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a THE NORTHERN STAR . December 12, 1846....
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Sow ready, Price One Shilling. THK SKC«H» EDITION OF MY LIFE, OR OUR SOCIAL STATE, Pari I.
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- Notion for Youso Ladiks is Wast op Pocket IWohet.—A young lady who wished to go to Paris,
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zmvcruscua »oc» -u wuw v* . r—r-. for a ...
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FHE iNOKTHERN STAR. SATtJKDAY, DECEMBER 12. 1848.
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SMALL FARMS. TIIE PEOPLE THEIR OWN LANDL...
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ANOTHER " CONSPIRACY" OF THE RICH AGAINS...
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POLAND. THE TREATY OF VIENNA.—SEIZURE OF...
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WEEKLY REVIEW. The demonstration of " Yo...
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Co •Heaters # CotTtstoonter t&
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FlNSDORI iNSTITOTIOn, GOSWELL KOAD.—SlB,...
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Transcript
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
Additionally, when viewing full transcripts, extracted text may not be in the same order as the original document.
A The Northern Star . December 12, 1846....
a THE NORTHERN STAR . December 12 , 1846 . •* ' •' . ' - ' . ; - ¦ ¦ ¦¦ ; - '¦ ' - : ii ¦ ¦¦ ' - ¦ ~ " ' '
Sow Ready, Price One Shilling. Thk Skc«H» Edition Of My Life, Or Our Social State, Pari I.
Sow ready , Price One Shilling . THK SKC « H » EDITION OF MY LIFE , OR OUR SOCIAL STATE , Pari I .
Ad00412
a Peea , hyBRNEST JONES , Barrister at law . Full of wild dreams , strange fancies and graceful images , inteiri > ersea with many might and beautiful thoughts , Us chief defect is its brevity . The author ' s inspirations seem to ( rush fresh and sparkling from Hippo , crenc . He -will want neither readers nor admirers . —Morn ¦ inq Post . It contains more pregnant thoughts , more hursts of lyric power , more , in fine , of the truly grand and beautiftl , than any poetical work , which has made its appearance for years . "We know of few things more dramatically intense than the scenes betweer Pbilipp , Warren and Clare . —Sew Quarterly Jteview .
Ad00413
DOMESTIC MONITOR . -On Ssh ;? Jay , December the 12 th , and every succeeding Saturday , will be published , price One Penny . THE DOMESTIC MONITOR , . Or l-k * rary , S cientific , Legal , and Medical Adviser , Edited by Hermes . Contents of No . I . —1 . The Past and Present . 2 . Dan KodrLro , from the lialian of Mangoni—Chapter 1 . 3 . The Nosegay . Poetry , Anecdotes , Maxims , and Miscellanies . 4 . The- i'e-iple ' s Cornrr—food for the many . 5 . Correspondence , Literary , Scientific , Legal , & c . 6 . Medical Advisscr . Address to the Readers , New Practical Observations on Consumption . 7 . Letters to Jurymtn . by L . L . D . —Letter 1 . Plea of Insanity . 8 . Literary , Scientific , ami Dramatic Reviews . S . The Liwyer—No . 1 . Address—No . 2 . A case of extreme hardship resulting from the- New Liw of Descent . Pum shedby E . Mackenzie . 111 . Fleet Street , and to ha had of all Booksellers and Newsvenders . Letter * to be addressed , post paid , " Hermes , 31 , Tonbridge Piace , New Road .
Ad00414
XOXDON OPERATIVE HOUSE PAINTERS ASSOCIATION . A Meetirg of this Association will be held on Thur ? - day , December 17 th , at Eight o ' clock in the Evening , at the Parlhenium , 92 . St . Martin's Lane . The trade generally are invited to attend , but members only can take part in the business . By Order of the Directors , S . Boixasd , Secretary .
Ad00415
LITHOGRAPHIC ENGRAVINGS OF THE BUNCOMBE TESTIMONIAL . MAT still be had at the Office of Messrs . M'Gowan and Co ., 16 , Great Windmill Street , Haymarket , London : through any respectable bookseller in town or country ; or at any of " the agents of the Xorthern Star . Thv vligravingisonalarge scale , is executed in the most finished style , is finely printed on tinted paper , and gives a minute description of the Testimonial , and has the Inscription , 4 c , &« :, engraved upon it . PRICE POTJRPENCE .
Ad00416
IMPORTANT TO PHOTOGRAPHISTS . AN application was made on the 22 nd 8 ipt-niber , to the "Vice-Chancellor of England , bj - Ar . Beard . ' who , acting under a mostextraoruiny delusi j . l , considers lumseittiis sole patentee oi the Photographic pAwess l ) to restrain MR . ESERTON , of 1 , Temple-strict , aad 14 S , Fleet-street , rom taking Photographic Porti . t ' . ts , which * e does bv a process entirely different froir . indvery superior to Mr . Beard ' s , and at one-half the cl . rge . His Honour refused the application in toto . 2 " o license required to practice this process , which is taught by Mr . Egerton in a f : * w lessons at a moderate rharge . AU the Apparatus , Chemicals , ie , to he had as usual at his Depot , 1 , Temple-street , Whitefriars .
Ad00417
A GOOD FIT WARRANTED . UBSDELL AND CO ., Tailors , are now malting up u complete Suit of Superfine Black , any size , for JE 3 s Superfine West of England Black , £ 3 10 s . ; and the Very best Superfine Saxony , £ 5 , warranted nottospot or ahange colour . Juvenile Superfine Cloth Suits , 24 s-, Liveries equally cheap—at the Great Western Emporium , Nos . l and 2 , Oxford-street , London ; the noted house for gond Mats cloths , and patent made trousers . Gentlemen can choosa the colour aud ouaiity of cloth from the -largest stock inLoudau . The * . iof fitting taught .
Ad00418
TO TAILORS . LONDON And PARIS FASHIONS FOR AUTUMN AND WINTER , 1846-47 . By READ and Co ., 12 , Hart-Ftreet , Bloomsbury square , London ; Aad G . Bergcr , Holy well-street , Strand ; May Ise had of all booksellers , wheresoever residing . MOW BEiEV , By approbation of her Majesty Queen Victoria , and his Roval Highness Priuce Albert , a splendid print
- Notion For Youso Ladiks Is Wast Op Pocket Iwohet.—A Young Lady Who Wished To Go To Paris,
- Notion for Youso Ladiks is Wast op Pocket IWohet . —A young lady who wished to go to Paris ,
Zmvcruscua »Oc» -U Wuw V* . R—R-. For A ...
zmvcruscua » oc » -u wuw v * . r—r-. for a husband . Sheatated that she had come of age last mouth , an heiress ia her own right , aud was -willing to share her property with any one she tb- ught worthy oth « r affections . Letters , enclosing a postage-stamp , were to bo sent to a certain pastry-cook's in Ramsgate . Such a handsome proposal nattually brought thousands of applications , and as each answer contained a Queen ' s head—that is to say , a penny—the clever young lady cleared with herpostate-stamps not only sufficient to pay for the expensse Of her trip to Paris , but , to buy a handsome Pamela bonnet iato the bargain . —Almanack of the Month .
Caiculation . —There is a person at Preston who can teii , in less than one minute of time , the day of the week on which the day of the month fell , in each vear , froai the birth of Abraham to the birth of ( jurist , a perh'd of 1 , 999 years , according to the old style , and also from the beginning of the Christian era to the present date , or for any length of time to come , both according to the old and new styles . His son , only ten years of age . can also do the same , "withoutthe help of books or tables . The same person says that the 1 st , Sth , 15 th , 22 nd , and 2 i ) th of January , in all centnriaf years , never fell on Sunday , Tuesday , or Thursday , nor ever will whilst the present ( Gregorian ) calendar remains unchanged .
Captain Makbt sot Duin . —We are requested by Captain Man by to contradict the report of his death-The worthy veteran is in the enjoyment of as good health as can be expected at his advanced yean .
Ad00420
SEIZURE OF CRACOW . A PUBLIC MEETING Will be held ia the National Hall , 242 , High Holborn , Ob Wednesday , December 16 th , at Bight o ' clock , Dx . Bowbino , M . P . in the Chair , To express the abhorrence of the English public at this last proof of the determination of the Three Despotic Powers to ex terminate the heroic Polish People .
Ad00421
On the 1 st of January will be published , No . 1 , { price « d . ) of the labourer ; A Monthly Magazine of Politics , Literature , Poetry , & c
Fhe Inokthern Star. Sattjkday, December 12. 1848.
FHE iNOKTHERN STAR . SATtJKDAY , DECEMBER 12 . 1848 .
Small Farms. Tiie People Their Own Landl...
SMALL FARMS . TIIE PEOPLE THEIR OWN LANDLORDS
The old adage " when I have a pi g and a cow everybody bids me good morrow" has been capitally illustrated this week by the respectful way in which the papers , daily and weekly , have noticed the Land movement . Two estates bought and paid for , houses and school-rooms of a tasteful , commodious and elegant description erected , and { an Exchequer into which upwards of THIRTEEN HUNDRED POUNDS poured in one week , are facts which have effected a marvellous change in the demeanour of our " best possible in tractors" towards Chartism At once , as if by consent , the metropolitan and provincial papers have broken the silence so long
resolutely maintained hy them on the subject , or , in the few exceptions , broken only for the purpose of vilification and misrepresentation , and have yelped a chorus of approval . The charm works already . Their first essay betokens still more cordiality in their future notices . Chartism has become "respectable , " that " open sesame" has placed them already within the pale of society , if not of the constitution ; men who possess landed estates , pretty villas , and handsome school-houses , can no longer be treated as ** pariahs . " The instinctive money worshipping tendencies of the press have brought it , cap in hand , to salute the new power in the state , backed by solid acres of land and thousands of pounds of real gold .
The people are on the right scent , they have discovered the way which will open the columns of the press to their real opinions , and the doors of St . Stephens to their real representatives . A peasant proprietary will be the foundation of a new political and social era , If tbe possession of property is . ^ tr se , the reason why political power is granted to one class , the same reason will compel its concession to other classes . There can he no selection or choice in the matter—the principle must he rigidly aud equitably applied . What will be the result . ' The thin end of the wedge will find an entrance . The continually augmenting strength of the people ' s party outside will soon drive it home .
It is with feelings of the most delightful description that we mark the rapid growth of this great and substantial movement . For years has the seed , formerly sown , been sleeping in the ground . At length the crop appears above ground , and its grain promises an abundant harvest , in due season . In the remarks entitled "A New Yeomanry for the 19 th Century , " two weeks ago , we showed , by reference to the condition of France , Jersey , and Guernsey , and the statesmen of Westmoreland and Cumberland , that a proprietory peasantry , or a division of the land of a country into such small
estates as gave a considerable majority of the population the feelings , interests , and independence inseparable from the possession of the soil , was in all cases accompanied by social benefits of the most substantial and elevated description . Abstract argument , or a course of a priori reasoning , would bring any one who will candidl y pursue it to this conclusion ; but the great majority of mankind prefer the solid pudding of positive example and proof to the investigation of theoretic speculations , as to possible contingencies from the action of given forces . Fortunately for the advocates of a peasant
proprietary , examples are neither few nor doubtful . Though many in the country , who have been either absorbed in making wealth for themselves , or making it for others , may know little of the external polity of Continental nations , we have abundance of proof , collected by intelligent travellers , to show that the system exists in several countries , and is everywhere , -without exception , tttoducUve of industry , comfort , and independence . Mr . Laing , in his thoughtful and admirably-written work on Sweden and Norway , has shown that the latter country is the classic ground of peasant proprietors , and that
the district of Angermanlaud , in Sweden , in which the same system prevails , presents a strong contrast to the other provinces , in which the system of large estates and aristocratic rule , produce their usual results—hig h iaxation , Jow wages , and an impoverished people . Upon a future occasion we may bring forward a portion of the abundant evidence adduced by Mr . Laing in support of this statement . In the meantime , by way of still more fully strengthening the convictions of the disciples of this system , and to enable them to g ive all and sundry a reason for the faith that is in them , " we propose to give a few extracts as to the effect of the system in
Switzerland , where , next to Norway , the system most extensively prevails . The late Mr . Inglis , the traveller who occupies a hig h position in tbe public estimation , for the correctness of his observations , and the precision of his information , gives copious and interesting information as to the practical effects of the system in that country . " Throughout the cantons of Basle and Argevie , " says Mr . India , "farming out land is unknown , with the exception of gardens near the large towns .
The properties of those who arc considered respectable Swiss peasants run from ten up to forty , or at most fifty acres ; many of the peasants have amassed considerable fortunes ; but accession of fortune is never made apparent in their mode of living . From £ 100 to £ 300 per annum is the usual range of exnenditurelor persons living , as we should say , ill easy circumstances ; and I learned , from authority that admit-, of no doubt , that not a single individual in all S witzerland spends £ 1 , 000 per annum . '
According to the predictions -of the political economists who look upon a minute sub-division of landed property as a social curse , and believe that
Small Farms. Tiie People Their Own Landl...
its tendency is to convert the country in wliich it exists into a " pauper warren , ' * Switzerland ought to be overrun with a swarm of idle , impoverished , and thriftless beggars . What are the facts ? Let Mr . Inglis reply . " In walking anywhere in the neighbourhood of Zurich , in looking to the right or to the left , one is struck with the extraordinary industry of the inhabitants ; and if we learn that a proprietor here has a return of ten per cent ., we are inclined to say ' He deserves it . ' I speak at present of country labour , though I believe that , in every kind of trade also , the people of Zurich are remarkable for their assiduity ; but in the industry they show in the cultivation of their land 1 may safely say they are unrivalled . "
He proceeds to justify this statement by detail : — - " When I used to open my casement between four and five in the morning to look out upon the lake and the distant Alps , I saw the labourer in tho fields ; and when I returned from an evening ' s walk , long aftersunset , as late , perhaps , ashalf-pasteight , there was the labourer , mowing his grass , or tying up his vines . But there are other and better evidences of the industry of the Zurichers than merely seeing them late and early at work . It is impossible to look at a field , a garden , a hedg ing , scarcel y even a tree , a flower , or a vegetable , without perceiving proofs of the extreme care and industry that are
bestowed upon the cultivation of the soil . If , for example , a path leads through , or by the side of , a field of grain , the corn is not , as in England , permittedto hang over the path , exposed to be pulled or trodden down by every passer by ; it is everywhere bounded by a fence , stakes are nlaced , at intervals of about a yard , and about two and four feet from the ground , boughs of tree « are passed longitudinally alone . If you look into a field towards evening , where there are large beds of cauliflower or cabbage , you will find that every single plant has been watered . In the gardens , which around Zurich are extremely largo ,
the most punctilious care is evinced in every production that ' grows . The vegetables are planted with seemingly mathematical accuracy ; not a single weed is to be seen , not a single stone . Plants are not earthed up as with us , but are planted in a small hollow , into each of which a little manure isput , and each p lant is watered daily . Where seeds are sown , the earth directly above is broken into the finest powder ; every shrub , every flower is tied to a stake , and where there is wall-fruit a trellice is erected ag inst the wall , to which the boughs are fastened , and there is not a single twig that has not its approoriate resting place . " * '
Nothing but a feeling of ownership could induce such unwearied assiduity as is here described , or create what may almost be called an affectionate interest in the land , which distinguishes the agriculture of the peasant proprietor . Still more emphatic testimony to the wonder-making powers of this princip le is presented in the instance of a more remote and Alpine district . " In r . o country in Europe will be found so few poorast ! ieEn < radine . In the village of Suss , wliich contains about 600 inhabitants , there is not a single individual who has not wherewithal to live comfortablv , not asincle individual whoisindebted to others
for one morsel that he eats . ... In the whole oftheEngadine the land belongs to the peasantry , who , like the inhabitants of every other p lace where this state of things exists , vary greatly in the extent of thp ' ir possessions . If a peasant owns irom eight to fifteen cows , and land sufficient for their support , as well as for growing : what is consumed in his own f-tmily , he is esteemed in good circumstances . . . . .. . Generally speaking , an Engadine peasant lives entirely upon the produce of his land , with the exception of a few articles of foreign growth required in his family , such as coffee , sugar , and wine . . . . Fiax is grown , prepared , spun , and woven without ever leaving his house . lie has also his own wool ,
which is converted into a blue coat without passing through the hands of either the dyer or the tailor . The country is incapable of greater cultivation than it has received . All has been done for it that industry and an extreme love of gain can devise . Wk eferer an ear of rye will ripen , there it is to be found . There is not a foot of waste land in the Eneadine . the lowest part of which is not much lower than the top of Snowdon . Wherever t ; rass will grow , there it is ; wherever a rock will bear a blade , verdure is seen upon it ; wherever rye will succeed , there it is cultivated . Barley and oats have also their appropriate spots ; and'wherever it is possible to ripen a little patch of wheat , the cultivation of it is attempted . "
The Canton of Berne differs from the others in having a smaller number of landowners . The land does not generally belong to the peasant but to large proprietors , and is cultivated by hired labour . What is the consequence ? Although Mr . Inglis speaks in high terms of the great industry of the Bernse peasantry and their comfortable living , both of which may , to some extent , be accounted for b y the fact that the hired labourer of Berne must , in a great degree , mould his habits in ajcordance with the standard set by the peasant proprietors in the surrounding Cantons , yet there is this disastrous difference between it and other countries : Berne contains more paupers than are probably to be found in all the Cantons put together !
In 1828 nearly 20 . 000 persons were receiving public relief , while the population of the Canton ( exclusive of the Jura district to which the Poor Law does not extend ) amounted in 1831 to only 313 , 000 , so that more than one person in every sixteen was an actual pauper . The same Canton which has the greatest number of landoioncrs in Switzerland contains nearly alt its pauperism ! Here , again , is a recurrence of the same fact alluded to in the case of the district of Angermanland as compared with the rest of Sweden . Such coincidences cannot be merely fortuitous . They evidently hear to each other the relation of cause and effect
Wherever a few by force or fraud have established a monopoly in the soil , wliich was the gift of God to all , there pauperism and a direful array of political and social miseries inevitably follows in the train of this worst and most accursed of usurpations . In advocating a retnrn , therefore , to a more just and natural system of land tenure , we are at the same time promoting the welfare of every class of the community . An extension of proprietary rights is synonymous in our opinion with an extension of general well-being . We do not exclude from the proposition even the landlord class who are presumed to benefit by the monopoly . Look at the state of Ireland ! Can its landlords regard with any degree of satisfaction or ease of mind the monopoly of that soil upon which there now dwells
one of the most wretched and most discontented , rapidly becoming one of the most disaffected , populations under the sun ? Have the increasing number of outrages , the multiplication of violent deeds , and the growing recklessness of life in the country , no warnings for them ? Is there no inference , dark with future evils , to bs drawn from the eagerness with which the starving peasantry appear to be arming themselves in almost every district ? Yes ! the Avenger has come at last . Injustice and oppression are reaping their natural returns , and the heavy calamity by wliich a whole nation is afflicted , a landlord class driven to distraction , and a government almost paralysed by the new and appalling difficulties around them , warn us that it is time to abandon those institutions which produce such hideous results .
Another " Conspiracy" Of The Rich Agains...
ANOTHER " CONSPIRACY" OF THE RICH AGAINST THE POOR . We are not aware of any case occurring during the last ten years which has occasioned the same amount of interest ag that which has lately occurred at Warrington . During that long time , indeed , there has been much to cause excitement and enthusiasm ; many attacks have been made on the few privileges and usages which yet remained to the various sections of the Trades , and each has been met with a spirit of vigour and determination such as belongsonly to Englishmen , ; hut on these occasions the interest has been either of a limited or temporary nature , and called for no particular anxiety beyond the knowledge that to resist oppression was a sacred duly , and that to neglect this duty would be speedily followed by accumulated injustice and tyranny .
The present occasion , however , extends in its importance over the whole kingdom and to every branch of labour ; it threatens the existence of every union in the empire—except , indeed , the unions of the master and wealthy classes ; if met with wisdom and fought bravely , its value may be absolutely
Another " Conspiracy" Of The Rich Agains...
beyond all calculation—consolidating , and giving legal sanction to those peaceful and moral efforts which have distinguished the present race of working men from their predecessors— -efforts which have introduced a character of quietness , solidity , and growth , which wealth finds itself utterly unable to cope with , and is therefore determined to crush . But if the present opportunity should be lost , if the judgment of the Warrington magistrates should be suffered to pass unquestioned —then , indeed , it may be said that a death blow has been given to all tbe exertions of the working classes for their advancement and
happiness . But it is time that we should briefly narrate the circumstances on whicli these remarks are founded . The grievance out of which the present case has arisen is , mainl y , that , for the last year and more Messrs . Jones and Potts have been in the habit of employing at their Engineers and Iron Foundry , labourers and others who have served no previous apprenticeship ; gradually introducing them to a knowledge of the business , and then using them to supersede the labour of men who had served a regular
apprenticeship- The general evils of this , and its gross injustice to those who made the pecuniary and other sacrifices of a regular apprenticeship , are too plain to need exposure or comment ; it threatened a gradual deterioration in the character of the men employed , and a concurrent lessening of their wages ; and this , of course , as it was the principal object of the masters , so the men determined to give it their most energetic opposition . The ordinary course in these cases was pursued—a " steady Picquet" was placed on the works , and gradually , as they became
convinced of the evils they were bringing on themselves and their fellows , the men at work gave notice to quit , and left ; and others who had been sent , for , evinced their sense of the-degradation intended for them by departing at even a speedier rate than they came . This is the foundation , and indeed the whole of the charge—that the men at work were induced to leave by the persuasions , of the picquet , " the conspirators ; " and that
by similar persuasion others , who would hav « entered on Messrs . Jones and Potts employment , were induced to alter their minds . No violence is charged —some idle expressions are sworn to have been uttered by three or four of the " conspirators , " but with regard to the larger number of them no act is sworn to , except that they " looked at the works , and walked up and down and spoke to people " and many of them , indeed , were never heard to speak at all , but then they " walked up and down . "
And this , in the year 184 C , is called Consfihacy . The worthy Magistrates admitted , that one man might persuade another to leave work , but their worships considered that if two did it the offence amounted to a Con spiracy . A cat , their worships admitted , might look at a king—but if two cats looked at a king , at the same time , then were the cats aforesaid guilty of high treason . But we shall have other opportunities of exposing this magisterial outrage of all the rules of law , and
common sense . For the present we refer our readers to the report of the case g iven in oiir sixth page . We must add one fact , redounding to the honour of Mr . Roberts , and also to the credit of the men . On the occasion of the first examination of the accused men but for Mr . Roberts becoming bound for their appearance , fifteen of them would have gone to gaol . So little did Mr . Roberts think of the risk he was running , that he never spoke to the men on the subject either before or since ; he knew they would be true to their appointment , and they were so .
Poland. The Treaty Of Vienna.—Seizure Of...
POLAND . THE TREATY OF VIENNA . —SEIZURE OF CRACOW . " I will teach , if possible , the stones To rise against earth ' s tyrants . " When Napoleon had over-run Germany , he punished the Austrian and Prussian monarchs by wresting from them portions of the territory they had plundered from Poland . At the partition of 1795 , Prussia had taken possession of Warsaw and the greater part of what has since been termed the " kingdom of Poland ; " whilst Cracow and its territory had been seized by Austria .
In 1807 Napoleon tore Warsaw and its territory from Prussia , and transferred it to the King of Saxony , upon whom , in addition to his other titles , was conferred that of" Duke of Warsaw . " In 1809 , Cracow and its territory was added to the " Duchy of Warsaw . Here we may , in passing , remark , that Poland owes nothing to the memory of Napoleon , but execration . He had it in his power to have reconstituted Poland and re-established her independence but he preferred the infamous part of adding his name to the list of her "
partitioned . " A second opportunity was offered him at the period of his invasion of Russia ; and he was earnestly invoked to secure to himself the immortal title of " Poland ' s deliverer , " by proclaiming her independence , but he refused . The cold-hearted despot had subsequently , indeed almost immediately , good cause to repent his decision . When driven back upon Poland by the frost and the Cossacks , he found an indifferent , instead of an enthusiastic people , to receive him . When , in 1815 , the chiefs of the victorious coalition sat down to divide the spoil , the disjointed remains of Poland had to be once more
appropriated . The King of Saxony having been an ally of Napoleon ' s , was punished by having a portion of his kingdom transferred to Prussia , and by being deprived of the entire of his Polish possessions . The Duchy of Warsaw was made over to Russia , under the name of the " Kingdom of Poland ; " but Cracow was again detatched from it . The three robber powers , not being able to agree amongst themselves which should have Cracow , agreed that it should form an independent State . This agreement was ratified by the other powers , and Cracow was constituted a " Republic , " and placed under the protection of Russia , Austria , and Prussia .
Be it observed , in this renewed cutting up of Poland , the Polish people had no voice in the matter . They were never consulted as to whether they preferred Russian or Saxon rule , foreign protection or native independence . This treaty of Vienna the Poles have always repudiated , regarding it in the light of another " partition . " The recent seizure of Cracow has been by some called the fourth " partition ; " but , in reality , 'Napoleon made the " fourth partition j" the treaty of Vienna was the " fifth , " and now we have seen the " sixth "
On the broad principles of justice , we , too , repudiate the treaty of Vienna ; and we should just as zealously have repudiated it if none of the " violations" complained of had taken place ; because that treaty was but a sanctioning of previous robberies . No arrangement could be tolerated by just men that did not restore Poland to the Poles ; and as the treaty of Vienna did the reverse of this , it was essentiall y unjust ; and , therefore , according to the rules of eternal ri ght , must , from the moment of its adoption , have been held by all mankind , save robbers , tyrants , and usurpers , to be null and void .
But supposing , for the sake of argument , that the powers of Europe were justified ( which in truth they were not ) in agreeing to that treaty , still no one can dispute that if any one or more of the parties fail to fulfil the conditions of the compact , there is an end to the agreement . If those for whose benefit the agreement his been entered into wilfully break the conditions on which they were permitted to appropriate the benefits guaranteed to them , they , indisputably , are faith-breakers ; the other parties to the agreement are wronged , and there is an end to the compact . Now this is exactly the case as regards the treaty of Vienna . The seizure of Cracow is not by ' any means the
Poland. The Treaty Of Vienna.—Seizure Of...
first violation of the treaty of Vienna . In that treaty it was set forth , that—The Polish subjects of Austria , Russia , and Prussia shall obtain a representation and national institutions regulated according to the mode of political existence which each of the governments to which they belong shall judge useful and fitting to grant them . Up to this hour the Poles have obtained neither " representation" nor ¦ - national institutions" from either of the " three powers . " Violation of the treaty No . 1 . In transferring the Duchy of Warsaw to Russia , the treaty set forth that
The Duchy of Warsaw , with the exception of the provinces and district whicli have been otherwise disposed of in the following articles , is re-united to the empire of Russia . It shall be irrevocably bound to it by its constitution , and be possessed by his Majesty the Emperor of all the Russias , his heirs and successors in perpetuity . His Imperial Majesty reserves to himself to give this state , enjoying a distinct administration , the territorial extension whicli he shall deem fit ; lie will take with his other titles that of Czar , King of Poland , according to the customary formula used for his other possessions .
Alexander gave the kingdom of Poland a " constitution , " which constitution , he declared to the Polish Diet in 1818 , was defended by " solemn treaties ;'' yet in a few years afterwards he abrogated one after another of the provisions of that constitution , until he had reduced it to a mere shadow . Still there was enough to swear by , and Nicholas when he ascended the throne did swear to observe it . His words were " / promise and swear before God , that
I will observe the constitution , and that I will use all my efforts to maintain the due observance of it . " This miscreant very soon , however , set what remained of the constitution at defiance , and committed the unhappy Poles to the ferocious government of his brutal , butcher brother , Constantine ; finally , in 1831 , he by ukase formally abolished the constitution . Here was violation of the treaty of Vienna , No . 2 .
We come now to ; the case of Cracow . We extract the following articles . from the Treaty of Vienna : — Article 6 . —The city of Cracow , with itsterritory , is declared in perpetuity a free , independent , and strictly neutral city , under the protection of Russia , Prussia , and Austria . Article 9 . —Tho Courts of Russia , Austria , and Prussia engage to respect , and cause to be respected for ever , the neutrality of the free city of Cp & eow and of its entire territory . No armed force can ever be introduced into it , under any pretence whatsoever .
No words can he plainer than the above , yet , from the first day of its institution as a "free state , " Cracow has been terrorised over by tbe "three powers . " The treaty declares that " no armed force shall be introduced into Cracow under any pretence whatsoever ; " yet , in deiance of this express declaration , a body of Russian troops , in 1831 , invaded the city for the purpose of disarming and destroying the wreck of the Polish army which had taken refuge there . In 1836 , Russian , Austrian
and Prussian troops took military possession of the city . This was done for the purpose of hunting out refugees , and from two to three hundred refugees and citizens were seized , and dungeoned or banished . In 1838 the Austrian troops were reinforced ; and they abandoned the city only in 1841 . At tbe period of the late insurrection , tbe Austrians were in possession of the city , from which they were driven by the inhabitants . Subsequently the Austrians regained possession , assisted by the troops of Rusia and Prussia . Here we have shown a whole
series of violations of the treaty of Vienna . But this is nor all . According to the treaty , Cracow was to remain for ever a " free and independent State . " Of course a free and independent state has the power to make its own laws , to frame its own constitution , and to will its own institutions without let or hinderance on the part of any other state—but behold the facts as regards Cracow . In the first place the Cracovian constitution , framed as it was under the auspices of the " Holy Alliance , " was , at the outset , sufficiently aristocratic to ensure the non-representation , and consequent political slavery , of the mass of the community . But
this was not sufficient to satisfy the " protectors ;" accordingly , in 1833 , they forcibly abrogated the constitution whicli they had incorporated in the treaty of Vienna , and substituted a new " constitution , " which really placed all the power of the state in the hands of the resident representatives of the three powers . After the military occupation in 1836 , a further " revision" of the penal and police codes was enforced by the "three powers . " The state to which the " free aud independent" city of Cracow was reduced by its three protectors , is forcibly described by our French contemporary , the National : —
There was a Senate , and not one senator who was not dependent on one of the three Powers . There was a president of the Senate , a creature chosen by their express command . There was a municipal organization , but any citizen elected could not take his place in the municipal council without the unanimous consent of the protecting Powers . Cracow was free to produce and to export , but , enclosed within three prohibitive Custom-houses , her exports were reduced to nothing . Cracow possessed an university , but it was expressly forbidden to any stranger to the territory to take lessons there or to receive degrees , and those degrees , far from being recognised by the neighbouring states , sufficed , on the contrary , to exclude any person possessing them from pursuing
bis profession out of Cracow . The faculty of medicine , for example , was confined to eight pupils . Cracow still possessed the privilege of coining monev , but its coin was not current outside the territory " of the republic , whilst it was compelled to receive the coin of the three Powers . Government , commerce , municipality , education , were all in their hands . Add to that , a gloomy , uneasy , and tormenting police , watching every citizen , arresting every suspected person , a police formed of spies by the three Powers , who made domiciliary visits interpreted the most innocent interchange of friendly or family affection into a crime , broke the seals of letters and caused to be incarcerated in the dungeons of Spielberg ever ^ Pole who might have the misfortune to compromise himself by an indiscreet word .
Can there be any question that this state of things was a thorough violation and gross outrage on the 6 th article of the treaty of Vienna , which constituted Cracow a " free and independent" state ? Lastly comes the recent crowning atrocity . Unmasked and shameless , the robbers repudiate the solemn engagement they had entered into with the other European powers ; seize upon Cracow , which was to be free " for ever , " and by a bargain amongst themselves , the one most recently dyed skindeep in bloody infamy takes the spoil . Austria , the ingrate , fresh from the butcheries in Gallicia , seizes upon the palace of the Jagellons to convert into a barracks for her murderous mercenaries , and sanguinarv slaves .
And these crimes against humanity , the series of atrocities we have enumerated , have been committed not only in defiance of every principle of natural justice , but also in contempt of treaties— " solemn treaties , " to which nearly all the powers of Europe were parties , including Great Britain and France . The treachery and rascality of the governments of these countries we will unveil , but not now . People of England and France , why will you allow these miserable governments to act in your name , wronging both yourselves and your brethren of other nations ? When , oh ! when , will you "take your affairs into your own hands ?"
Weekly Review. The Demonstration Of " Yo...
WEEKLY REVIEW . The demonstration of " Young Ireland , " in the Rotunda , last week , has fairly cowed and conquered the old bully O'Connell . He , has been accustomed so long to ruin or silence any man who was inconvenient to him , or who stood in his way , that he thought he coild in this case play the same game with the usual impunity and success . But the pitcher that goes often to the well gets broken at last , and so it has fared with Dan . After all his repeated declarations that the Young Ireland party could never again be re-admitted into the Repeal
Weekly Review. The Demonstration Of " Yo...
Association ; after his abuse of the " young gentle men" of the " Phalanx ; " his dastardly insinuations " about their infidelity , and his rascally inventions about the bugaboo " physical force , " and sundry imaginary " swords" which he conjured up to fri ght men s souls , withal ; after recanting his former praise of Smith O'Brien , and confession of having flattered him ; after having declared he "did not care two - pence "—not even " three halfpence , " for Young Ireland : he finds , that so completely has he miscalculated his forces—so thoroug hly is his power of delusion destroyed , that he must patch up a reconi
ciliation with the very parties he used so contumeliously by first thrusting them out of the Association , and then continuall y abusing , calumniating , and misrepresenting ! This is a great triumph . It will break the chain of invincibilit y and of uninterrupted victory , which he has had the craft t o instil into the mmd of the Irish people . It will weaken their faith in him ; and , therefore , so far prevent him , in future , from misleading them . It has also taken away from the Whi gs the one prop on which they relied for governing Ireland . The shameless alliance between O'Connell and the party will result in nothing but mutual infamy and conjoint failure .
What course the Young Ireland party will pursue with reference to the professed olive branch , we are not informed at the time of writing these remarks . But whether they receive it in a friendl y spirirj or the reverse , the result is certain to be the same . Any truce that may be agreed upon between the two belligerent partiei must be a temporary one . The peace ' will be hollow ; the friendshi p—a name ; the co-operation—a mockery .- They have done and
said too much to create mutual exasperation , ever to be cordially reconciled again ; and , above all , Young Ireland has stripped off the tinsel from too many professing patriots , exposed the dark deformit y of many a fair show , and rudely disclosed too many secrets of the prison-house ever to be forgiven , or the facts to be forgotten . Besides this , they are pledged to a straightforward and uncompromising course . They dare not desert it , and O ' Connell dare not follow them .
There is one peculiarity attending this projected reconciliation which deserves a ' passing remark . It is , according to O'Connell , the only preliminary re * quired in order to procure a sum of £ 30 , 000 , 000 of money from England to provide for the distress of the country , and provide for the future crop . This bagatelle of THIRTY MILLIONS is , it appears , only to be a payment of 10 s . in the pound on a debt of SIXTY MILLIONS which England owes to Ireland , and as soon as D . O'Connell , W . S . O'Brien and J . G . Duffy have shaken hands and made up their quarrel , John Bull is forthwith to pay on demand . In short , the cool , glib and offhand way in which the plan was propounded , the certainty with which it was assumed that it would
be earned out , when the weighty difficulty of a reconciliation between Old and Young Ireland was effected , strikes us as being altogether one of O'Connell ' s richest displays in this particular line . It is needless to observe that after his late financial displays with reference to the Repeal Funds , we have no great faith in him as an accountant , and regard the debt of SIXTY MILLIONS as somewhat apocryphal , still more doubtful are we of the THIRTY MILLIONS instalment . That appears to us a greater way off than a real reconciliation between the two sections of repealers .
Turning , however , from the squabbles and the projects of these parties to the state of Ireland itself , it is with unfeigned and deep pain we have to record that it becomes most alarming . Our predictions as to the utter inutility of the Government measures have been loo fully and fatally realized Distress and destitution of the most intense and harrowing description pervades the country ; three hundred thousand MEN , heads of families and
representing ONE MILLION OP MOUTHS , are employed on the public works , and yet this is but as a drop in the sea of Irish misery . A more alarming feature is the fact that the peasantry are everywhere purchasing fire-arms — the trade of gunmaker is in the midst of a scarcity a more profitable and busy'one than that of the corn merchant or baker . What all this portends we do not pretend to say . One thing is certain , that it is a state of things fraught with the gravest consequences .
Now is the time for a strong and a bold government . Mediocrity may do for ordinary times ; but extroardinary emergencies demand extraordinary abilities and resources . In the latter , Great Britain and Ireland are rich . _ All that is needed is , that the first should be called to the helm of affairs , and entrusted with the power of steering us safely out of the fearful dilemma in which we now find ourselves .
The task would have been an easier and a cheaper method had it been commenced four months ago But " better late than never . " There is yet time to arrest the inci pient symptoms of open insurrection and general anarchy , which are generally too observable . But , if done at all , it must be done promptly , earnestly , openly , and the measures must be commensurate with the evils intended to he remedied . England will not grudge millions , but they must be so applied as to return themselves in the com fort , prosperity , and permanent improvement of the people of Ireland .
There is a positive dearth of home news this week , the only noticeable events of the week are those disgusting exhibitions of obese and unwieldy oxen and pigs , in which John Bull delights just before Christmas . The monstrosities which are shown at the Christmas Cattle Shows are abominable in every point of view . In the first place , nobody who has any regard for his health or his bowels , will purchase such meat for the eating of either himself or his family . It is only fit for the tallow-chandler , not the cook ; the melting vat , not the kitchen fire , is its destination . In the next place , this over-feeding of brutes by wealthy farmers and politico-economical lords , contrasts but
cu-ntmt >\ y VvtYi tiie treatment of She agricultural labourers by these same parties . Lord Radnor , wha does not see why he should give his labourer * " enough to eat" if supply and demand does not make his wages naturally sufficient for that purpose , does not feel himself precluded by the dictims of political economy from being generous to his pigs , for them there is an abundance of barley-meal , milk , potatoes and whey provided The p i g lives on the fat of the land , the peasant is starved by the very man who pets and overfeeds the brute , and then boasts of the prizes awarded to him tor having reared a useless monster . Surely we shall , by and bye , get a better reading of " encouragement to agricultural improvement" than this '
There is a rumour that Parliament , which it was said would meet about the 19 th of January , will not assemble until the first week of February . These Whigs justify our predictions , they will protract to the last moment the inevitable doom which awaits them of a speedy expulsion from place and pay .
Co •Heaters # Cotttstoonter T&
Co Heaters # CotTtstoonter t &
Flnsdori Institotion, Goswell Koad.—Slb,...
FlNSDORI iNSTITOTIOn , GOSWELL KOAD . —SlB , —At S . meeting of the committee held December the 4 th , it was unanimously agreed , — " That a vote of thank * be awaraed to the Euitor of the Northern Star for his kindness and liberality in inserting the advertisement relative to the benefit at Sadler ' s Wclls on Wednesday , December 2 nd , as also subsequently noticing the same , and other mutters connected with the Institution , " with pleasure , therefore , I execute their commands , and beg you will herewith accept the same . —I am , Sir , your obedient Servant , Samuel Bridle , Secretary . Mrs , Johes , —In reply to the question asked bj several correspondents , why the letter of Mrs . Jonos was with , held from our columns from March 3 rd to November 33 th , we have to observe that tbe error in the dates waa made by the compositor , and not observed until tho whole of our impression was worked off , Ft ivli « Kff
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Dec. 12, 1846, page 4, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_12121846/page/4/
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