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S sgrJiMBEit 14, 1850^ TBE, NQRTRRRN STA...
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THE HY-ENA-HAYNAU HUNT. "Within a few ho...
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St. Marie's Catholic Church was opened a...
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fflurut$ HtUtlVtQ - Fob th« Webk Eranio ...
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TO THE CHARTISTS. " BREAD AND FREEDOM." ...
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CfjartC&t JnteUwence;
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The ExtccirvE Commutes ,of tub National ...
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Jiattotutt uann crompanj
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Maidstone.—At a general meeting of the m...
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THE SWINSCOE MURDER—COMMITTAL OF CHADWIC...
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NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF ;. r UNITED TRAD...
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WOLVERHAMPTON TIN-PLATE WORKERS, THE MAG...
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THE AS.SOCIATIYE LABOUR CONFERENCE AT MA...
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SKNUINO COALS ^'^ j^i^«&Si ' BerraaderaM...
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Si ht ^ t U s ,V: W^^^ r_. 1>^ Bombay, i...
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
Additionally, when viewing full transcripts, extracted text may not be in the same order as the original document.
The United States Of The Australian Repu...
f ^ bjic opinion , desire to see Kepresentahve jLj . Repuolican Institutions supersede the antiquated hereditary and feudal governments flfci ch have heretofore \ kept the world in bondage . It is by the creation of a powerful opinion in favour of such movements as that now adverted to , that our own Cabinet and Parliament will be deterred from any suicidal
and short-sighted effort for its suppression . Let the people at home make comm on cause wiflithekbrethrenmAu Stralia , . andAe downfall of aristocratic domination , ^ certain . If EneJishmea in America and Australia can conduct their affairs well , wisely , and prostMaonsly under a Republican form ot govern-Sent . why not at home ? Pregnant question , which mere surface Reformers would do well to p onder .
S Sgrjimbeit 14, 1850^ Tbe, Nqrtrrrn Sta...
S sgrJiMBEit 14 , 1850 ^ TBE , NQRTRRRN STAR , " * . 5
The Hy-Ena-Haynau Hunt. "Within A Few Ho...
THE HY-ENA-HAYNAU HUNT . "Within a few hoars from the time that HAWADw ashunted from Barclay ' s Brewery into the dust-bin of the George Public-house , ¦ we penned our earnest approval of the conduct ofthehonest working men , who distinguished themselves oh that occasion . We rejoice to find that so large a proportion of the Press of this country has joined in our hearty congratulations to them , for having redeemed England in the eyes of the world , from the stigma of being the accomplice and abettor of such a fiend in human shape : and of the still more
fiendish Imperial monsters who used him as their tool . "" 'BabVsuch a spontaneous demonstration not taken place , it is probable that foreigners might have continued to confound the English people with the limes and the Chronicle . That , thank Heaven 3 is now impossible ; and we do not , therefore , wonder at the rage of these detestable mouthpieces of absolutism , at being unmasked before the world . Henceforward , when they assume to represent public opinion in England , the -brief refutation will be found in the single
word" Haynau . " It is difiicnlt to understand where these prints get their writers . They cannot be native Englishmen ; or , if really cradled in tins country , they must have lived so long in fhej emasculating and demoralising atmosp here of Continental Courts , that they have lost every vestige of manly English feehng . Their sympathies are all on the side of rank , wealth , and of constituted authority . The buffering " , down-trodden , oppressed , and struggling people have no claim npon their regard or consideration . The Chronicle , and one or two other sentimentalists of this
despicable school of journalism , whine about the " grey hairs of an aged man , " and similar stuff . Why the " grey hairs" of Haynau were an additional reason in his case for the treatment he received . He had the same " grey hairs" when he presided over the disgusting and sickening scenes of carnage and outrage which characterized his bloody campaign in Italy . When he
brutally murdered Count Battbtasi , and flogged a woman and a mother in the midst of a square of soldiers , his hairs were as grey as they are now . If age has no effect in tempering the savage passions , in teaching the most ordinary lessons of humanity or of piety , why should they be pleaded in mitigation of retributive punishment ? But then the Times rejoins , Hatnau only did what he was ordered to do . What then ? Does that absolve him from
accountability to the great laws of God and nature | Because any demon , clothed with power , chooses to order other men to act like demons , and they do so , are all the rest of the werld to be stricken dumb and powerless ? Are noliands to-be lifted— -no voices raised in defence of outraged humanity ? We are nest warned against the evils that may arise from permitting " mobs" to take the law into their
own hands . We admit them . But are there not more insufferable and intolerable evils than any that ever were charged against Lynch law , even in its wildest excesses ? Would it not be a greater curse to society at large that it should have the heart , understanding and conscience , so thoroughly taken out of it ; its human instincts , so ntterly ^ bbllterated and destroyed , as ' no longer ig fee } horror and aversion when deeds that violate
every just , humane , or benevolent feeling of our common nature are perpetrated ? So think the organs of absolutism in England . So write the . un-English scribes of the Times and Chronicle . They positively seem to think they are living in Bussia or Austria . The Times tries to make the unpremeditated outburst of honest indignation a conspiracy , and recommends a police commissioner to make it one ; and the Chronicle follows up the suggestion , by proposing to set
the Attorney General to prosecute Barclay ' s brewers . Now , these people had better understand , once for all that they do not live under the regime of M . Cashes , and that any attempt to introduce it into this island may be followed by consequences which they who advise its adoption may not at all relish . If they are not satisfied with the liberty of speech and action which exists here , let them betake themselves to Paris , Rome , Naples , Berlin or Petersburg . We shall heartily rejoice in so good a riddance .
At aU events they mast feel deeply mortified to find that they now stand before Europe and America as convicted liars . The carefalry concocted and venal falsehoods , which day by day filled their p olluted columns , are now known in their real character . People will , henceforward , know what value to attach to the "foreign correspondence , " and the "foreign leaders , " of a Press which has the unutterable baseness to lend
itself to imperial , royal , and monied brigands , for the purpose of crushing the spirit of freedom and justice , wherever it shows itself . They are worthily mated with the petty mountebank Johk O'CoASiiLL , who ventured to enlogise Hyaena-HAYJfau at the last meeting at Conciliation Hall . They represent the opinion of the people of England just about as truly , and just , about as much , as that broken-down and dilapidated political pedlar does that of the people of Ireland . ¦ Honour to the workpeople of Bankside ! Honour to those who in the metropolis , and
throughout the country , have responded to the virtuous indignation of the people of Bankside , and sanctioned their conduct by their honest approbation . It shows that the heart of the people is yet sound and whole , and that when the thnearrives for a struggle in the cause of constitutional libert y in this country , England possesses sons who will not shame the illustrious men that shed lustre over her name . The CnoMWELLs and the Miltoss are not without heirs among the " common people , " however little sympathy there may be with them and their glorious deeds in Printing-house-square . ' One thing seems certain , Hayuatj will put faith in " The Thunderer " and its satellite
no more ; within two days after his merited reception from the Brewers of Bankside he fled from our shores with aching bones . He carries with him a memento of sturdy British indignation , which all the "leaders" of the " the Leading Journals" will never efface from bis recollection . Wherever he shows his face we hope that men , women and children , will recollect his inglorious treatment , and his refuge in the dustbin of the George public-house , Bankside ; the driving of the cowardly old woman-flogger to that i gnominious shelter had a worldful of sweet revenges in it , and sinks him so low that not a hundred Times ' s , each with a hundred times more power , can ever make Haynau hold up his head in the world again .
St. Marie's Catholic Church Was Opened A...
St . Marie ' s Catholic Church was opened at Sheffield on Wednesday . The ceremony , which was very magnificent , was attended by a large number of the Catholic clergy and aristocracy .
Fflurut$ Htutlvtq - Fob Th« Webk Eranio ...
fflurut $ HtUtlVtQ - Fob th « Webk Eranio TmrasDATi . Sepieubib 12 th , 1850 . . ' . " JOB thb TOfflG-UP OF THE LABB COMPAHY . J ! i 5 £ u £ * J' Bmra --Central Kosendale , per J . ' Ash-SEL ! - ?^ £ * , £ Tj-equenier 4 s 9 d _ Newcastle Branch , per M . Jude 17 s M-Northmen , per w . Rowe Received at Land Ornci . -JwPedden 6 d-M . Wardrop 6 d- » . Pisher 6 d-Mr . Fine 8 town 5 s 6 d . * Receiredby \ 7 . Bider .. .. 118 3 Received at Land Office .. .. 0 7 0 Total .. .. .. £ 2 5 ~ 3 AGITATION FOR THE CHARTER . Received by John Abhott . — Merthjr TjdvH , per J . Owen 7 s—Todmorden , per R . Barker 6 s—Greenwich and Deptf trd ( Walter ' s Arms ) Ss—Cheltenham , per J . Hemmin 2 s 3 d Pudsey , per T . Wade . 7 s—East London Locality , per Mr . Tickers 8 s—Emmettfs Brigade , per J . Blake 3 s—Mr . John Hughes Is—an Isolated Chartist 6 tL FOR -MRS- LACEY . Received by W . BjdebI—Congleton , Ten Hours' Committee , per T . Pickford 10 s .-r— Received by John Asnott . — Hodgson ' s ilffl , near Blyth , per J . R . Robinson 8 s 4 d—Cownen . near Blyth . per Messrs . Robinson and Hesscr 7 s 2 d—Cheltenham , per J . Hemmin 8 s—Mr . Topham 6 d . DEBT DUE TO PRINTER . Received hy John Abnoit . —W . H . Tanner , Totness . per Mr . Shuteos . TRACT FUND . Received by Joa * Assorr . —Mr . Reynolds 2 s—Greenwich and Deptford 2 s—Bermondrey , per Mr . Edwards Is—Lynn per J . Twaits Is—Royton per J . B . HorsfeU 2 e—Mr . Hughes 6 d .
To The Chartists. " Bread And Freedom." ...
TO THE CHARTISTS . " BREAD AND FREEDOM . " Brother Democrats . —It is , I helieve , customary for those , who are on a political tour , to render an account of their progress to the people . ¦ I desire to follow this example ; hut as I do not intend to occupy the attention of my readers with telling them how many cheers were given for the Charter , or how many thousands' cfteered ' -irt the meetings I have had the honour of addressing , but to devote their . time and mine to a more useful
purpose , I will postpone all details as to the experience I have gleaned , and the information I have obtained on my journey , until the conclusion of my tour , when it is my intention to forward a Journal of-my Tour to the " Northern Star " for publication . In this , it will he my endeavour to place before the country the true aspect of our movement . I will speak of things as I find them , and I am happy to say , we heed haneither ashamed nor afraid of oar opponents" reading the account . Wherever I go , I am devoting all the time I can spare from the railway and the platform , towards investigating the relative position of employers and employed ; I am endeavouring
to dive into that greatest source of popular misery—the wages-SLAVERY—and I find that reduction of wages hy direct means , is one of the least effective instruments which the capitalist is wielding for the destruction of the labouring class . I think I shall be able to gather into one focus , the details of an amount of oppression , robbery , and misrule , that will surprise the reader , and unveil a conspiracy among the rich , that must open the eyes of the poor to the imperative necessity of union among themselves . Every locality is aware of its own heal wrongs—few are aware of what passes beyond their own limits . The poet says ,
' A fellow feeling mates us wondrous kind ;" and t believe what is chiefly wanted in order to make all sections of the working classes unite , though now too often standing , aloof from each other , is to show them how they are all suffering individually at the hands of one great common foe . - I have now visited and had the honour of addressing the largest assemblies that have been held since 1848 , at Leicester , Derby , Northampton , Loughborough , Sntton-in-Ashfield , and Nottingham . The meeting at Nottingham Forest on Sunday last was one of the noblest demonstrations I have ever seenand the brave men of Notts passed on that
occcasion a unanimous vote of thanks to the men in the employ of Messrs . Barclay and Perkins , for vindicating the honour of English manhood against the woman-flogger of Austria . I am now addressing you from Rotherham—a furnace in the midst ot a paradise—surrounded by the palaces of the ironmasters and mine-owners : — below , in the bowels of the earth , their slaves are pining in a black hell;—above , the rich idlers are reposing in a green heaven , amidst their lawns and woods . But between the two the spirit of truth is beckoning the slave upward and onward—aud last night proved it by the numbers and temper of the meeting that assembled .
Wherever I go , I find the old movement disorganised—thank God for it ! Freedom don't wear a patched garment ; we'll make her a new one . Wherever I go , I find the embers of discord still lurking among the ashes of party strife and local ambition ; but , my friends , they are fast expiring , and everywhere I find a disposition to fraternise among the various sections of the Chartist body . They are tired of party strife—they stand in the presence of their great foe—they begin to feel that they cannot afford to bicker ; and , as Whig and Tory unite , when there is danger , to crush their common foe—the people—so the people are beginning to unite against their common enemy—the bich ! Aye ! the bich ! People ! stultify yourselves no longer—understand your position rightly .
To know the ground on which you stand is the nrst essential for victory . You are engaged in a war of the poor against the rich—of labour against capital . To reconcile them under the present systemmark ! I Say , TOTOKB THE PRESENT SYSTEM—18 impossible ! To seek the alliance of the rich is insanity , for it is asking them to fight against themselves ! Remember this great- truth : where there are extreme differences between the wealth of two classes—where some are very rich and some are ¦ very poor—freedom cannot exist for an hour . Therefore yon must not strive to make the " bich richsh . " for if von do , the poor will never be " rich" and always be slaves ; you must look to making the rich poobeb , and the poor free , they will soon grow richer then .
Society has progressed through various phases : the first tyrants of the earth were the priests ; Tangs were the democrats of that day—and , with the people's help , subverted the priesthood . Then came kingly domination : nobles were the democrats of that day ; and , with the people ' s help , subverted the kings . Then came feudal domination : merchants were the democrats of that day ; and , with the people ' s help , subverted the nobles . Then came middle-class domination : and there we stand ; we "have at last arrived at the age when the veritable democracy is stirring .
Proletarians ! recognise your position , and do not tremble at your glorious mission . The People tor inn ? People!—the Poor tor the Poob !—and God defend the right ! Kever were the raw materials of democracy more plentiful or more promising—they merely want working up . Everywhere the veterans are still true , and tbank God the young blood is fast rushing into the movement ; we snail go onward with the blessings of the old , and the courage of the young . A mighty change has transpired since ' 48 , I can trace it everywhere . And now Tyrants and Htmbugs ! have . at you once again and for
ever . Tub Charier tso Victory . * ERNEST JONES . P . S . —I should feel much obliged to my friends in Leicester and Derby , since I missed availing myself of the opportunity ^ while I was there , if they would favour me with all the information they may possess relative to the state of trade , wages , and different means used for the abatement of wa » es and increase of the amount of labour in their localities . I have accidentally received a number of the Berby Reporter , containing a tirade of several columns against the lecture I had the honour of delivering at Derby ; the article purports to come from the pen of a " working man . I disbelieve it—1 do not believe a working man would oi social
have been so ignorant of all the principles polity , as the writer of that article ; and so dishonourable , as to have shrunk from facing me on the platform , though invited , and to have written downri ght faheltoods in his statement , without even having sent me a copy of the paper . I shall expect the anonymous correspondent to reveal his name and calling ; and , though he may expect that on my tour I should have no opportunity of seeing his attack ,. and no leisure for a reply , I promise him , he shall have one if the columns of his ohesen organ will admit it . I owe it to my Derby friends to vindicate the arguments I advanced , and I owe it to the world to refute the atrocious doctrines he maintains . E . J . Rotherham ; nth September , 1850 .
Cfjartc&T Jnteuwence;
CfjartC & t JnteUwence ;
The Extccirve Commutes ,Of Tub National ...
The ExtccirvE Commutes , of tub National Charter AssooiATioN ' met at the office , 14 ; Southampton-street , Strand , on Wednesday evening ; Mr . John Milne in the chair . Mr . W . Shute paid on account of Printer ' s Bill , for the Convention held at John-street , from Totness , 5 s . Mr . J . Blake , from the Emmett Brigade , invited the Executive to attend apublic meeting at the borough of Marylebone , for the purpose of extending Chartism in the remotest parts of that borough . Correspondence was read from Lynn , requesting a further supply of the tract . " . Chartism , ¦ and expressing a desire that steps be . taken to extend the sale of democratic newspapers and periodicals in that neighbourhood .
From Bristol , requesting , a visit from Mr . Harney , or some other member ef the Executive , and complaining that the West of England was neglected by the Democratic missionaries . Prom Pudsey , remitting cash , and requesting a visit from Ernest Jones . From Cheltenham , remitting cash , and hoping that in any union that may take p lace the People ' s Charter may be adhered to . From Royton requesting a further supply of the tract " Chartism . " From Hastings and St . Leonard ' s , announcing the formation of a locality , forwarding a list of agents for confirmation , requesting an additional supply of cards and rules , and 300 copies of the tract " Chartism , " all of which were complied with . From Keighleya letter was read from Mr .
, Firth , suggesting means to raise a Chartist fund , and establish Chartist Missionaries . From Dorking , ( Surrey ) , a communication was made , in reply to which a suggestion was made , that the friends at Dorking should form themselves into a locality , raise a small fund , ' and the Executive would be happy to send their democratic missionaries to propagate the truths of Chartism in that place The Secretary was then instructed to summon the Victim Committee and the members of the Executive to a special meeting on Wednesday evening next , Sept . 18 th , and the committee adjourned . Nottingham . —On Sunday last a camp meeting was held on the Forest near this town , which was attended by about seven thousand persons , for the
purpose of hearing an address from Ernest Jones , Esq . Mr . James Sweet having been called upon to preside , opened the business by observing , that it afforded him much pleasure to meet so many thousands of his townsmen , and he felt highly honoured in presiding over so large and respectable an assembly . They would-remember that their enthusiastic and gallant friend , Mr . Jones , had just emerged from the dungeons of tho liberty-professing Whigs , where he had been brutally ill-treated for two years , for daring to denounce tyranny in high places , and for demanding justice and political rights for his enslaved countrymen . Would it be believed in after ages that men were punished in the nineteenth century for a free expression of their opinions ? He
warned the enemies of the people against pursuing such a course , and declared that it was the duty of the people to meet , and to discuss the merits of every proposition brought before them , and to face their enemies on every platform in England . He would not further trespass upon their time but introduce his highly esteemed friend , Mr . Jones , who , on making his appearance , was greeted with every manifestation of applause . He said , the subject of his discourse this day would be " Bread and Freedom , " showing the political and social cause of poverty , disease , and crime , prevalent in this , country , and the effectual means for their permanent removal . For more than an hour he rivetted the attention of the vast assembly , which frequently cheered him ,
and brought tacts and figures , to show that there had been a great increase of wealth in the country during the last forty years , making the manufacturers rich , while the wages of the producers of that wealth had been considerably reduced , thus causing pauperism and crime to increase in a like ratio . He showed by undeniable evidence that there was not the least necessity , for any man able and willing to labour , to be in poverty ; that there _ was no necessity for emigration ; that there was more than eleven acres of land for every man in the kingdom ; that great quantities of that land had been stolen from the poor , and the people , ought not to be satisfied until it was restored to the rightful owners . He exhorted them to union and perseverance , and pledged
himself to the advocacy of the People ' s Charter , whole and entire , with renewed exertion , until it became the law of the land . At the close of Mr . Jones' address , a resolution was proposed by Mr . Emmerson , and seconded by Mr . Liggett , pledging the meeting te agitate for their political and social rights , which , on being put , was carried unanimously . —A vote of thanks was given , on the motion of Mr . S . Saunders , " To the workmen in the employ of the Messrs . Barclay and Co ., of London , for the glorious reception they had given to the Austrian brute , Haynau—the butcher of men—the flogger of women , " which , on being put to the meeting , was carried unanimously . —A < vpte of thanks was accorded to Mr . Jones for . his able address , amidst acclamations , who briefly acknowledged the same ,
and moved , " That the best thanks of this meeting be given to their respected Chairman for the able manner in which he had , conducted the business of the day , " which , on being , seconded and put , was also carried unanimously . —Mr . Sweet suitably acknowledged the compliment ;—A collection was then made , and the sum of £ 3 subscribed . — -On Monday a few friends invited Mr . Jones to dine with them at the Seven Stars Inn , and after dinner the company adjourned to the large room in that establishment , which had been thrown open for the accommodation of the public . Mr . Wright was elected chairman , and made some suitable remarks . Mr . Jones again spoke for- nearly an hour , to the delight of an overflowing audience . At the conclusion , many names were added to the National Charter
Association . ,.,... The Cmppwo ate Locality of the National Charter Association ,: ?!) , Golden-lane , at tbeir usual weekly meeting held on Monday last , appointed the following officer ' s . for the ensuing quarter : —Mr . Meath ' er , president ; Messrs . Moringand Hampton , stewards ; Messrs ., Washington and Travers , auditors ; Mr . A ' . E . Delaforce , secretary . The Mutual Instruction Society , in connexion therewith , is in full and beneficial operation ; its respective class meetings are on Tuesday , Wednesday , Thursday , and Friday evenings . The locality has been re-organised , and bids fair to become a prosperous portion of the National Charter Association . Sheffield . —Mr . Bezer delivered a lecture in the
Democratic Temperance Hotel , 33 , Queen-street , on Sunday evening last , to a numerous audience j Mr . Royston in the chair . On Tuesday evening , September 10 th , Mr . Bezer again lectured in the Hall of Science , Rockingham-street ; Mr . Otley presided . Martlebone axd Tavdixqtox . — The Emmet Brigade met at the Bock Tavern , Lisson-grove , on Sunday evening , September 8 th ; the room was crowded to excess . The subject for consideration was the extension of democracy in the borough and its surrounding districts . Mr . Hamilton was called to the chair , and after the enrolment of several members , the voting of money for the executive ,
the metropolitan delegates council , and for the circular , on the motion of Messrs . J . Blake and Kelly , the following resolution was adopted , — ' That for the more effectual extension of Chartism and the propagation of democratic truth , a great public meeting be convened by the brigade within the westward portion of the borough , at an early day , and that the executive and other democratic friends be requested to attend . " It was also resolved , — " That the . Emmet Brigade exhibit their practical sympathy for their distressed brethren of other lands , by getting up a benefit for the Patriotic Hungarian , Polish , and other refugees , on the 30 th instant . " The brigade then adjourned .
Jiattotutt Uann Crompanj
Jiattotutt uann crompanj
Maidstone.—At A General Meeting Of The M...
Maidstone . —At a general meeting of the members of the National Land Company of Maidstone , held Sept . 2 nd , the following resolutions were unanimously adopted : — " That each member of this branch pay all local and general levies , and 6 d . to defray the expenses of winding up the affairs of the company : "— " That a vote of thanks and confidence be given to Mr . O'Connor , for his benevolent exertions in behalf of the working classes of Great Britain and Ireland . " Newcastlk-os-Tyjje . —At a quarterly meeting of this branch on the 9 th inst ., it was resolved" That inasmuch as great disparity exists amongst the various branches and members of the Company as to the rule to be observed . in regard to thouapa'd-up Shareholders receiving back their
subscriptions to the Company's funds , and other matters connected with the dividends , payable on the dissolution of the Company , this meeting is of opinion , that to ensure a uniform and harmonious dealing wjth all such distribution of the said funds , a conference should be called by the directors , to meet in December next , to lay down some uniform and just mode of winding up the affairs of the Company , and thereby exhibit a spirit of fairness and justice in the dissolution © f this unfortunate , but important public experiment , to emancipate the working classes of this country . " "That an appeal be made to the Directors and the various other branches of the Company , setting forth the utility , desirability , and necessity for such conference to be convened ,
and that proper time be allowed to afford the various branches of each district to obtain the opinion of their members on the business to be submitted to such conference , and reminding the officers of the Company that the last conference decided that , previous to the Company being dissolved , another conference should be convened . " "That in case the said conference is convened by the Directors this meeting pledges itself to subscribe such reasonable sums as they may individually be called upon to pay towards the expenses of snob conference by the committee of the branch . " " That the resolution of a previous conference , with regard to the time which determined the forfeiture of monies paid in by shareholders be adhered to , unless altered by
Maidstone.—At A General Meeting Of The M...
Sfei ??^ ' - ^^ ren cerif Tuohf i ^ convened / : / hat , in order to meet the necessary expenses of wroo-ing up ^ the Company ' saffairs , each shareholder contrihttte Biipence attbis time , the same tojbe deducted from the dividend of those who do . not pay previous to auch division beingroade /' . " That the secretary ( Mr . T . Forrest ) forward the above to the Directors , and to the-AWiem Star , ; for publication therein . ' - "That the book , containing the liabilities of each member of the branch , be left at the b ^ r ° f the . Cock Inp , Headof the Side , Newcastle , where the country , members - can , . at any tithe , liquidate such liabilities by paying the same to'the treasurerof the branqh , or to the landlord of the abovelnn . " - - ' "• ' ¦ ¦>; . . ¦ ii ; . v / . ; ,-. < ..
O CoNNOBvrtra . Harvest Home Festival . — The alIotte 6 s on the above estate celebrated the conclusion of their harvest labours on Monday , the 9 th inMii-when about fifty of the occupants , their wives and Children , sat down to the " cup which Vmeers , but not inebriates . " The band having enlivened « , ! t arty w ith several patriotic airs , Mr . G . Wheeler was called to the chair , who opened the business of the evening with a poetical address , descriptive of tie past occupations and present position of the residents , which was received with rapturous applause . ; he also apologised for the absence of T . M . Wheeler , which was caused by ah unfortunate accident . The first sentiment ; "The Peoples Charter ,. may its enactment sneedilv
emancipate the toiling millions , " was able responded to by Mr . Cole , who showed the glaring inequalities of toe present system , proving that a handloom weaver might have worked from the days of Adam until now , and , that at present prices , he . could not have earned one year's salary of the late Queen Dowager ,, and that an agriculturist , working for the same period , would not receive what the trappings of royalty , cost each year . " TheLand , the People ' s Birthright , may they speedily Obtain pos ' sessionofit . " Responded to by Mr . Parris . " Feargus O'Connor , and all the advocates of the People ' s Rights . " Mr . Sturgeon , jup ., in responding , ably reviewed the characters of the principal leaders of the democratic body . " The Democratic Press . ' ?
Mr . J . Hornby , of London , formerly an allottee , did great justice to this sentiment . - " The Victims , and all who have suffered , at home or abroad , for advocating the People ' s Rights . " Mr . Lacey , one of the victims of 1839 , replied in a telling speech . " The Ballotted Members , may they , indeed , find that they have drawn a prize . " Spoken to by Mr . Lambourne . " The Purchasers , may it prove a profitable investment for their capital . " Responded to by Mr . Bradford . " -The Ladies , may their smiles always enoourage us in our struggles for Freedom . " Spoken to by Mr . S . Newsome . Mr . Lacey then moved , and Mr . J . Wheeler , sen ., seconded , the following resolution : — " That this meeting , holding in detestation the character and actions of Haynau , the Austrian butcher , hereby express their symyathy for Barclay ' s men , and tbank them for convincing him , and the world at large , that the working classes of this country do
not entertain the views expressed m the Times on Foreign Policy , but have-a just abhorrence of cruelty and injustice wherever perpetrated . " Mr . Hornby and the Chairman supported the resolution , and administered a severe moral castigation oh the Austrian hyena . The resolution was unanimously adopted . Dancing then commenced , which , interspersed with democratic songs and recitations , was kept up until an early hour . The company then separated with the pleasing satisfaction of knowing , that if the harvest they , had reaped was not so abundant as they had anticipated , that , at least , its produce was all their own , and that they had not been toiling merely to enrich then * tyrant taskmasters , ana they were more than ever determined to struggle on and convince the ; world that possession of the land is the only safe remedy for the wrongs of the wealth : producers , and that obtaining the enactment oi the People ' s Charter . is the best means to effect this desirable end .
The Swinscoe Murder—Committal Of Chadwic...
THE SWINSCOE MURDER—COMMITTAL OF CHADWICK'S WIFE AND MOTHEH . At the late Stafford assizes , sentence of death was passed upon William Cbadwick for the murder of his uncle , Samuel Tunicliffe , by administering to him poison . This sentence has not been carried into effect , in consequence of strong representations having been made to the learned judge ( Mr . Justice Williams ) before whom he was tried , and also to the Secretary of State , that other parties were equally guilty with himself of the dreadful crime . The result has been a respite during her Majesty ' s pleasure . The facts relating to the murder are briefly these . For several years previously to last
Christmas an old man named Samuel Turniclme , had resided upon a little property , belonging to himself , situated at Butterton , near Leek , in Staffordshire . In the latter part of that year Cbadwick and his wife visited him several times , and importuned the old man to leave his property , and reside with them at Swinscoe , where they had just removed from the Potteries . During the interim before 'his removal the old man Tunicliffe missed the deeds relatingto his property , which bad been taken from the place where they had been secreted . The importunities of Chadwick and his- wife - ultimately proved effectual and he went to live with them , being then ,
although seventy years of age , in apparently good health . Shortly after he had been there he complained of illness , and was violently purged , and after the lapse of a month from his removal to Swinscoe , the old man died , the prisoner Tunicliffe , Chadwick's wife ' s mother , having previously come over from the Potteries to wait upon him . In consequence of the anxiety of the parties to claim the deceased ' s property , representing that he had made a deed of gift of the same to Chadwick's wife , and also from other circumstances , suspicions were excited , and the body was exhumed , when large quantities of arsenio were found in the stomach and
intestines . Chanvnck , his wife , and mother-in-law were subsequently arrested , but the two latter parties were discharged , and Cbadwick himself was committed to gaol . In consequence of statements made by him , and also from corroborative circumstances , Chadwick ' s wife and her mother , Ann Tunicliffe , were again apprehended , and on the 5 th inst ., after tho examination of several witnesses , at the county prison , both prisoners were fully committed to take their trial at the next assizes upon the capital charge . The principal portions of the evidence taken at the examination which tended to
criminate the prisoners were to the effect that in the latter end of January the prisoner Ann Chadwick went to a druggist ' s shop at Ashbourne , and asked for twopenny worth of croton oil , when the assistant gave her sixty drops only , mixed in linseed oil , the prisoner stating at the same time that it was for cattle , but which was subsequently proved to be false , as Cbadwick never had any cattle in his possession . On the morning of the Old man's death a neighbour was called in by Cbadwick to witness the signing of a deed of gift by the deceased , at which time both the prisoners were supporting the deceased in a chair , and who expired without signing the deed . When Chadwick found the old man was dead he appeared very angry ,
and said , "Iknew what would be up when that d d old came from the Potteries ; " and then addressing the prisoner ( Ann Chadwick ) , said , " D n you , you are as bad as her ; you know what we have done . " About half an hour after the old man was dead , the prisoner Tunicliffe went into the house of the next door neighbour , and when asked whether any assistance-eould bo rendered in laying the body out , she replied , " All is done up . " On the morning of the 25 th of February , the "day appointed for the inquest , both the prisoners arrived very early at the house of Chadwick's father , who also resides at Swinscoe , and waited until Mr . Chadwick came down stairs . Upon seeing him the prisoner Tunicliffe , said they had been travelling
nearly all night from the Potteries to get to the inquest , and that ho must go there also ; and then turning , to the other prisoner , continued . "He must say that he had been boiling wheat in water with arsenic , for the purpose of poisoning crows ; that he had set it on the slop stone to cool , and probably the old man might come in and eat of it ,: as he was a greedy old fellow . " , A few minutes after this had been said , a daughter of Mr . Chadwick ' s came down stairs , when the prisoner Tunicliffe said to her , "We have burnt the deed ; we have burnt the deed ; we have burnt it under the tea kettle , " pointing to the kitchen . fire . The prisoner , Ann Chadwick , said , " Yes , we have . " Upon being a 8 ked why they had done so , the prisoner
Tunioiino replied ,. " The last thing my husband said was , that we must burn it , for it might bring both families into trouble . Upon being further questioned as to whether they had forged the name of the dem ?^' . J ^ returned no answer . The prisoner Tunicliffe then said she should go to the waterhouses , and ask Mr . Hale to go to the inquest to say that he had attended the old man whilst he was ill , observing that it would be a good deal in their favour . In the course of conversation with a man named Roberts , that person was proved to have said to both the prisoners , " The old man was poisoned , it is well known ; and some of you have done it . " To which the prisoner Ann Chadwick said "You know nothing of it ; " but Tunicliffe was not heard to reply . It was also proved
that at the inquest the convict Chadwick said to his wife , " You know you are the guiltiest party , " to which she replied , " Hush , man , you do not know what you are saying ; you are mad . " —William Tunicliffe , a youth , and son of the prisoner , proved that his mother had desired him to fetch some deeds from a drawer in an upstairs room after her return from Swinscoe , because his father would not let them remain in the house , and which deeds he subsequently delivered to Mr . Halton , tho chief constable , by whom they were produced , and proved to be those which had been lost from the house of tho deceased at Butterton . Corroborative evidence was also giyen , and medical testimony adduced to prove that the deceased had died from the effects of poison .
National Association Of ;. R United Trad...
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF ; . r UNITED TRADES . "• . T . S , Doncombb , Esq ., M . P ., President . . . Established 1845 * . . - t 5 ; ' " mat jrjsiiiu . " ... ' : •'
"If it were possible for the working classes ; by combining among themselves , to raise , or keep up the general rate of wages , it need hardly bo said that this would bo a thing not to be punished , but to be welcomed and rejoiced at . " J , ( - . Stoabt Mm ,. We fear . our members and the readers generally of the Northern Star are getting as heartily sick of the nameof Edward Perry as we are . But , nevertheless , exercising as be does so powerful an influence oyer the well-being of a large class of our fellow operatives , we think we shall be excused by our members , and by the general readers of the Star , if we still keep Mr . Perry as the hero of our drama .
We have , from the commencement of this . struggle , professed , and , to the utmost of our power , endeavoured to conduct it upon strictly legal principles-In reference to the agreements ,. by and through which Edward Perry holds so many men bound to his chariot wheels , we have always expressed our opinion of their utter svorthlessnesa in law . But we are not lawyers , and it may be possible that our views upon this subject may be entirely wrong ; but this we are , at all events , certain of—that these agreements are monstrously unfair as between one man and another ; that on the one side is to be found all the kicks , and on the other side all the halfpence . If , after getting the best and highest
legal opinion , it is found that they will really answer Mr ; Parry ' s intentions , well , upon that point , we must admit ourselves beaten . But the duty then devolves upon us to show up the nature and character of these precious documents , in order to warn the Tin Plate Workers against the monstrous pit into which they are coolly invited by Edward Perry aud his clique to plunge themselves . But we assure Mr . Perry and our friends and readers , that we have the strongest opinion that these agreements are legally invalid or voidable , and that in a few days we shall be in a condition to open the doors of Perry ' s Prison House , and liberate every man who is there held against his wilU However this may be
is , to the issue of this contest , a matter of the slightest consequence . Mr . Perry and / his friends must take into their consideration the ' important fact , that it is not the Tin Plate Workers of Wolverhampton , or even of London , that they are contending with , but they are now engaged in a contest with thousands of tbe working men of England and Scotland , who have lawfully and rightfully combined to protect each other from their reiring propensities . This may be a protracted struggle , but the issue is certain . To us working men it involves the mighty sacrifice of , perhaps , our pint of ale or beer per week ; but , Mr . Perry , permit us to ask you , —permi us also to put a similar question to the gentl Fearncombe , when that lenign and amiable cha racter gets fairly under our notice—what to you
gentlemen , is likely to be the cost of a long and tedious struggle ? And in tbe name cf reason and common sense , a struggle for what ? for this simply , shall we be permitted , weekly , to take , by the power that our position as employer give us , twenty , thirty , forty , even fifty per cent out of the packets of our workpeople . We say , on behalf of these men , aud backed by the indignant remonstrance of thousands of tbe working people , no , gentlemen ; who shall not perpetuate so monstrous a robbery . By the time this article is in the hands of our members the book , the dreaded book , will be a great fact , that all the craft , all the canning of E , Perry , all the bluster , all tbe low-lived vulgarity of the meek and bumble-like Fearncombe can never set aside .
The men of Wolverhampton , working in the tin trade have , by a law , the right to fix the price of their labour . They , have done so and from the day that that book is presented to either of those gentlemen , from that day or hour nolens autvolem , they must and will pay the prices there indicated , to every man in their employment , except , perhaps , to the misguided or base tools , whom they have cajoled to sign their slavish bonds . But for : he credit of humanity , we do hope and trust that we shall be able to prove that these detestable documents are not binding . We hope to be able , despite Edward Perry , to open his prison doors , and release many noble hearts that he holds there imprisoned against their will .
Will our readers and members believe it , that Perry would be base enough , after getting Charles Haynes into Stafford Gaol , under the circumstances reported in last week's Star—that , actuated by that intensely mean , grovelling , money-grubbing spirit which is tbe unfortunate , prominent characteristic of the men , that he should have offered to use his influence with the committing magistrate to release Haynes from his disgraceful and unmerited punishment , if he would enter into another three years' engagement . We need scarcely say that Haynes spurned the disgraceful offer . Mr , E . Perry lays his bead nightly upon his pillow with the soothing sleep-producing reflection , that two better men than himself are inmates of a
gaol at his instance . Mr . £ . Perry is reputed to be a religious man—an exemplary attendant and communicant at his church . In the full knowledge of all the facts of this unfortunate affair it struck us forcibly whether Mr , Perry could , on the first Sunday in tbe current month , have gone through his usual religious duties ; we asked ourselves , is it possible that Mr . Perry , with the images of Fenton and Haynes before his mind , — is it possible , that that man can offer himself as a recipient of the holy and mysterious ordinance ? The Central Committee proudly acknowledge the universal approbation with which their proceedings in this case have been met . There is no
subject upon which all men are so sensitive as upon their pockets ; but , to the lasting honour of our members , one all-pervading feeling appears to actuate them—a feeling of strong , powerful , intense indignation , at the mean and dishonourable conduct ofthe Wolverhampton employers . We beg to assure our members , that as long as they place their interest in our keeping we will be faithful guardians to them . We hate , detest , and abominate strikes . Mr . Perry knows how hard we have strove to give to this struggle a better complexion ; he knows the compliments which , even from him , were , we believe , unwillingly extorted as to the proper bearing and spirit shown by those of our
committee who visited him , and let us , in justice , admit , that from Mr . Perry we received a similar reception . Everything that could be done to avoid this last and only alternative , was done , and whatever of ill , detriment , and loss which may arise to any party from this collision we , the Central Committee , hold ourselves absolved ; but having been once forced into this hostile position we are prepared to stake our position individually—the position of tho Association itself upon the issue . And our faith in our glorious Association , which has weathered the battle and the breeze , is so strong that we dare venture to assure Mr . Perry and his friends that they have entered upon a contest without reckoning the costs . We still , as from the
first , offer the Olive Branch , We are still open to negotiate , but it must be upon terms honourable to our clients . Wo are in a position to take somewhat higher ground , and we at once state as a sine qua non , the utter abandonment of all hirings — Tns perfect freedom or Labour— No Bonds . We absolutely repudiate man apprenticeship . The tinmen of Wolverhampton have denounced agreements . They have expelled every man who has so disgraced himself since the commencement of the struggle ; and no Slave can in future be a member of the Tin Plate Workers' Society , or of the National Trades ' Association . Let Mr . Perry and his friends come into the labour market like honest men , buy their
labour at the cheapest price , that is , the market price ; but no more shall they ride over their poor dupes , as thoy have hitherto done . We know the condition of the trade at the present time—we know the future , the immediate future that presents itself —a future , perhaps , unequalled in that trade by the oldest man living in it , and knowing this , gives to us a certainty of accomplishing for these men a simple act of justice—not an extravagant advance to their wages—but oven that we should be justified in asking—but simply a regulation , or , to use Mr . Perry ' s very ingenious word , an assimilation of prices ; bless the man , did he suppose for an instant that we were unacquainted with tho full
meaning ol that word ! " Oh , " says the acute and learned Perry , " this is not an attempt to raise the wages , but simply to assimilate them ; therefore , I pay a cevtain price , perhaps something removed from the two extremes ; therefore assimilate by taking my prices as a standard . " " Thank you , sir , for nothing ; that is not our conception of the assimilating process . We mean this : that you and your friends shall in future give a fair price for your labour—such a price , in fact , as is already given by your neighbours . This is our position , and one which we are determined to maintain , and we know that our members will support us in maintaining it .
The correspondence of the committee during the past week is of the most encouraging character . One universal shout of indignation has been sent up , which it is perfectly impossible adequately to convey . The central committee are from every quarter instructed—nay , enjoined , to carry on this
National Association Of ;. R United Trad...
contest with vigour and spirit . We need not say . how willingly \ wei respond tVademand so perfectly in accordance with our own feelings and sympathies ; Wo have , made ao" publicappeal in ' this ease out-01 . our own-circle—we are -jealous of the honour ] of , alone achieving tbis ^ triumph ; ' It : is a meref bagatelle , andmustshortly'terminateihodr-favour . ' - We hope , next-week to be - " able to-report some- ! thingMf &™ upon the ultimate issue ofthe ' affair . - - -At ¦ all events the central committee know their duty ,-and " at whatever hazard they will *¦ faithfully and sacredly perform that duty to the men ' of . Wolverhampton , to-the Association , and to-: themselves . \ : > . :: ' ¦ ¦ ' William Peri ,, secretary . ,: >
Wolverhampton Tin-Plate Workers, The Mag...
WOLVERHAMPTON TIN-PLATE WORKERS , THE MAGISTRATES , ; ANrjt . AN ENEAK TO INJUSTICE .
TO THB BHITOB OF THE ' NORTHERN STAR . Sib , —Being specially appointed to visit this town / for the purpose of superintending the Tin-plate . Workers' case , as well ; astbegeneralhusinessofthe district , we feel ourselves called . upon , when an in- - , correct statement is made , in the press or . out of it , to give an explanation , in justice to the parties . accused , as well as to remove from the mind ofthe .. reader , any false impression . . We exceedingly regret that , at anytime , misrev presentations should go forth , as they are calculated ; to destroy ; that good faith which ought , on / all occasions to exist , and tend materially- toihroW ) discredit on any report which may appear , and more <
particularly when that information is forwarded dtj a solicitor . . ; It is stated , in the letter signed by " An Enemy , to Injustice , " . that "it is alleged on the report of , last week , and on the authority of Mr . H . Underbill , that a man named ; Fenton is at present Ian-, guishing in , Stafford Gaol , having been committed there for three months by the borough magistrates , at the instance of Mr . Perry , under precisely similar , circumstances to those contained in the charge against Wentworth . " , This statement is incorrect , and , in ., our opinion , requires a positive denial , nor does the . report referred to warrant any cdnojjasion . of this ! kind . ¦ .- ...,.. ' . . ., " .. '/ V '; -. ';' ^ •' - " ., ; The facts were these : The men working hi ' Mr . E . Perry ' s employ in the months ofMaiy , June , and July , were dissatisfied with the prices paid for their work , and they called a shop ' s meeting , ' through
, the under foreman , to discuss the question . This coming ' to the ears of Mr . Perry , he authorised the same under foreman to call another ' ' meet-, log , at which he told them that those who were not satisfied mip ht leave . Fenton and Wentworth did so , and some few days after he summoned them to appear before the Borough magistrates , to answer a complaint-charging them with neglect of work . Fenton was brought before Mr . Underbill and another magistrate , when it was proved that Fenton did leave , that he never returned , and that he did leave under the impression that the agreement by which he was bound was at an end . The ) magistrates decided , that although Mr . Perry did verbally discharge him , it was not sufficient , therefore he must return to his work , or go to gaol . The man returned to his employer , and is there
now . The case of Wentwarth was fully reported , and it will there be seen , that although Wentworth did stay after this verbal notice was given , and actually took out another order of work , the magistrates in that case , held the verbal notice , to be good . The last case was tried before Messrs . Leigh ( the stipendary magistrate ) , Loxdale ( a barr ister ) , and another gentleman , which , probably , may account , in some degree , for the just and rational view taken in this case . . Tbe general tenor ofthe letter of "An Enemy to Justice , " we admire ,, but we hate and-detest the spirit which has caused these troubles and dissensions , because the request is just , and the refusal abominable . We are , sir , yours most respectfully , Thomas Winters , . Frederick Green . Wolverhampton , Sept . ' 10 th .
The As.Sociatiye Labour Conference At Ma...
THE AS . SOCIATIYE LABOUR CONFERENCE AT MANCHESTER . The delegates met on Wednesday morning , and the business of the Conference terminated in the evening . Mr . W . Burslam ( one of the delegates from the operative stonemasons ) said the greatest evil big trade suffered from was surplus labour . In Manchester a short time ago , it was proposed , that the stonemasons throughout the country should sub * scribe a penny per week to form an emigration fund , in order to remove this surplus , but the pro »; position had a very narrow majority in its favour , and it was thought better to defer for a time the execution of the project . At present the membera of the society subscribed threepence per week to form a fund for mutual assistance . Whenever
there was a strike , the members received'from > it 10 s . a week during the time they continued out of work . The society spent about £ 2 , 000 a yeajf for the support of tramps ; and incase of accident , to a member from pursuing bis trade , they sub > scribed 6 d . each and gave him £ 80 to put him in some way of business . If one of them was killed by an accident they £ ave his widow £ 40 to establish her in some business , and £ 8 for funeral expenses . Mr . J . Williams , ( delegate from the Stockport Redemption Society ) said that in order that the society might be made available to the poorest of the ' poor , they had commenced subscribing 6 d . perweek . They were not all shoemakers , but they '
had commenced with this trade because it required ' the least capital . ' The profits would not be divided , ' but would go towards the accumulation of-stock i - ng the . object ofthe association was merely to reader the workmen independent of the non-producing class . Mr . Walter Cooper ( delegate from the London central board ) said at the time when Mr . Henry-Mayhew made bis revelation ? , in his letters to the Morning Chronicle , several meetings had been held by the tailors of London to condemn the slop andsweating system which that gentleman had exposed . It was at this time that the first co-operative experiment was made in London . Professor Morris and ; other promoters of the movement , who wished t © give an experiment of this kind a fair trial , fur- '
nished £ 300 as capital to commence with . A number of journeymen tailors accordingly associated themselves together for the purpose . They famished a house , fitted up splendid workshops , ventilated them well , and provided them with everything requisite for the comfort of the men . They then took in a stock and commenced work . There were twelve members when the association started , and in a short time the number increased to thirty-seven . The members appeared to have become both wiser and better men since they have joined the association . No new members were admitted of whom the rest did not know something , and they were then required to serve three months' probationship before being admitted members . During- this time , however , they were paid their wages along with tho
rest . The conference was addressed by Mr . Loyd Jones and the Rev . O . Kingsley , ( delegates from London ) ; Mr . Stalk and Mr . Hoyle , ( delegates from the Sallord Co-operative Provision Store ); Mr . J . G . Clarke , ( a delegate from the Practical Christian Church ); Dr . John Watts , on behalf of the Rochdale Redemption Society ; and the Chairman , who represented the Rational Society . The meeting was also . addressed by delegates from the letter-press . printers , tailors , glass cutters , the Roohdnle Equitable Pioneers' Society , and the Bury Redemption Society . The business concluded
with two resolutions , one ( moved by the Rev . Charles Kingsley , and seconded by Mr .- Walter-Cooper ) to the effect that the reports now received from the delegates fully corroborated the evidence - previously existing , as to the rottenness of the pre- ' sent competitive system in trade , and proved that ' the association for co-operative labour and the ' establishment of mutual exchanges , would be the best means of improving the condition of the vork- ing classes ; the other ( moved by Mr . Loyd Jones , and seconded by Mr . James Hoyle ) to the effect ' that the existing committee had the full confidence T ofthe present congress , and were empowered to call another delegate conference within a few > months .
In the evening there was a public meeting at the Old Manor Court Room , rather numerously attended , at which Mr . Abel Heywood , a town councillor , presided , and which was addressed by the Rev . Charles Kingsley ( clergyman of Eversleigh ) , Dr . J . Watts , Mr . Loyd Jones , Mr . G . Mantle , and others . , Mr . J . H . Nodal moved the first resolution . — " That in the opinion of this meeting the present systems of wages and competition are unnatural , tend to immorality , and produce incalculable evil in society . " Mr . 0 . D . Manilb seconded the resolution .
Mr . Loyd Joses moved tbe second resolution : — " ^ , . fc tJ ? , principle of association in the production and distribution of wealth , has been sufficiently successful to justify its substitution for the selfish iniquity of wages , slavery , and individual competition . " Dr . J . Watts seconded the motion . Rev . C . Kingsley moved the third resolution : — " That this meeting pledges itself to advance by M moral means the great principle of co-operative association , " .-... ... Mr . W . Cooper seconded the resolutioiu and this and the previous resolutions were agreed to .
Sknuino Coals ^'^ J^I^«&Si ' Berraaderam...
SKNUINO COALS ^ ' ^ j ^ i ^«& ' BerraaderaMd . iii ^ to the entire grat'ficat'on oi ^ ^" nig oomp letlng ; - ; tt - . ' eDg ^»^^ . » wer / going ^ . ww ^ to thepresidencies .
Si Ht ^ T U S ,V: W^^^ R_. 1>^ Bombay, I...
Si ht ^ t U , V : W ^^^ r _ . 1 >^ Bombay , ice ; -afteprA . htS-th ^; • - j ;' . NO / ,.
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Sept. 14, 1850, page 5, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_14091850/page/5/
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