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BBS A> T D FLOWS OF POPULATION.
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NATIONAL CHARTER ASSOCIATION Offices—14,...
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EXEXER.—Mr. Ernest Jones delivered a lec...
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Bhadfobd (yoRKSHiRB).--At a meeting of m...
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NATIONAL LOAN SOCIETY, At the usual meet...
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Oxe hundred dollars hare been offerrd th...
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CENTRAL CO-OPERATIVE AGENCY. A meeting i...
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PllOTECTION AND FUEE THADE MEETING IK BB...
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THE POLITICAL VICTIMS' ASSOCIATION. On S...
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I VICE CHANCELLOR'S COURT. (Before Sif J...
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FACTS AND INCIDENTS OF THE GREA1 BXUlULT...
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
Additionally, when viewing full transcripts, extracted text may not be in the same order as the original document.
Bbs A≫ T D Flows Of Population.
BBS A > D FLOWS OF POPULATION .
\1 R Editor,— , * Aper Afu*R Paper Is Is...
\ 1 r Editor , — , * aper afu * r paper is issued "b y the Com - { Joeis of the Ceksus of Great Britain , the ^ ffe are impressed with the importance of ^ modeof numbering the people . ' Men may ^ itjofi . 'ureB . and be disposed to cast aside a mass of namhers as now lie before us ; iflC tjjgjr indisposition to gather the rich fruit ^ ch is imbedded beneath , what to them ap-^ a 5 j so many thorns , must not deter the finalist from penetrating , as far as his digits ill permit him , into the prickly bush , even Mg h wounded fingers and hands punish him ? ' l as adventurous research .
¦ ffith « vit such tables as those in question , it & impossible to master-the political and social Acuities which beset us on all sides . Your ^ ctical , weil-up men , know , this fall vreM . T he a 2 ° ^ S ^ * ^ » distinct from useful jnd appreciable talk , is all but departed . Our jgautors must be men of business , calculating , sincere men , to make way with such a shopieeping people , as that whom they are ab snrdlv eaid to represent . ' Hence , we would fospeak from our readers a thoughtful study of die documents alluded to , as placing within their reach the best Manual of Information for comprehending the real position of affairs , as respects their own country .
The first fact detailed is , that in fifty years Great Britain has all but doubled her population . In 1801 the numbers were 10 , 567 , 893 ; jn ! 851 they are , 20 , 936 , 468 , exclusive of the Army and Navy , and Merchant Seamen out of the country ; and the second ' great fact ' teaches us , how vast has . been the progress of \& mwrfat fjuring skill , and how retrogressive liave been her steps in the further expansion of her ag ricultural resources . - in detail
It is not our purpose to publish , , the particulars contained in the ; tables , but to pake some passing comraeaU ^ Qu ^ ihe facte iiey divuigeVfor , if there be one characters ? tic more striking than another , to be pointed ont as convincing evidence of the position-we fore assume , ra , the importance of these Census papers , it is this—that the Mill power of this country is fast tending to crush that of the Land power , and that in the sttuggl e- ^ - nnless the woriring classes T > e ulive to their
sense of duty—the bordena which have laid eo heavily upon them in times past , and which jtjli oppress them , will but be shifted in their imposition , bat by no means be removed bom off their backs . The toiling classes are < rell able to decide which of the two powers they would prefer to be governed by . If called * upon to give their suffrages upon this point , perhaps they would declare for neither ; tat if compelled to give a preference , they might hesitate to pronounce in favour of the former . Certain it is these classes are now
waging a fearful war for supremacy ; the 'big loaf * agitation has been a Hercules for fte Mill owners ; yet , we are inclined to say that this is more the power of Might than of Right . When we see , as this Censusehows , that in such places as Bedfordshire and Rutland , where , ten years ago , the population engaged in agricultural pursuits was respectively 03 and 50 iu every hundred so employed , now the rate of increase in the same time is but as 1-3 ( 5 and 57 per centum ; whilst in Suffolk it is
• flO ; Bucks , ' 81 ; and the North Riding ,-oo ; &* ., as contrasted with the aggregate increase , which is equal to 1 " 47 annually { nearly 11 per cent , per annum ) , and with our manufacturing districts , which , iu Monmouthshire , is as 2 * 37 per annum , nearly 2 ^ per ceut ; iu Lancashire , 2-23 ; West R « diug ~ V 70 ; Cheshire , 1-62 jand so on . To obserre such an extraordinary increase , and thinking that the "North Riding—the agricultural district—has hut added ^ per cent ., and the West Biding , 1-70 , to their populations ; that Canfcrburv has a thousand Jess souls than ten
years ago ; that Buckingham has added but 173 to its number ; and the assize town of Sussex ( Lewes ) has remained stationary , are facts so important , and suggestive of such profound thought , that , in truth , these Census Tables will afford the philosopher a stock in trade that , during the parliamentary interregnum , he will have much matter for serious inquiry . It will be onr pleasure to draw attention to these said tables in a clear and convincing
form , so soon as we are furnished with the numbers for the various towns and districts , those from which we are now quoting only relating to Counties and Registration diviflous . In the meanwhile , we would earnestly remind our readers that , these figures , being authentic , can he argued upon safely ; and that an attentive study of them will assuredly go far to teach them more practical and useful lessons of politico-social- conomy , than all the speeches made by modern orators upon this very abstruse science .
When a man is pressed to show a cause of depopulation—for example , Ireland—such diminution being established upon proof so Unobjeciionahle , we shall InTariably find that ire have asked more than can be readily answered . How is this ? Wherever we are told to look at the falling off in the numbers of onr pauper population , it is followed up by a congratulatory sentence , like to ' This is the result , the good working , the mere riiadWiug forth of Free Trade ! ' Well ,
* e will not pause to question the declaration , but merely observe , as Ireland and the other places mentioned have alike been Messed with this modern mode of governing Exports and Imports , ^ whence the cause of their decrease or stationary position ? This cannot he replied to in & similar way , and , consequently , it is a plain question that where ono man will claim the laurel for his pet-8 Tatp . m another -will pronounce it as pregnant mih Satanic" evil . Who is to decide ? Mere
ffiouthiiigs and hustings vociferations will not Mtie the dispute . The British people must le mentally fed with more nutritious food than these ; and probably , nntil the real Workers themselves set about the Solution uf Ate problem , li will remain , for years to come , as undecided as over . There is no doubt but that these Census Tables will greatly aid in this endeuvonr ; and ftatituumpt our thinking working population *« shall find in a few years time men , lough humble in circumstances , yet great 3 deduction , tracing out the causes of ie monstrous anomalies at present wit" sssed in our Social Government .
Fro" iuly , when" that answer is given , it will * * fiiund that onr national curses have sprung 3 r 'tfr «> m Protection nor from Free Trade as triples distinct in themselves , but from ^ e social errors in the first instance . Sofety , it may he said , as expressing the idea , J krted from the wrtng terminus . It wanted 10 go to the Isle of Eight , but in mistake 'iffwed its precious body to be carried to the hie
of Wrong ; and was too lazy to insist upon jlfiog transported to its purposed designation , ^ his is admitting that there is the former ter-% ry ; and most emphatically do we insist * at there is ; for he is a bold man who would Si l' that the evils complained of are not of j ^ n ' s creat ion , which an opposite policy in ! [ js gone by would have materially obviated , 21 Jio t have wholly prevented .
Having so far solicited the reader to journey ^ di us on this railroad of figures , with a-view * pointing out to them what an entertaining j * d instructive landscape they will be invited ™ gaze upon , we would conclude by remarking ^ at our subscribers will act as wise men if " " -7 do not attach themselves to either of the * *<• gj-eat partiM alluded to—Protectionists * Free Traders . The honourable member j * Scarborough , Mr . YouKG , may find it to *" advantage to declare in the House of Com-J ° ns ~ as he lately did—that CHABHSTS were ^ oiectjosjsis : and the honourably member
\1 R Editor,— , * Aper Afu*R Paper Is Is...
for the West Riding may choose to refer to the peaceful condition of the labouring classes , is evidence of their approval of the Free Trade system ; hue to all we would say , be you Chabtists only . Our principles are determined . Our cause is just and easy of attainment . Let the coming election be the •¦ est of the sincerity of those who possess the Franchise ; while upon those unconstitutio . nally shut out from its legal possession , let it act as a summons to an unanimous appeal not to serve in the interests of any candidate who will not vote for MANHOOD SUFFRAGE . Censor .
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National Charter Association Offices—14,...
NATIONAL CHARTER ASSOCIATION Offices—14 , Southampton-street , Strand . The Executive Committee of this body held their usual weekly meeting as above on Wednesday evening last . Present : Messrs . Arnott , Grassby , Hunt ,. Milne , and Reynolds . Messrs . Harney , Holyoake , Jones ; and O'Connor being out of town , were absent . Mr . Thornton Hunt was called to the C h air The correspondence r ^ Ke ^^ asjpi i i 'J oi « k $ ingi ; he ^ o &^^
OFFICIAL REPORT . , On Wednesday and Saturday I lectured at Torquay , and on both occasions , though the admission was threepence each , the audience was large . I enrolled thirty members , and the members took forty cards besides , seventy in ail . a locality was formed on Saturday evening , and Mr . William Tape elected secretary of the meeting . On Thursday I lectured in the Guildhall at Plymouth , which was crowded to overflowing . On Friday at Devouporfc . Forty-eight new members were enrolled . In all 168 cards have been disposed of , and 128 new members enrolled .
On Monday evening I lectured in the Assembly Rooms , Princes-street , Bristol , to a large audience—the great hall of the building being nearly filled , notwithstanding a charge of sixpence and threepence to defray the expense of the building , for which the charge is lire guineas . No cards were issued on this occasion , owing to the circumstances under which the rooms were obtained . Everywhere I find a . genuine democratic spirit at work , and I am truly gratified to see that half measures of Reform hud no support . Neither Lord John Russell nor the Ministerial Millocrats need expect much support to their bastard Charter . Yours fraternally , Ersest Jones .
Mr . John Arnott . Mr . Reynolds consented , at the request of the Committee , to write the tract to be inserted in the next ' Monthl y Circular ; ' and all subsecretaries are earnestly desired , not only to exert themselves in extending the circulation of the Circular for the present mouth , but also va forward theu * reports of the number of members enrolled , and the general position of the movement , to the General Secretary , on or before Monday , August 25 th .
Other business having been disposed of , an important Meeting of Metropolitan Agents and Delegates then took place , and in compliance with the request of the Executive Committee , the following localities were represented by the undermentioned friends : — Limehouse and Ratcliffe , T . Sheppard ; tf oxton , C . F . Nichols ; Fiushury , Messrs . Osborne a id JSewsome ; Greenwich , Messrs , Cooper and Floyd ; Cripplegate , Messrs Delaibrce and Farrah ; East London , S . Palteret ; Ship , Whitechapel , G . Smith ; Marylehone , W . J . Highley .
The Secretary stated that he would briefly explain the reasons why that meeting had been called . They were met ' to take into consideration the necessity of a renewed and vigorous metropolitan agitation during the ensuing autumn and winter months ' and the Executive , feeling assured that they , as the representatives of the various localities , must be better informed of the present position and the prospects which existed in their several districts , were desirous of bearing from them a plain statement of facts relative thereto , and would also be most happy to receive from them any suggestion which might tend tO create a concentrated , harmonious , and effective agitation .
Mr . Sheppard stated that in Limehouse and Ratcliffe they had a vast amount of ignorance to contend with . They had , however , a goodly number of active members , who were resolved to do their utmost during the ensuing winter to break up new ground , and he be iieved that his locality mig ht be relied on to do their duty in carrying out the objects for which they had met . Mr . Nichols said that the Hoxton locality had only been commenced three weeks . They
had twenty-three members , and all who ha , d . joine d w ' cro not only paying but working members . They had established a Tract propoganda , and formed themselves into sections as district visitors and tract distributors . Mr . Nichols , at some length , detailed the plan they had adopted , which gave such satisfaction that he was requested to send copies thereof to the ' Northern Star , ' ' Reynolds ' s Newspaper , ' and the Leader , ' for insertion in those journals . that at Char
Mi * . Osborne reported , present - tism was in a very low position in Finubury ; they had worked hard , and by their exertions obtained possession of on excelb-nt hall ; and he was authorised to state that the free use thereof would be g iven to the Executive every Tuesday evening , and he also was confident , that with the assistance of the Executive , great good might be done in the district . Mr . Mr . Osborne said he was instructed to suggest that a monthly conference of the whole of the metropolitan members be held , and that the Metropolitan Delegate Council be reorganised . Mr . Newsome spoke in corroboration , and added that they were about printing addresses and tracts for distribution .
Mr . Cooper said , that great prejudice existed against Chartism in Greenwich . They had established a Tract Fund , and were abont to commence a regular propagandise by the distribution of tracts ; and Mr . Floyd added that they had a room in which they met regularly , and trusted that during the winter they should make considerable progress . Messrs . Delaforce , Farrah , Pilteret , Smith , and Highley , briefly reported from their localities , to the effect , that although they could uot boast of what they were doing at the
present time , still they hoped that ere long their localities would be in a more flourishing position . The majority were in favour of tracts as the best means of spreading Democracy . Mr . R eynolds and the Chairman asked many questions relative to the movement , which were promptly answered ; and the Chairman having thanked the friends for the valuable information they had given , it was agreed , on tho motion of Messrs . Reynolds and Grassby , « That this meeting be adjourned till
National Charter Association Offices—14,...
Wednesday evening , August 20 th , and that the Bermondsey , Crown and Anchor , Lambeth , and Washington localities be requested to send representatives on that evening . ' Signed on behalf of the Committee , ' John Armott , Gen , Sec
Exexer.—Mr. Ernest Jones Delivered A Lec...
EXEXER . —Mr . Ernest Jones delivered a lecture in this city , on . the 5 th instant , on 'Class Interestand Class Laws , v . the Laws of God and Man , ' After the lecture , the Rev . Archer Gurney , curate of Holy Trinity , addressed the meeting with the best of fueling for the people's cause , disputing some points advanced by Mr . Jones , who challenged the rev . gentleman to a discussion , which was accepted , and is to take place in about three weeks . Mr . Jones ' s lecture has been the means of inducing many to join the association , and the forthcoming discussion ' excites the deepest interest .
Finsbdry Scientific Institution —Oh Friday evening William Worseldine delivered a lecture on "The olyntbues and philippics of Demosthenes . " The lecturer , - speaking of the oration of iEi * -hiHe » on the Crown , and that . of Demosthenes in repiy thereto , said that Ctesiphon having moved the Senate to make a decree ( for confirmation by the popular . Assembly ) , to bestow upon Demosihenes jl ^ UJkav crown , ^ -jchinciimpeaolied him on . the ground of illegality . Never r a » : 6 htest carried on ffith SO much eloquence and spirit , and never waa a cause more fanned into . a bl . ize' by the partiz ^ ns of both orators—the issue of which was the triumph of Demosthenes , who said that—" The decree scattered like a valour the danger which hovered over Greece . " - There never was an orator more famous for brilliancy of language aild spirit , stirring impetus , combined too with large
and dignified views of polity and human nature . The lecturer , after descanting upon the bubject , alluded to the late grand display of oratory between Lord Stanley ( now the Earl of Derby ) , and irf > rd ruiraerston , on the Greek Question . The lecturer was loudly applauued , and was honoured with a vote of thanks . Johs-Stkbet Locality . —On Tuesday evening last the tenth discussion on " The relative menu of Free-trade and Protection , " took place in the coffee-room of the Institution . Mr . A . Bate in the chair . Messrs . Weston , Llewellyn , Delaforce , Turley , Diilryinple , Read , Slocombe . ^ and Campbell having expressed their opinions thereon , it was agreed , on the motion of Messrs . Turley and Arnott , that the question for discussion on next Tuesday evening should be—*• What is the radical cure for the present social condition 01 society ?"
KEwCiSTLK-ON-T * NE .--The quarterly meeting of the Democratic Reading Room and Charter Association was held on the 3 rd inst—Mr . Gunn in the chair—when the following members were appointed a committee for the current quarter : —William Johnston , Jfeile M'Quin , George Grant , James Charlton , James Hay , James Watson , Jonittihffln Rhyne , Joskh Thomas , Alexander Gunn , James Cairns ; James Walaer , Treasurer ; John Brown , Financial Secretary ; Augus M'Leod , Corresponding Secretary , 2 , Melborne-street , Gateshead , to whom all communications will please be addressed . R 0 CHB 4 LB . — -The Committee of the Polish
Hungarian Refugees held a special meeting on the Cth inst ., for the purpose of considering the best means to obtain the release of Kossuth . After a lengthy discussion , the following resolutions were agreed to : — " That a requisition be presented to the cnief constable of the uorougb , requesting him to call a public meeting , to memoralise Lord Paluierston for the rel .-ase of Kossuth , late Governor of Hungary , That we , the Rochdale committee , do ncouimend the country to get up public iiieetiiigs ill all parts , so that a simultaneous movement may bo made throughout-the country , as we feel convinced that- ii something is not done , Kossuth will still beheld in bondage . "
Finsbdry Literary and Scientific Institution , Leicester-place , Saffron-hill , On Sunday evening Mr . Broom lectured at this neat and eouunodioua place . Subject : "The life of llenry the VIII . " Tne lecturer , with considerable power , delineated the varying shades of the character of this iron willed , ana despotic monarch . Learned in all ttl u ilCQuireuU'Ilts Ot " the past , possessed of a deep uiMgiit into human character , daring and ambitious , though versatile in politics , possessed in his jounger days of great personal advantages and power of address , he maintained his influence abroad ngaiuss two of the most powerful mon . rchs that had ever , at one time , striven for the mastery of Europe . At home rebellion after rebellion in vain endeavoured to shake his power . The dominion of Itorne was thrown off to gratify a mere
evanescent caprice ; tho whom power of the priesthood was set at nought . Tho monasteries were destroyed and their revenues confiscated , almost uetore an arm could be raised iu their defence , until , swollen with vanity and power , he deemed himself above all human feelings , and sacrificed con > ort after consort to his brutal lust , with as little remorse as he telt towards his political foes . All these trait were dwelt upon and illustrated by theleetuter , iu addition to which the characters of his various wives—of Wolsey , Cromwell , Cavendish , Cranuier and others were given , Thft luciurw concluded at a very late hour , by urging upon his audience to imitate one great feature in the character of Henry , his unswerving unbending resolution ; let . them , be determined to succeed , and oustacle > would vanish before them . Resolution was the
talisman that ever insured victory . This he illustrated by numerous examples , especially by the sueeess that h . id attended themselves in the steps they bad taken to bring to justice the perpetrators of the late police outrage in Plumtree court . The lecture was well attended . DaiilestoNb . —At a meeting lately held at this p lace , Mr . Ernest Jones delivered a lecture on the recent conspiracy case of the Tin Plate Workers ot Wolverhampton , after -which the following resolution was adopted : — " That this meeting- lias witnessed with rvgeet the proceedings oi the Mt-ssrs . Perrys , in the late trial at Siaffo ; d , against nine t
the working men ot the Trades' Union , tor an alleged conspiracy . We feel it our duty ^ to sympathise with the men , and to do all wo can to assist them iu obtaining a reversal of their conviction . " FlNSBiMY . —The asual weckiy meeting was held on Sunday ni g ht , at the Crystal Coffee-house , 21 , Vine-street , North end of llatton Garden , when it was finally resolved that a halfpenny weekly Democratic Journal should be published by Mr . P . Johnson , and that Mr . B . O'Brien be requested to conduct the same . Communications to be addressed to Mr . Cater , 12 , Compion-stveet , Clerkenwell . Ttie chairman announced that the quarterly meeting of members would take on the 17 th hist .
. National Reform Leagdb . — The quarterly meeting of the members took , ph . ee on Monday last at the Eclectic institute , Denmark-street , Souo . A most encouraging report was read , and the thanks of the League were given to those Democratic newspapers who had helped to inform and instruct the people . Alter a most gratifying chitchat the meutKig scpaiaicd .
Iilattcnal Lianu Contptim)
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Bhadfobd (Yorkshirb).--At A Meeting Of M...
Bhadfobd ( yoRKSHiRB ) .--At a meeting of members , held ou Sunday last at their room , Hopestreet , the propriety of joining the National Loan society was oucussed , when it was sigreed that the rules should be . obtained , and a determination expressed that the property of the Company should uot be di sposed of to the opponents of the working classes . ^
National Loan Society, At The Usual Meet...
NATIONAL LOAN SOCIETY , At the usual meeting on Wednesday evening correspondence of a satisfactory nature was read . Messrs . Hewitt and Batten having audited the accounts for the previous quarter , reported their correctness . It appeared that loans had been granted on scrip to the amount of between £ 60 and £ 70 , and that scrip to a considerable amount had been deposited with Mr . Sewell ^ one of the trustees . The officers having given their services , the only items of expense were for printing , stationery & c . Several Joans were granted , and an address adopted , which want of space compels us to dostpone until next week .
Oxe Hundred Dollars Hare Been Offerrd Th...
Oxe hundred dollars hare been offerrd through the American tract society , forthe besttractagainst the use of tobacco . Time for competitors , until the 1 st of November .
Oxe Hundred Dollars Hare Been Offerrd Th...
AGB , iu % F « J ? AHD MANUFACTURES , THL 1 R RELATION TO SOCIETY . On Sundav evening Mr . S . Kydd delivered a feature upon tho above subject at the Institutibn , John-street , T ottenbam-court-road . lie commenced by stating that 100 years ago the learned Abbe ileury , a work on the " Jewish Nation , " stated that 1 he peasant fed the citizen , the ecclesiastic , and the ge . utleman . . This was a simple , hut a fundamental truth—one which would never change . So self-evident did it appear that agriculture was the root of the strength and greatness of a state , that he was astonished ihafc men claiming credit ft ) Y
intelligence should raise the cry that tho manufacturing should predominate above every other interest . " Yet that was the cry of nine-tenths of the active mind of this country—a cry that had reached the House of Commons , and that the Press repeated day by day and m ^ ek by week . So uni versal had this idea become , that when a season of d « ll trade occurred , and men found it difficult to procure labour , and capitalists found they could not ijet remunerative employment for their capita ) , tho only remedy which presented itself to their minds was to extend their commerce and look abroad for new markets ; whereas , if they would hut direct 'their attention to the resources of the
. -oil m their own land , they need not go searching for fveslunv . irkets in China or America . . If autho " ritj waswanted in favour of agriculture being the foundation of . 1 state ,, they had the universal expei ience 6 fall ages—th ' . 'y had the written convictibtijj of the greatest and wisest men to which this or ' wiy other . country gave birch . ^ l ^ JSccon declared that tbedecline of a state began when manufactures and inerchahdise m > re in the ascendant . What was the opinion of a Manchester Cotton Spinner to that of Lord Bacon ? Ho did not despise the opinions of the manufacturers , but they were not philosophers , and'looking at the question with an eye to their o « h interest , they took only a contr < ctcd view of it , one utterly at variance with bur national greatness and stability . Benjamin
Franklin was an author much quoted by the econo mists , but they only quoted a portion of his writings . Franklin said there were only tlireo Ways by which a nation could be enriched . War ,, as was the case with the Romans , which was plunder ; commerce which was generally cheating ; and agriculture , which was the application of labour , to aid tne natural operations of nature , and which brought its peaceable reward many fold . CoIeridiiG —the many-minded Coleridge—writing of the present system of political economy , said that he dishonored a syati-m which was at war with every feeling that was pure and natural iu tho history of the past , and he had no sympath y with those men who cared not it the fields of England wore covered with 1 ; it » , in order that the people might be forced
to look abroad for their food . All history showed that a people could not remain great at home and respected abroad , unless they fully developed the natural resources of their own country . He was not opposed lo manufactures , they were essential to the happiness and welfare of a nation . Manufactures , in relation to agriculture , was as a son to a father , both in infancy and maturity . It was unwise to disregard tho motto of ' Speed thv Plough . " How was it that the present strife had arisen between manufactures and agriculture ? that to-day one pirty was in the ascendant in the senate , and to-morrow the other ; that tho nation was split into two rival parties ? The very existence of this . 'iiit . itroni . -ini was a proof of the ignorance of those who created and sustained it . The great object of society was to establish harmony ; these two interests were bound together by the strongest ties possible ; neither interest should rulebut both
, should rule in their turn , Agriculture came first , manufactures next , and commerce and maritime power was the tie which bound them together ; and until this union was effected , they would fail to attain to real greatness ahvoad , or happiness at home . How was it that the manufacturing interest had arisen to such an immense power in this country—that the tfanehu-tcv Chamber of Commerce pos-essed more influence than the British legislature ? England was a great couniry comparatively , and her people were happy , comparatively / when manufactures w .-re hut in their infancy . Manufacturing property was but of yesterday ' s growth ; it dated its rise only from a period of 100 or 120 years . Prior to then , small manufactories were scattered over the lace of the whole country ; traces of their xi > tCIICe W 0 f 0 still tO b ( 5 met with , telling them that < mce in that place they had "a . local habitation and a name . " The
inventions 01 Ilargieaves , Arkvmght , acd Watt had concentrated the manufacture of most of our leading branches in Lancashire and Yoi'Kfhil'e , and a few men , chiefly the children of puor men , had , by this machinery , been enabled to acquire immense wealth , and thus to obtain power both in and out of parliament . Its effects on the moral : md social welfare of the community were soon gyon—the people were withdr » iTji from the agricultural districts to the large towns . The census of 1851 showed that there was a less population in our agricultural districts than in ISil ; and there was less in 1841 , than in 1811 ; whilst the populations of the large towns and cities had greatly increased . Other circumst . inces had contributed to bring about this result . The landholders ,
participating in this increase of wealth , ceased to regard the peasants as fellow-beings ; with the hope of decreasing their poor rates they annihilated all the sm ill farms upon their- estates , Jispossesfed tiie majority of the cottagers , and pulled down their houses by wholesale . They bartered with the manufacturers to receive all the paupers of the agricultural districts at so much per head , ignurantly thinking thereby to consolidate their . supremacy , though at the same time they were fatally undermining it . The Macclesfield Chronicle for 1816 contained an advertisement from a manufacturer , offering to take one pauper idiot for every nineteen sane ones . { ShAme . } They continued to work this system until they worked up the blood , bones , and sim-ws
of the paupers of England . Our manufacturing system had been built up at the expense of all that was true and good in the nature of imm . Our philanthropists and manufacturers expressed themselves astonished at the vice which abounded in our manufacturing districts . They were astonished that the majority of children should die so young . To remedy the evil they established soup kitchens and charity schools . After having enriched themselves by producing these results , they pretend to remedy them by a vain parade of personal bene volcncc . It ffas with feelings akin to those that In . - ( . Mr . Kydd ) stepped out of the Crystal Palace to view Prince Albert ' s model cottages . He meant not to throw discredit on the intentions of the Prince , but those who kllCW tllC history of
the past could but fmile at the attempt to reform tho future by the erection of a few model cottages . Tho people must lake their affairs out of the hands of a set of cunning gamblers , who cared not whether themselves or their opponents won provided the people were kept in subjection . They must make the press of tho kingdom , and , where possible , the pulpit resound with their demand lor political power . England wasdrnnk with the greatness of her own handiwork , llev brain was apoplectic . The thought that she had mechanical and chemical power equal to that of 600 millions of aduite , that she commanded the ocean , and monopolised the commerce of the world , that one ^ f ber single machines set thousands of spindles in motion , was overpowering to her judgment , and
she was inclined to how down and worship this power which gave her command over the material universe , forgetful that all this was hut mere cunning and skill , unless it proved advantageous to the moral and social happiness of the majority Ol mankind . ( Cheers ) What had machinery done for the benefit of the masses ? Dr . Bcwring , iu 1835 , informed the House of Commons ( Mr . Kydd here read mug extracts ) that from six to eight hundred thousand hand-loom weavers were reduced from comparative plenty to sUtV & Uon by the introduction ol the power loom ; but much as he ( Dr . Uowring ) regretted this individual suffering—it was part ot the law of progression , and their suffering ultimately tended to the benefit of the nation . Dr . JJotvrmg told them that machinery superseded manual labour . Ho did not s-iy that it aided it , or thai
it al / evlated its sufferings—only that it superseded it . What did the weavers gain by it ?—Starvation ! Yet it was the law of nature ; and they must go o » progressing ! What ! progressing in superseding manual labour ! Progressing in starvation ! until hunger produced a revolution , or until , like the peop le of Ireland , worn down by famine , millions perished of hunger . ' They were told by Dr . Porter , " t hat the national good could not be purchased , siive at the expense of some individual evil ; " which meant that manual labour should be superseded , and men die of starvation . First , the weavers suffered for the benefit of the nation ; then the cabinet makers ; then the framework knitters ; then the agricultural population , & C . Who did they mean by the nation ? Was it the tailors , the shoemaker !* , tho hatters , the glovers , & c ., or who was the naion ? Not one 0 ? these classes ; for they all suf-
Oxe Hundred Dollars Hare Been Offerrd Th...
fered by the present system . He would get John Stuart Mill to answer this question . Mr , Kydd tluni read an extract iVom that celebrated writer , averring that "he doubled if a single working mmi bad benefited b y the . introduction of machinery ; it was onl y a few of the middle class , and the great , manufacturers who had been enabled to profit by it . " These men , in their own estimation , were the nation . Tet men , for daviug to withstand this ruinous doctrine were stigmatised as ignorant ami bigoted . Dr . Dowring asserted " that societywas m a transition state , and that the present suffering ,, produced by tho suspension-of manual labour , would ultimately cense . Would Dr . Bowrini : stop improvement in machinery ? So ' . Then ft the cause continued in existence , how could the effect cease ? ( Loud cheers . ) If he will have , as ho asserts , no limit to improvement or competition how can ho put any limit to the displacement 0 ! manual labour and consequent srarvathn * ( Cheers )
1 no lecturer t ] jcn pursued this question , dwelling upon some articles in the Times , upon the Tinplate Workers' Case , and upon the improved machinery—manufacturing aud agriculvuval—now oxhihiting in the Crystal Palace . He then dwelt upon the effects of our system of manufactures upon other nations , and read official reports from the Governor-General of India , . fee . ; showing that the introduction of our ' power-loom goods had entires destroyed the cotton , weaving trace in Ihdia , though some years ago they exported eight million pieces of cotton goods to . England , besides large quantities to America and other places . The effect ol this , according to the report of the Governor ol India , had , under their pep . uiiar system of caste , boon to cause the death of mi ' liibns of the natives by starvation . ( Cries of " Shame . " ) The lecturer then dwelt upon its effects in America ; and concluded by advocating , at some length , the establishment ol a board of labour similar to the board of
trade , hanng . powor to regulate the introduction of now machinery , and to enforce compensation where necessary . The machinery of the board could be formed something after the model of that for the alteration of the Patent Laws . During a long lecture the speaker was much applauded .
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Central Co-Operative Agency. A Meeting I...
CENTRAL CO-OPERATIVE AGENCY . A meeting in connexion with the Ceutral Co-operative Agency took place 011 Friday night at Blagrove ' s Concert Rooms , Mortmier-sti-ecfc . . Mr . E , Vuusittart Noale occupied the chair , aud iu the course of a 'few observations stated the object of tho agenuy to be the prom . 'tion of " Christian Socialism . " He introduced to the meeting Mr . T . Ramsay , who delivered a lecture explanatory of the principle by which tho agency was
guidedthe principle of mutual co-operation for the mutual good . The lecturer commenced b y explaining the meaning of the term Socialism ' , which he defined as the embodiment of a great principle involving the public interest . He then glanced at the manifold evils which the present state of society presented , and drew therefrom an argument for the establishment of the co-operative system . Although he did not maintain that the social principle was a panacea lor all the ills to which flush is heir , yet he held that by it the condition of mankind might be made something like what it
was intended to be—the love of one ' s neighbour overruling the corrupt principle of soifishiicbs . The operation of the Bullish principle he traced through all the ramifications oi church and state , and then went on to remark at some length on the character of the earl y church , which " was popular because it was social . " He concluded , by urging ou the acceptance of his hearers the Bible principle ol truth — that principle on which Christian Socialism was based—as the only principle whereon society could liave a sure and lasting foundation . Al r . Lloyd Jones then gave a few dutails connected with the Socialist movement
throughout the country , lie stated that the working men were joining together aud opening stores to supply themselves with food and clothing , in order to protect themselves from the numerous frauds of dealers . This , however , was but one step towards tho full adoption of the co-operative system , l ) Ut it was ; a step which was being taken with eminent success by the industrious working classes , in almost every district of tho kingdom . The chairman having made a few observations , the proceedings of the evening were wound up by a plentiful service of tea , coffee , and other refreshments .
Pllotection And Fuee Thade Meeting Ik Bb...
PllOTECTION AND FUEE THADE MEETING IK BBTUNAL-GUBES . 10 THE EDITOR OP THE SORTHEUS STAR , Sir , —1 beg leave to subjoin a copy of the petition unanimously adopted at the public met-tint held in lii-tiinal-greoti , Tower ll-tiiiics , on tllC 29 th ult ., to Consider the effects of Free Trade . Tliis petition , numerously signed , having been presented by G . F . Young , Esq ., M . P ., in the Commons , the papers of the following daydesignmed it as from a " Boily of Chartists praying for the five point * , of the Charter , " and that it was received with daughter . Jf , Sir , the statement of Hie poverty of the people and their want of employment is to be received thus with derision and insult , it is to be hoped that those who have votes will use them at the next election , which CiUUlOt 1 ) 0 far distant , against every supporter of the premxt Whig Free Trade Government , and those who have no vvtua will receive their toois ns thay deserve with every legal opposition ; out I leave the petition to speak for itself .
lam , bir , One or the Meetixo . ( This is a Cupy of the petition . ) The following petition , unanimously adopted by a public meeting helii in lltihnal-grccn , borough of the iow Hamlets . UuMlieetfully Sheweih , That your petitioners are almost entirely of the unrepresented—consequently , powerless and uucured for working ulaiMsj ! , an . durem > w rcdoued to ilm most pitiable cuuuition Ijy rente , taxes , and other exactions , over which they have no control ; imd , in especial manner , tliey com ; lain i . f watitofMiijiloyineiit throiiiiil lhat coiispiruuy ui usurfi-. - iunl t-mpt y « vs to reduce wagee—falsely denominate , ! I ' m Trade
That this false and delusive Free Trade ( so-called j . - proclaimed hy its intercMcu advocates to furnish tt cheap loaf , whilst , in reality , it is taking away our means oi buying it at almost any price , by trniihferrmg our labour W lightly taxed fureumn's , thereby r , during u- fast to the state of Ireland ' s * misery , with the pruspict of extermination by exile and famine , like the two millions of its inhabitants rcccnlly annihilated in that wretched country , as proved by the present . census returns . Your petitioners nray jour honourable house to enact that Universal •'• uffrage , and the other five points of tht I ' cotile ' s Charter , become the , law of the land , so that
ev . ry man in these kingdoms may he represented , and have some control over public affairs through his repre-¦ si'iitatires , freely ehoitii without any restriction ; and also that vthile your petitioners remain , as at present , overtaxed and over whelmed , via ^ es sluves , over whom c ipitalists hold the power of life and death , by giving or uithh- lding employment , that u series of laws be speedily paused to restrain the tyranny of money-capital , itb absorption of all property on its own terms , and the extermination of all remunerative labour by usurers , aud that the home market be preserved inviolate , to the British producer . Aud your petitioners will pray , Ac-
The Political Victims' Association. On S...
THE POLITICAL VICTIMS' ASSOCIATION . On Sunday last the members met at Mr . Puddridge ' s ; Mr . Gurney in the chair . The minutes ui the previous meeting having been confirmed , The Secketart announced that the Trustees of r . he l ^ rai-on Chape ) , Beriijondxej , had placed the oliapel as the disposal of the association at anytime , on their paying for the gas . . Mr . O'liniEN said that the National ltetorm League ha < i authorised him to state , that tho ussouhition could have the use of their hall gratuitously , is often as they pleased , and for any purpose that had humanity'for its object . The case of Mr , Fowler , undergoing criminal imprisonment for non-payment of poor rates , was postpoim' 1 till the next meeting .
Mr . Bekeu proposed;— " That the association hold a public meeting at the Eclectic Institute , on Tuesday , the 19 th inst ., to expose the Neapolitan atrocities ' , and hold such conduct up to popular indignation . "
The Political Victims' Association. On S...
Mr . Pnotimo , in seconding the modwi , wal happy to sec that tho association was < -xt » -uUiwi-its . sympathies to other victim- , nltnouvti tiVy had "eei ; neglect ,. ' 1 hem . M-lves l > y those waVougut tQ Ua ayi'ipaihisud with them . 1 ho proposition was unanimously agreed to . lhe seewary was i . i » trm : te . l to invite IV . E . Waitoone , i , „ q ., M . P ., to take the chair ; mid to 0 . 1 ., WUers ol mvitaiiun to the Earl of Aberdeen aild viscount Pulmerston . Alter transacting other business , a vote of thanks « as given to the chanman , and the iiieetiuy * cpaa . eu , highly delighted with th « . prospects of iuture -uct-ess . 1 he room was crowded to suffeuatiuii . J . M . Bhvsox , Secretary ^
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I Vice Chancellor's Court. (Before Sif J...
I VICE CHANCELLOR'S COURT . ( Before Sif J , K . Barjcis . ) KX-PAKTE FKAKu-lfS O ' COKIWJU , IS THE yiATTt . R Ot THE SATIOXAL LAND Cu . MPA . N 7 , A . VO OF AN ACT 10 1 DlsaoLYJi THK SAME , AKD J . V XUK MATTUK OF TUB . WINDING-UP ACTS , This was the petition of Mr , FcurguB O'Connor , Vita of Notting-lull-terrace , but now of No . ] o , Great Windmill-street , Siaihig , chat iu lliid the Chartist Ou-viperaUVG Laud Society was projected , and wjm provisionally registered in 1840 , under the statute 7 th and 8 tlt of her Majesty ' s reigu , under the liilu oi . ' tho National Land Company j' that by the i deed of settlement ol' the Company the object uas declared to be the purchasing of land in various parts of the United Kingdom , .-. tud erecting thereon dwellings to be allotted to the members , » n > . \ the raising of u fund o \ U of which sums of money ehould bo paid to the members , being allottees of land , the capital ol the Company ; that the capital should be £ 130 , 0 U 0 , in 100 , 000 shares of £ 1 Us . each , ivltich vt . * :. ft st i ' f . m-. WMViiR itvr ^ iwicuorJ tt \ \\ t % >
£ 155 , 000 , in 150 , 000 shaves of the above amount each ; that by the act ; which received the U-. iyal tis-etit ,-riu ' { 'lut-.-sday last , •!» : ¦ 7 th instant , the Company was '« iry . » j . i ; ciy ' u ! s & o « ed '; tuSFit n-as rln-ooj i-nnetcd il . iit the C-. ^ rt o ; Oliaiicery tli ouid , on the petition ' ot Air . Fcargus O'Connor , his heirs , executors , or admiaistrators , or of uny ubscrSbfei-. to the Company ,. m * » ay claimant against its ttVSests , niaiie' an " order ab-oiuto referring it to one of tht'Masters of the Court to ' . iiml up the tifliiirs of the Uoii : pan \ ; that noadvertiseuieiu but y : ie Siniil . tr zo tlm une n i , ' ; i < -e < i by the U'imlirifr-uji Acts t-b . tilS b .: necessary , xit ; .- petition ihcii stated that Mr . O'i . ' wiiiiui- iv . is uesirous thai the alfittrsof' the Cuihpunj- should Ue wuuiitl up , and prayed the same accordingly . Mr . W . JI . Jh ..-.:, trr supported th- ' petition , ami reiiuested that the 'vfsieiiee might be suit to the vacation Alastcr . His Honour niiule tne uruer .
To^Ywattto Snfrufgentf.
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Ilradfonn Tvohkino-Mkn's Co-Operative Ab...
IlRADFOnn TVoHKINO-Mkn ' s Co-operative Absocjatiok . — The Bradford store opened lor the lirsfc time on Saturday evening , May tfl , for tho suit ) of provisions aud clothing , and has continued business with success on Monday , Wednesday , and Friday evenings in each week , from six to nine p . m ., and on Saturday irom four to eleven o ' clock , We havfi seventy-four members . Tho average amount of business done is about £ 25 » c » -k ! y upon ; i capital
ot £ 120 . Besidci i-tie provisions and grocery business , —the principal of which goods arc suppiicu us by tho " London Oo-oper-aive Agency , " Charlotte * street , —wc have entered into the undo of j-tuS pieces , which we are able to < lo adv-intageoti ly , as their whole process from beginning to end i > personally condueted and mi peril , tended by several of our members , whose long cxpe * rieiit-0 of these articles has given them a perfect liM >« led « u in manufacturing superior goods , and imparting an improved texture in theiinishing , Tiis tollowing is a list of what we are now in a position to supply both retail and wholesale , at an even lower scale of prices than any extensive merchant in tho town , resulting from tho many peculiar advantages wo possess .
Alerinos , Orleans , Coburg cloths , Alpaca lustres , for Coat iinings , waistcuatin ^ , « fce . ; and A ' pa .: a mixtures of every description tor dresses . We have already sent , off sevoial consignments of Alpaca lustresforcoatliiiingstothe Casile-itreot ana Joint-Stock Tailors' Associ . ilions , Loudon , whoswt ' - - that il . icy do exceedingly « cil . We have :. Uo just Ct . inpletod arratigiuunts for supplying mernoeis v . ita coals , which « Ul iu it ifiii . vt mutwuro poieeb thc : a from the gross impo . it ¦ -. ¦ u now pinotir-eii in-re by coal dealers . On Snlunuiv lii .-.. t , 2 uth iiu ., wo received ocv first consignment , a' tmi » trum ibe Co-operative Hat MaliufiMitUVvVh ' , Manchester , wliir . li lias
proved highly satislactory to all , —so much so that another ovdvv of-a . down has uecu sjwc . fiiy gut up and sent off .- We have purchased souk- pieces of striped coiton , for sl . irt . ing , o . the Whio-taue Weaving Company , Manchester ; but they being very negligent in attending to our onitii' :, \ w I ' cai wa shall * 0 v obliged tO gO eiseWueTG . Wo have likewise a Utile trade m the silk line , which we should be giad to do with our Macclesfield brethren . Wo .-i ' . so intend to extend our ta'Siness to various olhor commodities , in pro [; Oi uua as our capital , and a knowledge of ImmiCSb luvmim . "W . Suorr , Secretary ,
Facts And Incidents Of The Grea1 Bxulult...
FACTS AND INCIDENTS OF THE GREA 1 BXUlULTLOJt . The receipts at the Crystal Palace on Saturday amounted to £ 1 , 584 15 s ., the number of persons who entered the building being 18 , o ' i 8 . Thia was the first experiment of the reduced entrance fee on Saturdays , i ' rom the sale ' of season tickets , uko reduced m price , £ - ' 5 was realised . In the United State - department twenty four large packages were received . On Monday the number of persons who visited the building was 58 , 034 , the receipts at tile doors being m . m ids .
The new arrivals from tho United States consist clr . eti of agricultural implements and carriages . Several of the latter are handsomely shaped , und remarkable for the lightness of then * construction . The tVii-iuer class do hot differ very much us far as we have yet seen in their features from the old contributions m the same rectum ; their principal characteristics being cheapness and lightness oi draught . E \ cr since the experiuieutiu trial at Tip tj-ce iiii'iu , M " Col-mack's leaping mnoiiltii- has been ill ! iiiijuet of intense interest auii-ng the agriculturists who nave visited the ISxmbition . Is ' ow that harve » tiuy oput-ivtions have commenced , its meriCH might very readily bo tested on a scale so extended sis to leave no doubt on the public mimi with respect to them If it turns out , a . 8 ttfcctive as its oxhihitot states us value to the English farmer will be enormous .
Proposed JIdsicum of the Works of isdustry . — It is the intention ff the lliA .-tl Commissioners to form a museum , containing specimens and drawings Of all the objects of interest in the Crystal Palcec , to remain as a national record of the KsiiibilioP . With this view , they have issued circulars to the exhibitors , requesting thorn to co-operate in the design . ' Tho cash taken at the doors on Tuesday nmcuiilc . l tO £ 2 833 10 s ., ami t * 5 , Cf > -i persons visited the building . Ou Wednesday only one season ticket was sold . The- money taken at . the doors am uuted to £ 2 , 2 ( j'L 10 s . ( making tbe total receipt * £ ! i , 2 G 5 10 a . iiu ) police report-i ; iWd the nuiilbiT of visitors us ¦ i uSlT .
( 7 n 'Ihut-sday ± . 2 , 3 Sh was the amount ta '^ eu at tl < e doors , the police rut urn of visitors heinj -l J , -t " C . Tho rcccip's from half-crowns on Friday amounted to £ 3 , 051 7 a ., and the number of visitors w 1 , 20 , 850 . Eitkcts OF Low Railway Faues . —The low fares at winch the Midland and Great Northern railways an * conveying passengers to London , have stimulated the cur . o-ity of the humbler classes to visit the Exhibition in a very extraordinary de » roe . A . trip to . Loudon and bm lc lor 5 s . is what no One dreamed of seeing . Tens of thousands have gone front the West Hiding within the last two of three weeks ; and not only have persons gono who possessed tho p'cuuiai-y means , but great numbers have raised the means by pawning watches , blauhets , aud other articles . We hear that the pawnbrokers of York aud many other towns in tho country are lull of pleuged articles . — Leeds Mercury .
Whilst The Lord M^Yor Wr^ Visiting The G...
Whilst the Lord M ^ yor wr ^ visiting the gardens And w-Atcvworks at "Versailles on Sunday , a » irl of loose character all at once rushed on M . ' fj—^ a rcspectablo Ivadesman , who was with his wife ' in tha crowd , and reproached him in violent terms with having abandoned hor . He assured her that she mistook him for nu-tber , but : * lie continued toheap abuse on him . Tho wife asked her if it was ivalfy M . B—that she wanted . On heai-ins tho name the girl cried , , "Ah , I am mistaken then , » ut the resemblance is so extraordinary ? " ami she hurried away . M . B- was » lad to get rid oi her , but a littio after he found that his « ohi VYjileh and chain had diaappeared , —Galigncmi . " Ihtt'l'iedmoincse Gazette ' - stated that , on tho 1 st inst ., the Arve i ; S . ivov , ovetflowed its banks
iiml caused a frightful inundationAll-the . cQiuury around HouneviHo ami Tliyez tilt ! potato harvest id cntircly washed away , tuidn large ^' ruined in consequence . Tho '• timuny has suffered much
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Aug. 16, 1851, page 1, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_16081851/page/1/
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