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UflrindtraT mtb -fiortfcultnre
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MANUAL OF FIELD GARDENING i OR, BELGIAN ...
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Guano, as compared with other Manures.—I...
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- DoMrniES.—O.ve Law for the Rich and an...
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Bankrupts;, &i*
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BANKRUPTS. (From the Gazette of Friday, ...
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Richmond Coax Market, Feu. 8.—We had a v...
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10 Teh Chartist Nod-Y Gekebam.I. Friends...
( Concluded from our sixth page . ) - """"* ' so . n . Dr M ^ -dl ldme , twodaysafterhisreturnfrom frnice . that be had been informed by a Government fficcr i » ari 3 « that FeJUSU 3 O'Connor had sold the J- Wfists at Lancaster to the Government , and that nr wasinthe pay of the Government ; and the same = Lr was repeated to me in many places , and bv dif-Speat personsin towns where Dr . M'Douall hacTbeen teetaring , as having been circulated by him : — Christopher Dovx . e .
so . m . Dr . 3 I'D <» iaD madethesame statement to me at the csnic time Thomas Clark .
so . IV . Extr act of a letter from Mr . D . Ross , of Leeds , to a friend in London . Leeds , February 4 th , 1845 . ilv Dear Sir , —Dr . M'Douall has undertaken to jfov the despot with a vengeance . Every misfortune \ hit has befallen Chartism since 1842 , may jusdp be fguiU'ted to him ; and now , by way of compensation , tjneo his return from France , he has done little but co about like a destroying angel , spreading disscn noiisand fomenting divisions . In fact , he told me , in ^ Jic autumn of last year , what he would do ; and he las faithfully kept his word . What the Glasgow scoviary has since diargcdhim with , he t /« si told to me , with many other things equally base , which I will wove to his cost when 1 am so fortunate as to obtain \ . -. ovportumty of doing so . I am , respectfully yours , David Ross .
] i may be well to explain here that the statements t 7 iiie :: lir- ii'ltonall denies as having made were artird by Mr . Doyle and Mr . Clark some time before the Itot-lor visited Manchester , and consequently before Leach and him had an opportunity of meeting . After hearing the whole of the evidence tlie Council retired to their room . During their absence 3 lr . Imwc was examined , and declared that he had sever heard Dr . M'Douall state anything injurious : o O'Connor's character . Jn about half an hour , the Council returned , when ihe chairman said they had come to an unanimous decision , which was as follows : —
*¦ That we , the Council of Carpenters' Hall locality of the National Charter Association , having heard the evidence given by Mr . Leach , Mr . Butterworth , and the statements made by Feargus O'Connor , as well as the letters from Enoch IIorsfalL of Todmorden , David Ross , of Leeds , Christopher Doyle , Thomas Clarke , and William Hewitt , of London ; and having also heard read the letters of Dr- M'Douall , in which he denies the principal statements attributed to him bv the other gentlemen ; from that evidence we are fully satisfied that Dr . M'Douall did make use of the expressions and ntter the statements attributed to
him ; and , beund ^ as we are by that evidence to believe such expressions and statements to lie false and malicious , we arc of opinion that Dr . M ' Douall has forfeited the confidence of the Chartist body , and is henceforth undeserving of their trust . And we , the Conaeil , deem Mr . O'Connor fully exonerated from al ! ihe charges that have been brought against him ; aud are of opinion that he is entitled to the continued and unreserved confidence of the Chartists of Great Britain and Ireland . " Signed , on behalf of tlie Council , " Thomas Ramus , Chairman . " M . -meherfei- Feb . 9 th , 1 S 45 .
Hesolvcd , — " That a report of these proceedings , inrlndiug the above resolution , lie published in the Star of Saturday next . " After ilie Couhcilhad reported , Mv . Pullen desired to say a word . From the representations made to lira by Dr . M'Dousll , whom he thought the honestest nan in the country , he liclieved Mr . O'Connor to be the worst and most dangerous villain in the world . From thoFC representations he was induced to abandon the Chartistmovement altogether , and to become a member of M'Douall ' s Committee . Now , however , he had changed his opinion of both parties , and looked upon O'Connor as an injured , honest man . One of the Council . —Then , Mr . Pullon , are you prepared to take out your card , and join again ? Mr . Pullen . —Yes , " certainly , I am . ( Vociferous cheerins ) .
Mr . Charles "Jaylor , treasurer to the M'Douall fund , was not in Manchester at the time of the inquiry ; but on his arrival , having heard of the evidence of Mr . Lowe , he stated that , after the investigation in Leach ' s case , and after M'Douall's denial of Leach ' s assertions as to the " denunciation" of O'Connor , he ( Taylor ) walked home in company with Lowe , when Lowe remarked that lie never was so much disgusted , or thought so meanly of any man , as he did of Dr . M'Douall ; for he had heard him over and over ai-ain state the very same things with
reference to O'Connor in several companies ; and that he ( Taylor ) , if present , could have proved that M'Douall had frequently made the same charges with respect to O'Connor ' s selling the Chartists ; and , further , that M'Douall stated that he had ample documentary evidence in his possession to prove the facts . 31 'Don 2 ll i ' urtherstatcd thatthere was a viper in sue ranks , gnawing the very vitals of the movement ( meaning thereby Mr- O'Connor ); and that he ^ M'Douall ) was the only man that could destroy him , and that , be would do so .
At the dose of the proceedings Mr . O'Connor said- I have had the honour of recognizing enc of my old Lancaster companions ; and to leave nothing unanswered , I shall now examine as respectable a working man as era- breathed , with respect to my coi'ductat Lancaster , Mr . Crossley . Mr . O'Connor . —Mr . Crossley , " will you have the kindness to state to the Council the impression you received of my conduct throughout the trial at Lancaster ? Was there anything calculated in my crossexamination , my speech , or any part of my conduct to create doubt or suspicion in yonr mind ? or did you think that I attempted to save myself at the expense of oilier parties ? -Mr . Crossley . —No , certainly not . quite the reverse . I thought you seemed to feel for every one as much , if not more , than yourself . Mr . O'Connor . —I shall now , examine Mr . Leach Mr . Leach , will vou have tlie kindness to answer the
same questions ? ^ Mr . Leach . —Why , its all nonsense : the question just lies here . Mr . O'Connor and Mr . Roberts pitched upon the men that should speak in defence , and had counsel for others ; and the men that were selected to speak were chosen for fear the ignorance of others ofthelawmightlcad them to saysomethingthat would criminate Dr . M'Douall , as we knew that if he and O'Connor got off we should all get off . Mr . O'Connor . —Gentlemen , I have now * sifted all ; there never was a more glorious triumph than the Lancaster triumph , which one reprobate would nimby trying to make a grievance out of nothing . As to the interview alluded to , with the Attorney-General
you will take my word and honour for it that neither Mr . Roberts or myself ever laid eyes on him , except in court ; in fact , lam at a loss to comprehend the meaning of such systematic villany as is developed In the revelations made hereto-day " : and now , thanking you for your patient investigation , I have thought it my duty by this further evidence to strengthen the value of your verdict It is right to state that several of Dr . M'Douall ' s most intimate friends were on the Council , while the majority of the witnesses who were examined had actually been induced to abandon the Chartist cause hy M'Douall ' s representations . Mr . Redfeam , one of the Council , had actually offered to establish him in business in Manchester .
When the decision of the Council was read , it was received with the most rapturous applause ; and the several delegates present instantly started to communicate the result in their several localities . Never did Mr . O'Connor receive such a rapturous welcome as when he entered the Carpenters' Hall in the cvenius . The impression upon every mind is , that this inquiry will tend to give increased confidence In ihe really honest , and wilTcause a reorganisation of our ranks .
LONDON . ijteraorc-LirAx Disnucr Couxca , February 9 th ; ilr . Milne in the chair . —It was unmiiniousiy resolved ' That the Executive committee be requested to re ply to the slanders of the Weekly Dispatch , contained m this day ' s numbei-. " After some other business tte council adjourned . N ^ ebsm'th . —A public meeting was held at the ? - "• ' T- tvcin , Bridce-road , on Tucsdav evening , Feb . Hth , for fl , e parpose of hearing Mr . P . M'Grath denver a lecture on the principles of Free Trade as applicable to the wealth producers . Mi-. II . Cullin « r-
nani was called to the chair , and in a neat speech opened the business of the cvening . r Mr . M'Grath . *?« aud clear ] v shewed the < -reat evils that must j-n * mum fhe adoption of the Free Trade principle Under present circumstances . This able lecture was ^ % applauded throughout . Atthe conclusion of the letture an animated discussion ensued , in which -Messrs . Porta . , Stallwood , Smith , II . Ross , and others •«« Part . Mr . M'Grath eloquently replied . A vote wtiianks was then nnanimously awarded to the lec" jrer . Mr . M'Grath responded , and the meeting "ii-l-erscd .
• OiiEiis T ^ i- , . —On Sunday evening last , Mr . T . ^ lark delivered an able and instructive lecture on J-abour a « d Capital , at Mr . Dnddridge ' s , Bricklayers ' Ii ™?* Toflbridge-strect . An unanimous vote of " ••• uitewas awarded to the lecturer .
,,. YORKSHIRE . 'P-J , KiMXG Delegate Meemxg . —This meeting l , M , I ° > l- ' -nsuant to notice , in tlie Working Man ' s ?**> . Halifax , on Sundav , tlie 9 th inst , when the w ? " £ J-laMS wererepresented : —Bradford , Little-VU & W ^ fidd , Wakefield / Halifax , BiistaQ , fWn " * " *& , Dewsburr , and Lockwood . Mr . T . ftei ^ eleetcd t 0 the " chair . The secretary read MftJ *? the previous meeting , which on the ¦ uonon of air . Sutdiffe , seconded by ill- - Shaw , were in- *?> « *^ Allowing sums were then handed EliiT - £ ortL -locative Cs . 3 d ., levy 3 s : 2 d . ; Mrs . Sf ^ nzSfax , Executive 7 s . 6 d ., levy Is . Gd . ; i ; Z ^ &« ntive 3 & 8 i , Jevyl 0 d . ; JIebdenbridge , e cutive 7 s ., im 3 s . Littletown , Executive *• -- » levy 9 d . ; Efrstall , Executive 7 d ., levy 3 R ;
10 Teh Chartist Nod-Y Gekebam.I. Friends...
WvS 18 f'l * 2 & ' ^ ckw . Executive-Is . od ., 5 An , $ L " otbeK thefoUo ^ gi-csolutions ^ presenting the- janons localities in the West Riding of the county of York , do her eby express our entirS confidence ln the integrity of Feargus O'Connor , f-s o-, despite the foul calumnies directed against him ny base cowards , who envy the popularity his virtues nave acquired for hrm ; and we also express our confluence in the other members of the Executive * urther , we tender our warmest thanks to the Manchester Council for the just and impartial manner in which they have sifted the charge of M'Douall against Mr . Leach ; and we trust that the General council will always have the moral courage to root out traitorswhenever and wherever found . " " That we aprrove of the resolution of the South Lancashire delegates m favour of bringing out a Chartist hymnoooK , which is vcrv much wanted . "
OLDHAM . Lectuee . —On Sunday-last Mr . J . H . Taylor delivered a very interesting lecture on the " life , writings , and genius of Robert Burns , " in the Chartistroom , Greaves-street . The lecturer commenced by giving a biographical sketch of the poet ' s life from youth to manhood , recitimj a varietv of his poems in true Scotch idiom , m wiac-li wereexemplifiedaironius unexampled at such an early period of life . The lecturer gave general satisfaction .
. MACCLESFIELD . L-ecTcra-. —On Sunday evening Mr . West delivered a lecture m the lhailist-room , Stanley-street , to a numerous and attentive audience . The subject of the lecture was the Queen ' s Speech , which Mr . ' West dissected in his usual lucid and forcible manner . U the conclusion an interesting conversation took place on the subject of education , which washiahly instructive . Macclesfield bids fair to lie 80011 " " iip to the mark . "
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Manual Of Field Gardening I Or, Belgian ...
MANUAL OF FIELD GARDENING i OR , BELGIAN AGRICULTURE MADE EASY . London : Simpkin and Marshall . Iluddersfield Kemp . Such is the title of a valuable little work which has just issued from the press . It is a daily record of the actual workings on four small garden-farms , lying several miles distant from each other , near Eastbourne , in Sussex . It may be depended on as containing a correct report of the methods of cultivation adopted by numerous garden farmers upon the estates of Mrs . Davies Gilbert . The farms selected as models are , 1 st . That of the WUlingdon School , conducted by G . Cruttenden , who occupies , in addition to the school-house , five acres of land at the usual farmer ' s
rent . He is assisted by from five to twenty little boys , who , paying each one penny per week , receive instruction in reading , writing , and arithmetic , from nine till twelve in the morning , and in the afternoon help him in return with his fai-m-labours and stallfeeding , from three till six o ' clock . This place , r . djoinins ; the village of Willingdon , is delightfully situate , on one of the slopes declining from the Chalk Downs . It is in view of the English Channel , which , with the Martello towers along the coast as far as the eye can reach , form a striking scene . The place exhibits neatness and order without the least display . 2 nd ' . That of the Eastdean School , ncarRcachy Head , conducted by John Harris , who holds five acres of land
in addition to the school , where about the same number of boys are trained to mental and agricultural pursuits . 3 rd . That of Jesse Piper , which is a private farm , higher up the Down than the school at Eastdean , of four acres . He is partly employed as an overlooker with other work , but cultivates Ms plot two or three days per week , assisted by a boy , and an occasional man . He was lately examined by the committee of the House of Commons on the Allotment question , -lift . That ; of John Humbrell , at Jcvington , or near to it , also a private farm of six acres , who is assisted iultscHltivatiou by his father , seventy years of age , in addition to which he keeps a little village shop ; he also was examined before the same committee .
Jevmgton is situate auout four miles from Beachy Head , and is sequestered deep in a vale amongst the chalk hills . In general the soil of these farms is formed f rom the disintegration of the chalk rock which is close below the surface , or of alluvial mould swept into the valleys ; the colour of it is whiter than is quite agreeable to the eye , and evidently must owe much of its fertility to the labours of man or the mildness of the climate * ' This diary has been deduced from returns ingeniously contrived by T . Thynne , Esq ., steward to the Earl of Dartmouth , for the guidance of the model farmers , established by him at Slaithwaite and Lingai-ds , near Iluddersfield , in Yorkshire ; and it is now published by the benevolent John rJowell , of Farnley Tyas , near Huddcrsfield , as a guide t « the workers and promoters of agricultural improvements elsewhere .
In addition to the diary the work is interspersed with - " Xotcs and Observations" applicable to each time and season where they are introduced . These notes contain a fund ol'infoiination on the best mode of securing , preparing , and applying manures , and on many other matters essential to the success of the small-farm project , in which question Mr . Nowell , though a Whig , takes a deep and even enthusiastic interest : for in tftat question alone he sees the salvation of the country from impending destruction . He has issued his work , he says , " to assist those kindhearted , generous men in their labours of love for the benefit of human kind ; those who , * 4 n their endeavours to improve society , wish to procure for every country cottage in Britain ' its rood of land , ' and
to maintain a fair vemunci-ation for the labour of its inmates ; those who , in encouraging better cultivation , wish to restore a sunken yeomanry to comfort and happiness ; those who , by promoting the closer union of the two twin sisters , agricultural and manufacturing industry , are wishful to benefit both master aud workmen ; to assist those , above all , who , in endeavouring to unite physical and mental training in schools of industry , are desirous of ensuring the future happiness and security of their country . " So convinced are we of the invaluable use of the diary here made public , thatwc shall weekly insert from the pages of Mr . XowelTs work , that portion relating to the week following the publication of our journal . We shall thus be affording to the workers 011 small farms a guide for their operations ; for the arrangement of the diary is such as to show the nature of the work that was engaged in during each day , bv the parties whose operations are recorded ,
and whose success in their plans has been most eminent : so much to some of them as to obtain the prizes offered by the Earl of Dartmouth for the most successful cultivation . In doing this we know that wc shall not be giving cause of complaint to Mr . Ifowell ; for in publishing his book he has not an eye to individual profit . He has issued itto aid in extending a knowledge of the inestimable blessings that can be secured to this nation from a proper application of labour to the soil ; and in carrying out the intention expressed above , wc know that he will consider us as aiding him in his benevolent labours . With mere book-makers for profit's sake we should not have dared to take such a liberty : with Mr . Nowell , —a man who has devoted his tune , his energies , and no inconsiderable amount of money to the bringing of the question of spade husbandly ana * small farms before the public , —our motives and intentions will be appreciated and thankfully acknowledged .
The two first extracts we give relate to the nature , structure , and component parts of plants , or vegetables . They will greatly assist the reader to understand the discussion on the nature and benefits of the different species of manure now going on : — A . VAI . OGY between Plants axd Animals . —[ " The chief art of agriculture depends upon the collection and future application of all those manures which are essential to vegetation . " ]—Plants arc formed of roots and leaves . The roots absorb from the earth liquid food into the system . It is modified in then-leaves by a peculiar process . One part of such food is retained , the other is expelled . Ffcuifs differ from animals in containin <| no internal sack or stomach . In the annual tlie food is taken into the stomach , is
acted upon by certain juices there , and converted into a semi-fluid mass called " chyme . " It passes into the intestines , is absorbed from the grosser food by the "lacteals , " is r efined and goes into the veins as " chyle , " and is mixed with the blood . After passing through the lungs , and becoming decarbonated , it is then changed into blood , which contains materials for the nourishment of all parts of the system . In different parts of the body are certain glands , as the liver and kidneys , which may be compared to pipes and strainers . They secrete or separate certain substances from the blood , which arc carried off as being no longer necessary to nutrition . These , as well as the superfluous portions of food not necessary to the formation of " chyle , " are discharged as excrements .
In plants , the stomach is the earth , the roots ' are the "lacteals , " the sap is the "blood . " The plant-stomach , or the earth , furnishes the food of plantain a gaseousoi'ihiidstfite ,- forsolidseannotenterthem . It is taken up by the roots . Tlie " energy of life " in the plant can separate from heterogeneous mixtures the elements carbon , hydrogen , nitrogen , which are its principal food . These are furnished by carbonic acid , water , carbonate of ammonia from rain-water and decaying animal matter , & e . There arc ; other substances required by plants . The sea plants require iodine and common salt as condiments . The reed tribe requires silex and other substances ; but every
tribe exercises its peculiar choice . That important element , nitrogen , is present-only in certain organic substances in plants , but enters largely into the composition of animal niatwr . The chemist can combine the elements oxvgen , nitrogen , hydrogen , or separate them by the aid * of his art in a few instances . But the plant , surpassing his skiR , is in itself a wonderful chemical machine , can exceed all his efforts , and alone can combine these elements into organic compounds . Manure put into the . earth , or plant-stonuich ; in . a raw state , must be first dige-ted there . as food is digested in the stomach of animals . The digestive process is putrefaction , fermentation , decomposition . Thus organic matter is restored to inorganic , and fitted for
Manual Of Field Gardening I Or, Belgian ...
assimilation by plants-those beautiful engines or laboratories of vegetation !! Vegetables organise inorganic matters . They are the food of domestic animals , and these the food of man ; In the substance , then , or the excretions of man and animals must be the elements requisite for the food of plants , and the collection and proper application of them the primary object of agriculture . The Ecoxomsixg of Mascre , Man ' s Duty ano LyxEKEsr . —[ " There shall be no idleness in my dominions ; for it there be one man idle some other man must suffer cold or hunger . Mv villages shall be cleaned , that the com may grow . ?'— Chinese Emperor . ] —« emay already advert to what will hereafter he strikingly exemplified , in the practice of small farmers , that their care must be incessant in the
collection and preservation of every kind of refuse and excre-aentitious matter , whether solid or fluid ; or however offensive may be Its nature , for purposes of luture utility . And here we cannot fail to be struck with those hidden causes which lead mankind imperceptibly , as it were , into habits and practices necessary to the existence of our species . In the processes of the animal economy , whereby life is sustained , there are formed , separated , and voided from the animal organism , substances endowed with qualities so offensive to our senses , particularlv to the sense of smell , that we arc compelled to get rid of them , and which require ot man that he shall put them awav , or bury them forthwith , out of his sight in our common parent , the earth . The penalty for the utter of tins
neglect duty would be famine , pestilential disease , and a train of human ills . Nevertheless , in those things , thought to be so utterly vile and offensive m their nature , are contained ' " ' pearls of great price , " indeed above any price ; which , if husbanded and duly comniiiijrlcd with the earth ho cultivates , are the means of sustaining life bv the production of the food he consumes . Let us 110 ' t then say that the fungus is alone peculiar to the dunghill , without remembering that our own existence depends upon the same elemental matter derived from that humble source . How necessary then it is , that men and nations should attend to an object of such primary importance to their existence ! ! How deep the obligation wc are under to attend to the economising of all the manures created near our abodes as one of the first of duties !
We next give the Diary of FIELD-GARDEN OPERATIONS FOR THE WEEK , commencing Monday , February the . 19 th , 1814 . Monday—Willingdon School . Boys digging wheat stubble . Eastdean School : Boys digging two spits deep for carrots , and manuring from the pigstye mixen . Piper . Digging . Dumbrell . Putting tank liquid to rye grass , digging . Tuesday— Willingdon School . Boys digging wheat stubble . Eastdean School . Boys emptying the liquid manure tank of the piggery , applying it to the ground for mangel wurzel , & c . Piper . Sowing peas . Dumbrsll . Digging . Wednesday—Willingdon School . Boys digging wheat
stubble . Eastdean nchool . Wet weather , boys thrashing , picking , sorting , platting straw . Piper . Emptying the tank . Dumbrell Digging . Thursday— Willingdon Scliool . Very wot , boys in school . Easulean School . Drawing manure to the mixen , for potatoes , digging for carrots , and spreading cowshed tank liquid upon it . Piper . Cleaning barley . Dumbrell . Collecting mould . \ . , Friday —WUlingdon School . Very wet , boys in school . Eastdean School . Boys thrashing , and cleaning oats , trussing straw , sorting potatoes . Piper . Collecting flint stones , to mend roads at a future time .
Dumbrell . Digging . Saturday—Willingdon School . Boys digging ' wheat stubble . Eastdean School . Boys emptying pails , getting turnips , cleaning up the pigs , and school room , and to the mill with oats to grind . IHper . Removing potatoes within doors . Dumbrell . Di gging , collecting mould . Cow-Feeding . — Willingdon Scliool . Cows living on Swede turnips and straw . —Piper ' s . Feeding on earrois , with straw once a day , and hay once . — Durnbrell ' s . Ono cow stall-fed with turnips , mangel wurzel , and straw . A cow and heifer fed with tur nips , carrots , and straw .
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS . Peat Compost . —The Rev . W . Rham recommended the following compost : —one tori peat ashes , one cwt . soot , one cwt . of lime , one cwt . of ' common salt , lilbs saltpetre ; to be mixed well together . It has been tried by J . Bamford , of Slaithwaite , and found very beneficial , when applied to artificial grasses of the second year . Potash Compost . —[ "The meanest things fulfil most useful purposes . " ]—The following method of collecting the potash , & c , from kitchen slops , has been found to answer satisfactorily . A pit was formed in a garden , about two yards square , and two feet deep , bottomed with puddled clay and roughly paved . In the summer time , or dry weaker , it is filled with loose , porous mould , yard sweepings , & c . The water
from the sink . is led beneath its surface , through and over all parts of the mould , by a temporary drain of loose stones . The dry mould imbibes the fluid , and evaporation from its surface withdraws part of it , leaving the remainder moderately concentrated . This may be further promoted by sowing seeds of such plants upon the spot as hvefjotash , they will grow there with great luxuriance , and increase the evaporation from beneath . The contents are removed about twice a year , allowed to dry in tho sun , and then composted with lime , and sometimes with a further quantity of potash from the shops , turned over frequently , " and after some months , mixed up with other ingredients recommended by Professor Johnstone , as forming a good and cheap manure for potatoes ; or it is used instead of coal-ashes for making domestic guano .
Earth axo Aximal Matter . Compost . ^ " There is not an atom of matter in creation , but has its uses . " ] Do not lose a scrap of decayed animal substance of any kind ; blood , old rags , cropper ' s flocks , engine-waste , willy-dust . Gather up all such things as may lie offensive in their decay ; and when divided work them up together with mould into a heap . Let it remain for a year , to be fully decomposed , turning it over several times . The" watering of a mass ot this kind with soap-suds , or scourings from a clothmill , will much increase its value . Very striking and long-continued effects from the application of such a compost upon meadow land , are frequently witnessed in a manufacturing district . The action of such substances in their undeebmposed state is very slow , and in some cases almost negative , as many must have witnessed .
Reservoir Deposits . —lhe deposit at the bottom of reservoirs and stagnant pools , when-it can be procured , will prove invaluable in making various composts . The owners of mills ought not to permit these things to be lost , but have them composted up with quick ; iime . They would be well repaid for their trouble .
Guano, As Compared With Other Manures.—I...
Guano , as compared with other Manures . —Inquiry INTO THE SOURCE OF CARBON IN VEGETATION . — [ In a recent number of the Star we inserted a letter signed " 111 Davis , " in which the writer contended that guano as a manure must act as an exhauster of the soil , inasmuch as it did not supply back to the land the elements of vegetation in sufficient quantity to compensate for the amount abstracted by the growing crops ; he also compared the respective values of guano and the ordinary farm-yard manures , contending that the latter were much preferable , as they gave back to the soil much more of carbon and other elements of plants than guano did . The following letter has , appeared in answer to the positions of Mr . H . Davis : and we insert it ,. because calculated to impart just notions of a verv important feature of [ vegetable economy , the elimination oi formation of the large quantity of carbon which forms so considerable a portion of all vegetable substances . ]—Sir , —having observed in your number of January 2 Gth a letter of Mr . H . Davis ^ with regard to the-use of guano , I take tlie liberty of offering a few remarks upon itas I think the sentiments which it expresses
, are calculated to be injurious to agriculture . The principal error consists in supposing that plants derive the greatest proportion of their substance from the soil . On many farms , in excellent cultivation , and which have oeen in an improving condition for years , the only artificial manures which have been used have been bones , or other substances equally light and portable , which could only equal in weight a small proportion of the grain sold , and of the elements of vegetation lostduring the fermentation of the manure ; and yet it has been proved , in thousands of instances , that farms , for the improvement of which such manures have been the only foreign ones purchased , have steadilv and rapidly progressed in condition . Indeed , it is to such manures , to bones , to guano , to similar
night soil , to ashes , to nitrate of soda , and substances , that Ave must in a great measure look for the general improvement of agriculture . _ Supposing any person buys a larger quantity of the litter formed in ' large towns " than could have been produced from the straw of his own farm , he must do it at the expense of other lands . Such a proceeding may improve the condition of a single farm , but cannot increase the general produce of tlie kingdom . To deal justly by all lands , every farmer should take back in the form of litter and stock excrements no more than could be made from the produce of his farm , and in that case it would be impossible to return to the sou a ton of manure , or anything near it , for ' every ton of crop reaped . The principal object of the fanner s ainmoniaiil
solicitude should be to supply to the soil -. manures , and the inorganic elements of plants , or those substances which form their ashes . ' The largest proportion of the elements which constitute the great bulk of plants , carbon , oxyjgen , -and hy drogen , are derived from the atmosphere and from moisture , and not , as Mr . Davis intimates , principally it not entirely from the soil . Oxygen and hydrogen are readilv supplied to the i growing plant by wff ™ jr » and the carbon must principally be supp lied- by-tne decomposition of the carbonic acid of the atmosphere . In proof of this assertion ; wehaveonly to calculate the quantity of carbon taken from the soil by crops , and returned to it again by artificial means , even under good systems of management , and we shall see that the quantity of carbon returned bears no pro-
Guano, As Compared With Other Manures.—I...
portion to that taken away . On a light land or wold farm of 600 acres , entirely tillage ,: and managed on the four-course system , if the wheat average three quarters per acre , we shall have from 150 acres 150 quarters ; of this quantity 100 quarters may perhaps be retained for seed and household support , but not so much if the system of thin sowing be followed ; the remaining & 50 quarters will be sold off the farm . To calculate the weight of the wheat at 33 st . per quarter , the quantity of carbon which will in this wheat be carried off the farm will amount to about C 8 . G 00 lb ., for the wheat contains about four-tenths of its weight of carbon or charcoal . If we suppose the spring corn to be entirely oats , and calculate the crop at six quarters per acre , we shall have 900 quarters ; of this quantity the half must be retained for seed ,
horse-corn , and home consumption ; the remaining 450 'quarter !! will be cavried oft'the farm , and the quantity of carbon contained in them will amount to about 54 , 180 lb . The carbon contained in the grain and straw which are consumed upon the farm , supposing the weight of tlie straw to be twice that of the whole of the grain , v would amount to KiG . TlS lb . Of this quantity , excepting in the case of the grain used as seed ; not more probably than one-half , or at most two-thirds , would he returned to the soil ; the rest would be lost during its consumption by men and animals , and . 'duringtho processes of fermentation and decay . The carbon sent awav in the grain sold would amount to 122 , 7301 b . Wo mav safely calculate that which woiild belost on the fai-m atl 50 , 000 lb ., which is most probably less than tho real loss . Thus , wc sec , that there would vearl v bo carried away
by the corn crops' from such a farm as this 2 T 2 . 780 lhof carbon . Almost tho only foreign manures which arc purchased for such farms arc bones , or other analogous substances . If the manure be bones , and these be used for raising turnips at ' the rate of 2 qrs . per acre , their amount will bo ' 600 org ., and their weight at 25 st . per qr . lOo . OOfflbs ., of which not more than 20 , 2501 b . will bo car ' -ion . But we have seen that the yearly loss of carbon on such a farm will be . more than 222 , 0001 b ., to which quantity the carbon contained in the bones bears ' no proportion , nor would it supply a fourth part of that sold from oft' the farm in the shape of grain . The consideration of , these circumstances may-convince us that the soil cannot be the source from which plants extract their carbon ; if it were , this immense drainage , so disproportionate
to the supply , would speedily exhaust the soil even on the best cultivated farms , and a farm of . light soil , receiving the quantity of bones I have named , would be considered barren by a very few crops . But it is well known that a farm well tilled and receiving such treatment , instead of deteriorating , would gradually improve , and that the quantity of carbon contained in the soil , instead of rapidly diminishing , would gradually increase . From these considerations we may conclude that plants draw a very small portion of their carbon from the soil , but they obtain it principally by decomposing the carbonic acid of the atmosphere , and a much greater quantity of carbon is loft in and upon the soil , in the roots and stubble , than the whole quantity extracted from it by the growing crop . Such being the case , the farmer ' s principal solicitude should be to obtain manures containing the
inorganic elements oi plants ; nor must he judge that because a manure is bulky it must necessarily be valuable . Guano contains in less bulk a greater quantity of the more uncommon inorganic elements of vegetation than almost any other fertilizer , and experience as well as theory has shown it to bo one of the most efficient manures for green crops , especially for turnips ; and whatever increases the bulk of a green crop , if that crop be consumed upon the land will most certainly tend to increase its fertility . 1 have as little sympathy as Mr . Davis with the interested puffers of quack manures . But I think k injurious to agriculture , and the welfare of our coun > try , that any manure which increases the produce of the soil should be depreciated in order that wc may exalt another , if that other cannot abundantly and efficiently supply its place . J . J . Barugh . Oeton , East Riding , Yorkshire , Jan . 25 .
Thin Sowing and 'Manuring . —Sir , —I observe in your valuable paper of the 26 th January , a long dissertation , by Mr . Davis , on the superior value of farmyard manure compared with guano . This , I think , he might have saved himself the trouble of inserting , for every practical farmer in this country ( Scotland ) is perfectly aware that no '' artificial manures ¦ that ever have been or ever will he discovered , are in any way equal to well-prepared farmyard manures . Guano is , therefore , viewed in this country merely as a very vtiluable auxiliaiy . Mr . Davis would appear to presume that nothing but guano was used on a farm , . and that the farmyard manure was sent to the winds . The favourite rotation in this country on all turnip and grass soils , wliich is tho great majority , is a five-course
shiftviz ., oats , turnips , barley , and two years' grass once mowed .- Now I maintain , from practical proof , that two cwt . per acre of guano , sown and harrowed in with the oats , will add , at least , two quarters per acre to the crop , and this at a cost note of from 12 s . to 14 s . per acre . Every farmer is supposed , and generally lias , ' sufficient farmyard manure for his turnip crop on a farm , composed of good clay loam—a six-shift rotation is often followed , viz ., wheat , dunged in the clover stubble , beans , peas , and potatoes , a portion of each—oats , with a stimulus of two cwt . per acre of guano—turnips , manured at the rate often loads per acre , with two cwt . of guano , than which , so made , nothing will raise a greater weight of turnips , barley , and grass . In the carses of Cowrie and Stirling , and other rich lands of Scotland , I believe a four-shift rotation is followed—but that has nothing to do with my argument . Artificial manures are also highly valuable as a means of manuring reclaimed or wastelands , to
obviate the difficulty that formerly existed , of robbing the rest of your farm by withdrawing a proportion of the manure , As to thin sowing , the whole of Mr . Davis ' s lecture on that head amounts to merely this , that from soil and climate he is enabled to use less seed than others not so favourably situated . The seeding of his farm must lie governed by the discretion and observation of the occupier . Parts of fields even require two bushels per acre less seed than other parts . If we were sure that every grain of wheat sown would arrive at maturity , of course much less seed would be required ; but we must look forward to contingencies—gvnb , wire-worm , rooks , game , & c , to say nothing of a severe winter of snow , which often rots out a third or more of the plants . I have often , in spring , seen fields of wheat too thinly planted , but I hardly ever in this country have observed any that could be styled'too thickly sown , and Ave generally sow from three to four bushels per imperial acre . I am , sir , your obedient servant , A Scotch Farmer . *
j Pm-PARiNG Corn for Fattening Pigs . —Sir , —To extend a knowledge of the most eificacious and economical method ' of preparing corn for fattening pigs , permit me to observe that I have followed tho practice of boiling peas for fattening pigs for a considerable period , and have every reason to be satisfied with the experiment , inasmuch as I have found pigs fed thereon fatten much faster than when fed in the usual way on meal , and by which a saving of fifteen to twenty per cent , is obtained . I have also found great advantage in boiling oatmeal for feeding sows for the first few weeks after farrowing , but care should be taken hot to overfeed , as it is liable to produce an overflow of milk , and endanger both sows
and progeny . The way in which I have been accustomed to use the above is as follows , viz .: —To eight gallons of peas add twenty gallons of water , which , when well boiled , produces a thick glutinous liquid , to which might be added or not , a * convenient , a small quantity of barleymcal . _ Ihave succeeded quite as well with peas alone . The oatmeal requires onethird , or , if heavy good corn , ' a double quantity of water : this also produces n glutinous liquid when w ell . boiled , and standing , till cold , and should be . Win mixed with warm water . and some fresh beans or pollards ; and if given judiciously , I know of no food on which young pigs thrive better . —Tnos . Staoo . Grafton Manor Farm , Wilts , Jan . 28 , 1815 .
- Domrnies.—O.Ve Law For The Rich And An...
- DoMrniES . —O . ve Law for the Rich and another for the Toon . — -Some few weeks ago , a cowardly scoundrel named George Reynolds , lieutenant in her Majesty ' s 7 0 th Regiment , committed a gross assault upon the person of a decent , well conducted , young woman , whose father is employed as under gardener , or in some such post , in the family of a retired middle man , with the daughter of whom lleynolds is popularly reported to bo on very good terms . The assault was committed in the entrance to her lather ' s house ; and the poor girl naturally fled from the drunken wretch to her parents for protection , shutting the iIdoi- of her dwelling in tho face of her pursuer . Even there she was not safe ; for the scoundrel , assisted by others of the same kidney , burst in
and when the young woman ' s father rose from bed to shield his child , tore the shirt from his back and otherwise maltreated him , to an extent that , had the offenders been poor weavers , would have subjected them to a twelvemonths imprisonment at tho very least . But what was the actual result ? When sobriety returned , the parties were naturally anxious to get out of their scrape ; and accordingly intimation was convoyed to the father , in a way not to be misunderstood , that his daily bread was in danger should he appeal to the Sheriff . Of course some show of justice was necessary to quiet the fear of tho community , and the lieutenant accordingly ¦ surrendered to the great unpaid ; a proceeding , the station of the parties considered , which required no great stretch of courage on bis part . Before the chief magistrate of the bui'di ,
and accommodated with a place at the table ( had he been a poor culprit , his station would , according to use and ' want , have heon the dock ) , the principal charge , that of breaking into a dwelling house * was , on the prisoner ' s pleading guilty of the mere assault , departed from . aud he / was politely informed by the just jtidge that he was amerciated in . tjio . sum of 7 s . Gd ., or some such line . This is " justice , justice" with a vengeance .- So easy an escape from the consequences of his misdeeds was not , it may well be supposed , calculated to check one whose name has already become a „ by-word in Dumfries , and a synonyme for ; every thing'base , cowardly , and immoral . It would be painful were it needful to recapitulate many of the actions the meanness of those in authority allow him to commit , almost with impunity . We will therefore
- Domrnies.—O.Ve Law For The Rich And An...
confine , ourselves to another example of remissness and sbamefu } neglect of duty on the part of the Dumfries local authorities , if it ought not to lie called by a harsher name , which occurred so kite as Wednesday evening last . Two police officers had been engaged in removing a drunken and noisy person , when they were interrupted by this same Reynolds , and another " gallant defender , " Ac , — Arcwlts ambo—who if they did not actually deforce the officers , at least interrupted them in the exercise of thenduty . With reluctance , and almost compelled by the crowd which speedily 'assembled , the policcmen ' took them into custody . Arrived atthe station-house , Jones , the captain of the county " rurals , " and a tool , whom by the efficient aid of another minion , the Duke of Buccleugh has succeeded in foisting upon an
unwilling community , compelled the withdrawal of the charge , andthe pair were set at liberty . This was soon circulated over the town , and coming to the ears of the indefatigable Mr . Andrew Wardrop , ho proceeded to one of the magistrates , when the following pithy dialogue , or something like it , took place : — All-. \ Y \ : So , the vogues have got off , have they ?—Magistrate ; What rogues?—Mr . W . : Reynolds rind Irving , to bo sure . Bailie Jones did it . —Magistrate Superindeut Jones had no power to do any such thing . —Air . W .: I tell you he did it ; and if these nieuare not tried this day , I go to the Monument this very night and expose the whole of you to the public ! " This throat , had the desired effect : the
shop-boy was sent off on the instant with a bulletin , and after a serious confab on the part of the bench , the worthies were tried ( although the charge had boon withdrawn ) , iu presence of a very respectable gathering of working men , and the magistrate or decency ' s sake was compelled to fine them lUg . Cd . each . It is in contemplation to lay a statement of the proceedings of this ruffian before the Duke of Wellington , who may in his capacity of Commanderin-Chief , cither remove , or put the public in the way of removing so dangerous a nuisance from a quiet anil peaceable town . If , on the contrary , we arc Under martial law , the sooner we know it from authority the bettor . —Correspondent ,
Mklaxcholy Accimot . —On the afternoon of Tuesday hist , eight boys , all said to be remarkably fine youths , were drowned at Bogfoofc Loch , a reservoir in the neighbourhood of their residence , in the village of Sallysburgh . Two families lost two sons each . The lads had gone to play on tho ice , not knowing that it had been weakened by the thaw of the preceding Sunday , and all fell in , without a soul being near to rescue them . Their bodies have been recovered .: —Liverpool Times .
Bankrupts;, &I*
Bankrupts ; , & i *
Bankrupts. (From The Gazette Of Friday, ...
BANKRUPTS . ( From the Gazette of Friday , Feb . "th . J John' Heard , Deptferd , builder—George Haywood , Luton , Bedfordshire , bricl'luyer—VViUhim Ui-nry Colt , Long Melford , Suffolk , grocer—Samuel ' l ' ugg , Southampton , curventer—James Dradshnw , High-street , Camden Towncoal-mcvclmut—Samuel Tavener , Sovcrcign-maws , Tadflington , bricklayer—John Richardson , Fish-sticcMiill , Oity , boot and shoemaker .
DIVIDEXDS . March 1 , V , " . and T . ' IIiggins , Old Bond-street , hosiers—Feb . 28 , R . Thelwnll , Manchester , silversmith—Slavc-h 4 , T . Colliuson , Wakefield , Yorkshire , boat-builder—Mm-ch : j , B . Wright , Liverpool , dealer in paint—Feb . 27 , J . Maiiulicu , Ilighstile , Yorkshire , woollen-manufacturer . BANKRUPTS . ( from Tuesday's Gazelle , Feb , lift , 1840 . ; John Challenor , White-street , Southwark , grocer—John Peters , Godstoiie , Surrey , innkeeju'r— William CottreU , Southampton , tea-dealer — James Buvrell and Thomas Hall , Tliuttbrd , Norfolk , iron-founders—llippolite l- ' raiicis llcllciigcr , Great Pulteney-strect , Ooldcn-snunrc , licensedvictmiller—William Cheatle l'aul , Komi ' ord , Essex , shecusalesman—Spencer William Tyler , Wnleot-plaee , Lambeth , ciu-neuter—Henry Peacock Gray , Caroline-street , Eatonsi- ] u-trc , horse-dealer— Richard Steadman < b William Artie , Birmingham , button-makers—Anthony and Francis Atlunson , Newcnstle-nnon-Tyne , colour-manufacturers .
DIVIDENDS . March 4 , It . II . Marshall , Plymouth ,, draper—March 4 , W . Brookes , Kew-strcet-squave , Fetter-lane , lamp-manufacturer—March 4 , W . Robertson , Great St . Helen ' s , Oity , insurance-broker—March 4 , S . T , Watson and W , fryers , Skinner-street , City , woollen-warehousemen ; and jiarch 6 for separate estates—March 7 , G . A . Catur , Leeds , woollnerehant—March 11 , T . W . Green , Leeds , bookseller—March a , W . Richardson , Newcastle-upon-Tyne , ghissmaiiutiicturev—March 4 , J . S . Garter and R . Cornfovth , Liverpool , merchants—March 5 , M . Tomldnson , Kidderminster , Worcestershire , lincnrtrnpcr—March 5 , J . Tlaytou , Wigton , Cumberland , . shipowner .
DECLAV . ATKH-S OF DIV 1 DENWB . J . Liiyeock , Culne , Lancashire , tallow-chandler , final dividend of Is . in tlie pound , any Tuesday , at tlie office of Mr . Hobson , Manchester . G . Grantham , Manchester , grocer , first dividend of 3 s . Sd . in the p . uiml , any Tuesday , at the ofiicu of Air . Hobson , Manchester . J . C . Peti'ie , Iludlingtcti , Durham , miller , first aud second dividend , of Is . 2 d in the pound , to those who proved their debts on the 4 th inst ., any Saturday , at the office of Mr . Baker , . Newcastle-upon-Tyne . i . G . Ores-pin , Hastcheap , shipping agent , third dividend of lid . in tliu pound , any Wednesday , at the office of-Mr . Folliitt , Sambrook-court , Basinghall-strcet . C . Maim , Romtovd , Essex , banker , first and final dividend of 20 s . in the pound , any Wednesday , atthe office of Mr . Foilet , Sambrook-court , Basinghall-street . CEBTiriCATES TO BE GItAHTED , ONLESS CAUSE BE SHOWS
TO THE CONTJUBT ON THE DAY OF MEETING . March 4 . A . Goodeve , Aldermanbury , Oity , warehouseman—Jiarch 4 , J . Hubbard , ll .-tmsg . ite , Kent , auctioneer—March 4 , G . Fielding , Thame , Oxfordshire , ironmonger-March 4 , W . A . lieai'iis , Clapham , Surrey , ale-brewei- — March 0 , C . Parry , Clearer-street , Kcnniugton-road , Lambeth , furniture-broker—March 4 , J . Coles , New Bondstreet , Jeweller—March 7 , C , Hotesio , Slough , Buckinghamshire , hotel-keeper—March 5 , J . It . King-, Hath , druggist— March ii , W . Richardson , Newcastle-upon-Tyne , glass-manufacturer—March 7 , II . Proctor , Kiugston-upon-Hull , coach-proprietor—March 3 , F . Befiinne , Manchester , check-manufacturer—March 4 , W . II . Hayward , Manchester , cotton-spinner—March ' 4 , J . Wales , Old Kentroad , victualler—March i , It . J . Webb , Bath , wiue-mercliaut—March 4 , E . Glover , jun ,, Leicester , ironmonger—. March 4 , 1 ) . Hannay , Cavendish-square , banker—March 4 , J . H . Utting , Kewmaii-street , Oxford-street , upholsterer-March 4 , J . C . Ross , Savage-gardens , City , merchant-March 4 , W . Stinton , Duke-street , Grosvcnor-suu . ire , cook —March i , 0 . Itayner , Blackburn , Lancashire , grocer-March 4 , P . Blackburn , Salford , Lancashire , builder—March 4 , J , Raper , Bridge-road , Lambeth , tailor .
PAKTNE'ISIIII' 6 DISSOLVED . J . Gregory and II . Burlingham , Evesham , Worcestcr " sliu-c , ironmongers—C , A , . Jaipiin and J , Cores , New Union-street , Moor-lane , City , button-mnimfaeturei'SP . and C . Harrison , Luton , Bedfordshire , drapers—C . Roe and J . Faccy , Bideford , Devonshire , millers—J . J . Young aud A . Boucneau , Upper Xorth-pluce , Gray ' s-itm-road , marble dealers—J . Cleaver , M . Attwood , and J . Harwell , Riplev , Derbyshire , spelter-manufacturers—A . and J . S . Buckley , Manchester , cotton-spinners—W . Gledhill and S . Jaggev , Bviulfovd , Yorkshire , iiwArvymen—J . Fnrie , P . Tasker , and A . Tod , Liverpool , iron merchants ; as far as regards A . Tod—J . Mullins and C . Wigley , High Holborn , leather pipe-makers—E . A . liowker and Q . iletcalf , Man . Chester , engravers—J . and T . Radcliffe , Stockport , com mission agents—T . O . Dobson and 0 . Lonie , Liverpool , ship-brokers—J . Mather and J . Brindley , Manchester ,
tobacco dealers—J . M . Khronheim . J . Skirving , W , Shepherd , and F . W . . Sutton , Barl-street , Blackfriars , stereotype founders ; as far as regards J . Skivvhig—6 . I ' acey and T . L . Gillott , Leicester , ironmongers—J . Bullen and It . Spauil , Wormwood-street , City , auctioneers—E . and T . Longton , Manchester , machine-makers—J . Chadwick and A . Andrew , Manchester , warehousemen—J . II . West and G . Ives , Hertford , brewers—W . Buniie and W . Dickson , London , merchants—J . Shuttlewovtb and J . Eastham , Blackburn , Lancashire , coal-dealers—It . and J . Lockwood , Crowncld , Sun ' olk , maltsters—J . Whittakcr and C . B . Palmer , Swansea , commission agents—T . S . and W . P . Peters , Manchester , corn merchants—C . Fairweather and W . Mathews , Jan ., Kirton-in-Lhidsey , Lin . colnshirc , wine merchants—T . llagger and 11 . Payne , Fulbourn , Cambridgeshire , grocers—L . Williams and W . Watson , Birmingham , powder ilask manufacturers .
^Aar Ltet -Stitemgtita
^ aar ltet -Stitemgtita
Richmond Coax Market, Feu. 8.—We Had A V...
Richmond Coax Market , Feu . 8 . —We had a very heavy market to-day of all kinds of grain . Wheat sold irom 5 s to ( is Cd ; oats , 2 s to 3 s ; barley , 3 s 6 d to 4 s ; beans , 4 s 9 d to 5 s per bushel . London Cors Exch . vsce , Moxdav , Feb . 10 . —T 1 k > arrivals of English wheat and barley were tolerably {> ood during the past week , and of oats the receipts from our own coast and Scotland were also to a fair extent ; but the supply of the latter article from Irelaud was rather small . Of beans and neask about the usual weekly quantity came forward . The arrivals from abroad have , during the past eight days , consisted of a parcel of wheat from Launceaton , and a few cargoes of barley and one small lot of oats from
the north of Europe . At this morning ' s market there was a very small show of wheat by laud-carriage samples from Essex , Kent , and Suffolk , less barley than of late , and only a moderate fresh supply of oats ; the quantity of beans offering was large , and of peas the display of samples was also good . The weather has been very severe for several days past , and this morning there was a heavy fall of snow . The English wheat being generally in good condition , was mostly cleared off , but no improvement on last Monday ' s currency could be established . Duty-paid foreign wheat was , on the other hand , very difficult of disposal , holders declined however to accept less money , and the little business transacted was at former rates . In bonded wheat nothing whatever was done , and ouotations continue perfectly nominal . - Flour was
taken in retail quantities at previous prices . Less anxiety was-manifested to press sales ot barl"y , and though " the Inquiry was by no means lively tlie dowiv ward movement was checked , quotations remaining precisely the same as on this day sc ' ningUt . Malt moved off tardilv , and barely supported its previo' -. s value . ' Oats we ' re hold with firmness , and the ' Blight denression ef Friday was partly recovered , still the dealers paid Monday's rates with some reluctance . Beans were , owing to the large supply , only partially cleared off It previous prices . . Peas were rather more saleable than of late , and quite . as dm : 1 ho biiKiliess done in clovei'seed was not important ; neither white nor- red -was pressingly . offered , and prices'of both sorts Were Well maintained . Canarysccd was a- * ain cheaper . Linseed and rapeseed sold at full terms , and spring tares were fully as dear .
Richmond Coax Market, Feu. 8.—We Had A V...
CmiREST PRICES OF GRAIN , PER IMPERIAL QUARTER . —British . - s s ~' . ' s a Wheat , Essex , A Kent , new & old red 42 '' 48 ' WlUte SO 64 Xorfiilk and Lincoln . . . . do ' -IS ^ 'Ditto 48 50 Kbitlmm . and Scotch white W id Fine 48 SZ Irish red old 0 0 Red -i'J 4 + White 45 « Rvt . Old 31 3- > New 30 32 Brauk 35 3 < Barley Grinding . . 2 « i ! S Distil . 2 ' J 31 Malt . 32 M Malt Brown .... 5 * 56 Pale 58 62 Ware 63 65 Be-iris ' Ticks old iv . ncw 30 . 34 Hamiw ' 33 38 Pigeon' 38 42 Peas Grev 32 3 S Maple 33 34 AVhitb- 'Se 40 Oats Lincolns & Yorkshire Feed 21 23 Poland 23 25 Scotcl Angus 22 24 Potato 24 26 Irish White 20 22 Black 20 22 Per 2801 b . net . s s Per 2 S 0 lb . net . s s Town-made Flour ... 42 44 Norfolk & Stockton 33 3 + Essex and Kent .... 34 35 Irish ....... 35 36 Free . . Bond
. ; Foreign . s s s s Wheat , Danuie ,, " Konit'sburg , . to , 52 . 00 38 40 Marks , Mecklenburg 48 & i , 32 35 Danish , Holst ' cin , and Fricsland red 44 47 28 30 Russian , Hard 44 4 C Soft' ... 44 47 26 28 Italian , Red ... 46 50 White ... 50 52 30 32 Spanish , Hard , 40 50 Soft .... 18 52 30 32 Kye , Baltic , Dried , ... 30 32 bndricd . . 31 32 21 22 Barley , Grinding . 20 as Maltim , ' . . 31 33 22 29 Beans , Ticks . . 30 St Egyptian . 31 32 2 fi 30 Peas , White . . SC 38 Jtaplo . . 33 34 28 30 Oats , Hutch , llrew and Thick . , 24 25 10 21 Russian feed , ! ! 21 22 10 1 G . —Danish , Fricsland teed ' . !!' . 21 23 I 5 17 Flour , per barrel • .. .. ' . ' 25 27 19 20 CORN AVEHAGES .-Gencrtil average prices of British 1 eb
corn lor the week ended - . S , ls-is , made up from the Returns of the Inspectors in the different cities ami town-, in England and Wales , jitr imperial quarter . Wheat • l " , s 5 d I Oats .. - . Ms Cd I Heans ., 85 s Id Hurley .. -is ( id j live .. : i ( ls Id | Pease .. sr ) S 7 ^ Lo . VDO . N S . WITI ! rIi : i . ! l C . lTVr . E MaKKET , MoNIIAV , Fei ! . 10 . —Since this day sc ' nuijjUt , another laruo importation of foreign stock has taken place , it having consisted of 10 '> beasts and 200 sheep , into Loudon , together with fifty oxen and cows , and ninety sheep atTllull , all from Holland ; forming a total import of not less than ' 310 head . Our readers will perceive that tin ' s is the largest arrival that has been reported during any week since the new tariff has been in operation , and completely justifies the observations which wc offered under this head on Saturday last .
As respects the unal'ty of the boasts , there was nothing calling for particular observation , though there were some really saleable animals amongst them ; but in sheep there was a decided improvement . The show of * foreign stock here this morning amounted to . seventy beasts and 130 sheep . " The former sold at from £ 12 to £ 18 ; the latter 30 s . to 42 s . per head . With beasts from our own districts wc were tolerably well , but not . to say heavily supplied ; yet a slight falling off was noticed in their general condition . Comparatively speaking the beef trade , arising in a great measure from the dead markets being heavily supplied with country meat , was in n very sluggish state , and last week's quotations were with difficulty supported . However , the primest Scots found buyera at from 3 s . lOd . to 4 s . per 81 b ., yet a clearance
was not effected . The bullock droves from Norfolk , Suffolk , Essex , and Cambridgeshire , were composed of 1400 Scots and homebreds , while from the northern grazing districts we received 250 short-herns ; from the western and midland districts GOO HerefowK runts , Devons , Ac . ; from other parts of England 500 of various breeds ; and from Scotland 200 horned and polled Scots . The numbers of sheep were on the increase . Prime old downs with difficulty maintained their last week's prices : and all other breeds were 2 d . per Sib lower- with a heavy demand . Calves were in limited supply and steady inquiry , at late rates . Pigs were in request , and prices were again supported . There were on sale about 1500 shorn sheep and 120 lambs .
By the quantities of 81 b ., siiikinf ; the offa ! . s . d . s . d , Inferior coarse heasts ... 20-23 Second quality . . . . 2 10 S 2 Prime large oxen . .. 3438 Prime Scots , < fcc 3 10 4 . 0 Coarse inferior sheep -. . . 2 8 2 10 Second quality . . . . 3 0 3 d Prime coarse woollcd ... 8 3 3 10 Prime Southdown .... 1041 Large course calves .... 4 4 5 2 Prime small . . . . 5 4 PS Suckling calves , each . . . 13 0 30 < J Large hogs 3 C 4 0 Seat small porkers ... 4240 Quarter-old store pigs , each . . 10 0 20 0
HE . ll > OF CATTLU OS SA 1 . E . ( From the Books of the Clerk of the Market . ) . Heasts , 3 , 104-Shcep , 80 , 540-Calves , 61—Pigs , 320 . Smitiifield Hay Market . —Coarse meadow hav , . £ ;) 10 s to £ 6 15 s ; useful ditto , £ 4 16 ' s to £ 5 4 s ; ine upland ditto , £ » 5 s to £ 5 Ss ; clover hay , £ 410 s to £ 6 : oat straw , £ 1 IGs to £ 1 ISs ; wheat straw , £ 118 s to £ 2 per load . A . ihiv average supply and a steady demand , at the above quotations . Wiiituciiapel . —Coarse meadow hay , £ 3 10 s to £ 415 s ; useful ditto , £ 4 10 s to £ 5 4 s ; fine upland ditto , £ 5 0 s to £ . 5 8 s ; clover hay , £ 4 . 10 s to £ 6 ;; oat straw , £ 110 s to £ 1 ISs ; wheat strnw , ^! ISs to £ 2 per load . Trade throughout firm , at full prices . ?
Meat Maukets . —Soctham ., Feb . 12 . —The supply of fat stock on sale this morning was seasonably extensive . Generally speaking tluTdcmand ruled inactive , at about last week ' s quotations , licef , from 2 s Sd to 4 s ; mutton , 2 s 10 dto 4 s 4 d ; veal , 4 sto 5 s ; and pork , 3 s Cd to 4 s 2 d per Slbs . Supply—Beasts , 45 ; sheep , 1 , 160 ; calves , 40 ; pigs , o 4 . Romford , Feb . 12 . —With tlw exception of prime calves and pigs being in good request , at full prices , the demand was heavy , and previous rates were not supported : —Beef , from 2 s 8 d to 4 s ; mutton , 2 s lOd to 4 s 4 d ; veal , , 3 s lOd to os 4 d ; and pork , 3 s 4 d to 4 s per Slbs . Suckling calves , 18 s to 2 ! ls ; quarter-old stoi-e pigs , IGs to 20 s ; and milch cows , with their small calf , £ 10 to £ 19 each . Lkwks , Feb . 12 . —Beef , from 2 s 10 dto 3 s ; mutton , 3 s to 4 s 4 d ; veal , 4 s 4 d to os 4 d ; and pork , gs ( 3 d to 4 s " per Slbs . A fair average supply , and a steady demand .
Coal Market . —Prices per ton at the close of the market : —Adair ' s Main , 17 s ; Buddie's West Hartlev , 10 s Gd ; Carr ' s Hartley , 17 s ; Ellison Main , 16 s ( 3 d ; Holywell Main , 15 s Gd ; Morrison ' s Hartley , 15 s Cd ; Nelson's'West Hartley , 16 s ( id ; Old Pontop , I 7 s ; Ord ' s Redhough , 15 s Gd ; Old Tanfield , 17 s 3 d ; Ravensworth West Hartley , IGs 6 d ; Tanfield Moor , Ills Gd ; Townloy , lGsGd ' West Hartley , 17 s ; West Wylam , 16 s 9 d ; Wvlam , 15 s 6 d ; W . E ., fjlarkand Co ., ItisOd ; Clonnell , lGs 6 d ; Wharncliile , 18 s 3 d ; Belmont , 19 s Gd ; Braddyirs Hctton , 20 s Gd : ilaswell , 21 s ; Hilton , 20 s Od ; Lambton , 20 s Gd ; Lumlcy , 18 s Gd ; North . Hctton Lyons ' , 18 s 3 d > l-embestoa , ISs ; lliclunond . Ids ; Russell's Hctton , 20 s 3 d ; Stewart's 20 s-Cd ; Caradoc , 20 s ; Heugli Hall , ISs 9 d ; Kelloe , l'Js 3 d ; Basingthorne , 19 s Gd ; West Hartlepool , 17 s ; Adelaide , 20 s ; Cowndon Tees . ISs ; Gordon , 10 s Gd ; South Durham , 18 s 3 d ; Richardson ' s Tecs , 17 s Od ; Tees , 20 s ; Tenant ' s , 17 s Cd ; Gyndraeth , IDs ; Hartley , I 10 s ( id ; Lcwiss Merthyr , 21 s : Snapethorpe , 18 s ; [ Holywell ; IGs . —Ships a-n-ived , it .
Maxchestkr Con . v Maiikkt , Satmwav , Fbb . 8 .- — The same want of activity has continued to characterise the trade since our last report as we have had occasion to note for several weeks past . There has , however , ' been a fair trading demand for Flour , ' and a moderate amount of business transacted tor immediate consumption ; but on middling and inferior kinds it has been necessary to submit to Oil . to Is . per sack decline , whilst the very choicest qualities of English and Irish have found buyers at the previous currency . Oats and oatmeal have been in limited request , antl the former article was easier to buy . At our market this morning every description of wheat met a very limited inquiry , ami all but . the runswere freely offered at a reduction of Id . to 2 d . per 701 ba . Flour was , likewise , a slow gale . The demand for oats was trivia ] , at a decline of Id . per : ! 5 ibs . ' ; but in the value of oatihcal no change can bo reported , although there was but little business passing . Beans continue dull ofsale , at Literates . " >
Livwrpooi . Coax Maiiicp . t , Monday , Fun . 10 . —We have this week had moderate arrivals of grain ,, flour , and oatmeal ; the trade has at the same time been very inactive , and any change in prices has been in favour of the buyer . The finer qualities of Irish , new wheat have brought the rates quoted ou this day Week , but thesecondary descriptions must be noted Id . per bushel lower . Oats have also receded Jd to Id per biishcl ; fine mealing were bought last Friday at ¦ h Old per 4 olbs . - Wc do not alter the quotation for flour ; but oatmeal is Gd per load cheaper , and each of these articles has met a very dull sale . ; Fine English malting barley has been , sold ,, at 30 s per imperial quarter ; good grinding qualities of foreign at 4 s to 4 s 2 d per CO lbs . Peas arc Is per quarter cheaper , and both this article and beans have met a slow demand .
LiVEuroob Cattle Market . Mo . vday . Feb ' 10 . — We have had a fair supply of cattle at market to-day for this time of the year . Prices ¦ remain about the same as of late , anything prime fetch inn good prices . Ticefi ' iid to Gd ., mutton Old to OJd per lb . YonicCoitx Market , Fkd . 8 . —Wc have . little alteration to note in the value of any article ii } ' the trade . The condition of everything is greatly , improved , and millers , in consequence , are more free ,. and inclined to get into stock . Barley is bad to . quit , except the quality is fine . Oats and beans dull , but , nbt ' lower . » " .. ¦¦ . " ' ... if . i - ¦ ¦!
Leeds Corn Market , Tuesday , -Eeh . :: 1 L—The strong frost which we have had for sevejalldays past offers some-interruption to the supplic . s . fq & tliis day ' s market ; the arrivals in eonseqiience-are ' an . ahV but we have a good show of samples . Wheat'is slow sale , at rather worse prices than on this day week , " the . dema nd , being of a very retail character . Fin ' eba ' rhjy doc ? not maintain late rates , and commoniqualities are offering on still lower terms . No jnateviaVehange in the value of oats , beans , or other articles ; ' - ' 4 " ' > . Lekijs Cloth MARKKis . ^ Eusinesl- ^ present * rather , less buoyant , and stiles- are ; cffec ! tcd in most descriptions' of goods at a slight dinufiutiqK in pric-et Malton . Corn- Market , - ; Ebb .: 8 . —jjv . cjiitye n cood . supply , of wheat ,, but iiwderateMothejigt ^ hi , « ffel- ! ng to this day ' s market ,- but no alteration iigjtfie " prices ^ Wheat , red , new ,. 44 s to 48 s , ; !' yhite dftj ^^ SB-to 52 s ; red ditto , old , 60 s to 52 s ; white dittp , tS 2 s . tb 58 s per qr . of 40 atones . Barley , 2 fis to 30 s pcr ' qr . " of 32 st , Oats , 9 Jd to lOJd per stone , "
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Feb. 15, 1845, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_15021845/page/7/
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