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g THS NORTHERN STAR. April II, 184^; 1
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UOVSE Or LORDS—Moxdat, Aran. fi. A'xcr t...
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TIIE TURN-OUT IN MANCHESTER. ADDRESS TO ...
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Lancashire Miners.—The next general dele...
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Great Chaktibt Meeting at Carlisle.—On M...
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City Chartist Hall, 1, Tcrnagain-laxk, F...
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United Patriots' Benefit Society.—The Fe...
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Rotal Polytechnic Institution.—Dr. John ...
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Died, on tho 20th ult., at Lightmoor, Sh...
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Printed by DObC-AI. .M'GOWAX, of It', Gr...
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street, Uaymarket, in the City ot Westmi...
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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G Ths Northern Star. April Ii, 184^; 1
g THS NORTHERN STAR . April II , 184 ^; 1
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Uovse Or Lords—Moxdat, Aran. Fi. A'Xcr T...
UOVSE Or LORDS—Moxdat , Aran . fi . A ' xcr tr-insaciia ? the usual private business , and a slislioitcanTersationontlic Indian war , originated by ttirthe Marquis of I . ansdownc , who expressed his regret ntat not being able to be present when tbc votes of ttlrthanks were moved , and his cordial concurrence in ttithese votes , the attention of their Lordships was ascallcd to
TIIE POLISH IXSURBKCTION . Lord Br . A'Cj . iosT Had * ivcu notice that he would ( C call atteuih'ii to the ret-eut events which had tsktn p place in a province « f the Austrian em ;< ire ; and lie d duf R « t think tha" ; for so doing any apology was uec cessary . U « did net ask their lordships to consider i * he subject in wnntxion with any existing national 5 treaty , which - -vould give him the privilege of aringi in" it before them ; he claimed the right to discuss i it uoon far ukhcr grounds— ou thc ground that every ] European state not- absolutely bavbaroas had entered I into a tzcit compact to advance civilisation , and to 1 resist the continuation of alt thc laws which fed
' heeii fenned at an earlier age , aud ihe spirit oi vvhk' vcas eijustifiable oppression and "causeless persceu-1 tion . Wiicn , in one part of Europe , by monstrous 1 deeds , such as those he would shortly allude &> , the 1 compact was violated , it was the duty of even ; other ; government to take the opportunity which tfeeir con-1 iiitutiofi afforded them of jiuhlicly denouncing and < condemning theoceurrcnccyaud by such a-eondeniuation to compel thestate in which the crims had been - -committed to take measures to prevent a , repetition . There had been lately in l ' olaud a rev <« t against thc established suiliorities . ; that revoltbadieensubdued , and the leadiii" labels had been tormailv tried and
formally condemned , it had been a servile war ; the peasants had ken encouraged to rise against their masters , ami the consequence has been a wholesale slaughter of the nobles . In Gallicia . the province of which lie spoke , a prefect of cue of thc towns had opeuiyoffvicd a reward to the serfs who murdered the nobles . ( The noble lord here read an extract , descriptive of the transaction , from the Journal dee JDcbats . ) Their lordships , it was true , knew nothing of these circumstances but from the French aud German journals ; but the payer from which he had quoted bore so high a character , their lordships mkht be confident that such a statement as that -which he had taken from its columns would not have teen admitted Iwd it not been tonndedon truth . The
governments under the authority of which these outwies upon humanity and justice had beeo committed had given no expression to their indignation or disapproval . The very reverse was the fact- ; and he found iu the proclamation issued by Ferdinand , the Emperor , there was encouragement and thanks offered to tiie inhabitants of Gallicia for the means which they had taken to secure peace by murder . Was it not , the absolute duty of neighbouring states under such , circumstances to interfere ? lie would ask the noble carl whether lie had received any information relative to the late events in Austria to vrhiek he ( Lord Beaumont ) referred , and , if so , whether any means had baen taken to make known to the people of that country the disapprobation with which their actions on those occasions were viewed
T ) Y thc government of this ? * Lord Aberdeen- said , that the suhject was one in which this country was not directly concerned , and It was excessively difficult to discriminate among the conflicting statements and counter-statements , the amount of truth or falsehood they contained . lie referred , however , to the character of Prince Mctter nicb , with whom he had had the happiness of living far many years in terms of intimacy , as decisive against the * truth of those reports , which attributed to the Austrian government the encouragement of assassination . The p & uantry of Gallicia lwd
experieuted the most humane and considerate treatment at the hands of Austria ; and all the information ha had received conveyed the impression , that they had proved faithful to the government in resist ing the revoit , ' and in repelling the insurgents , from the moitpraiseworthy seutimentsof loyalty aud gratitude . Tlierc had doubtless been some sacrL'ce of life in li : c suppression of a most formidable insurrection ; but he could sec nothing in the attachment of a population to a state from which they had received the most substantial benefits , which wouid justify Lord "Beaumont's condemnation .
Lord Kixsaiud believed , that the province of Gallicia had been , in general , well governed by Austria , and in s > manner quite different to that adopted in another part of Poland by another government . He did t .-ofc think the noble lord had brought sufficiently under the notice of the house , tlie proclamation issued by one of the governors of Gallicia . It was not denied that such a proclamation was issued , offering a reward for thc apprehension of the insurgents , dead or alive . On inquiry , too , lie found that every governor wasauthorised by the statute law of Austria , in certain cases , to issue a proclamation ; he underst-jod the law ot that country to be , that all deserters might be taken and brought in , dead or alive , and , by another statute law , all rebels are to be
treated as deserters , lie believed the proclamation in question was founded ou that law ; at thc same time he was certain , frwra the character of Prince Metttruich , that he never could havesanctionedany tliing > o barbarous as a proclamation of this sort . He was glad the subject had beea brought forward , because It enabled the government of this country to show its abhorrence of sueh barbarity . The subject then dropped . Lord Deshax then presented a petition from a Mr . J . Smith , who complained that his residence hap been entered and searched under the authority of a warrant from the Commissioners of Excise , and after a reply from Lord Dalhousie to the effect that the commissioners had not exceeded their powers , their lordships adjourned .
HOUSE OF COMMOXS-Moxday , Aphil 6
RAILWAY BILLS . On the second reading of the Sheffield , Buxton , and Crewe Railway Bill a discussion of considerable importance occurred . In reply to observations from 2 dr . Ward and Lord Sandun , Sir It . Pi : el nbserved , that no person could have viewed without great anxiety the railway speculations of the last autumn and winter . It was one of these speculation fevers , which periodically afflicted this country—which as regularly produced great suffering auioug private individuals , and which no experience , i ; c was afraid , would ever cure . He was aware of the difficulty which beset the house in interfering with the transactions of commerce genenilfy ; but he thought that , without applying a direct
limitation cither to the amount of capital to be invested iu railroads , or to the bills to be proceeded frith this session , the house had the means of putting a check indirectly on the bills tlieu before it . There acre mauy schemes before the house ; but then prospects of profit were less , the difficulty of raising money was greater . The appetite for speculation had iu consequence diminished very considcrjih ' y . Unless those schemes were likely to be proii . abic to individuals , it was not for the public interest to permit them to proceed ; and he , therefore , thought t :: it it would be for the public advantage to pass a bill with this limited object—that where a majority holding more than half the stock of the company should represent to Parliament that they
were not desirous of proceeding with . their bill , they should have a full opportunity of declaring it by petition to either House of Parliament ; and that , in such ease , Parliament should refuse to sanction any further proceedings upon it . lie proposed that those who originally proposed the scheme should still remain rcfepiiiisihle for the expense which they had authoriscl . lie thought also that a trustee , or an official assignee , should be appointed to take possession of the property of the company . In such a case the house would be relieved from the necessity of compelling private individuals to proceed with a measure which they disliked , or thc public to go on witiiameasu ; c which to thc public would be unprofitable .
This suggestion gave rise to a lengthy discussion , iu the course of which Messrs . LaU . ueherc , Ward , I ' atiea , F . liarimj , B . Dcnisnn , ami other influenlial members connected with railways , expressed themselves favourably towards it . Sir R . Peel observed that tiie ; majority of winch lie had spoken , was to consist ff the present , and not of the original shareholders , lie had been misunderstood if it were supposed tiiat he had said that the house was to proceed to thc third reading of the uill _ before it took notice of thc petition presented against it . The house might discontinue the proceedings on the bill at the earliest stage of the presentation of thc petition . There were certain railroad bills standing for a third reading fci morrow He thought that they should all be postponed for the present ; and tlie adjournment at Ea-. ter would be niost favourable for allowing the subscribers to deliberate whether they would proceed further with them
or not . Lord Morpeth hoped that Sir R . Peei would adhere to his original proposition , and make it compulsory on the shareholders or scrip-holders to express their feelings on behalf of every railway schemcuow before Parliament . After some discussion the bill was then read a second time . PROTECTION OF LIFE ( IRELAXD ) BILL . Sir R . Peel then asked such hon . gentlemen as Lad motions for to-morrow to postpone them , 111 order that the house might proceed with the ; adjourned debate on the bill tor the protection ot life 111 k Sw . S . O ' BniES and Mr . J . O'Cama both declated their inability to consent to any measure which would facilitate thc progress of the Coercion
"Rill LoidMonPEinhoped , that as , the decision of the house had already been taken in favour ot entering up ™ the discussion on the Irish Bill the Irish members would not waste the time of thehousc by getting np » preliminary debate on the order of their proceedin gs , lie did not repent of the vote wiiicli lie hail giveii on a former night in favour of proceeding with tiie „ born Bill instead of tlte Irish Bill ; for he hud re-
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ceived a letter that morning from one of the largest manufacturers , in the West Riding , stating that , in consequeneeof the stagnation of trade produced by the dilatory progress of the Corn Bill , tie distress of th operatives iu Yorkshire and Lancashire was extreme , and tltat many of them m ust have perished had they not been relieved by private charity . The motion that the order of the day be then read , led to a series of obstructive motions in which the Irish members unequivocally showed their determination to resist the progress of the bill by every means in their power . The order was however at last read and
Mr . It , S . Cuikw rose to oppose the measure , not only because it was unconstitutional in its tendency , but also because it was incapable of accomplishing the object for which it was intended . lie advocated the necessity of readjusting thc church property , and of "making some alteration in tlte ' law of landlord and tenant in Ireland , to which , lie attributed most of the crimes committed iu that country . If the government would but remedy the grievances of Ireland , there would be no occasion for a billof this oppressive character . The O ' Connor Bon opposed the measure , and maintained there was no connection between it and the prevention of crime in Ireland .
Mr , M . Milxes supported it . Me admitted , however , that the punishment of transportation ought not to be inflicted so summarily as was proposed in this bill ; and he should willingly co-operate with any gentleman who should propose to amend that part of the bill in committee . Mr . D . Brow . ve , after congratulating the country on tlie evident change of temper in thc House in Irish aitairs , proceeded to make a lengthy discursive speech on the grievances of Ireland , and the remedies proposed for them . He contended that the crimes committed in England—of which he read a long catalogue—were quite as numerous , and rather more numerous , than those committed in Ireland ; and yet it was not proposed to put them down in England
by a coercion bill , because the people of hngland would not bear it , although such a measure appeared to the Governmevt well suited for the atmosphere of Ireland . lie assured the House that so long as the clearance system was carried oa in Ireland , upon the scale recently adopted by Mr . Gerard , it would be impossible to tranquillize that country , even though thoy were to multiply their coercion bills ten times over . lie wished that Ireland should enjoy the same institutions as England ; and if they said they would not repeal the union , let ministers come down to tlie House and say they would give Ireland the same institutions as England , full representation and equal franchises . He particularly addressed himself to the right hon . baronet at the head © '' her Majesty ' s
government , who , he felt , was disposed well towards his countrymen , to ask his own heart what was most wanting in Ireland . "; Let him see the anomalous condition of thc people ; poverty unexampled in the history of any ' country , while millions were drained from the country by heartless absentees ; the granaries of the country bursting with their contents , wliile ' the people , in abject wretchedness , were claiming the miserable pittance from the stranger ; their flocks and herds driven to another laud to swell the ab ^ entee tribute , while the unfortunate peasantry were at the present moment endeavouring ( to use the language of the Poor Law Commissioners ) "to keep a grip of life . " Let the right hon . baronet look to the state of the metropolis of Dublin ; even the
prestige of its former greatness gone ; the houses ot the nobility desecrated to mean and lowly purposes ; her streets deserted ; her shopkeepers bankrupt ; her Custom-house a depot fur English merchandise ; her Exchange a mockery ; her Bank a monopoly ; and her Castle , as it would be under this bill , a despotism . ( Hear , hear . ) Let Mm reflect upon these things , and , like a great statesman , apply the real remedy , —abandon coercion , and , above all , let him show to the Irish people a good intention of impartial government . Let him unite ( to use language which he had heard before ) the science of Watt with the policy of the son of Chatham . Let him encourage the introduction of capital into Ireland , the sure foundation of political peace and commercial prosperity , and he
would behold a glorious consummation , which would add another laurel to the reputation' of " a name that then indeed would become immortal . ( Hear , hear . ) Lord Morpeth observed , that though he was ready to admit that remedial measures ought to have preceded , or at any rate to have accompanied , this measure of coercion , yet he could not take upon himself the responsibility of refusing to give to the government some of the powers which they alleged to be essential to the security of human life in Ireland . He was ready to allow that the people of that country in honesty of dealing between man aud man , and in patience under want and privation , were superior to any other people in the world . He was ready to allow that it might be easy to pick out crimes more
enormous than any committed in Ireland ; but it was not the enormity , but the system , of Irish crime , which called at present for some intervention on the part of the Legislature . He considered that this bill was not calculated to gain its own ends ; but he could not refuse to legislate upon the subject altogether . He had been one of those who had originally supported the appropriation clause , and he liad subsequently stated in his place in Parliament that that clause , baffled as it was , would not do full justice to Ireland . He was also of opinion that all the franchises of Ireland , Parliamentary as well as municipal , ought to rest upon the same basis as those of England and Scotland . Though the Whig government had introduced a Poor Law into Ireland , he thought tltat tlte relation between the property and Vie poverty of tltat country required furtlier
adjustment ; and most earnestly did lie hope that the newlaw of landlord and tenant which government was going to propose , would be formed with due consideration of the rights of the weak and defenceless . He was also of opinion that the bogs aud waste lands of Ireland might be made productive of greater advantage to its population . He then proceeded to remark , that whenever the period should arrive for the first reading of this bill , some time must elapse before it arrived at its third reading . If in the interim the abhorrence with which these crimes had been branded by the popular leaders of Ireland , should have produced a . diminution of their number , and restored security to property and life , he hoped that her Majesty ' s government would meet that manifestation of improvement in a corresponding spirit , and would dispense with the whole , or with the severer part ef this law . Mr . P . Scrope observed that he had resisted bills
of this coercive character on former occasions , and he should be consistent with himself in resisting this bill now . So long as you allowed the exterminating and depopulating system of the Irish landlords to proceed without check or hindrance , so long would you have a necessity for these coercion bills . He wanted to see the commencement of a better , system —the introduction of remedial measures . But at prcserst their policy seemed to be onesided legislation , which took into account only the interests of those who least required favour , the giving large doses of aquafortis to the peasantry and milk-andwater to the landlords . ( Hear , hear . ) They had no right to say that it was an impossibility to give food and employment to such a population in such a
country as Ireland ; tltcy had never tried the right means ; they gave to the landlords privileges , t / ie solcprofil in tlte soil , and tlius they excluded tlie masses from their natural inlieritance . Until the resources of the . country were fully developed , he ( Mr . Scrope ) could never approve of the desperate system of emigration . Until they repealed the laws now in force , uutil they treated Irishmen as Englishmen , and gave to the one astheygavetotke other—the sense of citizenship , they would in vain attempt to tranquillise Ireland . ( Hear . ) If the evil remained unreformed , it was not hypothetical to warn them of a social convulsion such as had taken place in other countries—but which God forbid should ever occur in a nation so nearly and closely connected with . them as was Ireland .
What had been the recent history of France ? The peasantry there had once been as were the peasantry now in the sister [ kingdom ; they rose , broke their chains , claimed and obtained their rights . The consequence bad been auspicious ; tlte peasantry of France had roused tliemsdves , and millions now possessed tiie farm which they had formerly cultivated at the will and pleasure of their tyrant masters . Irelaud and France , both Catholic countries , had too frequent an intercourse not to lead the people of the one to imitate the example set to them by those of the other . ( Hear , hear . ) They possessed the fact , and thej would easily be induced to draw the palpable inference that their only hope of remedy was in revolt . ( Hear , hear . ) Throuchout Prussia , Austria ,
Poland , and most states of the nortlfof Lurope , the peasantry had been freed by the Governments from the oppression of their landlords , from the necessity that wasfelt that they should be enabled to exercise their industry with the prospect of obtaining a lair reward for it ' Throughout the north of Europe tin peasants had been raised from the state of serfdom , in which their lords bad over them the power even of life and death , and placed in the posUion of owners ofthesoiltltey formerly cultivated «? . "'f ? ' : '" j With these examples before them , did they think the demands of the Irish peasants would not increase ? The introduction of manufactures into Ireland had been talked of , but till the agricultural capabilities of thc country were developed the people could not Ireland
le made to depend upon manufactures . In there was no inducement to industry ; therefore , it was said , the people were not industrious . Butgive t'aem long leases or an exteusionof the Ulster tenant right ( hear , hear ) , audit would be found they would work as hard as the Scotch or English . He had long held these opinions ; he had tried to urge them on Parliament , but lie had failed . Now , however , circumstances were verging on a point—they were approaching a crisis , and with no party object , with no other motive in view but the necessity of thc case , lie asked them to secure that peace and tranquillity iu which England was so deeply interested , by bringing forward such a series of measures as would « o to the root of the evils .
Lord G . Bemixck supported the measure . He could nut see hpw any extension of the political franchise in Ireland could cure the evils against ivliicli this bill was intended to guard ; but he con-
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curred with Lord Morpeth in thinking that a further adjustment of the relations between Irish propertv and Irish poverty was desirable . lie then proceeded to attack the conduct of government on account of their dilatory mode of proceeding . What justification was there for the government coming down to the house , and saying that unless it could carry a free trade in corn , it would not introduce a measure for preventing assassination in Ireland ? What was that buisaying that , if it could not have a free trade in corn , it would have a free trade in mid-day murder and midnight assassination in Ireland ? If such language were to be tolerated , they might' as well have Captain Rock sitting in Dublin Casfle as Lord-Lieutenant , with a Whiteboy as fiis secretory , and with Molly Maguire as his principal attendant .
Mr . J . O'Bkies then moved that the debate be adjourned . On this question the house divided , when there appeared—For the adjournment Y 4 Against it 120 Majority against it 46 A conversation then tookplaceon a proposition of Sir W . Somerville , to adjourn thc debate till that day three weeks . Sir R . Peel declared kis intention of not giving way to such a proposition , and , after some sharp observations , Sir W . Somerville withdrew it , reserving to himself the right of renewing it , if he thought fit , on Tuesday . The debate was then adjourned till Tuesday .
In a committee of supply the Chancellor of the Exchequer stated , in answer to a question by Col . Sibthorp , that last year he had anticipated the surplus of income over expenditure at £ 90 , 000 . He was happy to state , that , independently of the money to be received from China , it now amounted to £ 1 , 750 , 000 . The other orders of the day were then disposed of , and the house adjourned at one o ' clock .
HOUSE OF LORDS-Tuesday , Awul 7 . After the presentation of petitions , Lord Campbell introduced two bills , the first for abolishing that remmnt of superstition , dcodands imposed by coroners' inqui-sts ; and the second for affording compensation to the families of persons who lose their lives by railway or other accidents , whore the degree of negligence was such as to justify a verdict of manslaughter—which were read a first time . The Earl of Dalhousie then proceeded to present a report from the Railway-office of the Board of Trade , for the years 1814 and 1845 ; and took that opportunity of bringing under the notice of their lordships the determination at which the government
had arrived with respect to railway legislation , considering it most desirable that that determination should be promulgated with the least possible delay . The noble carl then proceeded to detail the course which had been pursued by Parliament on the subject of railway legislation during the present session —referred to the numerous petitions and memorials which , had been presented to the Legislature , and to the Board of Trade , complaining of the great evils which were resulting to all branches of trade , as well as to the promoters of railway measures , from the state of things which was now found to prevail—all agreeing in the proposition , that the price of every description of materials required in the construction of railways , as well as of all other projects involving
a demand for the same description of articles , would be greatly enhanced , while the value of labour would be increased , but which advancement in the price of wages , it was feared , would not be likely to tend to the permanent improvement of the condition of the labourer . 'iWnoble earl , after exposing the system of operating upon the market even by flying pigeons from the very doors of the house , conveying intelligence as to proceedings before Railway Committees , said it was the intention of the government , as early as possible after Easter , to introduce a bill , the object of which would be to enable any of the railway companys now before Parliament to wind up their affairs , with the view of putting an end to the undertaking for which the funds were originally subscribed . It was proposed , by machinery to be
provided , that means should be given to _ the actual holders of railway stock to call a meeting of thc proprietors , for the purpose of determining whether or not the affairs of the company should be wound up . If such a determination should be come to by a majority of the number of shares , then that an official assignee be appointed for the administration of the funds , and , after satisfying the demand of every creditor , divide the surplus rateably among those entitled to share it ; but should there be a deficit instead of a surplus , that circumstance should not operate as an exemption to the parties liable from the payment of any expenses that had been previously incurred . The proposal elicited expressions of approval from several of their lordships , and in answer to a question from the Marquis of Lansdowne .
Lord Dalhousie said , it was intended after the recess , to propose the postponement of all further progress in the bills at present before committees until the 29 ; h of this month . On the motion of tlie Duke of Wellington , the house then adjourned to Tuesday , the 21 st instant . HOUSE OF COMMONS-Tuesdat , April 7 . The house was engaged until six o ' clock with a mass of private business , principally connected with railways . Mr . Hume applied for , and obtained a committee on private bill legislation with a view to remedy the abuses of the present system .
Mr . Cochbane in asking a question of Sir R . Peel relative to the financial affairs of Greece , quoted the following statement of the Financial Minister of that country . " I nowicome down to thisSliouse to tell you that the Finance Department is in a complete state of disorganization and paralysis ; that no accounts exist either as to the revenue or the expenditure , and that it will be utterly impossible to furnish you with anything in the shape of a correct budget . In consequence of the dishonesty and incapacity of the public functionaries , the public accounts are in a state of chaos . All that M . Provilegio and others have told you respecting every honest man having been dismissed , and of the spoliation of the public monerat Syra and elsewhere , is perfectly true . Millions are due to the state ; and we do not know who are our debtors , as the revenue books have disappeared . This is the financial statement 1 have to make . " ( Laugkter . )
Sir R . Peel thought the house would admit , after what they had heard , that the most frank , modest , and candid of all the Chancellors of the Exchequers in Europe was the Chancellor of the Exchequer who presided over thc revenues of Greece ' . ( A laugh . ) If the hon gentleman behind him had " buoyed himself up" with any hopes of payment of interest upon the Greek debt , he ( Sir R . Peel ) must say , for his own part , that he had not been so sanguine . ( Renewed laughter . ) Sir R . Peel then stated the arrangements which
he intended to make for the progress of public business after Easter . The substance of his statement was , that he would on Wednesday propose that the House adjourn , on its rising till Friday week ; that on Friday week he would resume the adjourned debate on the Irish Bill ; and that on the Monday following he would propose that the Corn Importation Bill and the Customs Bill be committed , incase the debate on the Irish Bill should then be closed ; but in case it were not closed , he would then proceed with the Irish Bill before the Corn Bill , until a division on the former measure took place .
POSTPONEMENT OF BILLS . Mr . T . Duxcombe wished to ask whether the government had any objection to make to the Lace Factories Bill which stood for a second reading tomorrow . Sir J . Grahaxi said his objection to the bill was an objection to its principle , which he should be obliged to take on the motion for the second reading . Mr . T . Duncombe would , in that case , move that the order of the day , for the second reading £ of the billbe now read , in order to postpone it to the 22 nd of April . Agreed to .
Mr . Wvse , in moving for a select committee to inquire into the presentstate of legal education in Ireland and the means for its further improvement and extension , observed , that his object was to enlarge this branch of education , of which the importance could not be exaggerated , considering the great influence which lawyers " exercised over society . He , therefore , called upon the house to found a school and college of law in Dublin , and to aid it by the contributions of the state . On the motion of an hon . member , the house was counted , and , there not being forty members present , stood adjourned at eight o ' clock . HOUSE OF COMMONS-Wednesdat , April 8 . The Speaker took the chair at twelve o ' clock . RESTORATION OF POLAND .
Mr . Duncombe presented a petition from a meeting at the Crown and Anchor Tavern , praying that the house would address her Majesty , to take into consideration the state ef Eastern Europe , and , in conjunction with other European powers , devise measures for the restoration of Poland .
UNLICENSED LECTURE ROOMS . Mr . Du . vco . mbe also presented a petition from Richard Johnson , bookseller , of Hull , praving i ' ov an alteration in the 3 Sth of George III . ( the ' Correspondence Act ) . The petitioner complained that he ( the petitioner ) had been subjected under that act to ihe payment of a penalty of £ 20 for receiving money at the door of a lecture room ; and he submitted that every one who so received money for admissions was liable to be proceeded against bv common informers . The same lion , meiubsr presented a similar petition of the inhabitiinis of Hull agreed to at a public meeting .
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CLOTHING FOR INFANTS IN WORKHOUSES . Mr . Ciimsm asked Sir J . Graham , whether the attention of the Poor Law Commissioners had been directed to the cases of two women tried and acquitted at the last assizes for Salisbury and Hereford , respectively , for the murder of their infant children , in consequence of the children having been stripped of their clothing on their mother ' s leaving the union workhouses , of which they had been severally inmates .
Sir J . Graham observed , that the Poor Law Commissioners had written a letter to the board ot guardians presiding over one of the workhouses to which Mr . Christie referred , stating that where a woman , delivered in it workhouse of a bastard child , desired to leave the workhouse , and had no clothing for her child , the board of guardians or the relieving officer might , upon her application , make her an allowance of such necessary clothing ; and that the board might also empower the master of the workhouse to furnish clothing for the child in cases of that sort , when there was not time for the woman to make application either to the board itself , or to the relieving officer . The cases , therefore , to which Mr .
Christie had referred , had not arisen either out of the existing state of the law , or out of any order issued by the Poor Law Commissioners . At a subsequent period of the sitting , Mr . Christie expressed his dissatisfaction at the answer which Sir J . Graham had given to his questions . He , therefore , asked some additional questions , of which the most material were , whether the Poor Law Commissioners had inflicted any censure on the workhouse officers for not allowing the clothes to be taken by the mothers of these unfortunate infants , whether a circular letter with general instructions on this subject had been sent to all the unions , and whether he would produce a copy of the letter , of which he had read an extract .
Sir J . Giuham observed , that it was impossible for him to give a detailed answer to these questions , as he had not had any notice of them . He had no objection to produce the letter of which he had read an extract . The Poor Law Commissioners had no power 'to inflict a censure on a board of guardians .
STATE OF IRELAND . Sir J . Graham laid upon the table of the house the official returns received from the Scarcity Commissioners in Ireland during thc month of March in order to convince it that the distress in that country had not only been progressive up to the present time , but that there was every probability of its continuing to increase . He should move that they be printed . Sir R . Peel observed , that the introduction of meal made from Indian com was creating in Ireland a new taste for a better . and more generons description of food than the potatoe . Indian corn , however , was now only admitted by a sort of sufferance . Tlie importers or it would have increased confidence in their speculation if its admission were guaranteed by
act of Parliament . Besides foreign wheat , foreign oats , and foreign barley , were still liable to a high duty ; and he was convinced that , if a decision were taken on the Corn Bill , by which that high duty would be materially reduced , the available supply of food would be greatly increased . He therefore appealed to the Irisli members , if they wished to confer a great benefit on many districts of their own country , to allow a decision to be taken forthwith on the first reading of the Coercion Bill , in order that Parliament might proceed with the Corn Bill without further delay . _ This appeal [ led to a long and desultory discussion in which several Irish members declared that a sense of duty to their country would impel them to continue their opposition to every stage of the Coercion Biff , If any delay was the consequence it was Sir
Robert ' s own fault . We ' . had only to withdraw that Bill for a few weeks , and permit the house to proceed with the Corn Bill first . The Protectionistson the other hand deprecated this incidental discussion of the Corn Bill which they intimated was not so sure of passing as some members thought it was . They also objected to mixing up the two questions of Coercion for Ireland , and Free Trade . After a series of explanations as to the course of public business . Sir R . Peel stated emphatically , that after the Irish Bill had been read a first time , it was the intention of government to proceed immediately with the Corn Bill , and not to Bring forward any othe :. * business of any kind till the sense of the house had been definitively taken on that measure . The house adjourned to Friday , the 17 th inst .
Tiie Turn-Out In Manchester. Address To ...
TIIE TURN-OUT IN MANCHESTER . ADDRESS TO THE GESJTET OF MANCHE 6 TLE , AtiS 1 BE PUBLIC QSNE & ALLY . The Committee of the Operative Joiners and Carpenters of Manchester , deem it necessary to issue the followingaddress , inordor to set the public mind right upon certain points connected with the struggle at present existing between them and their employers ; and on which they consider they have been most grossly misrepresented , not only by the said employers , but by the Manchester Guardian , and othor organs of the public press . It is not our wish to trouble the public with a lengthy detail as to the origin of the present strike—but it is sufficient to say , that after giving two months' notice to the masters for an advance of sixpence per day upon the present rate of wages , to commence from the first of March last , they were answered by advertisement , stating that the masters deeply regretted the necessity they felt of
forming themselves into a combined association , and as such were ready te receive a deputation from the operatives , to hear any grievances they had tocsmplainof . The result of the negooiation which followed was , an offer from them to advance our wages two shillings per week , provided we gave up the haltday holiday on Saturday and adopted the old system of time . Now , it is upon this particular point that we believe the public have been greatly misled ; for no announcement from the masters has ever stated the facts of the case aright ., Very much could be said in favour of a half-day holiday among the working class , treating the matter in a moral point of view ; and we feel confident upon this subject—public opinion is in our favour ; but as this question has assumed a different aspect between us and our employers , we will proceed briefly to state a few particulars .
After several meetings of the men , and an interview with the masters , it was mutually agreed upon that the hours of working from the beginning of October last , should be from seven o ' clock on Monday morning until six o ' clock , and from six to six each other day , except Saturday , on which day to leave off at twelve . Now , it may be as well to state what the working hours were according to the old system , which we will do from a statement emanating from Mr . Belhouse ' s office . They were as follows : —Thirty weeks at sixty hours ; eleven do ., at fiftyseven and a half hours : eleven do , at forty-eight hours ; making a total of 2 . 960 J hours in twelve months—averaging something short of fifty-seven
hours per week the year round . According to the system we have adopted during the past winter , we have worked ninety-three and a half hours more than we should have done by the old rule , lighting up and continuing to do so as long as was necessary , — whereby it is well known before there were set times for so doing . It has been already slated , that at Christmas we gave notice to our employers for an advance of wages , believing that the prospects of the trade were favourable to our doing so . This was met by the masters with an offer of 2 s . for three hours' work , or , in other words , to advance our wages 7 * d . per week ; which you can plainly see would have been the case if we had given up the half-day holiday .
We believe that the impression on the public mind is , that the men arc resisting an offer of 28 s . per week , and that every one laying claim to the name of a joiner , can have that by returning to his work ; when the reality is , that 24 s . Gd . is the present average rate of wages , —and adding the proposed advance ol 2 s . it would bo but 2 Cs . 6 d ., supposing we retained the half-day holiday . But when you take into consideration that we are called upon to give up this privilege for a paltry advance of 7 Jd . per week—you cannot say we arc acting obstinately or unreasonably . The public may not be aware that the wages vary from 18 s . to 20 s . per week , — and though their being charged the same for the most indifferent as they are for the superior workmen , may not be considered our business , yet we think it right to state this—not only to account for the average rate of wages , but to disabuse the public mind of the false idea that we demand 29 s . per week for every man , when our demand is , as
already stated , Gd . per day advance upon the present rate of wages . We do lay claim to having acted honourably towards our employers in giving them due notice of our intentions , and we feel no hesitation in saying , that had they acted in a similar manner to us some five weeks since , we might have been differently situated at tho present moment . We are accused of" being tyrannical in our proceedings , of resorting to the most unwarrantable means of intimidation ;—our Trades' Union is spoken of as alike injurious to master and man—that all its affairs and transactions are under the controul and dictation of a few individuals , who arc stated to be persons of a very questionable character . Wc repudiate such charges , » nd contend , that the joiners of Manchester are a respectable and intelligent body of men , and not at all likely to be misled in the way which has been stated . We fling back upon them the charge of tyranny ;_ l et the public read the following
document . " In entering into the service of . I hereby declare that I am not in any way connected tvith the General Trades' Union , and I undertake lliitfc 1 will not join or subscribe to , or in any manner support or belong to , any General Trades' Union whatever , whilst I urn in your service , " ( Signed ) . Can anything be more tyrannical than this !—but enough—we aro willing to leave our case in your
Tiie Turn-Out In Manchester. Address To ...
hands ;—and though the conduct of our masters is deserving of the most unmeasured censure , —yet , we refrain from evincing any thing like hostile or bad feeling , considering the whole affair , when looked upon in a proper light , to be a matter of business between us and our employers . Our present object is to set the public right , and therefore earnestly request them to consider the evidence on both sides , bofore they pass their all-powerful verdict against us . It may not be amiss to avail ourselves of the pi esent opportunity of informing our employers and the public generally , as to our determination ^ with regard
to the above infamous document ) , which is embodied in the following resolution , passed at a meeting of the trade , at the Carpenters' Hall , on Wednesday evening last . —Moved by Thomas Railton , and seconded by James Harvey , " That we , the Operative Carpenters and Joiners of Manchester , Salford , and their Vicinities , do consider that the proposal of signing a document on the part of the master is unjust , un-English , and tyrannical , and ought to be treated by us with an expression of the strongest contempt , in order to show them our determination to resist their vile attempts . " Peter Evass , Chairman '
Manchester , April 8 . —The emplsyers have sent their agents to all parts of the United Kingdom in search of hands . We have heard of them in Edinburgh , Glasgow , and different parts of Scotland ; in Dublin and surrounding counties ; in London , Exeter , and Cornwall ; and through nearly all the whole county of Yorkshire ; but they have everywhere been disappointed . This speaks highly in favour of the unanimous feeling amongst the working ilass in our favour . James Levkns , Secretary of the Carpenters and Joiners' Society , Manchester .
Lancashire Miners.—The Next General Dele...
Lancashire Miners . —The next general delegate meeting of Lancashire Miners will be held on Monday , April 20 th , at the sign of tho Swan With Two Necks , Spring-lane , Ratcliffe-bridge , near Bury , chair to be taken at eleven o ' clock in the forenoon . There will also bo a public meeting whicli will be addressed by several of the accredited agents of the Miners Association . The Miners of Bolton and its vicinity are still out , and continue to evince the same determination to resist the tyranny of their late employers , which has so nobly characterised them during the whole of their protracted struggle . Subscriptions and donations on their account may be sent either to Wm . Grocott . No . 1 , ' Cummin ' s
Buildings , Mount-street , Ancoats , Manchester , or to Mr . C . Meadowcraft , Ashley-street , Dukinfietd , Cheshire . The Coal Miners of Lancashire return their sincere thanks to their brethren of the Holy town district , Scotland , for their three donations of £ 10 , making the amount already received from them into the handsome sum of £ 30 , and they also take this opportunity of publicly expressing their gratitude to Mr . Win . Cloughan for his exertions in their behalf . Mr . Charles Meadowcraft thankfully acknowledges tho receipts of the following sums : —Miners of Fit ' cshire , £ 1210 s . 4 d . ; friendsat Whitehaven , lis . 2 Jd . ; Engineers of Wigan , £ 8 ; Miners of Derbyshire , £ 5 . —Wm . Gnocou , County Secretary .
Strike amongst tub Tin-Plate Worreiis op Birmingham . —The tin-plate workers ( a very numerous body here ) , have " struck , " and have issued the following address : — " We , the workmen employed in the above trade , have been thrown out of employment to prevent a reduction of 20 per cent , in our wages . The attempt made by our employers is of such magnitude , that every right thinking mind will sympathise , and , we believe , assist us . Tlie case is unparalleled in the history of the tin trade throughout the kingdom . We have been forced against our will into this situation—we have not asked for an advance , we only act in defence of our just rights , as producers of a part of the wealth which we wish every employer to partake of , providing he act upon the principle of justice to his ever-willing , toiling
workmen . The number out exceeds seventy , the majority of whom have wives and children depending on them for support . We are determined , with the assistance of our fellow workmen , to resist by all the moral power we can bring to bear against their wicked system . Brother operatives , what would our f « llow-workmen think of us in other large towns , and the country generally , where numbers are employed at a remunerating price , if we were tamely to submit to this impious proposal ?—a proposal that would take , even at the present prices , from many of us , one-fourth of our usual earnings . That being our position , we are determined , rather than submit , to continue the struggle until our employers consent to give the just price for our labour . We have little to fear but" Justice will triumph over Oppression . "
Mektino op Papeu-hangehs and Stainers .-Effect upon Wages op the Proposed Customs ( Frek Trade ) Bill . —Last evening a numerous meeting of working paper-hangers assembled in the large ball-room attached to the Jacob ' s Well Tavern , Barbican , to meet a deputation of journeymen paperstainers under the following circumstances . French stained paper hitherto paid an import duty of Is . per square yard , but by Sir Robert Peel ' s proposed free trade tariff the duty is to be reduced to 2 d . the square yard . The large master paper-stainers of London , amounting in number to about sixteen , as soon as they heard of the proposed reduction , met , and the result of several deliberations was , that nine of the number , contending that the reduced tariff would
swamp them with French paper , and that they could not compete with the manufacturers of France , resolved tiistanter , and without waiting to see if the proposed reduced duty would receive the sanction ot the legislature , and if it did without giving it a trial , to reduce their workmen ' s wages by one-half , and in some branches of the trade by two-thirds . The wages paid hitherto were 3 s . 4 d . per score , so that nine score pieces , the average weekly work of one man , amounted to £ 1 10 s . The masters now proposed to reduce that sum to 13 s . Gd ., and when the order extended beyond fifty pieces , or was continued work , to pay Is . 3 d . per score , or about Is . Gd . for every 20 s . before paid . The journeymen attached to the establishments alluded to , considering the proprietors acting aggressively towards them , resisted the offered reduction in their wages , and 230 of them are now out of employment . They maintain , and so do seven master manufacturers , that the
proposed tariff will not be so injurious as the nine masters say , and they argue that , at any rate , before any reduction of wages should take place , the effect of the proposed tariff should be seen . The journeymen say that if it be injurious to the masters , they will be ready to accept any fair compromise , in order to enable their employers to meet French competition on as equal grounds as possible . The following resolutions were agreed to : — "That the meeting considered the conduct of the master paperstainers as unjust and oppressive , in offering a reduction of wages to their workmen on account of the importation of foreign hangings , before the proposed tariff became the law of the land ; and that the reduction of wages proposed by the masters is of so overwhelming a character , being in some cases twothirds , and in others one-half of the present prices , that it was utterly impossible to earn a subsistence . " Thanks having been voted to Mr . Sparks , the chairman , the meeting separated .
Great Chaktibt Meeting At Carlisle.—On M...
Great Chaktibt Meeting at Carlisle . —On Mr . O'Connor ' s arrival in Carlisle the Chartists resolved in their own mind that he should not spend an idle evening after examining the land he came to inspect , and with a view of carrying out their intention , about four o ' clock the drums and fifes were put into requisition to proclaim a meeting to bo held at the AthMneum . The Chartists , alarmed at the shortness of notice , were apprehensive of a failure ; however , when the time for commencing proceedings had arrived the spacious building was crowded in every part . Mr . Richardson , a working man , and a Chartist , was unanimously called to the chair , and opened the proceedings by inviting all who were opposed to the Chartist policy , or to Mr . O'Connor personally , to
listen attentively , and if they fiad any wish for discussion , or any objection to make to Mr . O'Connor ' s ipeecfi , that they would receive impartial justice from the meeting and from him as chairman . He then introduced Mr . O'Connor , who was received with loud and long continued applause . He spoke for two hours and a half upon the wrongs of Ireland , the policy of Peel , and the advantages of an agricultural life , and was only interrupted by frequent bursts of applause . His lecture was one of surpassing interest , especially to many of his own countrymen , who listened with delight , and went away more than pleased with the manner in which their cause had bucn explained and their rights advocated . In the course of his address , Mr . O'Connor dwelt impressively upon the necessity of ' getting up a national petition against the Irish Coercion Bill—a proposition which was hailed with enthusiastic applause , and to which the mectinc unanimously pledged its supportU the whole
. pon , the effect of Mr O'Connor s speech , and his exposure of the tactics and views ot the League , has put fresh heart into the Chartist party , as many ludicrously supposed that Mr . O Connor was favourable to a repeal of the Corn Laws , because he wished to spare the Chartist partv the odium of being charged with haviag starved the Irish people by preventing the free importation of grain , which , however , he fully proved would be an evil rather than a benefit , inasmuch as the inevitable result ot the measure would be to induce the farmers to dispense with agricultural labour , and thus throw the people exclusivel y upon gratuitous support , a pretetion to wluchthe Irish people gave entire erelence . At tlie close ot thc meeting a hearty vote i . f hanks was given to Mr . O'Connor and the chairman , and alter tho usual cheers for Frost , Williams " ¦ "id Jones , Dtuicombe and the Charter , the iucvtir » w keunin nigh spirits , when the drums aiidfifriT
oowedhyalai-e concourse of people with tho old uwilist Hags , paraded the town , to the great annoyance , no doubt , of thc peaceable inhabitants , and especially the iruetradeis .
Great Chaktibt Meeting At Carlisle.—On M...
THE CHARTIST CO-OPERATIVE LAND SOCIETY . Meetings for the purpose of enrolling members , and transacting other business connected therewith , are held everyjweek on the following days and places : —
SUSBAT EVENING . i & roift London Chartist Hall , 115 , Blackfriars-road ; at half-past six o ' clock . —City Chartist Hall , 1 , Turn , again-lane : at six o'clock . — Westminster : at tho Parthenium Club Rooms , 72 , St . Martin ' s-lane- at half-past seven . —Somen Town : at Mr . Duddregc ' g , Bricklayers' Arms , Toiibridge-street , New-road , at half-past seven . —Tower Hamlets : at the Whittingtoa and Cat , Church-row , Bethnal-green , at six o ' clock precisely . —Emmett ' s Brigade : at the Rock Tavern Lisson-grove , at eight o ' clock precisely . —Marylelone ; at the Coach Painters' Arms , Circus-street , at half , past seven .
MONDAY . EVENIXG . Camberwell : at tiie Montpelier Tavern , Walworth , at eight o ' clock precisely . TUESDAY EVEXI . VG . _ C 7 rccnu ) ic / i ; at the George and Dragon , Blackkeath . hill , at eight o'clock . Newcastle-upon-Tyne : This branch of the Chartist Co-operative Land Society meet in the house o { Martin Jude , Sun Inn , Side , every Monday eveningjroni seven until nine o ' clock , for the purpose of receiving subscriptions and enrolling members . Leicester : The members and committee of tlie Co operative Land Society meet at 87 , Church-gate , every Sunday night , at six o'clock .
Armley : ihe merabersof the Chartist Co-operative Land Society meet at the house of Mr . William Gates , boot and shoemaker , Armley Town-gate , every Modday evening , at eight o ' clock .
** Jbrtftwrninff Ilettmssu
** Jbrtftwrninff ilettmssu
City Chartist Hall, 1, Tcrnagain-Laxk, F...
City Chartist Hall , 1 , Tcrnagain-laxk , Far . ringdox-street . —On Sunday morning next , April 12 th , the public discussion will be resumed at halfpast ten precisely . In the afternoon , at three , the Metropolitan District Council will meet for the dispatch of business . In the evening , at seven , Mr . Walter Cooper will deliver a public lecture . Subject— " The Advantages and Disadvantages of Mis . sions to the Heathen . " ' South London Chartist Hall , 115 , Black , friahs-road . —On Sunday evening next , April 12 th , Mr . T . Shorter will lecture . Subject— " On Intel , lectual , Social , and Political Progress . " To co »> raence at seven o ' clock precisely . Tower Hamlets . —A special general meeting of the Eastern Philanthropic Society , will be held on Sunday evening next , at seven o'clock , at the Standard of Liberty , Brick-lane , Spitalficlds .
Cambbriyell asd Walworth . —A meeting will he held at the Montpelier Tavern , Walworth , on Menday evening , April 13 th , at eight o ' clock precisely . Hammersmith—A meeting will be held at the Dun Cow , Brook Green-lane , on Tuesday evening next , April 14 th , at eight o ' clock precisely . Tower Hamlets . —A public meeting will be held at the Brass Founders' Arras , Whitcchapcl Road , on Thursday , April the 16 th , 1846 , U elect a Delegate to represent the Tower Hamlets in the forthcoming convention . Chair to be taken at Eight o'clock .
Leicester . —On Easter Sunday , at two 0 clock , p . m . a Funeral Sermon will be preached for the late J . II . Bramwich , the Chartist poet , in the Marketplace , Leicester , by Mr . G . Buckby . Hymns composed by the deceased will be sung , and a collection made at the close for the poor widow . Norwich . —A general meeting of the Chartists of this locality will be held at their room , St . Martin ' sat-Oak-gates , on Sunday morning , April 12 , at ten o ' clock , to consider the propriety of being represented in the forthcoming Convention , and petitioning Parliament against the Coercion Bill for Ireland . Stockport . —Members' meeting will be held in the Chartist Institution , Bomber ' s Row , on Sunday next , at two o ' clock in the afternoon .
Nottingham . —Section No . 2 of the Chartist Cooperative Land Society will be open to receive members on Monday next , at Mr . J . Sweet ' s , bookseller and news agent , of whom the rules of the Society can be obtained . West Riding Delegate Meeting . —This meeting will be holden on Sunday , the 12 th of April , in the Working Man ' s Hall , Bull Close Lane , Halifax , to commence at 12 o'clock at noon . Oldham . —On Sunday , to morrow , two Lectures will be delivered in the Working Man ' s Hall : the first Lecture by Feargus O'Connor , Esq ., to commence at half-past Ten in the morning ; and tha second Lecture by Mr . P . M'Grath , to commence at Six o ' clock in the evening . On Monday , April 13 th , 1846 , a Tea Party and Ball will take place in tha above Hall , Tea to be on the table at Five o ' clock , and the Ball to commence at Seven precisely .
Barnsley . —A public meeting will be held on Monday evening next , April 13 th , at six o ' clock , in Mr . Acklara ' s room , to petition Parliament against the intended Coercion Bill for Ireland . Burnley . —A delegate meeting will be holden in the Chartist-room , Hammerton-street , on the 19 th inst ., chair to be taken at one o ' clock . The object of the meeting is , to take into consideration the pro priety of sending a delegate to the general Convention , to assemble in London , and to elect a new district secretary . Delegates are requested from the following places : —Accrington , Blackburn , Bacup , Barnoldswick , Clitheroe , Colne , Sabden , and Wheatley-lane . All communications for the Burnley Association must be addressed to William Buttcnvorth , Secretary , Bradshaw ' s Temperance Hotel , Cuhoustreet .
Rochdale . —Mr . Christopher Doyle , of the Executive , will lecture in . the Chartist-room , Mill-street , on Sunday next , the 12 th inst ., at six o ' clock in the evening . A tea party and ball will take place in the Social Institution , Yorkshire-street , on Easter Tuesday , to commemorate the first location of the Chartist Co-operative Land Society . Tea on the table at five o ' clock . The whole of the Executive will attend . Bristol . —The members of the Land Society will in future meet each alternate Mondav , at No . 10 , Horaefair , and No . 120 , in Temple-street .
United Patriots' Benefit Society.—The Fe...
United Patriots' Benefit Society . —The Festival Committee of this flourishing institution met on Friday evening , March 27 th , and appointed a deputation to wait on T . S . Duncombe , Esq ., M . P ., to solicit him to take the chair at the ensuing dinner , and also on F . O'Connor , Esq ., and G . Bird . Esq ., to invite their attendance . On Tuesday evening the deputation reported that Mr . Duncombe had consented to take the chair , and appointed the first Monday in July , and that Messrs . O'Connor nnd Bird had accepted thc invitation to attend . It was * then agreed that- the festival be celebrated by a dinner and ball , at Chalk Farm Tavern , on Monday , July 6 th , 1816 . The secretary announced that a general meeting of the members would take place at the Society-house , Brown Bear Tavern , Broadstreet , Bloomsbury , to appoint a committee to take into consideration the revisal of thc rules , and other business , on Wednesday , April 22 . Chair to be taken at eight o ' clock precisely .
Rotal Polytechnic Institution.—Dr. John ...
Rotal Polytechnic Institution . —Dr . John Ryan has commenced a most interesting series of che mical lectures at thc above-named establishment . On Monday last the Doctor delivered a lecture on chemical analysis , and although at first sight the subject seems to present insurmountable difficulties in its adaptation to a popular audience , yet in the hands of this talented gentleman the subject became so simplified as to bring it liomc to the understanding of all classes who visit this institution . Tho following fact was mentioned by him last Monday , speaking of thepeculiar laws influencing the different gases : tho ; Doctor stated that our atmosphere invariably contained three gases in a state of mere mechanical mi xture , and althoueh varvine in
specific gravity , these bodies at all altitudes , and at all seasons , are found mixed in the same precise proportions . One of these gases—carbonic acid—gives oft during many natural processes , and always forming l-2000 th parts of our atmosphere . / Phis gas is so heavy that 100 . " cubic inches weigh 47 grains , while the same bulk of air only weighs 31 grains , therefore if gases did not diffuse themselves equally we should have the heaviest body forming the lowest structure of the atmosphere , and as carbonic acid is destructive to life , existence in its present form would be impossible , for at the most moderate calculation we should have at least ten or twelve feet of that air . on the surface of the earth . To provide against this we have the law of diffusion .
Died, On Tho 20th Ult., At Lightmoor, Sh...
Died , on tho 20 th ult ., at Lightmoor , Shropshire , Wm , Beddoes , aged sixty two , after a few days illness , consequent on taking cold . The deceased was a sincere Christian and a sterling Chartist . Died , at Eiisiugton Low , in the county of Durham , Mary liowlby M'Cabe , wife of Abraham M'Cabo , after a lingering illness of eighteen mouths . Christened , at the same time , by the Rev . J . S Michal , of Helton le Hole , Emily Arabella M-Cahe , Abraham Marsden Al'Cabe , Eliza Cooke M'Cabe , called alter the poets .
Printed By Dobc-Ai. .M'Gowax, Of It', Gr...
Printed by DObC-AI . . M'GOWAX , of It ' , Great Wimlniii ' . ; -
Street, Uaymarket, In The City Ot Westmi...
street , Uaymarket , in the City ot Westminster , ittlw e Otlice , in " the same . Stivrr and Parish , for the 1 ' ro- - nriutor , FEA 11 CUS O'CO . NN ' C'K , Esq ., ami publislied 1 liy Wn . Lt . ui JIkwitt , of So . lis , Cliai-ies-stivct , Ursn" i " dim-street , Walworth , in the I ' arish of St . Mary , So *; . ington , iu tiie County of Surrey , at the Oilier , N ' o . » r Great Wimhuili-srrcer , ilayniailiet , iu C * e Qui ° t f Westminster . Saturday , April 11 , lS 4 . fi .
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), April 11, 1846, page 8, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_11041846/page/8/
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