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DEMbCEATIC. Mat 18, " 1850. A ITHE ^N;0R...
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bSh DEMbCEATIC . MOVEMENT. ThA Irishman ...
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. Impbi soxmest op A Lusatic—A few days ...
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THE TEN HOURS QUESTION.; 2- fle followin...
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THE TEN ! HOURS BILL. CEETIKG OP TnE " B...
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the condition of england V ' ^V.^- mQ^^....
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•BRITISH COLLEGE OF HEALTH, New Road, Lo...
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GuHBownnn.—Ia the manufacture of gunpowd...
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Transcript
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
Additionally, when viewing full transcripts, extracted text may not be in the same order as the original document.
Dembceatic. Mat 18, " 1850. A Ithe ^N;0r...
. Mat 18 , " 1850 . A ITHE ^ N ; 0 R ^ H ^ R 1 ^ } S |» AR . 7 ' ir i I ¦ " ' ' "¦"• - - " . ¦ ¦ - ^ ^^^^ ¦ ¦ " ' " ^^ SSJJJ ^^ M ^ WMWMMjaMiiMiM ^ MwMMMiMiMMni ^ - ^ b- ^ ..
Bsh Dembceatic . Movement. Tha Irishman ...
bSh DEMbCEATIC . MOVEMENT . ThA Irishman of Saturday last contains ret ! nf meetirigs inDublin , Cork . Kilkenny , SS-oii-Suir , & c , & c . The correspon-Sfeace from the last named place contains the foBowfriS s —* * he nriesthood and the satellite of the alien go-JSfcare as usual leagued in this town to fftish manhood , and perpetuate Irish misery ^ Jrinn and disgrace . ^ The police were busily mb iSfe theTholeof Saturday and Sunf in taring down the placards announcing the * £ demonstration of tbe Tipperary Democrats , gr kThddhere onSuhdaynext . " when these exeto ne uc' . _ .. ted whvthev brnVn the » ^^^ " . - '« . * m . mm rvTrrorraVTm
fetich they were paid to preserve , hy pulling ?^? 5 acard which ™ ****** "fe al , ' ^ ^ bvfosulthig and robbing the public , whose ^« n « th ey were , the only reply they condes ZnMi to make was , that "whether the placard *^ wal or aiegal , they would pull it down . " S % ead Constable , attended by another policen also severely threatened the person from ° ? nm tbe democratic rooms are rented , and or-J « SlMm . onpain otthe high displeasure ofthe SSotities . '' to eject them forthwith . But these J «> Tthv efforts to crush Democracy in
thislocamy have hau qiute wewu »«* j « . « .. * w < uumucn ^ earnest recruits are steadily swelling our ranks . Kievetobe obliged to report , thatthe welled pampered tools of that foreign power that ^ es an d debauches our gallant people , have m ^ parish priest an auxiliary far mora powerful TT * . »» This reverend gentleman has considered ahUduty to preach " passive obedience" from the tar on Sunday evening last , and to denounce Soseprinciples of " liberty , fraternity , and equa ls '' wMch the B « mocrats cherish and love , and Si the popular voice of Europe has proclaimed xi t hunder .
"We give the following extracts from tbe editorial articles in the Irishman : — Tekast-Bjgbt . — The greatest possible mistakes and misapprehension prevail with respect to this Northern Tenant-right . They talk of ^ legalising and extending it to the four provinces . It can't be feoalised , and is worthless if it could . Itis ' simply » " custom amounting to this—the landlord settles the figure of rent at bis own arbitrary discretioni ; and as long as the tenant pays this amount , he is
left in undisturbed occupation , ana may sen nis occupancy to any man whom he finds dupe enough to Is not this a pretty bauble to make a noise about—is it not a valuable hold on the soil—is it not most blessedly calculated to make Ireland the happiest of lands , and her people the most prosperous of peasantry ? The landlord won't eject yon go long as you pay the rent . To be sure he will not ; bathe fixes the rent . It may he three , or ten , or fifty times the value , and you have neither appeal n rremedy .
We must give customs , and traditions , and prescriptions , and usages , to the winds of heaven Ireland has no customs hut customs of brute barb arity , plunder , and legal assassination . We will aot build on such . We must take common " sense and common justice as the guide-line of our progress , for if we do other we only end before we have iegan . '' - -. ' ' " 1 ' . ' . - It is perfectnonsense to talk of the existing rights of landlords . The necessity for action is based on the lasting- wrongs of the people , and these must
be righted at whatever cost . The task requires no subtle' diplomacy—it needs no enermouS staff of patriotic committees , fulminating musty statistics , and State blue books . ' Every Hlster yeomari ,, and every Cbnnaught fanner , knows perfectly both the eviland the remedy . BotiiaretoodeepforanActof Parliament . legislators are landlords , and will never consent to cut up their own interests by the roots . XTe must depend on our own strength , and on that alone , and the simple question at present is to brace and consolidate it .
Every man who contributes to that end does a national service , and whoever leads off popular opinion oh a wild-goose hunt after adjustments and compromises , is a traitor to his country whether he designs it or no . The land of Ireland for the people of Ireland , is the broad basis on which every thriving structure must rise . There are , no doubt , ideas which require a gradual development , but there are others which should he decided quick as a mortal combat , and the land is of the latter class . At the present moment there are in powerful existence all the elements for a struggle such as Ireland never saw , and for a victory such as the world has seldom experienced . The Pabiiamest axt > Moxabcht . — That the "Parliament , ' * executive , and all the other specific
expedients for deception and oppression of the people bare long since- become hated , distrusted , and despised , is a truism palpable to , and confessed by , all who have not an interest , vested or other , in the propagation of delusion . No honest Irishman now believes that an English minister has either the power or the will to render the slightest " amelioration . " "We can aU . see with sufficient clearness that her most gracious Majesty , and her most valuable public servants are but a convenient traditionary mask under which some four , hundred and Shy " representatives" of English property , in its various forms , tyrannize over , not Ireland alone , not the home countries only , but the fairest , tbe fertilesi , the most varied , and tbe most extensive
territory that ever history saw , or fable painted , under the sway of one dynasty . Every Irishman sees this . He knows perfectly that the Hanoverian dynasty has sunk into the grave of its predecessors . Its bones have been gathered to the monarchic fathers ofthe empire—4 o the Stuarts and Tudors , and Plantagenets . With the comic solemnity of the melo-drama , we may huzza for the birth of princes royal , or gild with gilded ostentation the advent of- majesty' " on tramp , " but in all we conform . rather to an antiquated custom , then defer to an active power , and we know it . We see that the regime of the Guelphs has been lokm the dynasty of "Parliament , " tha * is in the majority thereof , made up of the-two
aristocracies of England—the mercantile and landed aterests . Moral asd Phtsical-Fokce . —A nation of gaber Innzies never yet made a noise in tbe world ' s pages , and we must throw aside the wallet and slang of the mendicant to handle other tools . Every sane San sees , knows , and confesses this . Look at ¦ O 'Cbnnell himself . Even amid the sanctimonious "loyalty" of the peace resolutions , he never dropped from his hand the phial that held the nostrum for Ireland' s independence . "England ' s weakness is Ireland's opportunity / 'was a maxim worked into almost every speech that he uttered . And what was this but a direct appeal to physical force —what was it hut saying , " let Prance , or some
other foreign power , engage England's right hand , and we shall wrest our own from the left ? " If words hare meaning , or mm has truth , what was tbis but saying , " give us a fair field , make the enemy a match for us , and we'll fight him ? " On this point we take it ; there can be no doubt , but to onr thinking , there are two ways of equalling an uo & jittateb , either hy weakening fhe ' stronger , as O'tonneU proposedTthrough the accidental agency of forei gn attack—or by the morelegithhate mode , of strengthening the weaker , by" bracing up the skews , teaching muscle to grow , aud joints to play , and gathering into one focus the strength of the ? ° ? j by giving him head , heart , activity , and "fining ; by-teuing him honestly what he has to espect , andfwhatis expected of him .
. Impbi Soxmest Op A Lusatic—A Few Days ...
. Impbi soxmest op A Lusatic—A few days since it was accidentally discovered that a young woman , named Charlton , a lunatic , has been confined in a ^ aall attic , about eight feet square * in the house of b 5 rbrother , whokeepsashopin the market-place « Ein » gt on . Tbe person who first discovered her ! S a bricklayer , who was engaged in repairing an "" wining house , and she stated to him that she had "Cen locked up for four years in the same apart-Fat , without fire or a sufficiency of food . The attention ofthe authorities having been called to the CJ se , several meetings of the borough " magistrates ** Cre held for the purpose in inquiring into the truth <* the statements of the imprisoned woman , and
Siey were found to be correct to- a considerable exteat . The magistrates having personally inspected de place in which the young woman was confined , and seen her , they were evidently struck with the a Ppeatanee of the room , or cupboard , " as one of t & magistrates called it , and did not fail to express tbeir disapprobation , especially as there were so ^ aany and better rooms . The young woman was ^ Jhigin bed , and moaning ; she was very pale and ^ aciated—her wrist did not appear thicker thta a wld ' s , and in reply to questions put to her she sard , 111 low , weak voice , she should like to be allowed tcget up and walk in the garden , as she did at her 7 jr e ""* s house , and she badnot enough to eat . Mr ybarlton said thavonnsr woman was very violent had of
^ torn nearly aU one her sister's hair off , *» had not her mother" had her brought there «> 2 would have killed her . The eldest sister was now ? . Bethlem , and the eldest brother was hot right in ^ ffiind . __ xhe magistrates having returned to the n ^ J-hall . instructed their clerk ( Mr . Jemmett ) to r « atthe young woman was forthwith removed * more comfortable and healthy apartment , that ?® « ad not only medical but other attendance , that Jj 5 ^ should be such as was proper and riutriti-•~» and that she should have outdoor exercise when ^^ sary , and" these regulations they _ insisted on , -. v ^ rfy ^ not separate without expressing their * = » aowled gment ofthe services rendered by the **^* bal authorities and the police ; '' *" : ' ' < „ ** J aot a little pole ? " mquireda lady , who ^ rather short an d corpulent , of a crusty old gg ^ "Iw l ( H * k mo »^ e a ^< t *^ wafl ^ e
The Ten Hours Question.; 2- Fle Followin...
THE TEN HOURS QUESTION . ; 2- fle following-letter has been published in the Morning Herald , hut was excluded from theTtmes : — ' TCTI . " TT ? W nnrmn rvim «~ . „ ..
, 10 THE EDITOR OF THB TIMES . . ' ., Sn » »—I would not " sadly misrepresent" ( Lord Ashley ) . I rather search for truth . Isit to be found m Lord Ashley ' s grave ? .. Start not—lord Ashley is dead ! He would have died like Sairison —but the pillars of truth are firm , they , yield not to the coward ' s grasp J By his grave—securely based On justice , they stiU stand—sustaining the factory workers in their " unquestionable right " ( Lord Ashley ) . Those pillars are indelibly inscribed , " The T £ ir . HorjBs Aci" '— be this his epitaph— He lired beloved—he died unwept , Others may tell tbe reason—why .
It would have been more civil had Lord Ashley sent a copy of bis last will arid testament to the delegates in London before he sent that document ( addressed to them ) to you ; then' the . antidote could have appeared with the poison . Twenty-four hours are thus unfairly gained . Sever mind , you fairly appeal to the manufac turing counties—let them answer . I , with yon , wait for theirreply . That ofthe factory delegates now in London has been promptly given—they save it on the rumour
of what was coming . It is short and pithy—viz . " That the . delegates now assembled are of opinion , thatthe factory workers will never consent tO ; any variation from the limitation of ten hours per day , and fifty-eight hours per week , tmfew it be to further shorten the duration of labour . " So think I . We shall see . I am of opinion , that they will be mindful of their vows . Would that Lord Ashley had remembered his ! ' ¦ - ' I will never yield I will die in the last ditch . ' "—( Lord Ashley ) . In that " ditch let him be buried ; adding to his epitaph : —
" The factory operatives believed and loved him to the last . " It is a fact ; the very day leforehe fell ,- the factory delegates in London passed a vote of " continued confidence in Lord Ashley V ' Shall I prophesy ? tfthis government stands , the ghost of Lord Ashley will have a place . ' . I remain , * Sir , yorir most obliged servant , ' -- Richard Oasileb , Broadstairs , Kent , May 9 th , 1850 .
From a letter addressed to Mr . James Mills . Factory Delegate , also pubUsbediii the Herald , we give thei following extracts : ¦— ... Lord Ashley having already , by ignorant bungling or something worse , caused ruinous delay ; after baying , in his last . will and . testament , of the 7 th inst ., thus addressed the committees of Yorkshire arid Lancashire : —' . ' "Sow I greatly . fear delay ; I refrain from stating my reasons ^ but I ' repeat I greatly fear delay , as likely to be productive of . infaiitevus r chief , "—when we find that , " oh the 9 thinstant , on tbe order . " of the day for going , into committee on Lord Ashley's Ten Hours Bill , Lord Ashley , was absent , having , before he left the house , secured a needless
" delay . " , to the 13 th instant . So that when Lord John Manners and Mr . Aglionby ( whose names are on the bill ) wished to proceed Sir George Grey said , " The bill was not under bis charge ; and , as the noble lord ( Lord Ashley ) had gone away after expressing a wish that it should be . left over until Monday , he did not think they wouldbe justified in taking it up . " . , What will you say when I assure youthat Lord Ashley had in his possession , on the . 22 nd April , a perfect clausedrawn by one of the . most eminent counsel of the day , and when I tell you bis lordship rejected it ? He would make belief ^ that our language does not contain words strong enoughto prevent cotton lords from committing felony . ' and murder !
The writer in the Times one day proposes ' that "the factory operatives" shall decide the question ; they do so , and he declares that be is satisfied . Within a week bis doubts bewilder him—he forgets his own arrangement and his own declared conviction of the justice of the verdict given by the jury of his own selecting . From "the factory peratives " he now appeals ( May 9 th ) to tbe manufacturing counties , " when , strange to say ( because that answer is not returned in less than twenty-four hours to the Home Office , ) on the 10 th of May , another jury is . appointed , ia the hope that they will pull down in a sudden fit of despair what Gould , Sadler , Walter , and Fielden bad been thirty years in building ! Regardless of all the former reasonings and
principles of the limes , this new importation actu-! ally asks , " Who are the proper . umpires . and arbiters of the question ? -Who but the women and young persons themselves ? " Ignorantly adding , " ever since the first opening of the question " we have made a point of asking the opinion of those who were immediately and personally interested . in it . The opinion of the men is to be viewed with suspicion . " Three changes in about a week—arid in this last short extract the urireading of scores of most abiy . written arid soundly . ' reasoned columns in the -Timci —are , to my inind , simply incomprehensible ! This weakness should not show itself in those who teach the people and lead . tbe public mind . No doubt that pen is accustomed to flounder in tbe Home
Office—there it has been trained to change with every breeze ., 3 fo wonder that such a scribe should laugh at those " fools" who " stand out" for "high principle . " The writer in the Times continues— " Which do they prefer ? Working fen hours a day in relays , beginning one day at balf-past five , and . working the next day fill half-past eight ; going in and out the whole day , being left with odds . and . ends of time that they could turn to no account , and always hanging about the factory ; or working ten hours and a Haifa day , between six and six , knowing always when they will have to get . up , when to be at the mill , when to breakfast , when to dine , when to finish for the day , and how much they will have to themselves every day of their lives ? " If tbe wives and the children are to decide this matter , let their case be fairly stated in' our hearing . You , as a husband and a father , may surely be allowed to watch the case as it proceeds to see fair
play . Never , never , was a case put more jesuitically . You know well enough that the blessings here fully promised , have already been grantedthat John Fielden ' s Ten Hours ' Act was g iven for the purpose of securing them- ; -nay , that it is only by an evasion ofthe spirit of that act , that , a very few remorseless , unprincipled tyrants rob the women and young persons of all those enjoyments ! And , to reward those felons ( such , in tbe eyes of justice , they are ) this writer in the Times , by unequalled Jesuitry , would persuade those poor women and yoong persons ( depriving them of tbe counsel of their husbands arid fathers ) to . give their consent to a law which shall rob them of two hours a week , giving the same to their felonious oppressors ! Worst of all , Lord Ashley—the almost adored of these poor defenceless creatures—aids in this wicked and cruel delusion ! *
Let the question he ferny put—the case , as it really now stands before the House of Commons , be fully stated—then say , is there , save one , is there a father or mother—a son or a daughter—a brother or sister , who would not indignantly reject the proposal to compromise ? . This is the true state of the case—let them speak : — " We , the women and young persons working in factories , have received from you , tbe legiiture , a law which limits our labour to ten hours a day , and fifty-eight hours a weekl _ We received it as a great boon . We have found it to . be very good for us . We are poor and weak , but we have been very grateful , and very ihindful , to use the time we sained by that law for the best of purposes !
Because some wicked men have found a flaw in the wording of your law , Lord Ashley advises iis to consent to give up two hours a week to . gratify them , at the same time'telling us , ' Those two hours are our unquestionable right . ' We think this is not fair . We did dot make the law . You made it . Not a man among you doubts that you intended tbe law to be fast and sure . We pray you , therefore , if not for oursakes , for your own , now to make it so . We ask no more . You told us you made that law expressly to prevent " relays and shifts . ' Do not cheat and rob us , because we are weak and poor . On your own showing the blunder is your own making . We had no hand in it . ' We took you to be men ; we believed and thanked ybu .
Though our noble leader has forsaken us , we pray you do not oppress and wrong us . You have wives and children . Think if our case were theirs ! Be just . Even we are of the same flesh and blood . Our God is « ouf God , and He will recompence \" Can English legislators resist-that appeal ? If they can , they are not men / i Talk of another outside jury in this case ! Why if this Junes writer were of the old staff , he would know that on this very question of " compromise " public meeting after public meeting has been held . Every factory town , and almost every factory village , has bad its public assembling—some have had several , for the express purpose of giving their
dninion on this point . In all they have been unanimously resolved to listen to no compromise ! ' At those meetings , clergymen , magistrates , millowners , and operatives were authorised by Lord Ashley to assure the factory operatives , so long as they were determined , he would never flinch—never yield one moment of their gained time . These vouchers for his lordship ' s honour , pledged their own , on his behalf . What can they answer now 1 Let Lord Ashley tell . Sever was a man so deeply pledged—never so much trusted . Talk ofthe treachery of others—Lord Ashley has betrayed the poorv ^ . i : , . :,,
Take my word for it . —and tell all your friends whrtil say-if ever you agree to give up -one' tirujle moment thatyou have gamed ^ 'mfiveoif teoyebM fectoryiiegishition wilfte entirels ; wtthdrawrprt tecfea for the Mori bank m fawflb * » 4 W
The Ten Hours Question.; 2- Fle Followin...
excruciating , unbearable , killing tyranny of the mills will be" restored . Aye , my "lad , " "the Old King'f knows much-better what will follow if you loosen one peg than this fresh scribbler chooses to tell . *; Hotn past " what ton have oot . ; If one moment should be wrung from your ' grasp this , session , let Lord Ashley . bear the blame ; but be not cast-down ; : rather let that wrong arouse the sons . and daughters of Old-. England—aye , and Of Old Scotland too ! . Meet again , as you were wont , in your : countless , -thousands ; . invite , your right , true-hearted leader , Lord . John . Manners , to come and look at ybu ,- aud . to listen while you tell your own tale . Thus-cheer "the old king ' s " heart ., by .. _
holding up the hands of him who now is making the best . of . your case . in the . House of Commons , and who will win—if mortal can win , after such unheard-of treachery ! I conclude with earnest prayers for success to the cause of truth and justice ! -i May the people unite in that appeal to Heaven , then I know we are invincible . ¦ ... ^ . i , ; . .: What a glorious struggle we shall have ! Successful , I am ; ' sure—peaceful , I hope . Anyhow , James , we cannot fig . 1 have still . much to -say—let this suffice at present . Always remember—principle is truth , expediency is falsehood . >¦¦; lam , my dear "lads , " " Old King , !' Richaed Oasiibb . Broadstairs , Kent , May 11 , 1850 .
The Ten ! Hours Bill. Ceetikg Op Tne " B...
THE TEN ! HOURS BILL . CEETIKG OP TnE " BRADPORD CENTRAL / COMMITTEE . ' '' At . a : meeting of tbe Central Ten Hours Committee of the West Riding of Yorkshire , held at Bradford on Saturday last , for the purpose' of receiving the report of Mr . W . Randand Mr . W . Walker , arid , for corisider ' mg the present position bf tbe Factory AclAthe Rev ., Dr . Burnet , the vicar , in the chair- ^ t waa unanimously resolved : — 1 . That this committee cannot consent to the
extension of the hours of lahour in'factories for young persons arid women beyond the " period at present legalised of fifty-eight hours per week . I ' 2 . That the thanks ofthe committee on behalf of the factory workers of Yorkshire be most respect ' fully tendered to Lord John Mariners , M . P ., for the coursehe has taken in the House of Commons , and for the amendment of which his lordship Has given notice , and that the chairman of this committee do address his ldrdshjp to that effect ^ '' The following is . acopy of the letter : — " . ; ' .
TO THE BIGHT'HON . " MM > JOHN MAMNEBS , M . P . Mv Lob » , —The Central Ten Hours . Committee of the West Biding ot Yorkshire beg most gratefully to acknowledge your lordship ' s patriotic and consistent conduct at this crisis in undertaking the cause ofthe young persons and women employed in factories , and in so promptly attempting to secure to them their undisputed and indisputable right to ia continued limitation oftheir labour to fifty-eight boors per week . ' ' - ¦ ! : They assure your lordship that the proposed extensisn thereof to sirry hours would not only be deemed . unjust , but-would seriously lessen the opportunities , afforded to factory workers generally to improve their domestic and moral condition ; and they also consider the honour of Parliament pledged to retain the limit of fifty-eight hours . - ¦ ¦ .
. We therefore earnestly hope that your lordship ' s amendi ment for limiting . fiictory . labour to the present , lawful period of ten hours per day on five days and eight hours ' on the Saturday , with one and a naif hour interval for meals , may be assented to by Parliament ; and atlhesame time the framework of the measure oi her Majesty ' s Government wbicb confines the factory day to tbe actual bouts of work and meal times , may be adopted as the . best means for satisfactorily isolating the working of mills and factories , and' also for ' securing , contentment and improvement amongst the working classes . " " . ' : . vethehbnourtobe . my lord , '' Your lordship ' s most obedient and humble servant , ( On behalf of the Central Ten . Hours Committee of the West Biding of Yorkshire ) , '< - John Bawson , Chairman . Committee-room . Bradford , Yorkshire , May 11 th .
. A meeting of the new central committee ofthe Manchester Short-time Association was held on Sunday ' morning , for the purpose of considering the course which should . be pursued in reference to the . Gbverriment amendment . upon the Ten Hours Bill ; The meeting included the whole body of the Central Short-tune . Committee of the county , ' assembled from Ashtbri ^ Bury , . Burnley , ' Cljtheroe , Colne , Heywood , Rochdale , Hyde , Littlehbrbughj Stalybridge , Oldham , Todmorden , Hebderi Bridge , Mossley , Manchester , Stockport , Dukinfield , and Bacup . Mr . Phillip Knight presided . The following were the resolutions : — - ¦ - ' - ;• ¦ ¦' 1 . That this committee deeply deplores the infatuation which led to the cause of th 6 *; factory workers being entrusted to Lord Ashley . . 2 . That it is the first duty of this committee to maintain' inviolate tbe provisions of John Fielden ' s Ten Hours Act . .
3 . That any deviation from the limitation of ten hours per day . and fifty-eight hours per week , is . a violation ofthai act . ' , ;' . - : . 4 . That the government proposition , " rccomriiended by Lord Ashley , to extend , the duration of ( belabours pf women and yoiiri g persons , is an un ^ just and croef attempt to deprive them of the pro-. tectioriwhich ParUament has already declared them entitled to .-5 . That to make , this attempt without public notice , arid in answer to an appeal from the women and young persons to the justice of Parliament to enforce its own laws , shows a shameless disregard on tho part of the government of the honour and dignity of Parliament . . .
6 . . That should any measure be now suffered to pass infringing upon the two limits of ten hours and Sfty-eight hours , such a backward movement on the partoftho legislature will be fatal to tho progress of the cause of mercy and justice not only in fact by legislation , but with reference to all the overworked population of these kingdoms . . . '• ' 7 . That this meeting pledges itself to use every constitutional means to' assist Lord John Manners in his noble efforts to obtain an . . ' effective Ten Hours Bi ' . l , and steadily to . resist every measure , of whatever kind , by whomsoever , proposed , which
would in any respect contravene the principle and intentions of John Fielden ' s Act . . 8 . That the districts be advised to petition Parliament with aU possible despatch , in ' conformity with these resolutions , and that a form of p etition . be now adopted to be recommended to the districts . 9 . That as there is no time to obtain signatures to petitions , tbe districts are advised to hold public meetings , in Convenient rooias or places , in their various townships or other local divisions . That the chairmen of such meetings should sign the petitions , which should arrive in London by Friday morninanext . ' ' . ' :
10 . That the heartfelt thanks of this meeting arc due to lord John Manners for the generous manner in which he has coine forward to aid us at the moment when the base and deliberate treachery of our pretended friends seemed to have assured bur defeat . . ' ., " . : : '_ -: . , . " '; ,, .. . '' .. ' .. ' Resolutions 11 arid 12 thank the people ' s friends ; Oastler , Stephens , and Samuel Fielden , ^ ' - 'for . forewarning them of this treachery , rind pledging the conimittce to make"it a hustings . question in the event of another election ' .: ' \ ' .. . '' . ' . : ¦
13 . That this meeting ^ is . constrained to express its deliberate . rind ' emphatic . cerisurc , of the course which the present goverriment ' has pursued in reference , to the now openly avowed proposition to upset the ten Hours ' Act , a course which has been characterised throughout by duplicity , evasion ,, and a treacherous design ultimately to . betray the cause of the operatives by making their present appeal to the justice arid honour of Parliament ; a pretext for inflicting stilll further burdens and hardships upon them . ... ... .. •¦ . -
On the same day . a [ inbeting of . the delegates of the old central ' short time committee , was held at the - Cotton Tree Inn , and there , were delegates present from Manchester , Stockport , Bolton , Chorley , Preston , Blackburn , " Padiham , Asbton , ; : Qldharo , "Wigan , Warrington , Dewsbury , Hudder ^ field , Bradford , Prestolee , Tyldesley . ' Droylsden , ; Astley Bridge , Lei g fi , ' : Wbrsley , Dukenfield , Halshaw Moor , Cuerden , arid other places . There was also a letter from Glasgow acceding to such course as the meeting might , deteriiino to take . The delegates present were required to state'to the meeting the ; feeling evinced by their coristituents , and from these statements , it appeared that iri tbeag-: gregate there was a large majority of factory
operatives iri favour of accepting , the government proposition . They thought , however ,, that | ah effort should be made to improve the government scheme by limiting the hours to fifty " * ' ght instead , of sixty . The whole of the delegates who had been in , London decJared themselves'in favour of the government plan , and Mr . Philip Grant said he , should recommend the government plan unconditionally as preferable to Lord Ashley's , taking them upon their relative merits in , every respect , though lie was willing to ; try every means , of making it an effective Ten Hours Bill . ' , . ' ,, Mr ; Jfviuji , proposed tho first ; resolution , which was in favour of Lord . John Manners' amendment , and condemned tbe conduct of Lord AshleyT '
Mr Donovan secorided the motien , but it was evident the feeling of the meeting was not with this course . '"' . ' . "¦ . ' , ¦¦¦ ¦¦ . , ¦ - ' . .,, „ ;¦ w-Mr . Ghas ' t proposed as an amendment that the limitation of the factory day from six in the ^ morningtill six in the evening ; was a most , important feature in factory legislation , and most desirable to be obtained without delay . ; That an ' . effort should theretbre be made to engraft upon the government plana clause for fifty-eight hours per week , . but
that ,, failing iri the attempt , no measure suouia ue adopted to endanger the government proposition , which effects a limitation of the . hours , pi labour fromsixmthemorning . till six'iri the evening . ^ ; ;;; After uni discussion "' of nearly four hours ,: this amendment was adopted all but uriahundusly . A . cwcidarlfebm the fielden' party was distributed ip th ^ ' meeting : ' dopipeoating ' . '' tho' ' . conduct ^ of . Mori 'Asmey / hijttno'delegates repudiated' any sympathy with its sentiments . . W . Grarit ' wati' deputed ! to prwew tolrtadoa to forwaid wptbpoiiUoai qJ
The Ten ! Hours Bill. Ceetikg Op Tne " B...
wrd > Johtt : * Manaer « , ^ bnfr with-the-understanding expressed . , m ithe . regolutions , vthat-. he should not , tailing , successin-thiSiCOurse ^ oppose the . governraent scheme . - ¦ ' .. ^ . . •' . vir J # v .:- ' - : •• , i :
The Condition Of England V ' ^V.^- Mq^^....
the condition of england V ' ^ V . ^ - mQ ^^ ..... ( Oonder ^ d .-. from' ^ e . 3 > J ^ »^! ' ^ rwt rf * . ) - . .. ^^^^ 1- ' !^ bTm 6 raL ' . ' CONDITION ? M £ LABOURER . INTHE , SOUTHERN . r AND , WESTERN BOUNTIES ..-.. . ' ..... ,,: i ' . -. ^ Taking the adult class of-agricultural labourers , it is almost impossible to exaggerate the'ignorance 10 ™ 1 ( m tiiey Jive and : move and have'their- being . As they w ork in the fields , . the external world has some hold upon them through , the mediunvof their senses ; but to all the higher : exercises of intellect tiiey are perfect strangers .- You cannot address one "V ^ em wit hout Abeing at once painfully ' struck with the intellectual darkness which enshrouds him ; l . nere . is in general neither speculation in his eves
nor intelligence in . his countenance ; ' The ^ whole expression is more that of an animal than of a man . tie is wanting / too ; in the erect and independent bearing of a man .: When you accost him , if ho is ttwws ofent-. which'he : seldom is—he is timid ; and shrinking , his wholemanner showing that be feels himself , at a distancefrom you greater than should W ™ any two classes of men . He-is often doubtful wh ( n you address , and suspicious when you question him ; he is seemingly , oppressed with the interview whilst , it- lasts , and . obviously -relieved w *} n'tis over ; : . These are the traits which I eaii affirm them to possess-as a class / after having come in contact with many' hundreds of farm labourers ' , iney belong to a generation forvwhose intellectual
culture little or nothing was done . As a class , they have no amusements-beyond the ^ indulgence of sense . -In nine oases out of ten , recreation is associated in their minds with nothing higher than sensuality . . T have frequently , asked clergymen : and others , if they often find the adult p ' easimt reading for his own and others' amusement ? The invariable answer is , that such a sight is seldom or never , witnessed ... In . the first place , the great bulk ' of them cannot read . ¦ In the-next ; a largo proportion'of those who can , do so ; with too much difficulty to admit of the exercise being an amusement to them . Again , few of those who can read with comparative ease have the taste for doing so .- -i- It is but justice to , them to say ,. that manv- of those who'
cannot reau nave bitterly regretted , in my hearing , their lnnbihty to do so . .., -: ' - - : -Take the ordinary day labourer on the farm , arid viewing him from what pointyou will , what manner of man do you find him ? You are first struck with the anomaly presented b y tho outward man . ¦ In his very dress he seems not to belong to the century in which he lives .: The smock-frock was never the garb of active labour , and it certainly but ill beseems the labourer of these bustling and competing times . It would be no more in-the way in the mine or the factory than it is in the field ; Fieldwork requires a great deal of stooping , •¦ and perfect freedom ofthe limbs . The frock is neither adapted for the one , nor . allows of the other . His gait , too ^
is awkward ,. . The contrast between him ' and men engaged in , otherlaborious occupations is sufficiently great to force itself upon the most passive observer . He seems to belong to an inferior grade of beings ; when compared , with the factory operative ,- tho worker in the mines , the fisherman , the artisan , or tbe ; stable boy .-. They are dressed , more or less , in keeping with their work and with thertimes , and are qnickand intelligent in their movements , whereas he is attired . in the- robe of centuries gone by , and ia-awkward , cumbrous , and mechanical in his actions . ; The ; 8 tate : ; of ibis , mind has been already adverted ' to .,. Education has advanced him . but littlo beyond the position which he occupied in the days of , William the Norman . . The farm labourer
has ; scarcelyparticipated at all in the improvement of ; his brethren .. As'he was generations . gorie by , so he is now—a physical scandal , a . moral enigma , an intellectual cataleptic ' . In inquiring . into ' . the nature , arid extent bf the educational macbinery at work in the counties in question , I found that , as regards reliable and authentic information , I had to encounter the same difficulties as , formerly ., r No . oneiseemed to-know anything of , what was ; going on in this ; respeot , beyond his pwn district , and few . could . furnish ; me with any very specific detail connected even with their own' districts . This parish bad brie kind of schooVthat another—this one again had both—and that neither the one nor . the other . On this , as on
other subjects , people are , often apt to be deceived by sounds , and are . prevented : 6 nly by careful inquiry from frequently running off with the most erroneous impressions . Thus , " . I was informed at Blandford that not only was there an excellent National School there , at which ; the children in the union , were taught , - but . that all , the surrounding parishes were provided . with schools . . " Have they all National schools ?'' I inquired .. , "No , nbtjexactly that , " said my informant . " Tiiey have : all day . shools , I' presume ? " I added . - ¦ '• " WbII , " said he , / 'J am afraid I must say that some of them have onl y Sunday schools . " ; And . ' so it is , with , many parishes in other , parts ofthe county , which , wo are told , ace provided with schools . Even in a secular
point of view , the Sunday school is better than . no school at all . -A-few oi-the children who attend them are . taught to read—but only a fewj for the attendance is irreguhr , and the . interval of . a week which elapses , botwVen . ' . ' . every two . brief lessons affords the child sufficient , time for forgetting the little that may have been learnt . ' "Unfortuately , even when there are day schools in the parish , it is ojily . the Sundayisohool . that the labourer ' s child can attend . Labour in the fields , for , Is ., Is . 6 d ., or 2 s . a week , absorbs all his time during the six . days of work ; arid it is only , on the seventh day ' that his mind has any chance of receiving the slightest culture . When the child lives wholly with , the farmer who employs hini ; it is only during a fraction of the
year that' even the Sunday school is attended . He is kept steadily at work every day in tlie week , ' particularly during the season when the cattle are housed . It-is' thus that multitudes of the rising generation are rapidly glowing up , " and passing without improvement the i ' m ' proyeable iige . So far as they are concerned , their ' . ' . inheritance ' will embrace the ignorance as well as the servitude of their fathers . Reading is , of course , the only element of secular education taught at the Sunday schools . You can' almost always tell when the education of a child . has been confined to these schools . - He can s ' ometiines read well , but ; knows , nothing Of either writing or arithmetic . In some parishes ; where there are no day schools ,-there is but ' otie Sunday school ; in others there are several Sunday schools ;
their circumstances in this respect depending upon the extent and zeal of the different sects ' which may inhabit them . ¦ : '; . ' ; "' . '"'; ' ¦ ' . ' '' .:, The following miiy serve as a specimen of some of thetieachers even in these schools , in which one generally looks for efficiency in the work of ediica ; rion . . The circumstance , biippenedin ' Cornwall , in a parish in which there was rib -school but the British and Foreign . School ' ' which was attended by many children belonging ! to : r the'Church , ' ;' , ;' ! was accompanied : \ 6 \ the school b y ' one who took a great 4 riterest'iri prolmotiiig the educational system to which it pertained , ^ h entering the boy ' s , department ^ I found about 120 of them : assembled ,, most of whomrwero being noisily , instructed in geography . > At some distance before them was a
large map of England , by means of which ' the teacher' was " , testing their knowledge' of localities . Finding the ' system pursued to be that of permitting all the . boys : to answer at once , I- listened attentively , in order tp test their , proficiency , to some ! of tho . ljoys . inthe . backrb \ ys / and ^ found ; thatall they did was . tb ' miike an unmeaning noise every time a question was asked , leaving those , who > could to answer' correctly and distinctly . '• ' ' . Inthe noise of nearly a hundred ^ voices this delinquincy-was undetected by the master . He . shortly , ,. afterwards showed mo several maps drawri by ' somoof theiboys . One of these was a large map . of Scotland , ' which was the conjqintwork of two of thcm . 'He evidently in ib iia
wua . gicai , pieusuro auuniug auuiubiiui ^ reflected credit alike on master and pupils . Oniits being unrolled , the first thing'iny eye lighted upon was an immense arm bf the sea , which , commencing at the head of the Dornoch Frith , stretched in a northwesterly . direction nearly up to Capo Wrath ; almost cutting the . county of Sutherland into , two nearly equal parts . It' was painted so . excessively blue that it was impossible to overlook it . I ' directed the master ' s attention to the county , ' , and asked him if he perceived nothing wrong about it . He said . he did , not ; whereupon I pointed ' out' the blunder to him , telling him that , independently of geographical teaching , rriytopographiciil knowledge of the locality enabled me to detect tboefroivas I
had more than once ridden , high , and dry , in Her Majesty ' s mail , over the ground which the map had submerged with an arm of the " sea several miles wide . ,, He looked confused and annoyed , but said , at last , with ! great naivete , "I ' m sure it was so iri thecopy . " ;' . ; '¦; ' , ' '" ., j ; To dojustice _ to . theJarmors , a large proportion of them are insensible to , tho benefits of , ( education . In inariy cases , you cannot distinguish the children of the fariner , by theirTdr ' ess , demeanour , or intellectual culture , frOni those of tho labourer ; and this , too , ; hot only ih : the case bf " smock farmers , " ' asth ' elowe sUlasVof . them' are . termed ;
butalsoiri ' that of . sbmo tolerably well off in the world . There are others who give their ^ . -own children the . benefit of . the best , education that they can afford , hut who would deny the same , booh to the child of . the . labourer .- It ; is but . a . 'few ' days since I met one of this class . Hedid not like tho present order of things afc all . - There , was too great a terideiidy , 'iri sbbietyriow-aridaystohe ' aye " up : that ^ lu ' ch ^ was'b ' elbw ^ to ^ . ithe . top . ' . ' . 'tabbur ' e ' rs . were anii ' ous to becomo masters ^ ana so oh .. To educate the / labourer , was ' orily to ; enhance . this : evil . The child-should "succeed his father at ; his toil ,- His owrison was theri atite UniTergity , ajid . ww study , ing for tlw church , •; :. '
The Condition Of England V ' ^V.^- Mq^^....
ii-Sncbarol'iri too / many instances , the men who by becoming-guardians of unions -ES itot &^ i . with'tbe-edlicftionof ^ the ^ S ^^ Some ^ on speak out openly , and express their dSliriltiS S having them educated ; They arl SST Z ^ ply withtho letter of the ^ law ^ ut ^ y ^^ a master or mistress being qualified for the work 0 f instructions -Those are strong assertions , butthei areborne ; out by facts , and every one acquainted with the views and conduct of the guardians of many bf'the purely rural unions—for it is of them only that I-now speak—can rittest their accuracy . The character of tho teachers will generally bespeak that of the guardians . If ' th ' ey can distinguish between a good arid a bad teacher , arid do not remove a bad one—or if they cannot' distinguish between
them—they are not fit to be guardians . The cases are startlingly numerous in which they either cannot , or . wiU not , make the distinction . I was informed by a gentleriiari , on whomevery reliarice , caii be placed , that when , some time ago , he critered the school-room of the . St , Austelworkhouse , 'he'found the master setting , a copy to a boy— "A blind man's > wifo need no painting . " It was' not even needs . In another school , ' the master , after showing me their ; copies , -and making the boys read a little in my hearing , offered , as a test of their arithmeticaFproficiehe ' y , to " put them through a sumin subsiraction . " In . another case , it was discovered that hone of the children could Write at all . Ail inquiry was instituted into this by the party
wnose duty it was to do so , and he discoveredJhat the reason was that the ' schoolmistress herself could not writ © . He remonstrated with ' the guardians for having such a teacher ,- but they insisted upon it thatshe was good enough . Of what use wasit to teach the children to write ? It only made them bad Servants , and theydid not want them to write . The schoolmistress . was ' afterwards removed by a higher power , but'those ' samo guardians re-electod lier to horpost . Whilst ' the party who moved in the matter had several letters from the guardians , insisting uppn the sufficiency of her qualifications , he had also several letters from'her to which was appended her mark ' . ' On another occasion , the same person ,- whilst , examining a school , asknd a oiri
what a quadruped , was , the' word occurring in lier reading" lesson ;•' ¦ ' . - She could not answer . He then asked the schoolmistress if she'did not teach them the meaning of such words . She . replied that she did , and that ' they . all knew it , but that " they were so stupid . "' He then' desired her ' to . point out one who could tell him tbe meaning of tho word . She went round the whole school , but not one was found who _ could do so . It then occurred to him-to ask her if she knew it herself . Sho coloured , stammered , and at last > dmitted that she "did not exactly know . " He next asked her if she knew what a biped was . \ Thai she certainly did not know ; but on being told that she herself was one .
thought it was something awful , and afterwards complained to the guardians that her Interrogator hadcalled her names .- I was informed of another case , in which a master w ^ s appointed who could neither read nor write . On being asked hovi he could undertake to teach , he said that he made the boys that could read " teach'those , who . could inot , and that he listened to those who could read ; and could easily teirwhen . they wont wrong . It would be unfair to ' infer that all the schools in question are thus miserably provided with teachers , but the system must bo throughput a radically defective one which can admit of such cases even as exceptional . : ;• : ¦¦• ¦¦• ' - - " - ' •'•¦ ¦ ¦ ¦ " ¦ -
"Notwithstanding all . that has recently been done for the cause of education ; theproportion of children growing up utterly uneducated is very great . In almost every family such is ' the case with some , I make > a ' practice of accosting almost every boy I meet , and . inquiring . into his education . I thus accosted one ' some time ago near Chcwton Mandip , in Somerset , who was in his twelfth year , and had , according to his ¦ owEraccbunfc , been for some time at : school , which , however , ' he had attended veiy irregularlyj' I' asked liirn what he was learning , ' and he said it was' the d b ' -ab and the i b-ibs . I then asked him if ne knew the Queen ' s riameito which he replied in the negative . I frequently ask this question ' of boys /' and find that in fully ' lialf the cases
m which I do so , of boys from ten to fourteen , they cannot tell the Queens name , nor have they ever heard of her Majesty . I put some questions in geography to a boy , who , told rii ' e he had been learning it for two years . " What is tho shape of the earth 1 " I asked . " Round , like an orange , "he answered . " What is a promontory ?" . 1 next inquired . « Mag ,-tcr always" skips about the promontories , " be re plied . ' ' What is an island , then ? " I demanded , "Master skips . that , too , sir , " said he .., " Well , what is a river ? " This he answered correctly ; but on further questioning him ' . in connexion with the very elements of the study , the reply id three cases out- of four was that his-master " skipped" the subject . ¦ Nor was this the' child of an agricultural
labourer . He was the son of a tradesman , living iri a Cornish town , and attending school regularly . Let it be borne in Blind that riot only are numbers of the rising generation growing up defectively educated , but that a . larger proportion . " of them are . doing so with ' out ' anyeducation at all . Our social ' system is full of anomalies , but there is none greater , perhaps , than that presented by the parochial union school , such as it is . ' The child of the independent labourer , is sent to toil at the ago when he should . be sent to school . It is only at irregular intervals thath ' e enters a day school , and it is not always : that fie can attend a Sunday school .. He never enters any schoolprovided for : him bylaw . But the child ' of the pauper finds a legalprovision
for the sustenance of his body and the culture of his mind . . . His day is riot spent in toil , but is divided between his education and his amusement ; . When he leaves tlie . school-room—which , he attends , in summer for six , and iri winter for five hours a dayit is to go to . the p layground , which he frequently finds provided for him with many of tho appliances of childish sports . How different is their fatesthe child of the , independent man , and the child of the pauper ! But where is the remedy for this anonialy I < The evil is , riot that . the pauper is too well off " , but that trie child of independence should not bo abrest . -afc least as ' regards his . opportunities , with the offspring of poverty . ! ' . - : ' .,.. Having thus glanced generally at tbecducational
system at work m the four counties in question , now proceed ' to state the results . of my observations as regards the morals of the labouring classes in all the counties which I have hitherto visited . In doing so , 1 regret to say , thatthe sketch which I am about to draw will be by no means of a favourable or encouraging description . ,. . \ ¦ Tho factS j Woich I have from time to time stated , as illustvaUng tlie pvercrowded condition of a very large proportion of the cottages ^ are so eloquent of thv . mselves ; . that it is scavcefjr necessary for me to add anything as to the pernicious influence which such a state of things' must have' upon the morals of the poor . ' When families of from six to , twelve individuals , of both' sexes arid of all ages , are
huddled together night after night in two , three , or four beds , rill in orio room , what are , we to expect as the result but a very - general arid ^ fearfnlly precocious . 'immorality ? I have met now . and then with families crowded in their straitened . dwellings who were , nevertheless , pious ,: lovers of truth , honest in' their ! dealings , andexeniplary in their conduct . But such green spots ' , are rarely , met with in the wide moral waste ; . aridj one marvels at their appearance at all . With thegreat bulk of the peasantry there is a laxity of inprals , which is as easily accounted for ' as'it is painful to ContempL ^ tb , The moral sense of many of . theni ' revolt ' s , at , the circumstances'in which : they . are placed . ; but the most startling feature connected , with the whole
matter is , the ' ' utter indifference which multitudes , who complain " . loudly enough of their i physical privations , evince as regards ' . tho immoralities to whiclrthcircondition gives riser , In thousands pf breasts the ! distinction between right arid wrbng is but faintl y traced ; if itis not altogether obliterated . Perhaps ; iri all this they are riiore to ; bo pitied than blamed , for the mode oi life to which they are condemned-would sap tha morality , of . any . class , of people . ' . .. ;; ' . ' ... ' r There are two classes amongst them who suffer from the manner in which the peasantry are herded together in their misorablQ dwelliags . "There are , in'the first place , ' those who ; from peculiar circum stances , may have reached ninituiity with some
delicacy of feeling arid purity of mind preserved , to tltcrti , of which they tire gradually . " robbed through I tho pernicious influences to , which they are exposed . It is possible that some , of these niay successfully stem the torrent of ; immorality which would bear them down , and cotno puro and undefined out of ita filthy waters at last . / Bat these are . fe > v indeed . It is possible , too , ' tliat , some of thertSj . having fallon away , may yet reclaim themselves ,, tlie virtues of early lifb-triumphingat last over engrafted vice . But such , instances are also ofsare occurrence . There is , in the next place , that airier class , and by'far the more numerous one , thoaiembers of which advance froiriisiifancy to , puberty aliens to shame and strangers to the common decencies of life Of these ,, what can . reasonably be expected , but that' tho vices which are sown broad-cast in them during their vouth will erow
withtheirgi : owkhandstren $ hen with thoirstrongtb ^ Ir i the illicit intercourse to which such a position , frequently ' gives riser it is not always that the , ti © of blood is respected . . Certain it is that whea the relationship is even hat one degree removed from that of brother . arid sister , that' tie is frequently overlooked . Arid when the cirounistanccs dp riot lead to such horrible cOriseftuenoes ; the riiind ; particularly of tha'female , ia wholly divested of that , sense of delicacy and ' sUaine which ; so long as they are preserved , are the chief safeguards of her cnas * tity . She ' thCTeforefaUsanearlyandanwsyprey tO the temptations which beset her . beyondI the < m * mediate oircle of her"famUy , ; : 'Peopte in ge i othe £ ssheres of life are but little ; aware of thb extents 4 cltt o ^ c % ^^^ & iS' ^ S xmu mmv , m
The Condition Of England V ' ^V.^- Mq^^....
moralist may inculcate even tbe worldly advantages ofa better course of life , and the minister of religion may wain them ofthe eternal penalties which they are incurring ; but there is an instructor constantly at work more potent than them all , an instructor in mischief , of which they must get rid ere they make any . real progress in their laudable efforts—and that is , the single bed chamber , in tht two-roomedcottage . ;' . .. " , . ¦¦ - . Perhaps , the most striking instance of the demoralization Of a whole community , from overcrowding , and other unprbpitibus circumstances , is that furnished by Sutton Courtney , in Berkshire , formerly alluded ... to in connexion with the . subject
° f ? . uc . at ! or' m that county . I was not then aware ot tho notoriety which this village had . already attained- . When England was first divided into unions , that of Abingdon was about the first . to bo marked off . . Tho , people of Abingdon were willing that the commissioners should draw any line they pleased , provided they onlv excluded Sutton Courtney from the union . Its ' character-was then so bad that the people ofthe nei ghbouring parishes recoiled from the idea of being comprehended within tho same division with it . The commissioners having - acquainted themselves with the g rounds on which this request was made , complied with it , and Sutton Courtney was erected into a union of itself , on the understanding s however , that
whenever it amended its character , it should merge into the Abingdon union . It is now part and parcel of that union , from which it is to be inferred that its character , has somewhat improved . It was , therefore in its amended state . that I found it . Judging from Us presentcondition , it must formerly have been inconceivably bad , or the people of Abingdon have been satisfied with very slight tokens of . amendment . \ Despite the exertions of the zealous and independent vicar , the Boy . Mr . Gregspn , whose efforts have not been without some success , the place is to this day a focus of intern * perance and debauchery of every kind . Chastity is a thing little known m the village ,, andnot at afl . respected . . The want of it is regarded as no . stain
on a woman s character , ' nor docs it mar her prospects in tho slightest degree . Herself a prostitute an'd the companion of thieves and prostitutes , she is just as likely to ' marry and get settled—as people in her class of life are generally settled—as , is th » honest arid virtuous wbmari in localities possessing a higher standard of morality . I found more than one family of children going , by different names . Tho mother was unmarried , and the different names indicated the paternity of tho different children . Again , a whole family has been known to . goby different names at different times . Thus , if the mother were living . with a man ^ of the name of Smith ,, the children took his name , but .. if she changed her paramour and lived with one . named
Tomkins , the family wquld go , by .. the riew . name . Children have thus been , . known to give to parties inquiring one name to-day , and a different one tomorrow . , Itis distressing . to witness the early age atwhi ' ch they commence a life of active , immorality . Young girls may be seen at . the , pubiic : houses sodden with gin or , drunk with beer . There is , of course , no , line i drawn by them for . the regulation oftheir conduct after this . Indeed , they are , proficients in licentiousness ere they -reach this point . The violence ' of ., their tempers , too , leads them into perpetual biawls and ? fights . The practice of cohabitation before marriage is almost universal . It is not only a charateristic of low rural life ,. it is also so with the miners and the fishermeri . Even in the fishing village of
Mousehole , the people of which are , in general ; so orderly , it is the case . And this , too , notwithstanding , the , extent to- which : temperance .-has prevailed amongst them . Total abstinence has not effected much in this respect for . society . The miners and pitmen , too , are much more under the influence of constant religious teachings tban the rural labourer . And yet thoyare no better than he is , so far as tho practice , alluded to is concerned .: When a yoong fisherman passes eighteen he generally gets a man ' s wages . Immediately thereupon he gets a ; new suit of clothes and a watch , after which be fancies ; himself sufficiently set up in the world to commence a courtship , which generally leads to an . early ; marriage by the course mentioned . In some parts of Cornwall-the immorality of the females at-work about the mines is notorious and proverbial , :
It is on the Sunday evening that most mischief is done in this respect . No one can enter or leave a rural town at that time without ^ being convinced of this . It is tlie time when servants , both . male and female , are most generally permitted tb ~ go out , and it is therefore that for which they arrange most of their assignations . They , have a slang of their , own , in which their arrangements are pretty unreservedly made in the presence ofthose who , they think ; have not the key to it . This , after some time , I became acquainted with , and I have frequently overheard
them planning their assignations , which , in nmo cases out often , were arranged for the first Sunday evening . The extentto which very young persons of both sexes participate in these arrangements is really shocking . ' Nothing can bo more fatal to the young girl , after the training which she has received at nome , than the work to which she is . so early consigned in tho fields . She there often meets with associates , even of her own sex , who speedily qualify her for any criminalities in which she may be afterwards tempted to participate . ¦¦ - . ; .. . ( To be Continued . )
•British College Of Health, New Road, Lo...
• BRITISH COLLEGE OF HEALTH , New Road , Lonook . , Report of Lieutenant John Mackinnon , General Hygeiaa Agent ' to the British Collecc of Health , Nw-road , London . Cape Breton , March 16 tb , 1859 .
10 MESSB 8 . M 01 USON . Deaii Snts , —I have the pleasure to communicate to yon that all that my heart could desire bus been fully accomplish with respect to my practice as jour agent since I last reported ; and it would be tedious , indeed , to give a statement in fall , of the numerous ' cases of cure and benefits derived from ( he heaven-blessed medicines of the British College of Health . •¦• - The decided superiority of the Bygeian system ot medicine to all ordinary medical . practice , bas been recently tested in our neighbourhood , tho particulars of which I feel bound to communicate to you . We-have lately beea visited with a fatal disease termed by our doctors typhus fever—and the name ofthe disease appears to bo all they Itnoiv about it ; for all the patients they took m hand were soon hurried to the long home . Among others who fell victims to this dreadful disease was a Mr . Peter Kelly , aged twenty-two ; a Miss Mary Musgrave , a blooming young lady of nineteen ; and , I have , proof that the first doctor employed in this case after administering medicine ,. and blister nsr and bleeding , to excess , deelared lie had mistaken her disorder ! however , they soon sent her to her account
among them . Another who submitted hevseU ) to the doctor's , treatment , was a Mrs , M'Kay , a young married woman ^ aged twenty-ono , having one child . She too , poor young thing , was soon hurried to tho gvavo . People now bepnn to get out of conceit ofthe doctors , and the following individuals placed themselves in- my hands to be treated with the Hygeian medicines of Mr . Morison ; and under tho blessing of God ; the success- of your medicines , gentlemen , has , in tlie whole of these oases , been satisfactory in a high degree , for all my patients nave been thoroughly restored to health . Miss Mary Ann Moffatt , sameagt and related to the departed Miss Musgrave . : John Maidore , twenty-four yeass of age . ' Mrs . Stalery , twenty-three years of age . The Misses Grant , two sisters , and many others who had the fever lightly by taking the pills in time ; tho name of these I have not mentioned ; but those whose , names ! send you I consider were on tho- brink of eternity , but they are now perfectly recovered , and I have everj hope the disease has now vanished . It earried off five members In one family near Sidney , andthe doctors there neither knew thename ofthe disease . orhow . to euro it . - -
' 1 shall only add thafcl rej ; oico to know that tho system and medicine of the lata venerable James Morison ' are firmly established ! and that the honest people who signed the petition to parliament against tho uso and sale of doctors' poisons are io have their , names recorded ; and I feel pride in the reflection that . I have done my duty in the cause on this side tho Atlantic , and have' ten children all thoroughly impressed ivitlttlio soundness of the Morisoniaa theory . : Should I live a few days longer I shall be sixtyfive years offage , and "t hkve taken in my time 18 , 925 of your pills ; but during tMpastfouryears I have not taken as many in twelve months as I formerly , took in one , nor in one mouth , a 8 many as'I formerly took in one day .. . lam , Sentlemen , very . skcevely yours , JOHN MicKEtNQN .
Guhbownnn.—Ia The Manufacture Of Gunpowd...
GuHBownnn . —Ia the manufacture of gunpowder it is necessary tha-t the ingredients should be of-tha greatest possible purity . The- charcoal employed by government & prepared ffiem tho wood of : tho alder , willow , ; or dogwood . —that for the besfc sporting powder is made from black dry woods ; bat any sort of wood is used' for common , 2 siads of powder . Buaddock , in his . Memoir on . Gunpowder , " , says fchegrambush plant ( cytisus ca ; a »); and jthe milkhedge { euphorbia timculli ) are suitablo foe ' that purpose , as is also the Parkinsonia * . When . tha wood selected for the . purpose is deprived of its bark , and cut into pieces of a convenient size , it u placed in cylinders or wtorts of iron , and submitted , tn ^ 5 « v 5 iv » vfnn- ' it .. boina found that it answers the
purpcee better by beiug burnt out of contact witfc theSr It « « lso s * A to bo more-frce from potash when prepared in , 4 h s way , aniat the same time , Sro ducts of tb ? distillation ( pyrohgnious acid , Svoacetic spirit . and tar ) which are lest by the old Sod , are preserved . Tho charcoal tbus burnt is Seed to powder , and car ^ lly examined , to sea that'there ajo no brands or imperfect pieces remaining ambrigst it . It is , then sifted through lawn sieves , to pwify it from any other light or foreiga substances , and ground in a mul , untilvt is sufficiently piilverised to pass through what is . called a
bolting sieve , of brass wire , tno object pcing to bring It , as near as possible , to the same sized , particles as the sulphur and saltpetre are reduced to , which is necessary to produce an intimate mixture of the three ingredients . Powder prepared witk charcoal made in iron cylinders is . called , cylinder powder , . and that from nit charcoal is called pit powder . ' - ..:..:-, : :. .. V-,., . V / The BbW , ' of a .. Custom-Houso ogcer , named Stapleford , * , wb 03 o : disappQaranw from the , Dutch brig Pallas , Vat : PoxtsmbutK ; 4 about iwo montte sirioe . ' . oau sed ' -coriiiderablo '" ejditeriie ' nt , was piokea up ; floating R « w thi ' : ih « a oj Baling Mnul Sunday .
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), May 18, 1850, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_18051850/page/7/
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