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< TE limbsis infinitel j ju ly 11, 184^ ...
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' fottw iHotomtts.
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" And I wOT war, at least in words, f ah...
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«. t think I hear a little bird, who sin...
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LORD ABERDEEN, THE NUNS OF MINSK, NICHOL...
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m^ THE CHOLERA. Aden, June 3. The choler...
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—w—THE AFFAIRS OF CHILI. , (From the Tim...
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THE AUSTRIAN ARMY. According to the Aust...
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TURKISH ROMANCE OF REAL LIFE. Know ye th...
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LOSS OF A LIEUTENANT AND. FIVE SEAMEN OF...
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THE FRATERNAL.pEMOCllATS.
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The usual weekly meeting of this society...
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Eunu Buriutt, the Learned Blacksmith—This
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extraordinary man arrived in Liverpool o...
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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< Te Limbsis Infinitel J Ju Ly 11, 184^ ...
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' Fottw Ihotomtts.
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" And I Wot War, At Least In Words, F Ah...
" And I wOT war , at least in words , f ah * - « h ° uld "J cbance to happen—deeds , ) With aUwbo war with Thoughts "
«. T Think I Hear A Little Bird, Who Sin...
« . t think I hear a little bird , who sings The people brand by will be the stronger . "—BlMW . RE VELATIONS OF RUSSIA . * so . n . Tve shall confine ourselves tills week to the follow ; nir extracts illustrating the person and character of lU a THE TTKAXT NICHOLAS .
Sicolai r * nlovitch , or "Jficholas the son of Paul , " acrOldlUK * ° tbeoniversalkabil of Russian nomenclatures , jj now ia theprime of life . He is of commanding stature , and presents , not only the most imposing aspect of any living sovereign , but , as perfect as lie is , colossal in the -proportions of his form , he mayxcally be ranked amongst TOe nandsomcstiBen of Europe . When the whole of his -oard , consisting of sixty thousand of the picked men of his empire , is reviewed by bim in the Champ de itars . the eyeof thespecSator may vainly wander over its ranks to find anyone -worth y of comparison with him , for figure , for manly % eauty , or for majesty of mien . "When he gives
the wordtsf command , the deep and sonorous tones of his voice thrill , distinctly audible over the vast plain where an army is manoeuvring , or a crowd looking on , as different-from the voices of his numerous commanders as the n otes-of an organ te the treble -of a child . He is seen , however , to more -advantage « a foal than on horseback , because , bang & Stiff and a very timid rider , the chargers he rides in public have always been "maneged" into the rocking-horse © Enter of the jstiable beasts which figure in the theatrical circus;—so Statin the eyes of an Englishman this eircair . stanee qualifies very mataiallj the admiration his splendid equestrian Sgnre would otherwise excite .
Nicholas has also of rate years adopted the habit of staring around Mm with an air of severity , apparently imagining that his sternness of aspect imposes , -whereas , like everything assunsed , it has a contrary effect , and rather takes away from the awe which his majestic figure and features cannot fail to excite . * * " * * The immediate family of the emperor consists of the empress , his wife , one surviving brother , the Grand Bake Michael , already mentioned , and several sons and daughters . The empress , * Prussian princess , hasnever played any significant part . A sister of thepresent King of Prussia , she changed her-religion from the Lutheran to the Greek communion , to become tlie wife of Nicholas , much against the inclinations of her brother , who is said still to entertain a rooted personal aversion to the Russian emperor , -though politically he has yielded entirely to his influence since bis accession to the Prussian throne .
The eldest son of Nicholas , the Grand Duke Alexander , Jjdr apparent to the throne , is not known in England . Be has ye t given no evidence of character , beyond that of a mild and tractable disposition . 0 f the imperial princesses , the GrandDuch ess "Marie , " who . like all her family , is handsome , was wisely allowed ty the emperor to follow her own choice in the selection of a partner for life , and is married to the Duke of lenchtenberg , a rfjeton of the TJeauliarnois and Buonaparte blood . The-Grand Duchess of Olga , theseeond of She emperor ' s daughters , has no rival in beauty amangst the princesses of Europe ; and in this instance , flattery , in assertingher wbe the loveliest giri in her father ' s dominions , scarcely outstrips the truth .
The imperial family of Russia derive their descent from the clerical house of Romanoff ; bur their blood has been so repeatedly intermingled with that of Germans , that one mig ht doubt if a single drop of Russian origin flowed in their veins , if the personal appearance of its members did not recall to mind the handsome Lieutenant SoltikoffoEeoftbeeainest of Catherine ' s favourites , raised byh , er to the highest office of the state . * * # * On the whole , Nicholas is neither better nor worse than the average of his predecessors , inclusive of the great Tsar who first made Russia European ; hut ne has done .
and be bids fair to do , more injury to mankind than all of them put together . Without , perhaps , the genius or the coldness to have ever played more than a very subaltern part in many situations of life , he was peculiarly calculated , when placed by the chances of birth in possession of such power , and at the head of such a system , to push it -to its extremist limits . He possesses , besides bis singleness of purpose , precisely the quantum of moral courage , ¦ of obstinacy , and of intellect , to allow him to use-the means in his power , ia the most effective manner , to attain ibis e = < 3 , ana wlilial ihe exaggerated self-VOller . 1 tion to induce him to do so .
Daring the nineteen years of his reign , only seven men have been condemned to death , bat probably more than in all the united reigns alluded to have in reality perished by the bands of the executioner . Men , indeed , are not decapitated , impaled , or hanged up by the ribs with hooks , as formerly ; but whole companies of Polish prisoners are fioiged to death ; the knout and jilitt , which tear away ia strips the muscles from the bone , have been inflicted upon thousands and thousands far political offences , who die within a day or two , or perish on the Siberian journey which inevitably follows . So those have been treated who only refused to change the faith of their fathers on an imperial order .
We read with horror , that under the long regency of Biren , twenty thousand individuals were banished to Siberia for political crimes . The Emperor Kicholas , on the lowest computation , has sent ou the same weary journey two hundred and fifty thousand—a quarter of a million of individuals . Of these , three-fifths had offended politically , ia some direct or indirect manner . Under all circumstances , after the subjugation of Poland , a generous disposition might have contented itself with treating her according to the stern laws of conquest , not , as Nicholas has done , according to the sanguinary code which established authority arrogates to itself the right of applying to rebellion ; for this was scarcely a rebellion crushed , but a country re-eoaquerea . Begnlar armies fought regular armies , according to all the usages
of international warfare ; prisoners of war were made , and communications opened between the chiefs of the contending armies . The emperor himself received the delegates of bis adversaries . VThen , however , be proved the strongest in the struggle , and the war was over , those prisoners who bad fougbtas brave men in the field—who , not submitting to a master , had surrendered on the faith of an exchange , and counting on a reciprocity of treatment—were , against their vows and wishes , made to serve their enemy , and draftei into condemned corps , where they were required to take the oath of allegiance to the emperor . Their condition ill these particulars - would of itself have been little preferable to that of British convicts ; but their persecutor was not content
with ihe misery of a hopeless servitude , a perpetual exile , thus inflicted on them ; they were left the option between taking an oath against their conscience , which would render them participators in their own degradation , or tbe most fearful corporal sufferings . On refusing to take the oath , they were condemned to receive a number of lashes which alone would have been a fearful punishment fer any offence ; but still persisting , as tbey did , one victim after another , each as resolute after as before his martyrdom—as determined in his refusal when he had seea his comrade expire under tbe lash as when first called out—was it not an unheard of barbarity to renew this torture at every fresh refusal , till death placed them beyond thepower of human cruelty S
This is noexaggerated picture , no overstrained account of an occurrence which took place far in tbe interior ; it is the plain narrative of what occurred , on tbe termination of the Polish war , in the town of Cronsdadt , not twenty miles from St . Petersburg , and precisely the point which holds most uninterrupted communication with western Europe . Several hundred Polish prisoners , employed in working at the fortifications , were required , and almost unanimously refused , to take the oath . They were then made successively " to run the gauntlet ; " but still in almost every instance they persisted in their refusal , with a resolution worthy of admiration in any cause . Time after time they were thus carried out from tbe hospital , still unwavering in their heroism , to undergo the same infliction , till life or all sensation had departed from the mangled mass of flesh , which iraj consigned to the burial-cart , or to linger for weeks iu a hospital , till relieved by the tardy kindness of death , or in some few cases to recover in severafmonths , crippled and mained , to drag on a miserable existence , chained tofellons and
assassins . The commission of these barbarities , perpetrated in view of all the inhabitants of Cronstadt , lasted many weeks , and could not bare taken place without the imperial knowledge—not to say the imperial command . Kero could exhaust his animal ferocity only on a-few thousand victims , but might wish iu vain tbat all the Romans had but one neck . Modern centralization , and its science of administration , have virtually realized this wish for Xicholas ; at least , he can reach the necks of the remotest of his subjects , aud tighten the chain that , under Ms predecessors , all were liable to wear , but of which , under his despotism , none escape the infliction .
The influence of wealth , of family , of customs , and of privileges , affords no longer any shelter . Prudent as he is in disposition , being-aware that he possesses a power unparalleled , be uses it in a manner unprecedented . Sot only does he hourly trample on both bis great vanquished enemies , the nobility of his empire and the Po iish nation—not only has he uprooted whole races , and succeeded in extirpating the religious creed of millionsbut he seems now bent , both on destroying the nationality and religious faith of the whole of Poland , even , if required , by transplanting its population into Asia .
Political violence and crueltirs , the mere extirpation of races er of creeds , would be nothing , bo wever , to tbe condition to which his own subjects are reduced—comparatively nothing—because races are doomed , according to the law of nature , to perish , and creeds flourish and wither , and being immaterial , spring again from their ashes . [ But the dull , monotonous , hopeless , all-pervading oppression to which his subjects are reduced , producing the > ame moral effect on the human mind as the slough of his northern bags « n thehuman frame sinking into it , Windin ? the eyes , silencing the tongue , and paralyzing the * " Revelations of Russia in 1 S 46 - " by an English ^ eridt nt Third edition . London : II . Colburn , Great F araia- ou ^ a S : ^ ct .
«. T Think I Hear A Little Bird, Who Sin...
agglutinated limbs , is infinitely mora terrible—doubly terrible , because it is a destiny the Sufferers must not only endnre . but propagate , by foreign conquest , and by the natural re-production aud increase of population . * * * There is a class in England , and a very respectable one , who are for leaving to Providence all interference which may lead to violence , even against a system they abhor , and who seek meanwhile , iu a quiet bumble way , to extract seme honey from the bitterness of the -hemlock and the nightshade . They indulge unwittmgly in a sort of moral Schamaism—a form of worship . fchich is pithily expressed in the vulgar tongue by "holding a candle to the devil . " "letus , " think they , " repeat no tales and allow no outcry against this terrible Russian government , and by civility we may coax it into an occasional act of
humanity ;"—and , accordingly , tbe Emperor Nicholas graciously comes forward , and signs the treat y to make the slave trade piracy ; and further , he allows the Bible Societies to circulate their Bibles throughout his empire . These worthy people , who rejoice in tbe effects of their prudence , will find , on perusing these volumes , that this very Nicholas will not allow , under tho severest pains and penalties , of any conversion within his empire , either of heathen or ChrisUin , except to the Russian church—a church , whose governing synod of bishops all take thenorders from the ober-procurator , a layman , lately the Lieutenant-General Count Pratassoff , a military officer ,
aid-de-camp to tbB emperor , and representing him as its chief head . These bishops , too , have nominal military rank ; thus , first of the clergy of the holy synod , stands the title of "The humble SerapMn , metropolitan ofUovo ^ orod and Moscow , full General , and decorated with the order of St . Andrew ; " and further , "The Humble Vladimir Archbishop of Kaaan , Lieutenant-general , de . corated with the order of St . Vladimir ; " "the arch-priest J SicolasHouzoffsky , Major-general ; " -r-a church proving its enlightenment , not only by retaining tbe old Julian ' calendar , which is belied by the annual courge of the earth , but whose imperial head has ordered it 6 * sdbstitutlon , ia the kingdom of Poland , for the Gregorian . { . V
Missionaries may indeed introduce Bibles in any given quantity ; but let them only venture to attempt to con vert , not a member of tbe Russian church , but a heathen or idolater , to any form of worship but its own , and Siberia stares them and their proselyte in the face . Parodying the words ofthe Old Testament , the emperor says ,. " ! am the watchful ruler of the church , and conversions are mine . " But although this imperial vicegerent of Heaven will not allow others to labour in the vineyard of souls for any persuasion but his own , it does not thence follow that he will always either do so , or allow it to be done for him .
For instance , he brings np in his cadet schools the chil . dren taken as hostages , or kidnapped . from Caucasian parents ; he wishes to make Russians of them , and then turn them loose amongst their wild relatives , thus hoping to diminish the hatred against which tbe Russian arms can make no progress . How if these vousg mountaineers were converted to Christianity , they would be all the worse received by parents , who . once half Christians , have—thanks to Russian aggression—learned to view tbat faith with detestation . There is , therefore , an order given that they shall be brought up as Mussulmans . But here and there , with something of the perverseness of a wild race , precisely because it is forbidden , or animated by better aspirations , these Caucasian children are anxious to become Christians ; but the emperor , the
visible head of a church based upon the Gospel , which says , "Suffer little children to come unto me , fur theirs is the kingdom of Htaren , '' will not allow it—not even to his own Greek faith—it would defeat the views of his policy . And they will further find , that this very Nicholas !? the greatest ^ lave proprietor in the world—upwards of twenty millions belonging to his personal domain ; tbey will find him lending money on the slaves of his nobles , and every year appropriating them as -unredeemed pledges . But these are whiteslaves , not bl : ? ck , and ho therefore signed the slave treaty . It was a generosity less costly , but not less insulting to the ; abolitioaists ofEngland , thanit was to the Polish emigrants , whom he had deprived of wealth , of home , anfl of country , the sum of money which , during his recent visit to England , he sent to the committee of the Polish ball .
Lord Aberdeen, The Nuns Of Minsk, Nichol...
LORD ABERDEEN , THE NUNS OF MINSK , NICHOLAS AND THE RUSSIAN STATE CHURCH . A very able pamphlet has been put into our hands with the above title , proceeding from the pen of M . V . 0 . 2 ienklewicz , in which , challenging the statements made by Earl Aberdeen on the 10 th February last , with reference to these subjects , " that the religions persecutions in Russia are not directed against tbe Roman Catholics , but against the schismatic Greeks ; adding , tbat tbe former acknowledge the supremacy of the Pope , whilst tbe latter do not ; and finally , that tbe accounts of the persecutions published throughout Europe , are grossly and
wickedly exaggerated . " To disprove these allegations , the author proceeds at great length to describe historically , the terms Greek , Roman , Russian , Schismatic , and United , as regard their respective Churches , and the materials the author has made use of have been brought to bear with great felicity upon his arguments . There is not space in a political joaroal to enter into a polemical controversy upon these points of doctrine and discipline ; but one of tbe most interesting passages relating to thc case of the persecuted nuns of Minsk , we cannot refrain from inserting entire : —
Aow , my Lord , why have the Emperor , M . Boutauieff , and yourself , been at such pains to falsify tbe narrative of the Abbe-s Mieezyslawska S It was not a private document , it was a public deposition , which this Lady , worthy of credit from her position iu life , made before the Commissioners of his holiness Pope Gregory XVI ., as there are many documents published by his Holiness . Rut the Emperor keeps silent . The narration of the Abbess of Minsk is not an isolated fact ; it forms part and parcel of that invariable system of persecution , which the Muscovite Cabinet has carried on without any interruption since the year 1768 until the present moment . Let M . fiontanieff come forth ,, with the known treaties and the solemn engagements of the Muscovite Czars of 1768 , 177-3 , 1775 , 179-3 , 1795 , 1 S 15 , and 1825 , in his hand—treaties , each stipulation of which has been impudently broken , and let Europe , in tbe face of these facts , judge what claims the Muscovite Ambassadors have for their words , their most solemn asseverations being taken as troth .
And yet , my Lord , on the assertion of one of these Muscovite Ambassadors—of M . Boutanieff— an assertion supported by a blunder of one single Paris journal in the fit st place , and a palpable falsehood in tbe second , do you , my Lord , on tbe 10 th of March , 1816 , venture " to congratulate tbe House of Lords tbat tbe accounts of the persecutions were not only exaggerated , but totally false , as , " you added , "it appears from the note of M . Boutanieff . " My Lord , do not congratulate tbe House of Lords nor yourself too soon . Ton have seen on what flimsy grounds , what futile subterfuge , M . Boutanieff
pronounced his deumL His Holiness Gregory XVI . and the Catholie world know by this time—they hare , as we have seen , had cause to know—what is the exact value of the solemn promises of the Emperor and his Ambassadors . A denial of the Emperor and his Ambassadors is worth exactly as much as one of their promises . ' So , my Lord Aberdeen , do not congratulate yourself too soon ; tbe persecutions inflicted on the Nuns of Minsk , on tbe United Greeks , and the Latin Catholics , will be tried by the free European press . The trial will be long , certainly , but the decision will be jest and disastrous to the persecuting governments and their confederates . —M . Adeet tiser .
M^ The Cholera. Aden, June 3. The Choler...
m ^ THE CHOLERA . Aden , June 3 . The cholera , which broke out so suddenly , and unexpectedly on the 0 th ult ., has now almost disappeared . Only a few mild cases appear at intervals , from which the patients mostly recover . This happy and favourable change may be attributed to tbe setting in of the south-west monsoon , with its usual accompanying high winds and increased temperature , the thermometer in most houses ranging as high as 102 in the shade . We confidently looK forward to the total disappearance of this dreadful epidemic in a very few days . It has been destructive in its effects ; dprimr the brief period which it raged ai Aden 400 inhabitants of the town have fallen victims
—17 European soldiers , 7 Sepoys , and 30 camp followers , natives of India , have also perished . The proportion of recoveries to death is as one of the former to five of the latter . The shipping in the harbour , men-of-war and merchant vessels , have lost a few men from the same deadly disease . The Engiisb bark Brooke , which left Aden on the 21 st ult . in prosecution of hervoyage to Moulmein , put back on the 23 rd , and was observed standing into the harbour about 4 p . m . with her colours half-mast On anchoring it was ascertained that Captain Thomas Maxwell , the master , had died on the previous day from cholera . His remains were buried the same evening at Aden , attended by the masters of the merchant vessels in the harbour .
From accounts received from different places it appears certain that cholera is rapidly spreading through every part of Yemen , accompanied with fearful mortality . From Maculla and other ports to the eastward of Aden the same melancholy accounts have been received . It has reached Mocha , Jidda , Jambo , and almost every other port on the Arabian shore of the Red Sea . I expect to hear by the next steamer of its having reached Suez and other places in Egypt . No intelligence has yet reached Aden of the appearance of the scourge on the Abyssinian coast . 1 have instituted
inquiries , and from all tbat 1 can collect on the subject , I have every reason to believe that the cholera appeared , butnot ' in so severe a form ( collapse ) , in 1832 and 1833 , and that it travelled by the same route as it is now doing . Thereis therefore every reason to fear that it is rapidlv approaching Europe , and that it will soon be observed on the European side of the Mediteranean , from which it mil , Hear , continue to spread through every state , and most probably cross the English Channel . It would be well for the public authorities to adopt early and prompt measures to meet the emergency , should it ^ fortunately occur , to enable tlie poor to obtain that immediate assistance which this hor-
M^ The Cholera. Aden, June 3. The Choler...
rible disease so urgently requires . The Asiatic cholera is by far the most formidable disease which has bitherto attacked the human race . No rank is free from its attacks . The rich and poor , old and young , all have alike become its victims . I believe $ 6 lfua rantine laws , however wisely constructed , or however rigorously carried into effect , can stop or delay its onward march ., All human barriers are totally useless . It traverses sea and land in its destructive course . It is not contagious , but wi g ht perhaps become so where ventilation and cleanliness ; are defective , and numbers labouring . under the ¦ same disease are crowded together . The'Origin " of the disease may depend on local causes , and after a time mav spread and propagate itself by a vitiated
atinosphere . This opinion is entertained by many medical men in the east , who have so often seen it under many-different circumstances . = ! pp % bnth-west monsoon set in on the 1 st-. with " great force ; but when I say nionsoon , you are not for an instant to suppose thattlie Aden south-west monsoon is the same as an Indhn . morisoon , accompanied with heavy rains and all thV ^ liixuriance of tropical vegetation brought into a state of beauty thereby Nothing of the kind . About the 1 st of May , the wiinL ; which had blown for seven months from thc north-east , veered round to the south-west ,, and Shumshum , Jifagmost table mountains , becomes co ! vered . with aitii & white cloud , which , rolls down its sides with peculiar grandeur , till it reaches the more heated rocks below , when it becomes instantly , . dissipated ; " this , continues for hours , and has a . most sm ^ lar | iqdvfpleasing effect . Now commence the
he . ayygu | ts ; Pf wind , which sometimes continue for eightvdays ^ with tremendous violence , carrying wi th them ' , clbjBrapf dust of such ah impalpable nature as : tb , p ' eae ^ ^ ^ htb every part of the house ; rio . ' boxjnr draWe ^ isIproof ' against its annoying presence ,, the thermometer-raging as high , for weeks , as 10 i'in . the shade ; everything during this period becomes withefctj ^ an d dried up ; not a green leaf or bird is to bese ? ni The kites even forsake their usual haunts and places for procuring food , and escape to tbe hills for a climate more congenial ,- they return in September , when , the ; excessive heat aud fiery atmospheric glare become moderated ; the glasses on the table frequently fly into pieces , and . every article of furniture , which has even stood tbe hot winds of Guzerat and the Deccan uninjured , becomes warped and split in every direction ; the skin becomes dry , hard , and taut , with incessant thirst ; yet with all this heat the south-west monsoon is considered to be
the healthiest part of the year . . After a two ortbree years' residence at Aden the strongest European constitution suffers , which , occasions many to seek a change on the shores of India , and riot unfrequentiy in Europe . . ' .
—W—The Affairs Of Chili. , (From The Tim...
—w—THE AFFAIRS OF CHILI . , ( From the Times . ) Valparaiso , Saturday , March 11 . "We have to congratulate ourselves on having just escaped the horrors of a revolution in Chili . J At tbe approach of the quinquennial elections of the Municipalities , Senators . Deputies , and President of the Republic , which are about te take place , politics bare been running very high throughout the country , but more particularly in Santiago , the capital . Forseyer . il montbspast the authorities'bund it necessary , or thought , itprudent , to restrain the ebullition of party feelingsby the imprisonment of several persons who . made'
themselves obnoxious by the promulgation of extreme and factious opinions . On Saturday last matters came to a crisis ; late on the night of that day the authorities of Santiagoarrested three gentlemen of the name of Vicuna ( of one family ) , and two other gentlemen of the names of Dilbao and Perez , as well as nineteen or , twenty persons of inferior station , on an accusation of sedition , The person said to be most implicated is Don Felix Vieunia ( one of tlie three Vicunias arrested ) , an inhabitant of Santiago , and a man of good family . He is at the head of the democracy party arranged in opposition to the Government .
Almost immediately after the arrest of these . persons a multitude , composed of the lower orders , collected in the principal streets , carrying seditious placards ,. charging their rulers with all sorts of crimes , calling for the deposition of the President , the overthrow of the . established form of government , and inviting , tbe people to join in a revolution . The inscription on their placards were : — "Ko necessity for three Powers to form the Government . " " Only Two ( Powers ) necessary , " that is " The Summary Judicial Tower ( El Poder Judicial Verbal ) " and " The Legislative Tower , ' ' "Down with the Executive—Down with the Executive —Down with the Executive . "
"Down with the Aristocracy" ( " Alajar los Rim" ) . One of the placards bo-e a revolutionary figure , lit up in some curious way from behind , and it invoked ' as the future president of the Republic the name of General Frcire . After perambulating the streets , calling out withe dismissal of the executive power , ic , and . committing such pranks as arc common to all popular commotions , a party of the rabble got info , some of the churches and set the bells ringing . At the same time another party made their way to the bouse of M . Rengifo . Finding the doors open they entered with howling and cursing , and destroying the furniture , printing types , and everything
of use they could lay their bands upon . They then proceeded to the ofEce of the Progreso , a Ministerial paper , of which M . Rengifo is editor , and which paper is generally supposed is under the influence of Don Manuel Monte , the Minister for Foreign Affairs . Here they , shouted for the Jhdiisfriol , a newspaper addressed to the lower orders , but au armed force arrived in time to prevent their entering the office or doing any further injury . The military , assisted by the police , who are alwaj-s armed with swords and mounted on horseback , drove the mob before them , made prisoners of about 200 of the common people , and of some twelve or fourteen men of some standing in society .
This tumultuous rising is charged against the Opposition party headed by Vieunia . Their plan is said to bare been to break open the prisons and the cartas , which last are iron-barred cages on wheels , used ns sleeping places for the convicts who are condemned to hard labour on tbe roads , < fcc . These cages always stand in the open air , and the male convicts , chained two-and-two . are huddled into them , without bed and bedding , resembling a menagery of wild beasts more than human habitations ; and most of the cut-throats who occupy them look more like demons than men . If they bad been let loose they would have made important allies in an insurrection . Fortunately , matters were prevented from foming to this pass , and no lives have been lost , Immediately after the occurrence of the scenes just described , the executive Government , with the consent of the Council of State , passed a decree declaring Santiago in a " stateof seige"for a term of 85 days from Sunday lat , t , the Sth instant .
Martial law is thus established . The place has since remained quite quiet , and great precautions are taken to prevent any further attempt to disturb the public peace . Contemporaneously with the above decree , another was passed declaring , that notwithstanding the state of seize in which the territory comprehended within the province of Santiago was placed , " all constitutional powers , or rights , or liberties , and all laws relating to elections , were to remain in full force and effect ; " as well as "all decrees or regulations , practices and electoral acts , in the same form as previously customary . " The decree contains a further declaration that "the Government will make no alteration in such constitutional powers or rights ( disposiciones ) , laws and decrees , issued in regard to elections and electoral acts ; " thus preserving the law of election intact .
It is but fair that I should detail the narrative of the Opposition or democratic party in exculpation of tlie charge of rebellion which is brought against them . Don Pedro Felix Vieunia asserts that just before the occurrence of the outbreaks he was privately made aware of the existence and intended publication of an inflammatory and seditious paper , entitled El PhcWq (• ' Thc People" ) , containing invitations of the people to revolt , & c . Immediately after he discovered the existence of this paper he wrote to the Government ( or rather , to the governor of thecify , Scnor Barro ) , apprising it of the fact , repudiating for himself and his party the sentiments it contained and requesting that measures should be taken to stop its publication . Notwithstanding all this , El Pueblo got into circulation Vieunia was arrested as connected with the publication , and the mob rose , as already detailed .
The enemies of Government assert that it is the Government itself , and more particularly Monte , the Minister for Foreign Affairs , who caused the publication of El Pueblo , and got up the tumult as a pretext for obtaining a suspension of the constitution , with a view to controul the elections , which will take place within the 85 days comprehended in the degree establishing military law in tbe province . It would be wrong to give an opinion at present on this point , as a trial will bring out the proof . Yesterday Messrs . Gedoi , Alvarti , Guerrero , Bilbao , Lazos , Hayos , and three more of the prisoners , have been taken out of the prison to be sent to Valparaiso , to be confined , it is said , on board the Chilian frigate Chili , laid up in the harbour here .
There is every reason to believe that General Freire , whose name the rabble made use of , is not at all implicated . This old gentleman is one of the most respectable old men in the country . He was at one time supremo director , and was a distinguished officer of the revolutionary wars . The President General Bulnes , is , like all the Presidents of the republics of this country , a soldier of fortune . He served , in the earlier part of his life , in the army of observation , which was then always stationed in the south of Chili , to protect the provinces of Conception and
Valdivia from the incursions of the Arautanian Indians . Here he displayed great bravery . Higher qualities were not called forth by the nature of the service . Some years back be commanded an expedition into Peru against the Peru-Bolivian confedeney of General Santa Cruz , in which be was successful . The popularity which he acquired by his victory over Santa Cruz , and his marriage with the daughter of General Pinto , himself an ex-President , very materially assisted bis elevation to tbe Presidentship , which he has held for five years ; and to which it is now quite certain he will be re-elected . His family connexions are numerous and influential , They form
—W—The Affairs Of Chili. , (From The Tim...
quite a clan j and his whole , kith , kin , and kindred are in the service ot the state , one way or another . His uncle General Pneto , is Governor of Valparaiso , - and Commandant-General of Marine . He was President for 10 years , and was succeeded by his nephew . ' -- . Bulnes'Government , which is of a Conservative character , is supported b y the Hacendados or landed gentry —the natural aristocracy of the country ; by the army , by the most wealth y portion of the trading classes , and indirectly by all the English Influence in tbe country . The English are , however , quite indifferent as to who reigns , so as peace and quietness are maintained ^ The church is in ' a rather awkward position . The Government is too liberal for her , and the Minister , Montetliemost active , clever , and useful man in the Govern , ment , has given the priests some raps on the knuckles in bygone days . He is now conciliating them , Tbey are more passive than usual at this election . They dread the ascendancy of thc democrats , for their endowments , which are very large , would be endangered ; so that they are between two fires .
The Austrian Army. According To The Aust...
THE AUSTRIAN ARMY . According to the Austrian Army List for the present year , the fovcea of tbat empire are composed of 59 regiments of regular infantry of the line , 17 regiments of frontier infantry , 20 battalions of grenadiers , 96 companies of chasseurs , and 6 garrison battalions ; the effective force of the infantry on'tho peace footing is 287 , 000 men . The , cavalry consists of 37 regiments , with an ! effective force of 42 , 709 men ; the special corps have an effective of 55 , 000 men . In reality , however , tlie total number of men at present under arms is only about 250 , 000 men . There are in thc list of general officers in active service 7 field-marshals , 26 field-masters of ordnance an < l generals of cavalry , 93 lieutenant-field-marshals , and 123 major-generals . There are in the Austrian army 10 , 763 officers of all grades and arms '; of this number , 0 , 148 belong to the noblesse;—there are a large number of officers whohave "been ennobled for services performed , or by the mere fact of their promotion . The nobility serve by preference in the cavalry , the staff , or the engineers ; more officers of the citizen rank than of the noblesse are to be found
in the artillery , the marines , and the infantry regiments . Gallicia furnishes more private soldiers than Italy , but comparatively fewer officers . The nobility of Bohemia and Moravia serve less willingly than the German nobility ; Hungary and Transylvania , although more populated than the other proe vinces of the ' empire , given , smaller number of officers to the armj . Strong detachments of troops have heen directed on Italy from different points of the Austrian monarchy . It is estimated that there are now 20 , 000 men on the line of the Po , ready to enter the states of the Church onr the first symptoms of disturbance , and' 50 to 00 , 000 men occupy the towns and entrenched camps of the Lombardo-Venitian kingdom .
Turkish Romance Of Real Life. Know Ye Th...
TURKISH ROMANCE OF REAL LIFE . Know ye the . land where the cypress and myrtle , Are emblems'of deeds thatare ( lone in their clime ; ¦; Where the r & ge of the vulture , the love of the turtle , Now melt into sorrow , now madden to crime ? "' - V _ , ' ' ' : - ' ' , "' ¦¦ "''¦ ' BVHON . ; . ' V : Constantinople . June 18 , 1810 . ' A few weeks ago . alTurlrish maiden of high degree , while passing . ' through thei streets , of Galata , became violently ' enamoured of a young Armenian tailor , who , perfectly unconscious of the havoc'he was making in the lady's affections , was quietly pursuing his avocatioiis on his shop-board . On her return to the harem , with ., the vehemence of a spoiled and favoured child , she not only revealed her passion . to her parents , but swore by Allah and the Prophet and tlie
Sultan ' s beni-d , it must be immediately gratified . In short , she adopted the usual expedients , began to cry for the tailor as she had been accustomed to cry for a toy or asiigiir pliim . The worthy couple , who do not appear , in respect of wisdom to have liad much the advantage of their daughter , were sorely puzzled how to comply with her request , and in the meanwhile , to soothe licr passion , she was allowed to repeat her visits to the spot where her beloved plied his thimble , in the scharshe . The remedy , as might have been foreseen , only aggravated the disease , and she returned with her heart more wounded ; or a greater stitch in her side , if I may so express it , than before . The indulgent sire , finding , all sorts of amulets , charms ; and medicines ineffectual , at length determined to call in the tailor himself , as the only doctor likely to succeed . For this purpose he had recourse
to a stratagem , and having ordered a suit of clothes at the shop were the youth Was employed ^ directed that they should be brought to his house by him . No sooner had the unsuspecting yoltth' crossed tlift threshoM than he found himself a prisoner inthe arms ' of the Turkish damsel . ' . A courtship in this country is a short and simple affair indeed . The lady arid her lover were shut up like two birds in a cage , and left alone in the harem . The object of the Turk in taking measures so summary soon became evident . Upon leaving the harem , the youth ' was informed that no alternative remained for him but to marry his mistress and turn Mussulman . To this the heroic tailor replied , that he was perfectly ready to comply with the first part of the request , but would never consent to the second . Tn vain were the terrors of the Mussulman law—which has made it death for a Christian to have intercourse with a . Mussulman
woman—pointed out to him by tbe Turk ; he appeared determiried to suffer martyrdom for his faith . Such a consummation , oh the other hand , was not exactly that which was suited to the taste of thc young lady , who not only loudly protested agairistit , butdeclared , rather than thus be separated from "the light of her two eyes , " she herself , if lie would not . become a Mussulman , would turn Christian . Here was a fresh source of perplexity to the paternal heart of old Mustapha Effendi , and in a few days , finding that the Armenian did not return , and that his daughter was fully bent on marriage and Christianity ; he , in
the simplicity of his heart , repaired to the Seraskier Pacha , and having unfolded all his sorrows , demanded to know if it were possible by any means for his daughter to become Christian . Old Khosref . however , who might easily have disposed ol the case if he liked , gravely pretended that it was too important to be settled by anybody but the Sultan himself . The opportunity , it seems , of giving some embarrassment to Rcschid Pacha was too goou to be lost , and for this reason was this knotty affair referred to the decision of the Sultan . That decision it is not very difficult to foresee . The Armenian will mostcertainly not lose his head , nor , for that matter , the maiden either . She will only be locked up .
Loss Of A Lieutenant And. Five Seamen Of...
LOSS OF A LIEUTENANT AND . FIVE SEAMEN OF II . M . S . FLV . ING FISH , AND THE MURDER OF TWO BRITISH OFFICERS OF H . M . SURVEYING VESSEL AVON . Flying Fish , Elmina Chica , Bight of Benin , April 18 . On the 13 th , we sailed from Whydah for Cape St . Paul ' s , leaving at the former place the 'Hydra steamer . Yesterday morning , about eight o ' clock , a strange and suspicious-looking vessel was seen from the masthead . She was soon discovered to be a felucca , which removed at once all doubts as to her character : she was eight or nine miles to windward
of us , close hauled . A ter we had been an hour in chase , the smoke of a steamer was reported , and proved to be the French steamer 1 'Australie in chase of tho same vessel . The felucca tried to keep away , and run between us and the land , and would , perhaps , have succeeded , had we not been enabled by our little draught of water , to stand very close into the shore . The slaver seeing this , found there was now prospect of escape , for we were prepared to give her shot and shell . They therefore came to the determination of rnnninii the craft ashore . She
accordingly ran along the edge of the surf , which was greater than I have ever seen it , to pick out the most favimvablc spot for landing . Alter half an hour ' s suspense on our part , a dark body was seen on the top of a mighty wave , and then disappeared for a moment , in the vale of water . The next we saw of her , was that she was hard and fast on shore , all her masts , yards , and sails standing , not having carried away any thing-. As soon as she grounded , the crew got down the long lateen yard , unbent the sail , made a bridge of the former , and escaped on shore , taking the sail and their valuables witli them ; immediately , as if bjr magic , she was surrounded by thousands of the natives , who lost no time in beginning the work of plunder . In order to prevent them , as soon as
we got within range , we gave them a few shot , which at first dispersed them , but the love of gain overcame their fear . The French steamer also opened fire for the same purpose . Lieutenant St . Leger was sent in the first whaler to take charge of the prize , and endeavour to keep the people off by firing musketry at them . As soon ns wc came to an anchor , Lieutenant Robins , Messrs . Simpson , midshipman , and Williams , gunner , went in the second whaler , and five kroomen in thejolly boat , to measure the vessel , and ascertain other particulars concerning her . After several efforts the kroomen manged to get their boat through thc surf to the shore , got on board , measured her , and prepared to come off to the other boats . They had got half the distance , when the
boat was swamped . The kroomen , who are like water dogs , managed to save themselves and the boat . Lieutenant Robins , in the second whaler , in some unaccountable manner , got into the surf , aud a heavy sea came in and broke over the boat , and sunk her—she was gone in an instant . Simpson and Williams , with two men , after struggling for some time a gainst the sea , reached the shore more dead than alive . Simpson no sooner landed than he was immediately knocked down by a savage with a blow of a billhook on the temple , depriving him of all sensation , The black commenced stripping him . ; he did not complete his purpose , as some of our Kroomen came to his release . _ Lieutenant Robins , William Rice , seaman ; William Kent , gunner ' s mate ; Henry Holmes , captain of foretop ; and William Hughes .
Loss Of A Lieutenant And. Five Seamen Of...
seamen , the bwt men in the ship , were drowned . Our poor messmate was washed upon the sands and immediately stripped of everything . As soon as this was seen fiom the ship , the master , who was left in in charge of the Flying Fish , sent the cutter to aid St . Leger in giving every assistance , ; and although within a few boat lengths of the victims of mistaken philanthropy , were not able to render the least assistance , so great was the serf . One of the Kroomen dashed through the sea and managed to rescue the body of Lieutenant Robins and put it into thc jollyboat . He and tbe other then endeavoured once more to get the boat through the serf ; twice they were upset , and as often washed on shore again—at last they succeeded .. Robins was immediately brought on board , and although there were no hopes , every means to restore animation were resorted tobut , alas , without success . Thus have perished livo
of our well conducted crew . ; none of the other bodies have , been picked up . Those who managed to get on shore safe , set to work with what strength tbey had , itomake a raft pf the planks composing the slave deck of the Felucca ; it ; is wonderful how they escaped the sharks . Simpson and Williams are doing very well , and will soon be . able to return to their duties . We do not know the name ' of the slayer ; as we are going , to Quitta , we may pcahaps hear . She measures ninety-two feetinlength , twenty feet beam , and nine feet depth of hold ; her masts short ; sales and yards of moderarc size f ' slic is quite new evidently ;; it is her first and last trip for any purpose , as she is now quite a confused mass of timbers . By to-morjow she . will-have disappeared . Thisis the first slaver destroyed by an English - and French vessels under , the new treaty . ! , Q , urm , April 19 .
To-day we have buried our latcmessmate , Robins , in the Danish fovfc at-this place . -The Governor behaved iti the most . attentive manner , furniah ; ing us with ; everything necessary . On the funeral procession entering the fort a salute of seven guns was fired as a mark of respect to thc deceased . The funeral service was read by one of . the officers . April 20 . . . .. To-day we have fallen in with the Matilda , apalmoil vessel , she has on board the master of the Avon , surveying steamer , he is invalided . A most sad accident has happenned on board the Avon : — Messrs . Pennington and Winstanley , second masters , and assistant-surveyors , were on shore surveying the Ramora river , when they were attacked by the natives and killed for the sake of the instruments . Captain Denhamisnow left with only one assistant togetthroiighhiswork . i-The Flying Fish -was at Lagos on the 28 of April—all ' well on board .
The Fraternal.Pemocllats.
THE FRATERNAL . pEMOCllATS .
The Usual Weekly Meeting Of This Society...
The usual weekly meeting of this society took place on Monday , evening , July 6 th , at the White Hart , Drury Lane . Joseph Moll in the chair . ' The article entitled " Old Humbug with a new cry , " was read from tha . NortJmm Star of lasi Saturday , and called forth some comments from Julian Harney on the Syro-Egyptian war the Whigs waged against Ibrahim : Pacha , and Mehemet Ali , to the injury of every party , save tbe Russian despotism . A "leader" ii-om the Times of Monday last was read , and excited some remarks , in which the fallacies of the Thunderer ( in regard . to-the asserted " advance of religion in England , ' - (!) and the " patriotism ot the middle class , " (!)) were completely demolished . ¦ ¦ >
, Some new members were electedj and a considerable number of . candidates were nominated for election . Julian Harney then moved the adoption of an " Address to the Working Classes ol Great Britain and the United States" on the settlement of the Oregon question . The " address" had been prepared by the secretaries on the 4 th of July , the anniversary of the Declaration of , American Independence . ' Carl Schapper seconded the motion , and briefly addressed the meeting . . David Ross supported the motion . The address was unanimously adopted . r . Julian Harney moved that a copy of the address be forwarded to the Editor of Young America , with a letter of thanks to the National Reformers of New York for the course pursued by them in relption to the Oregon question and the Mexican war . Agreed to : ' :-. ..,-
-.-. ,, Ernest Jones was then elected chairman for the next meeting ,. and the proceedings terminated . ADDRESS OF THE FRATERNAL DEMOCRATS A 3-SEMBLINft ' lN LONDON TO THE' WORKING CLASSES OF GBBAT BRITAIN AND THE UNITED STATES .
'" All ' men are brethren 1 " Friends and brothers ,- —On the fourth of March lastfour months . past—we addressed to you a lengthy and earnest appeal on the then hostile attitude of the two nations , occasioned by the unsettled state of " the . Oregon question . " In that " appeal" we protested against tbe then threatened " war" between the two countries , and endeavoured to show the barbarity , inhumanity , and folly of a physical contest , and the ruinous consequences to both nations , which could not fail to result from such'a struggle . Happily our fears have heen dispelled , and our best hopes realised , by the amicable adjustment of the differences between the two governments .
It is our pleating task to congratulate you on the peaceful and honourable settlement of "the Oregon question" —a settlement which testifies to the progress ol those principles of international justice and universal brotherhood , which it is the object of our organisation to promote and extend . Working men of the United- States , —It is with pain we accompany these congratulations with a notice of the war now raging between you and the people of Mexico . We will not too closely scrutinise the merits of the question at issue between the two Republics ; but we may at least be permitted to doubt the necessity for this contest , when we find it condemned hy bodies of your own countrymen . The National Reformers of New York have , in a series of resolutions , denounced this
war as unjust te Mexico , and disgraceful to the United States . The people of Massachusetts , or at'lea ' st'that portion of them who are devoted to the Anti-Slavery Cause—forming , we believe , the majority of the people of that State—have gone further , and denounced this war as " a war for the extension of slavery" —pledged themselves not to support the war—asserted that there is an end to the constitution of the United States—and , finally , have summoned the people of that state to take tU initiative in establishing a new compact , " which shall be a union of freemen , and freemen only . " With these facts before us we must at least question the justice of your cause in this unhappy war . As to its policy , there can be no doubt that it is a policy exceedingly shortsighted and anti-republican .
In our former address we endeavoured to show-what would be the evils which would necessarily result to you from a war with Great Britain . - We were then speaking of a great and mighty war—a war which would have shook tbe world ,- Of course , equally serious results are not likely to flow from the "little war" with , Mexico , but some of those results will undoubtedly be seen . In the first place , the United States '" regular army " —that pre-eminent curse of modern nations—is to be doubled ; fifty thousand volunteers are to be enrolled and provided for ; and your government is empowered to greatly increase the navy . At the commencement of the war your President had ten millions of dollars at hie disposal , to meet the cost of the contest ; but if the war continues for even a short time , he will require five , perhaps ten , times that sum .
Increase of taxation , the derangement of trade and commerce , with the loss of life , and tbe usual horrors of war;—all these are but minor evils compared with those against which we warned vou in our former address : — "Increaseof territory will bring with it a permanent increase of your navy nnd " standing army , " an increase of naval and military officers , an increase of taxgatherers , and other locusts , who , having a disrelish for honest labour , will strive to permanently quarter themselves upon you—first by prolonging the war , aud afterwards hy voting the continuance of " war establishments" in time of peace , to retain your force-won possessions . The result cannot fail to be the corruption of public morals , nnd the ultimate destruction of your Republican institutions . "
Already some of these evils are seen . Your military men already assume a position inimical to tlie safety of the republic . Thus you have seen General Scott intriguing for his own nomination as the future President , instead of attending to his military duties . On the Other hand , you have seen General Gaines issue an edict for raising , not merely the militia , but a regular army of twelve thousand men , without a voto . of Congress , without the warrant of the President , without any warrant indeed save the General ' s own idea of the necessity of raising the force . A monstrous stretch of power , which , no matter what may have been the intentions of the General , no matter how honourable and patriotic his motived , was nevertheless practical treason to your institutions , and must excite the anxious fears of all who wish well to your republic .
Jfuch as we abhor slavery , and strongly as we question the justice of your course towards Mexico , still we should regard the division of your republic as suggested by the Massachusetts " abolitionists " to ^ be one of the greatest calamities that could befall the human race . Besides the Massachusetts " abolitionists" only see half the evil . In their own state , aud throughout the ' free " states , a system of slavery exists , practically destructive of the theoretical equality guaranteed by your institutions ; tbe slavery we allude to is tbe " slavery of wages , " a system which has already reduced tho " free-born "
men of your order almost to a level with tho degraded state of the industrious orders of Europe . The land , which should be the property of the state , is becoming rapidly monopolised by private landlords , speculators , and traffickers , while the working class , hived up in huge cities , are competing with each other for a bare subsistence , the prey of the prdfitocraoy who , with their brother plunderers of tho landlord class , are fast acquiring all the substantialities of aristocracy , and even now rival in luxury , arrogance , and tyranny the Molocbs of rank and money in the old world . To give mere personal liberty to the slave of the South , without at the same time gua-
The Usual Weekly Meeting Of This Society...
ranteeing him the means of subsistence by endowing him with a portion of the soil , would be conferring upon him only , a nominal emancipation . On the other-hand , experience has proved that the "equality ' - ' which gives men votes but leaves them the social slaves ot wealth , and subjected to the demoralisin g influences ' of great cities is but an illusory equality . This last section of workers are , however , not altogether helpless ; they have fran . chises , the propererercise of which would save them ; an < ?' , ° l - ' " rkmg men of Am <* iea , / suffer from the evils which afflict European society , ' : you have in a great mea . sure yourselves to blam e for your own misfortunes . People of the , United States , in addressing you on thi » day—the anniversary of the immortal Declaration of Independeiice ;' whieh your heroic fathers sealed with their blood , we shall best perform our dutynot by an indiscri . minute use of complimentary-epithets , but by reminding you . of . the duties which you . owe to yourselves and to mankindi > Ve shall do so in the briefest terms b y again quoting front our former address , —plain truths will bear
reiteration : — .. ; " Working men of America , you are , or should bo , the pioneers of freedom ; such was the mission bequeathed to you by Washington and his great brother patriots . That mission you will best fulfil by perfecting your institutions—by abolishing the slavery of white and blackwages and the whip—by driving from your legislatures landlords , usurers , lawyers , soldiers , ' and other idlers and swindlers ; by making the" veritable people , the wealth . producers , really " sovereign , " and thus establish , ing a real , instead of a nominal , Republic ,. War will not aid . but will prevent you accomplishing these reforms . Achieve these reforms , and everywhere the people will demand your institutions , and your triumph will be com * plete . "
Working men of Great Britain and America , in con . eluding this address . ' we desire to offer a few words on a proposition lately advanced and much insisted on by the " friends of peace . " We allude to the proposition for holding a Congress of Nations , to which Congress shall be referred all national disputes for amicable adjustment . This idea , excellent in the abstract , would , we fear , be found exceedingly objectionable in the present state of the world .: Under present circumstances , such a Con . gress—at least so far as Europe was concerned—would be a Congress not of nations ' , but of governments , which , governments do not represent the rights and interests of the nations they rule over . Such Congress it is to be feared would be anti-progressive and anti-democratie—a new " Holy Alliance" with which it would be impossible for the United States to co-operate .
, As regards " war" we are not of those who cry " pert } at any cost ! " 'We ' too ardently admire the American horoesof' 76 to adopt so inane a creed . . Wei fear the time has not yet arrived for " permanent and universal peace . " There are nations so tightly fetteredtbat wo can see no prospect of their chains being broken without the aid-of-tbe--sword . ' Poland and Italy are striking examples of this state of things ; - Our doctrine is , that not only are nations justified in releasing themselves from slavery and misery ' ¦ . " , by any means , " but also that it is the duty ; of a strong people to aid a weaker . Did not a cowardly , iand- selfish ' , . yet . stupid policy guide the councils of the'Ci'urts of St James , and the Tuilleriesor was national right and national justice enthroned in Great Britain and France , the tyrants of Eastern and Southern '; Europe would be made to comprehend this doctrine .- :
While thefnends of man set their faces against wan arising out of mere . national ' disputes ' , not involving the existence and freedom of nations , let . them be nary that they do not fall into the error of peacefully , acquiescing in ' ! things as they are" and thus strengthen the oppressor , and conslpn the oppressed to despair . ; -. - . When the nations are free ; when the people of Great Britain have acquired those rights which will , assuredly be theirs ; when Frenchmen shall . reap the fruits of their fifty years of lieroic sacrifice , sby putting an end to bourgeoise rule and establishing tbe veritable sovereignty of the people ; : wlien'thirt . v-fivemillions of Germans shall
form , a people free and indivisible ; when . Italy shall be emancipated ; when Poland shall be ' -Poland once more ; when millions . of fettered Slavons shall burst their chains ; when . Greece shall regain her ancien-limits and more than her ancient freedom : ; ,, when " Spain shall be redeemed ; when , in short , Europe shall be what Europe must and will be , then a Congress of Nations will be tho crowning glory of European progress .--, jffien may the representatives of free nations , assembling alternately in the old and in the new world , unite the interests of both , and then may war finally cease and peace permanently reis , 'ii . -. ¦¦ ¦¦ ' ,
In tho meantime much may be done towards promot . ing both objects of our mission—freedom and peace—by the friends of progress in all nations : communicating and co-opearlirig with each , other . So that if wars do come , they shall be wars : unavoidable and indispensable , in defence of the sacred rights-of man ; , and not wars to gratify the brutal instincts of kingly rapacity or national vanity . Working men of Great Britain and America , working men of all countries , freedom and justice ; and ultimately peace- and happiness , are before you if you will learn to repudiate national antipathies and national prejudice * . Youmuy do for yourselves what governments will not da for you : —
' , 'Rise ! form yourselves the Holiest Alliance , Nations join heart and hand ! " . Joseph Moil ., ( native ef Germany , ) ' " Chairman . G . Julian Habnjet ( native of Great Britain ) , ~ \ . Cam Sciuppek ( native of Germany ) , j 3 Jean A . MicnEtoT ( native of France ) , ij Peti a Holm ( native of Scandinavia ) , | ? A . Nemetii ( native of Hungary ) , | S Henri Hubert ( native of Switzerland ) , "J July 4 th , 1646 . ; '
Eunu Buriutt, The Learned Blacksmith—This
Eunu Buriutt , the Learned Blacksmith—This
Extraordinary Man Arrived In Liverpool O...
extraordinary man arrived in Liverpool on Sunday morning by the Hibernia , from the United States , and readied ¦ Manchester on Monday evening la > t . Wc understand that he intends spending about a fortnight In Manchester . As the fame of this extraordinary exemplar of - ' the pursuit of knowledge under difficulties" may not have reached all our readers , we may mention that he was born in Connecticut , in 1811 , of humble but respectable parents ; attended the district school for some months yearly , until the age of 16 , when , his father dying , he was apprenticed-to a blacksmith ; at which trade he worked until lie was 23 ; and , after trying , for a year or two , teaching and oilier professions , which did
not suit his health , lie returned to bis anvil , at which he still labours , when at home , devoting all his leisure hours to literary pursuits . " By dint of hard labour , he lias become a proficient in the most difficult languages of Asia , and in many of those languages of Europe which are now nearly disused and obsolete ; among them are Gaelic , Welsh , Celtic , Sasoh , Gothic , Icelandic , Russian , Sclavonic , Armenian , Chaldaic . Syriac , Arabic , Ethiopia , Sanerit , and Tamul ! It was stated , in a public meeting , in 1 S 3 S , by , Governor Everett , that Mr . Burrifci by that time , by liis unaided industry alone , had made himself acquainted with fifty languages . Mr . Burritt shows no disposition to relax from his labours . He usually devotes eight hours to labour , eight hours to
study , and eight hours to physical indulgence and repose ; and , by pursuing this course , lie enjoys the advantages—vainly coveted by many literary menthose connected with ' sound mind in a healthy body / Nor does he confine bis labours to the mere acquisition of literary wealth , — -he _ also diffuses with a liberal hand . He has written may valuable articlea for periodicals of high standing ; he has delivered many , lectures which have been replete with interest and valuable information ; he-has been repeatedly listened to by large and highly respectable audiencea in New York , Philadelphia , and other places , with edification and delight . " Mr . Burritt is now only 35 years of age , and lie is visiting England partly to recruit his strength , and partly to see the English
people with his own eyes , and to judge for himself aa to their character as developed at home . He is tall , thin , and of good address ; and no one , for his external appearance , would guess him to be a blacksmith , lie has a fine intellectual countenance , bright speaking eyes , animated features , and abroad expansive forehead . There is none of tbat remarkaWo fulness in tbe eye which phrenologists usually assign , to the organ of language when developed in an extraordinary degree ; and be is net . by any means a fluent speaker . Elttm Burritt is chiefly known in this country as the great advocate of peace principles ia the United States , and he is continually publishing small printed slips called " Olive leaves , " which are printed in incredible quantities , and reprinted in
about 300 American newspapers . But he is also a most earnest and thorough free-trader , regarding commercial freedom as the great messenger and bond of peace amongst nations . He mentioned the other evening having received from a friend in tbe far-west a letter descriptive of the abundance of the crops there . Corn was growing in profusion up to the threshold of the door , yet the inhabitants of that district were go miserably clad , that tbey bad hardly shoes to their feet ; and if they wanted to purchase as much calico as could be obtained in Manchester for a shilling or two , they must carry a load of corn
a distance of seventy miles , in order to obtain a little clothing . He avowed his strong conviction that the United States grew bread-stuffs enough to supply the whole of the demand of this country . He expresses himself much pleased with England , and with English hospitality , so far as he has seen the one and enjoyed the other ; and was very much struck with , what he regarded as the dense population of th « country , as seen on the line of railway between Liverpool and Manchester , although this tract of country is generally regarded as sparely peopled , owing to the mosses and ether causes . — Manchester Guardian .
The Birmingham Railway . —On Sunday evening last , between 7 and 8 o'clock , an accident of a , niosU frightful description , and which , it is expected , will terminate fatally occurred on the above line to a voungman , named Arthur Lee , ckrk , m the employ of the company . There was a train runwngm at the Camden-town station , while f ^ l ^ Cj ing on the line , near the shed , and before he had time to escape / he was struck by < M ^ g £ & gine , knocked down , and « ceired such injuries Shout the bead and various parts of ^ M ' , ;„ 7 7 i . no forthwith conveved to the University College , Xet S reniS in a dangerous condition .-
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), July 11, 1846, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_11071846/page/7/
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