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r i/i ir*>2 THE STAR, T - q JPRIL 10, 10...
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it em
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THE TRUE HEART. »«saiHE&a& " l rtpa J.an...
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Kcbicbsn
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R olert Bhle, Admiral and General at Sea...
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The History of the Restoration of Monarc...
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The Night Side of Nature. By 0. Crowe. 2...
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Robert Owen's Journal. Fart XIX. London ...
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BOARDS OF ARBITRATION. (From Mr. Ludlow'...
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LOSS OF THE "BIRKENHEAD" TROOP SHIP. Ano...
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Fawtws
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CoNS.—Wbyis a blush like a little girl ?...
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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R I/I Ir*>2 The Star, T - Q Jpril 10, 10...
r i / i ir *> 2 THE STAR , T - q JPRIL 10 , 10 ^ n 3
It Em
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The True Heart. »«Saihe&A& " L Rtpa J.An...
THE TRUE HEART . »« saiHE & a & " rtpa J . ant 3 may dnzzlethe sight , mth-Al tUeir gorgeous alat , * JrthU . w » en eompnrei with the heart , Are empty , and lig ht as a straw raider its worth , and then search For treasures the world through and through , But nothing' * earth ywi will find That can vie with the heart that is true . Boast not of your riches to me , 1 envy not , miser , thy dross ; And wordlinirI envy thee not ,
, The vain things which thy thoughts engross I seek not the smile of the greit ; To none would I bow tbe knee ; But the man that ' s a true , honest heart , I lore him . whoe ' er he may be . Thnu « h poor , he is wealthy indeed ; Thoug h clad in the humblert guise , Yet there is enshrined in his breast That treasure—the pearl of great price . "f is a heart that knoweth no guile , "Pisa heart that is loyal and free , In friendship it knoweth no change , In love , it is all constancy . A true heart is worth all beside , It will stand adversity ' s teat , Sor will it be ever sro' riued .
TJ"fil death shall calm it to rest . G < worldlings and gather your dross , And hrapnp your glittering store , Bo- " cive roe a true , ' honest heart ; 1 ask for—I wish for no more . Sheffield , April 5 th . John Booskb
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R Olert Bhle, Admiral And General At Sea...
R olert Bhle , Admiral and General at Sea . By H . Dixon . London : Chapman and Hall . Ajios g the many men who shed lustre in the glorious times of the Eng lish Comm onwealth the iubj rct of this biograph y held a distinguished place ; and it is strange that this shonld be the first elaborate attempt to narrate tbe . events of Ms hfe—to commemorate bis gallant and patriotic deeds , and to do honour to one who was an honour to the nation . In many respects , he resembled tbe modern naval hero
who stands at the head o f sea . Commanders , both m the possession of calm courage , which shrunk from bo danger , and in the devotion of all Mb faculties to the service of the country . But in the volume "before us there are numerous evidences that his mora ! nature washig herand purer than that of Nelson ; and in the absence of all desire for personal aggrandisement , as well as the qniet , well-balanced , and Klf-sustaining strength of his character , he may , in many respects , be classed with Washington . - Praise greater than that we cannot bestow upon the memory of this great Englishman .
Mr . Dixon writes with the aid of family papers , and of sundry memorials , gathered by patient industry and research . His style is fluent and forcible , and he possesses the great merit of placing vividl y before the reader the scenes he depicts- Thefollowing extract trill g ive a good idea both of the author and his subject SUnlike so many of the selfish officers who had hitherto teen his rivals in glory and public service , when the King ' s cause was lost , and the King himself was -become a prisoi . er , he made no attempt to throw himself into tbe centre of intrigues or to use his great influence in the "West for his personal advancement . With a trne Honndhead contempt for wealth and the dazzling prises laid open to the
ambition of genius in troubled times , he remained at hie post , 4 oing lis duty , humbly and faithfully , at a distance from Westminster ; while other men with less than half his claims were asking and obtaining the highest honours and re wards froma grateful and lavish country . A sincere Kepublican , it was bis wish to see the nation settled on tbe Eolid basis of a religious commonwealth ; but though his principles were stern , his practical politics were all essentially moderate . That ,. atany period after the sword was drawn and blood had actually been shed in the quarrel , he won ! d willingly have treated with' the King , as King , is doubt f ul ; hot " after Charles ' s refusal of the terms offered for . his acceptance while he was with tbe Scottish army , it is certum that Blake no longer entertaineda thought of
maintaining the monarchy in his person . The whole town of which he was representative and governor , he at its head , prayed the house never to make peace or receive proposals from tbe perjured sovereign , but to continue the war even to an end , so as to obtain a firm and lasting settlement of religion and public quiet—pled ing themselves to support parliament in this coarse of action to the last drop of their blood . let this patriotic zeal did not blind him to the suggestions of justice and trne policy . The proceedings of the army chiefs after Charles fell into their hands gave him great annoyance . Like Algernon Sidney , the younger Tane , and other of the wiser or more moderate men he wished to see the King deposed and banished . Do deprecated even the appearance of illegality
and violence ; and when he found the party 6 f which Cromwell was the inspiring genius bent on his trial and execution , he loudly expressed his discontent at their proceedings , and , under the influence of bis humane convictions , declared openly that he would as freely venture his life to save the Sing as ever he had done to serve tbe Parliament . * * Be considered Cromwell violent and illogical in his desire to put the King to death , and he stated that as his deliberate opinion .-. Bnt he never professed- to think tbe question of what should be done with the faithless King other than one of mere policy and detail . In tbe idea of founding in England a great religious commonwealth , he concurred with all bis soul . What else was loft ? He had seen monarchy , in what was then considered its best form , produce only falsehood , tyranny , spiritual intolerance , and moral debauchery ; he wished therefore to try the experiment of a democracy founded on religious principles . Yet ,
overriding all his private theories and desires , there reigned in his heart the strong sense of patriotic devotion . Covetous of glory , hut free from tbe lower vices which often grow up m iiie neighbourhood of that noble passion , his thought by day , his dream by night , was how he could , still be useful to his beloved country , and to those great Protestant and liberal principles for which she had sacrificed her domestic peace , and poured out her best blood in torrents . An opening for a new and glorious career soon offered itself at sea , and the appointment of the hero of Taunton to the chiefna ? al command—whether , as has often been conjectured , the motive had its origin in Cromwell ' s wish to remove so powerful and incorruptible an officer from the scene of his own intrigues , or in the general belief of the parliamentary chiefs that his executive genius , dauntless valour , and unvarying pood fortune would be as conspicuously displayed in his naval as in his military exploits—it was one of the most important events in that age , and opened a new and most brilliant era in the history of the British navy .
As a companion picture take the following of hia private life : — When absent from his political and professional duties , it was his delight to run down to Bridgewater for a few days or weeks , and with his chosen books and one or two devout and abstemious friends , to indulge in all the luxuries of Seclusion . lie was by nature self-absorbed and taciturn . A long walk , during which he appeared to his simple neighbours , to he lost in profound'thought , as if working out in his own mind the details of one of his great battles , or busy with some abstruse point of Puritan theology , usually occupied his morning . If accompanied bv one of his brothers
or hy some other intimate friend , he was still for the mot pirt silent . Good-humoured always , and enjoying sarcasm when of a grave , high class , he yet never talked from the loquacious'instioet , or encouraged others so to employ their time and talents in his presence . Even his livel y and rattling brother Humphrey , his almost constant companion when on shore , caught , from long habit , the great man ' s contemplative and self-communing gait and manner ; and when his friends rallied him on the subject in after years , he used to say that he had caught the trick of silence while walking b y the Admiral ' s side in his long morning musings on Knoll-hill . A plain dinner satisfied his wants .
Religious wnwrsatbm , reading and the details of business , generally tilled np the evening until snpper-time ; after ramily prayers , always pronounced hy the General himself . *? l a frn " i ? npper « he w <» uld invariablv call for his cup of rt u a diy Crost of toad , and while he drank two or inree floras of Canary , would smile and chat in his own dry ™ f mtn uis friends and domestics , asking minute quesuons about their ne 1 gbbonr 8 and aCquaintance ; or tin S j b 0 , ars cr clergymen shared his simple repast , affec-Tmnf * n : nety ' ™ cb and pleasant in the conqueror of fajW 'A 0 pt - ! by ihe a P tness and abundance of his quohi « f . V becoming an admiral , he had not forfeited « s chum to be considered a good classic .
be have not space to follow the hero through his wgand glorious career , or to relate how he rose ™ penor to the influence of affection—tried by conrt par tial and dismissed from the service his brother , of f ° h \ dearl y loved and t 0 whom be Jeft » in foken mat affection , the greater part of his property . " « will let Mr . Dixon describe the death of the S eat commander within si ght of the land he had so CorJ 8 erVe < '* ffiB la 8 t acfc was to com P d tne Moorish to freS * Ieetorestoretlleir Christian captives with Enl ' and * ° enter int 0 a freat y o { P ^ ti .:- » " —
° * lv am i- ng act of awtuousand honourable life anxi-^ wds tK P hed « thed y ' n Admiral turned his thoughts Cromw ell ,. ^ en hills of his native land . The letter of Sent to k »? tnanks « f the Parliament , the jewelled ring Ieth « - out ! 1 f admirin 8 coont ^ ^¦ - ^ cbed him to-° m ? eg j , j m Sea - These tokens of grateful i emembrance ^ bontEelfi «) , r , einotion ' Without after thought , k 6 Binstt l * pal 8 e , he had served the Commonwealth
R Olert Bhle, Admiral And General At Sea...
day and night , earnestly , anxiously , and with rare devotion . England was grateful to her hero . With the letter of thanks from Cromwell , a new set of instructions arrived , which allowed him to return with pirtof his fleet , leaving a squadron of some fifteen or twenty frigates to ride beforo the Bay of Cadiz and intercept its traders ; with their usual deference to his judgment and experience , tho Protector and Board of Admirably left the appointment of tbe command entirely with him ; and as his gallant friend Stayner was gone , to England , where he received a kni ghthood and other well-won honours from the government , he raised Captain Stoaks , the hero of Porto Ferino , and a commander of rare promise , to the responsible position of his Vice-admiral in the Spanish sea « . Hoisting his pennon on his old flag-ship the St . George ,
Blafee saw for the last time the spires and cupolas , tne masts and towers , before which he had kept his long and victorious vigils . While he put in for fresh water at Cascaes road he was very weak . " I beseech God to strengthen him / ' was the fervent prayer of the Eng lish resident at Lisbon , as he departed on the homeward voyage . While the ships rolled through the tempestuous waters of the Bay of Biscay , he grew every day worse and worse . Some g leams of the old spirit broke forth as they approached the latitude ot England . He inquired often and anxiously H the white cliffs were yet in sight . He longed to behold the swelling downs , the free cities , the goodly churches of his native land . But he was dying beyond ail doubt . Many of his favourite ofikers silently and mournfully crowded round his bed , anxious to catch the last tones of a voice
which had so often called them to glory and victory . Others stood at the poop and forecastle , eagerly examining every speck and line on the horizon , in hope of being first to catch the welcome glimpse of land . Though they were coming home crowned with laurels , gloom and pain were in every face , at Inst the Lizard was announced . Shortly afterwards the bold cliffji and bare hills of Cornwall loomed out grandly in tbe distance . But it was now too late the dying hero . He had sent for the captains and other great officers of his fleet to bid them farewell ; and while they were yet in his cabin , tbe undulating hills of Devonshire , g lowing with tbe tints of early autumn , came full in view . As the ships rounded Bame Head , the spires and masts of Plymouth , the woody heights of Mount Edgecombe , the low island of St . Nicholas , the rocky steeps of
the Hoe , Mount Batten , the o tadel , tbe many picturesque and familiar features of that magnificent harbour rose one by one to sight . But the eyes which had so yearned to behold this scene once more were at that very instant closing in death . Foremost of the victorious squadron , the St . George rode with its precious burden into the Sound ; and just as it came into full view of the eager thousands crowding the beach , the pier-beads , the walls of the citadel , or darting in countless boats over the smooth waters between St . Nicholas and the docks , ready to catch the first glimpse of the hero of Santa Cruz , and salute him with a true English welcome , —he , in his silent cabin , in the midst of his lion-hearted comrades , now sobbing like little children , yielded np his soul to God . "
The History Of The Restoration Of Monarc...
The History of the Restoration of Monarchy m France . B y A . De Lamartine . London ; VizetelJy and Co . M . Lamabtjne ' s new volume contains a complete history of the Hundred Days , and tells with | full detail the story of the ultimate and finale fall of the Emperor . The difficulties which beset Napoleon during that last brief hold of power were never before so faithfully pourtrayed ; and by the li ght thrown on the subject , it is obvious , that even had the allies been disposed to tolerate the'Empire , it could not have lasted mnch longer . The most attached friends of Napoleon were dead , absent , or discontented . M . Lamartine thus describes hi « court while the preparations for the decisive battle were going on : —
All was isolation or distrust around Napoleon , both as regarded his staff and his councils . This year ' s absence had made sad havoc amongst his followers . His palace was in appearance no less a ' desert than his head-quarters . So more private intimacies , no more tried affections , no more hopes or fortunes to dispense , no more hearts ! That of Josephine , the repudiated , though still honoured wife , was broken by the blows of adversity in 1814—she died at Malmaison during the exile of Elba . Marie-Louise and her son were the prisoners of Europe at Schcenbrunn ; while the Emperor ' s sisters , fallen from the thrones to which he
had raised them , were wanderers in foreign lands . Hortensia Beauharnais , the deposed queen of Holland , whom he loved like a daughter , with all the tender recollections of his happiest days , had , it was said , powerfully assisted bis return ; bnt she had immediately after retired , lest the second fall of the Empire might overwhelm her whole house in its ruins . His ministers were some of them indifferent , and others his secret enemies . In short , this second throne isolated him from his court , from bis army , and from France , as from the Empire . He was front to front with his destiny .
But besides this deprivation and desertion of his marshals , and his domestic isolation , he was surrounded on all sides with active enemies . They abounded not onl y in the two chambers , but in the palace itself . His own minister Fouche was selling him to the allies ; the Emperor knew it ; and yet was so situated that he dared not strike . Had the issue of Waterloo been different , Fouche ' s fate was fixed . The announcement of victory would have been accompanied hy the intelligence of the condemnation and execution of Fonche as a traitor . Before such a ¦ victory , the minister was stronger than the dictator , whose power he was seeking to overthrow .
M . Lamartine describes the terrible and crowning struggle of the great European war in the most graphic style , and , unlike most French writers , frankl y gives Wellington the military credit to which he is entitled , not only for the judgment shown by his selection of the field of battle , hut for the dogged spirit with which he maintained the battle dnring the long protracted conflict , 'The g lory of tho day , ' be says , ' belonged to Wellington—who had dared all—sustained all—accomplished all—in this terrible battle . ' He adds , ' Blucher had done nothing hut make his
appearance , and that late in the day . But his presence rendered all hope of retreat for Napoleon impossible . Wellington had the victory—Blucher the pursuit . ' M . de Lamartine writes with melanchol y enthusiasm of the courage—the devotion—shown b y the French soldiers sacrificed on the field of Waterloo to support the insane and devastating ambition of a single man . Of the 120 , 000 men who crossed the Sambre into Bel gium four days before the battle , onl y 40 , 000 re-crossed it the day after . * We weep while we describe snch disasters ; bnt history which lies only adds shame to misfortune . '
The state of affairs at Paris on the nocturnal arrival of the beaten emperor at Paris is admirably and forcibly described . The wrangling of tbe courtiers—the agitation of the chambers , and the unsettled state of mind on the part of the man who had hazarded all and lost his stake , * are contrasted with the sympathy of the multitude for his fall . Before his first abdication at Fontainebleau , he had to struggle with his marshals : this time it was with Ids Chambers , ' and every moment of hesitation and delay emboldened thein to press for what Lafayette bad demanded' abdication . ' Here is a description of the Chambers and tbe people at that exciting time :
The tribune remained empty , and 'be deputies , nollected in groups , were conversing in an undertone , like mra who coneregate together on the approach of a tempest . Eve y noise at the doors , every rumour from the portion , every movement in tbe galleries , made them tremble . They were in momentary expectation of a tumultuous invasion of the federes , who had bepn shouting since daybreak under the garden walls of the Elysee , or an assault from the troops , who were beginning to return in irritated hands lo Paris . Night was approaching . Ueithpr Napoleon nor the Chnmher dared to unravel the knot of destiny by one final resolve . Everything was left to time , and time gave everything to the enemy . The people of the fauhourffs , and the disarmed federes , were gathered confusedly together , around the
Elysee , as if to provoke the Emperor to a display of energy which should raise him from his prostration , or else to be witnesses of his fall .. That people upon whom his tyranny had weighed so heavily , a > id who had so bitterly execrated bis name while giving up to him their revolution , their liherty , their treasure , and their blood , seemed at this critical moment to recollect nothing but his glory . The people are great in themselves , and by some unaccountable analogy of nature they love greatness even in tyranny . They possess more heart than intelligence ; and through the influence of that organ are pathetic , and take a touching interest in a drama personified in a man . Finally , the people are influenced by curiosity , which is the passion of crowds . Life is a drama , of whose catastrophes thpy love to be spectators . We cannot otherwise account for the assemblages of the people of the faubourgs of Paris around
the Elysee during these dying throes of the power , the soul , and the penius of their Emperor . They seemed to hear and to feel through the walls of the palace the anguish and the palpitations of the heart of their hero . The trees o tbe Champs-Elysees , the walls and roof * of the surrounding houses , and even the outer railings of the pilace were covered with an attentive , sorrowful , and silent crowd , seeking to catch a distant glimpse of the movements in the interior through the open windows , and mttering shouts of " Vtvel'Empereurl" every time that Napoleon showed himself on tbe threshold of his saloons , or was seen walking , in conversation or in profound reflect on , in the lone alleys of his garden . A sad and magnanimous adieu of a people who forgot their own punishment in the contemplation of his glory , and who pardoned their hero for having been their oppressor .
Nothing , however , could avert bis fall , and the despot himself frit thathis time was comff . M . Lamartine in the following sentences abl y sums up the actual position : — A million of men emboldened hy three yeurs of victorious retaliation , at this moment crowing the f ontiers , a country exhausted with efforts , an army in a state of dissolution , a murmurin g capital , a national representation in revolt , a
The History Of The Restoration Of Monarc...
competitor for the throne profuse in promises of liberty and peace , the northern and eastern provinces cor . qupred , those of the west and south ready to rise for the King ' s cause what could Napoleon do with a few hours of Qui pi re ? A second capitulation for his family and bimself ! Was this worth the trouble of making an 18 th Brumaire of the faubourgs against the capital , and of some disbanded soldiers against the nation ? Hs did not say this to Lucien , l-ut he felt it . All that he wished for was the right of complaining . He commenced at the Elysee that long conversation , a > d that eternal recrimination against the men of the 20 th of Marcb , and against France , which ho continued at St , Helena .
The Night Side Of Nature. By 0. Crowe. 2...
The Night Side of Nature . By 0 . Crowe . 2 vols , Railway Library . London : G . Iloutledge , We noticed favourably this work in its first appearance . In its new and cheap shape ifc cannot fail to command a wide circulation , as by far the best repository of tho supernatural' ever offered to the public .
Robert Owen's Journal. Fart Xix. London ...
Robert Owen ' s Journal . Fart XIX . London ; Watson . This parfc contains many valuable and interesting papers , among which we especially recommend for careful perusal ; the two beaded ' Errors of Reformers . '
Boards Of Arbitration. (From Mr. Ludlow'...
BOARDS OF ARBITRATION . ( From Mr . Ludlow ' s Third Lecture of the ' Relations of Capital and Labour . ' ) When we noticed Mr . Ludlow ' s able and interest tug lectures lately , we promised to give the full and excellent account of the manner in which Trades ' disputes are settled in France , at least iu some districts . We now redeem that promise . The French " Conseils de Prudhommes" offer the
example of a process actually at work for this purpose , in individual cases at least , at our very doors . These industrial tribunals , said to be of ancient date in the French manufacturing towns , were organised in modern times by the Emperor Napoleon , for the following purposesnamely : — 1 st . The conciliation of all minor differences between manufacturers , foremen { chefs d ' atelier ) , workmen , journeymen , and apprentices ; 2 nd . The judicial decision , final as to all values up to £ 4 , and with appeal for any higher sums , of all differences which cannot be put an end to by conciliation ;
3 rd . The ascertainment of offences against tha laws and regulations which affect industry ; 4 th . The preservation ( by deposit and registration , for instance ) of the right of property in designs ; 5 th . The settlement of accounts between traders and foremen ; 6 tb . Tbe preservation of order in workshops , with power to imprison for three days at most ; 7 th . Lastly , tho collection of certain statistical details with respect to indutry . By a decree of the Constituent Assembly of 1848 , they were farther developed , so as to consist of an equal number of masters and workmen , —the masters chosen by the workmen and the workmen b y tho masters . The right of voting belongs to all masters , managers , foremen , workmen , and journeymen , aged twenty-one , after four months' residence
withm the jurisdiction of tho tribunal . Tbe Prudhommes must be twenty-five years of age , able to read and write , aud must have been domiciled for at least a year within the jurisdiction . Foreigners , bankrupts , or insolvents who have not paid up in full , and persons convicted of dishonesty , aro disqualified from voting and being elpoted . Managers aro included with masters . One-third of the members of every tribunal go out every year , subject to reelection . The chair is taken from three months to three months , by a master and a workman alternately , the masters choosing the workman as before , and the workmen the master . The tribunal is to sit once a-week at least for the purpose of effecting amioible arrangements , one master and one workman forming a quorum . Where amicable arrangements fail , the tribunal sits as ^ a Court of Justice , composed of an equal number of masters and workmen , the chairman having a casting vote .
So much for tho composition of these tribunals . And now as to the working of them . From a speech of the Prefect of tbe Seine on the inauguration of the Council of miscellaneous trades ( Comeildes industries diverses ) , on tho 18 th October , 1847 , from whioh I have already quoted the attributions of these bodies , I extract the following table of results for ten years throughout France , from 1830 to 1830 -. — Number of matters brought in 135 , 496 _____— , terminated by conci- ' liation 129 , 210 ' ' . sentbefore the bureau general ( or referred for judgment ) ...... 7 . 411 Now for the disposal of this latter class , on which the strictly judicial functions of the Council have to be exercised : — Matters withdrawn by the parties beforo judgment 3 , 573 1 - -- decided on judicially in final resort .,... 2 , 350 - —¦ . . . with appeal 1 , 488
Number of appeals „ 155 One hundred and twenty-nine thousand , two hundred and nineteen differences amicably settled by a tribunal out of one hsndred and thirty-five thousand , four hundred and ninety-six ! Three thousand , five hundred and seventythree of the remainder withdrawn before judgment , or in other words , settled out of court ! And only one hundred and fifty-five appeals , for all France , mind you , upon one thousand four hundred and eighty-eight judgments liable to be appealed from ! Surely , these are results perfectly astounding in themselves . Let ustest them more in detail , through some particular instances .
At Paris , the Council of Metals is the most important one . From its formation on tbe 25 th of March , 1845 , to the 1 st December of the same year , it had 1 , 097 matters brought before it ; in the course of 1846 , it had 2 , 034 . From ninety-six to ninety-seven per cent , of these were terminated by conciliation , The greater number of sentences given passed by default or were pronounced against obstinate or insolvent debtors . In the course of twentynine months , there were scarcely four or five appeals . The above details are furnished to me through a French friend of high character , formerly a Consul in his country ' s service , from a gentleman employed in the French Ministry of Commerce . Tbe next I shall refer to relate to Lyons , and were supplied to our friend Lord Goderich by a gentleman of well-known benevolence iu tbat city , M . Aries Dufour . Tbe documents themselves came from the President of the Lyons Council ,
Mr . Ludlow here gives A table of the operations of the Council of Prudhommes for Lyons , from 18 i 5 to 1851 , year by year . Although apparently defective in the classification of matters by their results , it shows us still the extraordinary proportion of 24 . 923 matters out of 26 , 036 terminated amicably , and only 436 by judicial sentence ; the remainder being either matters not of difference at all , as the deposit of patterns for registration , or being put an end to by other means than hostile ones . I have before me other papers , showing in . detail the mechanism of these admirable tribunals . One is an indenture of apprenticeship , as we should call it , entered into before the Council , referring all differences to its decision , and which costs a liltle more than 3 s . The costs I may mention at once , of ail proceedings before tbe Proudhommes are incredibly , trifling . Tbe whole amount paid for costs on the 5007 distinct matters
, brought before the Lyons Councils in 1846 was only £ 20 . ( Lawyers , 1 am bound to say , are mercilessly excluded . Another document is a letter to the medical man attached to the tribunal , and who exercises his functions gratuitously io my opinion an unwise arrangement ) , requesting him to visit an apprentice who has stated himself to be too ill to work . Others are letters of supervision ( lettret de surveillance ) addressed to persons , whether members of the . Conncil or not , who are deputed by it to look after apprentices or even masters , whose conduct is complained of . Another is a letter addressed to tho mayor of a distant commune , of which the workshops are beyond the reach of the immediate supervision of tbe Council , requesting him to interpose his good offices in some diffen-nce which the Council has been unable at once to terminate by conciliation . I quote these as samples of the essentially paternal character of this institution .
I find that at Lyons , notwithstanding the new law of 1848 , the President of the Council is always an employer ; but this rule or custom is considered to render him more favourable than otherwise to the worftinfi" men , in order to avoid the suspicion of class partiality . There are four sections , t * 'Ose of silks , guilding , haberdashery and net making ( bonneterie el tulles ) , and bats . The workmen Prudhommes receive from the commune £ 4 . 0 a-year as respects tbe section of silks , wbicb is the busiest , and £ 20 a year as respects the others . I must remind you that the jurisdiction of these tribunals is wholly confined to individual differences , and would not therefore , if simply translated bodil y to this country * apply to cases of co lective action on the part of employers and employed , like the one which occupies us . Even in their
present shape , however , I believe they would , be of vast service amongst us . For after all , if there are few general contests between class and class which cannot be resolved into some typical individual difference , there are still fewer which cannot be traced back to such individual cases , and which consequently could not be avoided , if the individual difference were at once dealt with and adjusted . Take the case of piece-work for instance . The Amalgamated Society seek to abolish it , because they object to the system as it s ; and they speak of arbitrary reductions , and masters refusing to pay men more than a certain sum , however bard they may work . These are complaints which , by their very nature , clearly resolve themselves into individual cases ,
which would be adjusted at once or adjudicated upon by the Council of Prudhommes . The mere weeding of details from all questions of general contest , like the present one , by the patient every day action of such a tribunal , would he a priceless boon ; and I cannot but believe that although it may now have outgrown the grasp of a Council of Prudhommes , yet even this very contest might easily , if taken in band in time , have been disposed of in its infancy , ' in its bud . But beyond this , I should look forward to the best effects from the spirit of practical cooperation likely to be brought out between masters and men , by their sitting on the bench of the same tribunal , hearing in common the same questions ;
Boards Of Arbitration. (From Mr. Ludlow'...
meeting as equals not only before the law , but as it , w * r « in its bOMom , that is to say , in such circumstances as mnof tend raostatrouuly to repress any pnrtizan feelings of mpE And I can hardly speak too highly of the provisions hi which the workmen-voters have to select tbe master-arhi ters , and the workmen'arbiters the mas ter-chairman ami the master-voters , on I the other hiiml , tbe workm on-arbiters , and the master-arbiters the workman-chairman . No more machinery could .-ertainly bo better designed for securing the election of really bonestand , above all , moderate men ; and the results of the labours of these trifiunals , as buforo quoted , show that even before the late change the
, spirit ot the French peop le bad fully appreciated the value of the bodies themselves . And what is most to be remarked is , that the statistics themselves , however favourable , show only a small portion of the good effected . For , as M . Aries Dulour writes , the mere fact of the existence of a Council of Prudhommes in a town makes masters , workmen , foremen , the parents of apprentices , more wathchful over tbemseWes , more disposed to show regard to one another , to make mutual concessions . It is a point of honour : fov masters not to be called before the tribunal ; a bad mark for a workman aa for a roaster to appear before it often ,
Loss Of The "Birkenhead" Troop Ship. Ano...
LOSS OF THE "BIRKENHEAD" TROOP SHIP . Another terrible disaster bas happened at sea . At two o ' clock , a . m ., on tho 26 th of February , her Majesty ' s steamer the " Birkenhead" was wrecked on Point Danger —a reef of sunken rocks—two or three miles from the shore of Southern Africa . The ship was steaming eigbt and a half knots at tbe time . Tbe water was smooth , and the sky serene , but the speed at which tbe vessel was passing through tbe water proved her destruction . The roak penetrated through her bottom just aft the foremast , and in twenty minutes' time a few floating spars and a few miserable creatures clinging to them , was all that remained of the ¦ 'Birkenhead . " Of 638 persons who bad loft Simon ' s Bay in the gallant ship but a few hours before , only 18 i
remain to toll the tale , No less than 454 Englishmen have come to bo lamentable an end . The cause of tbe disaster appears to have been the temerity of tbe Captain in "bagging the shore . " He expiated his error by admirable conduct as soon as the shock had been felt , and by the loss of his own life . The calamity was augmented , as usual , by avoidable causes . The boats could not be got down with pro-ptitude . The men behaved with heroic coolness . Those who were not drowned in their berths mustered and moved as if they were embarMito instead of going te the bottom . The women and children were all providentially savetj , One officer , sixty-two soldiers , seven women , and thirteen children , escaped by tho throe boats—the remainder , by swimming .
_ Cornet . Bond , of the 12 th Lancer ? , one of the survivors , gives the following particulars : — «• We left Simon ' s Bay at seven o ' clock on the evening of the 24 th . At two o ' clock the next morning I wasawoke hy the vesRel striking upon a rock . 1 immediately dressed myself and went on deck , and found all in contusion . I heard the captain give orders to back her , which I hardly tbink was carried into effect , as the fires were almost imrneditely extinguished . He then gave orders to Major Seaton to get Ihe horses up and throw them overboard , and 1 , with a sergeant and some men belonging to the 12 th Lancers , succeeded in doing so . I then went on the poop , where thecaptiin was standing . He told me to go and get tho women and children up ; which I did by carrying up two of the latter . The others followed , and were
immediately lowered into the boats . At this time the greatest order and regularity prevailed . All the officers were then employed with gangs of men at the pumps , and a number of soldiers under the command of Mr . Brodie , tho master , were endeavouring to haul out thepaddlebox boat on tho port side , which was nearly hoisted out when tho tackle Uroke , Mid it remained fixed in the air . The fore part of the ship now broke off at the fore mast , and soon after she cracked in tbe middle and flllfld with water . A great many of the men on tbe troop deck were drowned in their hammocks , not being able to effect an escape . All those who could succeed in reaching the poop now crowded there , and the captain sung out to those that could swim * to make for the boats , ' of which there were three at a distance of ISO yards . They did not come nearer
for fear of being swamped . A gig on the starboard side was then ordpred to be lowered , in which Mr . Holt , of the 12 th Lancers , who was unablo to swim , and several seamen , were seen to enter ; but in lowering it one of the ropes broke , and she was swamped . Poor Roll rose , but was unable to reach the shore , and was drowned . The poop immediately afterwards , owing to the force of the water rushing up , went down , drawing all those who were on it , as well as myself , under water , I rose to the surface almost immediately . I had one of Mackintosh ' s life preservers on , which may be filled in the water , which I did . The sea at this time was covered with stru ggling forms , while the cries , piercing shrieks , and shoutings for the boats were awful . I swam astern in hopes of being picked up by one of them . I bailed one sixty
yards off , but could not reach it , as tbey pulled away , I suppose , for fear of too many attempting to get in . I then turned round and made for the shore , about two miles distant , which I finally succeeded in reaching , at a little after fivea . m ., by swimming only . Two men , who were swimming close to me , I saw disappear with a shriek , most probably bitten by sharks . I fortunately hit on tbe landing place , but owing to the great quantity of seaweed I had to struggle through , and being quite exhausted , I almost failed in reaching it . I then walked up a sort of beaten track from the beach , in hopes of finding some habitation . In doing so I perceived my horse , at a short distance , standing in the water on the beach . I got him out and then returned to the place at which I landed , when I saw a raft , with about nine men on it , endeavouring to land , but they
did not succeed in doing so until they saw me on the rocks standing opposite to the proper spot ; . they then steered straight for me and finally landed at seven a . m . Lieut . Girardot , of the 43 rd Light Infant' 7 was one of them . At the same time two or three other men were thrown on the rooks off a spar , and landed very much cut and bruised and entirely naked . We all then proceeded . up this track , and , after two hours' march we saw a waggon along tho shore , to which we went and obtained some bread and water . The driver directed us to proceed further uptbe beach , and at five miles' distance wo should find some fishing cottages belonging to Captain Smalfis , where we arrived very much fatigued at noon ; here wo obtained some more bread , and then marched on to Captain Smale ' s residence , about twelve miles off , over the sands . On our way thither wo met a bullock waggon , which took some of our men , who were too much knocked up to proceed s back to the cottages we had just lpft . At seven o ' clock p . m . our party , consisting of two officers and four men , arrived at Captain
Smales , where we were most kindly received , tbe . men being provided with clothes and victuals . Captain Smales immediately despatched a messenger for the field cornet and magistrate of the district , who on their arrival proceeded with us the next morning to the scene of the wreck . On our way thither we met numbers of men who had landed . Some came ashore in the paddlehox-boat , which had floatedup ; the one was full of water , - and the other keel uppermost . One of the ship ' s quartermasters told me that there were se > en others in the boat with him , which was full of water . They , however , all died from cold , having been many hours in the boat and quite naked . He bad his clothes on . We also met Captain "Wright , 91 st , who had landed on the sponsoon ; he had been along the ^ shore and had picked up several men , Some rafts reached the shore with bodies lashed on them quite dead ; other bodies washed tip , some of them dreadfully mangled by sharks . Her Majesty ' s steamer Rhadamanthus hove in sight on Sunday , took us off , and brought ' us into Simon ' s Bay the nest morning .
The following narrative is by a non-commissioned officer , one of the survivors : — " The Birkenhead left Simon ' s Bay at about six o ' clock In the evening , and everything went on' comfortably until about a quarter before two in the morning , at which time the vessel struck upon a rock , which made a hole in the Sort side under water , just before the parfdlewheel . She egan to fill immediately ; hands were turned up to get the boats out ; lowered two cutters down and one gig ; then turned to get thepaddlebox boat" out , but the pin of the davits was rusted in , and would not come out . At this time the vessel was swinging and grinding and grating against the rocks very much . Some set to work at the chain pumps in the after cockpit . The next thing was to throw the horses overboard , and set all the women and children in
the second cutter , which Mr . Richards took charge of , with orders to land them at the nearest place . They could not land on account of the breakers , so her head was put out to sea . Just at this time , the Birkenhead parting in two fust before the engine , the fore part of the deck sunk with several people on it . Captain Salmond then gave orders to do the best they could to save their lives . The other cutter and the gig were then lying off , n anned . Several men then jumped overboard and swam to the boats—the captain standing on the poop , giving orders . Up to this time perfect order and discipline was observed—all the men quiet and steady , and obedient to orders . At ' this time tho captain was standing on the poop with several others ; the after part of the ship then lurched forward , and all were thrown into the water . Some swam to the boats , and some to tho wreck ,
At this time the maintopmast and maintopsail-yard were out of tbe water , and all who could made for the topsailyard . Part of the forecastle deck was then floating at about twenty yards' distance . Captain Salmond swam for the wreck that was floating ; and as he was swimming something tbat was washed off the poop struck him on the head , and he never rose again . All were clinging to the raft till it broke , up , and then some swam back to tho wreck , and some to the maintopsail-yard . . About forty-five people were on tbe yard , where tbey remained about twelve hours , till tbe Lioness schooner came and took them off , about two o ' clock on the Thursday afternoon . About 100 of tho soldiers were drowned below . The vessel filled so fust that tbey had no time to get up . From tho time we first struck , which was about two o ' clock on the morning of Thursday , . until the vessel was all to pieces , was about half an hour .
Captain Salmond might have saved himself easily , but ha remained giving orders until the after part of the vessel surged and threw him overboard ; he might still h . ive been saved if it had not been for this accident . Young Mr . Rolt , of the Lancers , asked the sergeant of Murines to try and save him ; he did try , and got him on tbe raft , but as it surged against the rocks , it parted , and ho sunk . About 117 men , women , and children came into Simon ' s Bay on board the schooner , and about thirty or forty landed on another raft . That number could be . counted on the beach . It is supposed when we left Simon ' s Bay that there were about 486 officers and men of different regiments , besides women and children , and ship ' s company of the Birkenhead , amounting to about 115 . It is feared tbat , on the whole , not less than 500 lives have been lost . "
Fawtws
Fawtws
Cons.—Wbyis A Blush Like A Little Girl ?...
CoNS . —Wbyis a blush like a little girl ?—Because it becomes a woman . Why is Earl Derby like a " man of straw , alias a scarecrow ?—Because he is set up to protect the com . * ' What is the feminine of Hero ? " asked a pedagogue of a young hopeful . " Shero . '" was the prompt answer , which took the dominie all aback . Mooesty is to the female character what saltpetre is to beef—while it presprves its purity it imparts a blush . An ANGRy FHBJVCHitMlY , —A Frenchman got exceedingly angry w \ th a waiter at an hotel . " You rascal , " exclaimed he , L mil hh Wyour nosef 0 ) . j » ; mifS pF- ~ All of us who are worth anything , spend tafcJf ^ « ln "Naming the follies , or expiating the misteS ?! :- n "" 3 " » th . ^ SHHLMr . T llRih f —oHBLwtr . what
ar , , ehostsaidtt ^ ? UAGE 9 -A P erson be" > S aslje a a ' now ¦ hm . i ft . which he ^ tended to have seen answered , theZdtS ^ T ^ he said ? 1 am not skilled in stlrlrlms ^ n ^ -T CW ali t ) le outer doors of a fouranTCTcS . ttsrasi *" < t iong 8 witch ^ % ^ t ^^ i »^^ js ^ o ^^ dressing herself rather pointedly to Mrs - "' y ^ always set a ridiculous value on trifles , " r ejoined the insulted fair . Anger . —Anger is the most impotent passion that influences the mind of man j it effects nothing it undertakes and hurts the man who is possessed by it , more than the object wgainst which it is directed . —Clarendon .
Cosstastisopib . —No street hi Constantinople has a name , nor is there a lamp in it , yet there are 500 , 000 inhabitants ! There is not a post-office nor a mail route in all Turkey , nor a church bell ; but there are , at least , two dogs to every inhabitant . Honour , at a Discount . —Jloiher . "Now , George , you must divide the cake honourablv with brother Charlie . "'' George ; What is 'honourably , ' mother f—Mother : "lb means that you must give him the largest piece . "— George : ' Then , mother , I'd rather Charlie should cut it . 4 Finnish Fanatics . —A foreign corresp"ndent of the ' Morning Chronicle" says tbat some of the Finnish fanatics , who have , committed outrages in Norwegian Lapland , lately
exorcised the devil into a young pig . and then boiled the unlucky animal alive . . A . SraifARtxB Vessel . —An experiment has been made in the United State s Navy Yard , with a submarine vessel , in presence of a number of scientific persons and officers . The vessel was submerged for a quarter of an hour , with a party of three , in twenty-five feet of water , the inventor , M , Lambert Alexandre , having complete control over it . A Larob Family .- ~ The reigning Shah of Persia is twenty-fwo years of age , and is one of the handsomest men . in his empire . His great grandfather , who had 300 wives , bad a mass of children , who , in their turn , have lefta numerous progeny , so that it is now calculated that tbe imperial famil y consists of at least 10000 individuals .
, i S j r lMFRorEMBNX in * PoACHlNG . —During the latter end ^ of the past partridge season , several shooters succeeded in making partridges lie , by the ingenious plan u yi " ff * over tlie field in w , u ' they were ranging , with a stuffed hawk attached to it by a string . The result was that the birds were afraid to rise till the does were close upon them . Two Irishmen in crossing a field came in contact with a donkey who was making "day hideous" with his unearthly braying . Jemmy stood a moment in astonishment , but turning to Pat , who seemed as much enraptured with the song as himself , remarked , "it ' s a fine large ear that bird has tor music , Pat , but sure he ' s got an awful cowld . "
Riches , without meakness and thankfulness , do not make any man happy . But let me tell you that riches with them remove many fears and cares , And therefore my advice is , that you endeavour to be honestly rich or contentedly poor ; but be sure that jour riches be justly got , or you spoil all , For it is well said , "He that loses his conscience has nothing left that is worth keeping . "—IzAAK WaltoV . Law and Physic—Lord Eldon asked a medical friend of mine bow many sons he had . The reply was two — one very sharp and quick , the other slow but sure . " What do you mean to make of them ?"— " I purpose makinga lawyer of the sharp one , and a doctor of the other . "— " Da no such
thing , " rejoinedhis lordship , " make the clever one the doctor , the other the lawyer —/ teas never anything lut a plodder . "—Si * . James Eyre . India . — The whole area of India is estimated at 1 , 366 , 438 square miles , and its population at 155 804 . 179 souls , of which Britain has 670 , 177 miles , with 102 , 802 , 916 inhabitants ; so that oar Indian province has about six times the extent , and near four times the population , of the country of the conquerors . The Roman empire , in its largest extent , certainly never contained so numerous a population of subjects and dependents as Britain now possesses in India .
A countryman having purchased a gallon of genuine mountain dew , for want of a more business-like label , wrote his name upon a common playing card , which happened to be the seven of-clubs , and tied it to the handle of tbe bottle . A wag coming along and observing the manoeuvre , remarked , " That ' s an awful careless way to have that liquor . "— " Why so ? " said Tom . — " Why ? Because somebody might come with the eight of clubs and take it ! " Tom seized the handle and bolted . A Healthy Chmate . —A Yankee speculator , who had immense tracts of land for sale in the far west , used frequently to say , thaj a gentleman who was travelling there saw a very old man sitting at the door of a Jog cabin ; weeping bitterly . "My friend . " inquired the gentleman , " what is tbe matter with you ?"•— " Why , " replied the old man , " daddy jist gave me a awful licking , cos I wouldn't rock grandaddy to sleep . " The gentleman rode off , fully satisfied with the salubrity and healthiness of the district , to produce such unparalleled instances of longevity .
A SMUG . A smile , —who will refuse a smile , The sorrowing heart to cheer , And turn to love the heart of guile , And check the falling tear ? A pleasant smile for every face , Oh , 'tis a blessed thing ; . It will the lines of care erase , . ¦/ - And spots of beauty bring . ' A Valuable Thing without causing you to open your Purse !—Which will you do—smile , and make your
household happy ; or be crabbed , and make all those young ones eloomy , and the elder ones miserable ? The amount of happiness you can produce is incalculable , if you show a smiling face , a kind heart , and speak p leasant words . Wear a pleasant countenance ; lot joy beam in your eyes , and love glow on your forehead . There is no joy like that which springs from a kind act or a pleasan t deed ; and you will feel ik at night when you rest , at morning when you rise , and through the day whon about your business . Drbby " SrAU . " -The fight for Protection . Derby " Peak . "—The Premier ' s pique at the Peeiitcs .
A Protective Ditty . — That " duty" which "England expects from every man , " and to which all such foreign imports as French invaders should be rrndered subject . ShuTTLkcock and Battlkdore . —While Parliamentary-Party is playing at the game of Shuttlecock , it is to be hoped that it will not forget the Battle-door , and leave it open to the invader . —Glasgow Citizen . More Definitions . —Tree . —One of Nature ' s customers , ¦ who has a new suit o ? clothes every year , and ' returns the old ones . Gun . —A . bravo who murders to order for a handful of food . Coat . —A letter of credit , written with a needle upon broadcloth . Commerce . —An old world Colossus , not yet overthrown , which stands with one foot upon production and the other upon consumption , and gives an uncertain light to pilots . Shelley , —A . cloud of fragrant incense from the altar of truth .
Poverty . —The unpruneel erowth of leaves which hides so much fruit from the sunshine , and keeps it undeveloped and sour . —From Wallbridge Lunn ' s Council of Four , Acw Edition .
EXTRACTS FROM " PUNCH . " IlfSCBTCTIOtf FOB THE FfiHNCH SENATE HOUSE . — . " Kefp it dark . " « Vaiv Advertisement . —Youth Wanted . —By a Middle- ' Aped Person . ' Court and FASinoN . ~ Why is the "Windsor Uniform " like a pre-paid letter ? Becati'c it has a Post Office Stamp . . Will Shortly Close . —The St . Stephen ' s Exhibition of . Unprofitable Discussion and Empty Debate .. The New Tories . —The Tories of the present day , In-. asmueh as they represent the territorial interest , may be ' called the Terri-tories . "Territowal" Titles . —The Landlords may be called the Geocracy : and it is also proposed to style the simple Agriculturists the GeeAo-oraey . ' A Fair Tkial for thb PaEJtrER .--Lord Derby has protested that he " will be tried by God and his country . " No , ' no . Not yet , at least . Not unless he actually robs the peop le of their bread .
The Ministerial Bench . —It isexpected thatMmisters will dissolve parliament as soon as possible , to shorten the Session , because , as there are so many County Magistrates among them , they must naturally wish to bring it as near as possible to a Quarter Session . TT „* -. „„ . ;* . A Wind that Blows Nobody Good . -How strmReit is that the breeze existing between iho A ™^' *™^ Ventilator of the Houses of Parliament , anon J bepmasel y that which prevents those edifices trom being propeily supplied with air ! Electioneering Prospects . - ^ F'ce Traders look fo rward with confidence to the results of the n « r elect on , and yet , most probably , the landlords will be the ehet gainers by it—unless it is attended by much less than the usual amount of drunkenness . "What Omsk ' . " -The King of the Amazons , we read , replies to Lord Palmer ^ ton , that the presents sent to his Majesty by Queen Victoria , " are very accep-able , and are good for his face . " If Messrs . Roland do not instantly announce that the presents in quesHon were bottles of " Kaljdor , " they will throw away an excellent chance .
Parliamentary PmvACY .-If Louis Napoleon wishes thoroug hly to stifle the discussion , and to prevent tbe publication of the debates thatoccur in bis Senate and Legislative corps , he should cause the Chambers in which those bodies mett to be constructed and ventilated after the fashion of the British Houses of Parliament ; eo ihsfc the asstmbly might be close , and the speakeis inaudible in tho gallery .
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), April 10, 1852, page 3, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_10041852/page/3/
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