepers , traders , and artizins ofthiscitv . Secondly , That " the Right Honourable the Lord Mavor presided over this meeting , ^ " ¦ "'J ? . That a gentleman of the name of T . D . McGec brought forward a petition praying our Sovereign Lad y the Queen to summon her Irish Parto
liament meet m Dublin ; that this petition was adopted by the meeting , with but verv few dissentients ; that I was sorry to see my fellow-citizens iifhrming any proposition without due consideration , or that anv personorpcrsons , no matter bow eloquent , how ore . flowing with literary lore , could persuade them to give their sanction to so ridiculous and so absurd a proposition as the following : — " That our Sovereign Lady the Queen has the power of Repealins ; the Act of Union , by the mere exercise of the Royal Prerogative . "
Fourthly , That I was beginning to entertain the hopef , before this recentoccurrence . befnre the adoption of this silly petition ) , that my unsuspecting countrymen had been sufficiently duped and cheated for tho last forty-seven years by a knave who , under a false pretence , deserted them in the honrof their calamity , without permitting themselves to be blindly led into a fresh system of delusion , by men who are either politically ignorant or thoroughly dishonest—men who , from their first appearance before the public , which is not very long since , up to the present time , have never propounded even one honest political principle ; and who , while they profess to lead the people to freedom , are the strenuous opponents of the rights of the people . I am , Fellow-countrymen , Faithfully yours , Dublin , April 4 , 1817 . Patrick O'flwoiss .
Repeal Op The Union. To The Editor Op Th...
REPEAL OP THE UNION . TO THE EDITOR OP THE FREEMAN , Sir , —It is n » wonder that the poor people In every part of Ireland have been led to b ' .-lieve that tbe Sovereign ( King or Queen as the case may be ) , has thepowcr to Rep .-Hl the Act of Union , when wt see such educated and enlightened men as Mr Kerin ? fulling into anil advocating such an fjrregious political error . It is true that the Dublin Corporation , and the other corporations throughout Ireland , affirmed this unconstitutional pro . position . The Sovereign has not the power to summon an Irish parliament in Collegcgrcen or anywhere elss , but the Sovereign has the power to summon tlie imperial parliament to assemble anywhere—in Ennis , if she choose . But that is a very different thing from summoning a parliament abrogated by law ,
There is no annlogy between the two cases mentioned by MrKerin ( those of Charles UaudJauxctU . ) iTOiUhe Repeal of tho Union . There was no Uni-m statute In the reign of Charles the First . There was no Act of Union in the reign of James the Second . Neither of these monarclis was bound by any statute law on ths subject . An act of parliament , no mattsr how unrighteously brought about , can only be repealed by the same power that made it . Although the Act of Union was accomplished by tho most infamous mcann , and under false pretences and hollow promts- * , yet it is an act of parliament , and miistb « j vepealtd , ( and I hope it soon skall . ) like any other act of parliament , by the same power that made it—King , Lords , and CommoRs , No one will deny that summoning the Irish parliament t © meet in Ireland would be Repealing the Act of Union , to all intents and purposes .
Now the question is , has the Sovereign power , either by prerogative er otherwise , to repeal an Act of Parlia . ment ! If this fee the case , then it follows that Wo live under a despotism , and that the two houses of parliament are useless—a mere mockery , ff the Sovereign have the power to ltepeal the Act of Union , the Sovereign must hava the power to repeal any other act of parliamentthe Catholic emancipation act , for instance . If the Act of Union be a naility . as has boon said , all the acts affecting Ireland passed by tlie imperial parliament must also be null , and therefore should not be obeyed or submitted to .
Some grt'nt jurists have stated that the power to annihilate itself was not delegated to the Irish parliament , and that thi-refore any act exceeding the power for whicii it was delegated was null and void . Those who made this rhetorical flourish knew right well , that about -i dozen of citizens of London , delegated corporators , anni-Uilated the law—violated the principles of tha constitution—chaoRcd the dyn-isty by deposing James II . and c- 'illirigin William the Dutchman . Surely this was an unconstitutional preset-dins , which those who advocated the Repeal of the Union by a short cut should cry out ax & iint . In this case an attempt was made to set the law Aside by exercising the Royal prerogative . Now , do the Royal prerogative , vupealers wish lo sec their beloved Sovereign ina similar predicament to that of James II . f I bop . ' , not .
The old corporation of the City of Dublin was elected for the purpose of protecting the rights of the citizensthat old corporation betrayed its trust— .-old , ny and tbat too illegally sold—tbe estates of the city , pocketed the money , and increased tho municipal tsxee to make up for the deficiency in tbe city revenue . Now , as the old corporation had no such power delegated to them , why do the present Rapcal , patriotic , and liberal cerporation , not take back the estates , and relit ve the impoverished eitizi-ns from the load of munic ' . pal taxes whicii oppress them » Simply because an act of parlia . men * confirmed the frau ' . I hope , S-Mr , that the days of delusion and tyranny are drawing to a close , and that men will be permitted to mate usa of the reason with which Divine Providence has endowed them without the risk of being hunted down us enemies to their country , by drunken buffoons , slaves , and place-hunting > ycophant 3 , with which this country has been cursed for the last 10 or 15 rears .
Thiireis not a msnin Ireland more anxiously desirous to see the act of union repealed than I em . But it has lonif been my opinion that the means eraployed to effect time object were not adequate to the end . When Mr Grey P . irter brought forward a prarticib . ' e project for the Repeal of the Uoion he was 1 ooted down , turned on by men who , I hare no doubt , meant well , but who were under a specit s of delusion , from which some of them have not yet recovered . Mr Porter's proposition was to apply all the energies of the country to the simple repeal of the act of Union . This proposition was scouted by the Repealers of the Union . This act of Union must be repealed before the prerogative of summoning the Irish parliament iu Dublin reverts to the Crown . Yet this sensible and really constut' . onal proposition had not a seconder in the great Repeal Association : and why ?—because the psoplo were kept in a state of mental intoxication .
The Crown sanctioned the act of Union , otherwise it could not become law . Summoning an tosh parliament in College-green would amount to a case of inextricable confusion . It would bo the " crown wvsits thecroivu and the houses of parliament . ' P ^ rhasn , Sir you are not awarethattheCO . VSENT OF THB GREAT MAJORITY OF THE CATHOLIC III . ElURCHY AND CLERGY WAS GIVEN IN WRITING , IN FAVOUR OP TIIE UNION . Lurd Castlxreagh obtained this consent under the preteoce that Catholic emancipation would follow imtned ately alter the Union . It is not too late to adopt Mr Grey Porter ' s proposi
tion , — "Toapply ourselves and oil our energies to the Repeal of tlie act of Union , and then let us sec whether the Sovereign will exercise the prerogative of the crown , by summoaing an Irish parliament in Dublin , or recommend the imperial parliament to pass a more equitable act of union than the present . " In the first place , let 'lie Act of Union be repealed , and let Irish patriots cease holding up their confiding countrymen , ns obj " cta of pity and contempt in the estimation of every sensible politician in Europe , by the ridisulous absurdities which they induce them to affirm . Dublin , 27 th March , 1847 . Patrick O'Higgins .
Souinwoob Smith Ash Bun-Mam.—At The Hous...
SouinwooB Smith ash Bun-mam . —At the house of William and Mary Howitt 1 became acquainted with Dr Southwood Smith , the well-known philanthropist . He is at present engaged in the construction of pood tenements calculated to improve tlie condition of the working people . His plans look promiBin ? , and , should they succeed , you sha 1 have a detailed account of lliem . On visiting him , wo caw an object which I had often hoard celebrated and had thought would be revolting , but found on the contrary an agreeable sight ; this is the skeleton of Jeremy Benthara . It was at Bentham ' s request that the skeleton , dressed in the same dress he habitually W ( re . stuffed out to an exact resemblance of life , and with a portrait marked in wax , the best I ever saw , sits there as assistant to Dr Smith in the entertainment of his guests and companion of his studies . The figure leans a little forward , resting the hands on a stout stick , which Bentham always
carried , and had named " Dapple ; " the attitude is quite easy , the expression of the whole mild , winning , yet highly individual . It is a plcasinir mark of lhat unity ' of aim and tendency to be expected throughout the life of such a mind , that Bentham , while quite a young roan , had made a will , in which , to oppose in the most convincing manner tho prejudice against dissection of the human subject , he had given his body after death to be used in service of the cause of science "I have not yet boon able , " said the will , " to do much service to my fellow-men by my life , bnt , perhaps , I may in this manner by my death . " Many years after , reading a pamphlet by Dr Smith on the same subject , ho was much pleased with it , became his friend , and bequeathed his body to his care and use , with directions that the skeleton should finally be disposed of in the way I hare described . ^ Correspondent of tbe New York Tribune .
The Warrington " Conspiracy/' Northern C...
THE WARRINGTON " CONSPIRACY /' NORTHERN CIRCUIT -Livebpooi ., Aran . 1 . ( Before Mr Bnron Rolfe , and a Special 3 <* ry . ) TBS < H 7 £ EN V . 8 BWBV AtfD OTHIBS . ThU wa » an indictment against 26 person s , viz . : — Henry Selsby , WiHUm Re . vd , John Bousfleld , Alfred Cheeseborough , Francis Dawson , John Durabell , Gilbert Gray , Peter Grundy , Samuel Mills , Wm , Murgtttrojd , Joseph Piatt , Janu s Quarry , Nathan Ramaden , Joseph Smith , Robert Westwuter , Thomas Wilton , T . Wright , Joieph Blem :. ir » , Joseph Brennan , John Firth , George Leach , John Roberts , George SeboUs , John Thomsfon , Rowland Wilkinson , and Elijah Bowman ; tho first named being the BrcrUiry , and all foe othfrs , except R . ad , being shown t « be members of "the Journeymen Steam-engine , Machine-makcr , and Mill . wrk'lits ' Friendly Society . "
The indictment , which consisted of 20 . counts , was said to be about 36 yaids in length in the parchm-nt record , and contained between 600 and 700 folio ? . It had been printed for convenient re . ercncc , and in that shape filled 83 folio pajjes of type , Ithad been found at tho last winter assizes , and was then removed into the Court of Queen ' s Bench , and now sent down to bo tried , according to the usual practice , at nisi prlus in the county . By this Indictment the defendants were charged with having , on the 1 st of July , 1816 , and on divers other days and times , unlawfully and maliciously conspired and combined togetbu-, by divers unlawful means and practices ,
to impoverish oue John Jones , and one Arthur Fotts , in their trade and business of iron founders and engineers , who at the time of tho oflvnee committed , carried on their trade at the Viaduct Foundry , in th » township of Newton . in-Mackdvfi , W , intWsconnty , It also charged the object of the defendants to be the reducing of the said Messrs Jones and Potts to beggary and want , and the preventing and hindering them from exercising and carrying on their trade and business , & c . And in tome of the counts the same conspiracy was laid as with the view of injuring the workmen of the said Jones and Potts , by preventin g them from being employed by those masters , or by other masters .
Mr Sergeant Wilkins , Mr Monk , and Mr J , Pollock , app » a « d for tbe prosecution . Mr Rnowles and Mr James defended Selsby , Cheeseborough , B > usik'ld , Quarry , Dumbell , Leach , Dawson , Gray , and Firth . Mr Baines , Q . % and MrFrydefendeil Bowman , Mills , Murgatroyd , Piatt , Ramaden , Roberts , Scholes , and Wilson . Mr Watson . Q . C ., and Mr Dentnan defended Read , Grundy , Wright , wVstivater , Smith , Blamire , Brennan , Thomason , and Wilkinson . When the case was called on , Mr Sergeant Wilkins required that the defendants might appear . Mr Knowles said It was not necessary tbat they sliould appear at the trial . Mr Sergeant Wilkins referred to the case of the Queen v . O'Connell , where Mr Steele was called upon and compolled to attend .
His lordship , who tried tho esse of the Queen v . Feargus O'Connor and others , at Lancaster , referred to that case , and said the defendants tbere , although Mr O'Connor and many of the others attended , were not called upon to anaw < tr to their names . Mr Baines reminded the court that in the latter case only some of the defendants appeared . Mr Senr . ant Wilkins said all the defendants here had not pleaded . The Judge replied that he had no jarlsdictlon except ver those who had p leaded . But he understood that thev bad all pleaded , He had no authority to compel attendance .
Mr Sergeant Wi kins , in opening the case , said , that whatever mightbe the opinioas of those who bad counselled tbe defendants , their offence was calculated to injure society , and the jury were fcound to find a verdict . The prosecutors were the proprietors of tbe Newton foundry , and all the defendants , except Selsby , had been in their employment . A disagreement arose , and thiy attempted to dictate to the prosecutors as to how tin y shouldconduct their business . They came to the mastirs and almost insisted that apprentices over a certain age should not be engaged , and that no men should be em . ployed who did not belong to a certain trade ' s union , called the Journeymen Millwrights' Benefit Society—a society that had the enormous fund of £ 18 , 000 at it- command . The masters would not submit to this dictation ,
and then fifteen of the defendants left , and those who remained became so turbulent that they were obliged ti > be discharged . Tlim the discharged workmen formed themselves into bands to prevent workmen from a distance entering the employment . Various mischievous handbills were circulated , of which Selsby would be proved to be the author ; the learned sergeant having read one of these placards , which was an appeal for assistance for the men out on strike atNewton , and others who were out on another similar strike at Belfast about the same time . With reference to the Newton strike , the parties stated that "thcprosecutorsshouldnothavoit all tlieir own way , for tbat a steady picki-t had been placed upon the shop . " Then there was the usual appeal ab"Ut '' the shrine of avarice "— " tho rights of liberty "— " their
peri . ' oussitoation' '— "thtir meroiless oppressors" —and so forth . This was siirucd "Jlenry Selsby , " and a subscription of a shilling a head was directed to be forwarded to Henry Selsby , Dale-street , Manchester . Upon tiie 10 th of November a workman of the namoofShntnell approached the works , looking for a job , and two of the defendants cam to him , and intimidated bim from proceeding . They said he wuuld hi called '' a ktiobetick " if he went , and they called thefoundry a "b- —y hole , " and promised to « ive him a shilling to ge > on the road . He went , however , to tiie foundry , uiid obtained employment . A man of the name of Taylor , who was also hiokinjrfora job , was similarly accosted by the picktt ; and he was told that if he went to the foundry he would bo unable to work there or anywhere else in a month . Then
twenty-three of tho defendants were apprehended . Upon Cheeseborough was found a letter ftom Selsby , inclosing an order for £ 10 for the support of the men out of the shop of the prosecutors . It was then deemed adnViiblc to arrest Selsby . Jones , a constable of Warrington , apprehended him ; hut Selsby mistaking Jones the constable for Jones prosecutor , he became very comrovmu'iu ' we , avowed himself the author of the placards and tlie writer of tbe letter to Cheeseborough . Tlitn , in Bowman ' s box , a great number of letters from Selsby were found . A paper was found giving an account of tbe money due to the men who were on tho , picket ; and an important
letter discovered , written from Newton , giving an account of tbe strike , which then had lasted two monihs . and with a boast it was stated that only three mean fellows had entered the foundry since the turn-out took place , it ivas further announced that tha prosecutors had received extensive orders , nod were advertising for workmen , butihey would bo unablo to fulfil the orders , unlets they came to terir . s with the turn-outs . He concluded by animadverting upon tho strange circumstance that men who were always crying out for liberty should be the first to act with lieeiitiousncsss , and to prove by their conduct that tbey were unfit to exercise those privihgos which even they already possessed .
James Jones , deputy constable at Warrington , stated that , after apprehending several of the other defendants , he had gone to SelOj ' a , at 61 , Dale-street , in Manchester . He found a letter from the secretory ( Selsby ) upon Cheeseborough . Wlwu avvestins the latter , Selsby appeared to mistake him for Mr Jones , the prosecutor , and admitted tbat ho was the acting secretary r . f the millwrights' executive , tl-e author of the placard , and the writer of the letter to Cheeseborough , enclosing ten pounds for the turn-outs . At tho house of Quarry , the defendant , a number of books and pnptrs and o balancesheet wore found . Papers were also found in Bowman ' s box . Witness had seen scver . il pickets prior to tho apprehension of the defendants . They walked backward ? and forwards on tbe roads in the neighbourhood of the foundry of J . mes and Potts . They walked in twos and threes , sometimes in sixes and sevens , nines and tens , and they spoke ro persons going along the roads . Quarry and Bowman dwelt togethtr in the same house , at Newton ,
Cross-examined by Mr Knowles : The pickets nero very peaceable . He had never seen tliera otherwise than well-conoucteu . Selsby said , when arrested ., lhat if they had done anything wrong , it was contrary to his instructions . He admitted that most of the apprehensions had taken places , and most of tho botes of the prisoners had been broken open lato at sight . Selsbv showed him all the papers ho had , and the addresses ha had written , When going to Quarry's and Boirmati ' s house , he had a warrant for them , but not to search , Mr Johnson , cashier to Jones and Pott » , was with him . B iwman ' s box they found open , and took papers from it ; but Quarry ' s was locked . Sir Johnson broke it open with a hammer , ami paper . ; were thire discovered and taken away by witness .
Eliiabeth Pendlebury proved tbat she had pointed out Quarry ' s and Bowman's boxes to the first witness . Both thtso men had lodged at her house , and they had been out of work for three monih " . The court then adjourned .
Saturday , April 3 . The futther considera tion of this case was resumed at nine o ' clock this morning . Mr Jone ? , the constable , was recalled , and produced a number of other papers found in Bowman's box . In cross-examination he said , before ho opened tho box be wbs told it was Bowman's . Had no warrant against him . It was now proposed to read the documents . Mr Watson objected that , as to his client . 4 , it was not shown that they had any eognisanco of these documents , and they ought not to be read until some conspiracy had been established ogataat t ! n-ro . Ho also said that , from the manner in which tbey had been obtained by taking them from the possession of the individuals without any warrant or authority , they ought not to be adu \ tUe . d as evidence in a court of justice .
His Lordship < said tliey were evidence certainly against some , and must , therefore , be read as against them There would be a question as to the weight of the evidence . The mere fact of some of these documentsbeing found in the possession of a particular individual would go but a thort way unless carrisd further , The documents were thin read . One of tbesa was a letter from Selsby , found hi Bowman ' s box , in which he had said he had only received the note that evening , and stated his intention to he present at the meeting of the following evening , unless something extraordinary should occur to prevent him . Another letter , of September 8 , was as follows '•—"Sir . —Would you pleate toforward me theparticulari
The Warrington " Conspiracy/' Northern C...
of Joint ' s shop relative to the number of our i . 'os . ; ,,. + _ eiiKinem , nm-elub n » en , adult apprentices , K' -viiren & o . —and every other information which wool " . \>? re . quisite to be made known to tho branches , as *;>¦ ^ , iy »» possible . By doing «» jou will oblige ' ¦ Yours truly , H . Kllscj , ' » Another was of the date of the 8 th September : — "Respected Friends , —I received your !<¦;;• . r thit morning , and in reply I have to inform you n . , i ih . ! r » is a general ex ciitivo mee ^ in ^ summoned for " x- ' U-jay evening tievt , You will perhaps be able tomis i ^ - - tUI then , as there will only be a del y of two days , u ten t have no dou » t you will have a remittance , vY . . , >> -3 ri regretting that your afl-nir and tli . it of ltochd . Uu . V'uhl have happened at the same time , but you will teg . si itill
more when I tell jou that 1 have received a h : < -,- from Belfast mat . ltti an appeal to the executive uii . vr o > .-.. rlj tho samecircuuistiiHces ns youm , but more aggiw- .-,, « ia consequences . There aro nineie = H nuchnm ^ i . 'n 4 over to take their trial ut the Belfast quarter v - •— ,: oa thechargeof combination and conspiracy . T l > - IV ruit branch charging us with partiality towards »» K . ^ iistt branches , your appeal is deferred untilthe deci -i »» . > . th * executive in the Belfast case , so tbat . il theyar i «> u . - . ii « oar support , the same circular will answer hol :-p > o \> . uei . I have not yet had an opportunity of consultir-s' « ; " Me Scotson , on account of the multiplidty of bus ; . ¦ *• . < , but I hope to do so either to-day or to-morrow . )!¦¦¦ J * cjU . tiousinyovr movements as possible , for there h i . « mi > ubfc Mr Jones will watch for every opportunity to av . -ii Mi- 'ielf of the assistance of the law . "Yours respectfully , H . P : <¦ ny . "
There was also found iu Bowman ' s bo * «' . book containing a draught in pencil of a letter , gtvi-jr an account of the state of Messis Jones and Potts' > vu ? , >>> h « ment , stating tbat since the beisii . ning of tk- atfuir , sixty men had left tlitir employment , twenty li .-ivitn ; ' oca discharged and torty having left . It stated , th < c .- < f U . cs « only three had been got back , so that they bail »" < cnljr about thirty hands , and that some of these \ vt ; - . ir .-. vru out every Saturday . It said also , that Me . ' - 'ir- J -uea and Potts had some large orders in hand , -. iivi Hint the writer hoped soon to be able to announce :-. vic « tory ; forty men had beou advertised for , but tic wrUer was glad so say tbey bad hitherto been able to < i ! ' j > all away but the three .
Among the papers found was an account of iiic ar « rangemcut * « f tiw otv . Uetft at Mv Jones ' * cswV . lt-. \ . < A . . atg found in Quarry ' s box , and a printed report 0 : ;' .: e j . roceedings of this society ftom February 1815 t « iV ^ u . jTj 181 C , from which it appeared that it consisted ol .-, i > .. ty « six branches , extending over all parts of tiie u' > ¦ . gdom . Ths number of members was 0 , 329 . Te-. - ' ,-.. >; . ca in . hand in February , 1845 , was j £ 0 , 6 Gl , and in 1 ' - ¦• a -ff , 1841 , $ 17 , 231 . io Quarry ' s box also was found an accou :.: -, i he wages due to pickets from October 5 to Octabi ;• 1 " . ad from October 19 to October 24 , in which the w .-m . * ol ! Bowman , Qu : irry , Mills , Scholes , ' Cheeseborcvyb , -ui Olivers of the defendants , appeared . They , it wi ^ ld ¦ ¦ ( at , received at the rate ol 5 s . per day for tiiis duty . ¦
On the person of t'heeseborough was foumi ¦ ¦ ' ok containing minutes of various meeiinss , at wVk >¦> jah Bowman appeared to have officiated as cbahmv . , jao entries ran through the months cf Septco : -, Mid October . Tho resolutions of one day , for instaMv . «> era us follows : — . " 1 . That every member of the committee be . t > - ro ; st s quarter past eight . •¦ a . That Willi nn Kingdom be allowed to bi . du n irk on Monday , tho 7 th , amongst the rest who g . ' \ ' . -jlr notice previous to the committee meeting ot . ! ... lay last . " 3 . That Biijih Bawmau and Joseph Sini M tno under lulufor support . " 4 . That iso more than four go on picki . t . " 5 . That one part of the picket go on at >¦ - .:, \ n ; ho morning and leave off at six in the evening , ami i ¦ .- ¦ vlier at eight in tho morning and have off at eigh . li ; ihe evening .
" " 6 . ThatB . Bowman go as delegate to the i i i : ive council at Manche-I . r on Saturday next . " 7 . That men be chosen to bo iu readiness t ; .: ¦ : in their notnes when n-quired , viz ., Francis Dawson , ';" . •¦ ¦•¦ as Tong , Benjamin Davis , Richard Phillips , A !> < , i , ier It tfirs , George Hackney . " 8 . That ivi . cn any person leaves by beingdi , : ? ut of the shop ' , ' iio one bo allowed to take his job v > i . . . ut an advance of 2 s . per week on his present rale o < > ¦ ; . < V There was read an address , found upon the p - ¦ ,, of Cheeseborough , copies of which had been c : t ¦• . i ;; - . e 4 omoogM . ssrs Jonesand Potts'tr . en , and of whic .: ; > . by had avowed himself the author . This was te ; ¦ > ¦¦ in the indictment us one of the overt acts chargcii . '; ,. ; rported to be addressed by the executive counci . lie JourneymenStr !> vn-enginc * , Machine-makers , a . '¦ . ' Ml .
"rights'Friendly Society , It referred toamonti ' . . : r . i'Je circular , and dated , that in the last one an up ; ul bid been made in favour of persons in ' -hetBipioynu-:. ' . of Messrs Mason , ot Hochdale , who wcreconUndiui , :- ^ r ' a * t the introduction of illegal bands , and that since :. circular simi ' ur applications bad been made by the n .-.-. ;[ trs of the Newtwn and Belfast branches . It then \ . ,: en to state the case of the Newton t ranch , soync , tf at from information th'y had received it had 1 , -n r ! ie practice in Messrs Jones aud Po : ts' ettatyishnr-.,: to engige hands for throe and four years to learn tl : ¦ ^ e , at ages varying from 19 yc . irs and upwards , bcsicK ¦ v ; . il . tog themselves of every opportunity ot stock-- ; - ; he labour market by the introduction of juvenils ;• .- { a . tices and numerous labourers , who in many if- ' : res were put tj do the work of regular nun . It sa . ' ¦! : it lo such an extent had the evil gone , that tink-s- - . . •• op
was put to it the shop would soon be filled w" tie parlies deseribed . The following , they stated , > . . -iio paniculars : —Theshnpcontuined 57 club mm , 42 ; i ; g . ing to that society , and IB to thtt engineers ; V . ' ) .- > a . clubmen , 8 lcg . il apprentices , 10 adult apprentice !' .- ra 19 to 2 G years of age ; 52 labourers , three of winxi ; ure generally kept at the machincniakcrs'jobs ; 22 , v ; . ) . ng lathes , plotting , drilling , nlaning , and screwing :.. a . chines ; tlie rest Kept drilling and tapp ' ng r .. < - ;'« e erectorsVaud about 30 lads , some of wham vu-.-u of proptr a „ 'u to enter the trade , and all working ai l . unos and planing machines . Theaddfess said thu men lud sent a deputation to Messrs . Jones and Potts , bui -id met with insulvnco ana insult , nnd that Mr Jones ¦ . id discharged a number of tiie moo . They were , hi ; , ¦ . »• r , determined not ip let him have it all bis own way . > iu ' . a steady picket had been placed in the shop .
The address then stated the case of the workmen , und called upon the men in strong language to extrt thunsoives to oppose such attempts on the part of the employers , adding , " While we thus attampt to arouse jou to a sense of tho impending danger , anil to nrge upon you the necessity of a concentrated action , we would not wish to be misunderstood , llcasou and justice must be our only weapons ; the old and mistaken princi ples of tuiu-outs roust be entirely discarded , us being miseliiei ' i us in their tendency and not calculated to effect the object intended . More rational and legitimate modes of action must ba adopted , and tbose under the control of a gova-mng power . " It proposed a subscription of one shilling from each of the members . These documents having been read , the following witnesses were called ;—
Enoch Monks . —I am time-keeper to Messrs Junes and Potts , engineers and machine-makers , at the Viaduct foundry , near Newton . In Augustlust . a greatmany men left their employ . They kept leaving every week . Soon after I noticed tome of these men about the lituiiiiry , sometimes together and sometimes In psrtits ol' t «< , or three . They bad nil been in the employ-men ' . They seemed to be there all the day . They wei i » Kouu-limea walking about and sometimes standing . Have seen people coming towards tho works , who seemed to be coming in search of employment . They seemed like working men . The other men went up to them and spoke to them . The strange men then went away from the works . Took mesioraodmus of these different day * . Commenced on Monday , November ICih . On that day , saw Cheeseborough , Scholes , Grundy , Wilson , Dawson Smith , Brennan , Bouffleld . Raberts , Blemiars , Quarry , , and Plait , Outhe following day , saw Smith , Dawson , , Bousfield . Piatt , Firth , Bk-misn , Grundy , Wrick \ Bum- .
bell , Thomason , Wilson , Roberts and Ramsden . On i November lS ' . h , Mills , Bousaeld , Wrif lit , Piatt , Scholes , , Dawson , Ramiden , Giay , Leach * nd Bleuiiurs . On No- - vembtr Will , Mills , Gray , Dawson , Smith , Ramsden , ,, Wilkinson , Roberts , Bousfield and B ' . emiars . On Nov , , 20 th , Thomason , G-ay , Cueeseborough , Wilson , Mills , J , Scholes . On Nov . 21 . < r , B .-usfield , Dawson , Plan , Cheese . > . borough , Wil-on , Smith , Seho ! es . Quuiry , Mills , Gray , y , and Waistwater . On Nov , 23 rd , Chtesek . rougli , Daw . v . son , Wilson , Grundy anvl Murgatroyrt . On tbe 24 th , b , Mills and Dawson . On the 25 th , Smith , Sou * field , Wil . il . son , Piatt , Murgatroyd , Gray , Thomason , Waistwater er and Mills . Saw at these various times all the defend- d . ants but Selsby , Read and Bowman . Saw them at at different hours of the day , us early as six o ' eloek iu the he morning . On the 16 th , saw two strangers , « ho were . to coming towards the works . Dawson was time with ith some other men . When thu tcvnn « n ... ,, « . i ..- « _ . j . » j some otoer mcn . w „ tU (! tlV 0 cano tJ
, ^ anJspoko some minutes . Dawson then left with the the , two strangers . As he passed witness he said , " Enoch , ch „ the * are tl . o men we ' re wanting . I don ' t mind ii you foul gctashopful of such men as you get-this mor . vng . " ig . '" There had been a number of fresh hauds that morning . . » g .. lias got the time-book . James Qoany left September her 2 m " m ! t Jone ! l - Darid Thomas 8 nd Alexander dorr M Donald lift October 10 James Kemp is still ut work . irk ., tt ill am Biuce lett October a . Stephen Travis left Oct . ) ct „ 0 . Richard Brown is still at work . Thomas Gandy ndyr and James Ellis left October 10 . Gilbert Gray left Sept . spt „ 19 . James Walker left Sept . 56 . Samuel Heseldine , ine ,, Oct . 17 , John Bates , Oat . 10 . Edward Greenoujh , Oct . 3 et „ 24 . Peter Griffiths left November H . Saw Dawson speak eakt to other men in the sanio way on different occasion * , oni „ Meit usually give a week ' s notice . Upwards of one bun-inn .. drcdmenbad left from the latter end of Aiv ' nst up to p too November the 16 th , lias seen tho handbill now prc-prov . duced circulated among the men . ( This was thohand-andU
bill read in the course of the opening cf the learned coun-oun sel . ) Cross-examined by Mr Knowles . —Have been wlthwlttl Jones and Potts 11 years . They manufacture emjlnewinen That is an employment requiring skill . I wa » Dot ea ^ ployed in making engines . A week is the usual notlcemtlco on each side . Some of the men have been dUeharge 4 » rgee < without notice , for neglect of duty . Soine of th « men m «» : who left of thalr own accord did not give a week ' s no « c * . oticM Cheeseborough was diimlHsed , and had a week ' s notlce . otlcec Mills , Smith , and Bowman were discharged Tfithoulthoue notice , for bad conduct , I do not know that Jones ands ant
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), April 10, 1847, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_10041847/page/7/
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