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* THE NORTHERN STAR. February 22, l8|5
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FIELD-GARDEN OPERATIONS, Por fie TPeafc ...
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The Morcmrrv. op Losnos, and indeed of E...
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, ilaritet fiAtelliieiuel
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Losnos Cons Exchange, Monday, Feh. 17.—T...
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HOUSE OF LORDS-Mosday , Feb. 11. ' The r...
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; IIOUSF, OF COMMONS, Mondat, Feb. 17. ....
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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* The Northern Star. February 22, L8|5
* THE NORTHERN STAR . February 22 , l 8 | 5
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Field-Garden Operations, Por Fie Tpeafc ...
FIELD-GARDEN OPERATIONS , Por fie TPeafc ««? % Ji & nday , Feb . 26 th , 1844 . [ Extracted from a Diaby of actual operations on a number of small farms in Sussex and Yorkshire , published by Mr . John Nowell of Faroley Tyas , near HuddersSeld , Yorkshire , ^ as a guide to other possessors of field-garden farms to the labours which ought to be . taken on their own farms . The farms selected as models , are—First . That of the Willingdon school , fire acres in extent , conducted by G . Cruttenden . Second . The Eastdean school , also five acres , near Beachy Head , conducted by John Harris . Third . That of Jesse Piper , consisting of four acres ,
at Cruttenden . Fourth . That of John Tumbrell , a farm of six acres , at Jevington , near Beachy Head . Fifth . An industrial school farm at Slaithwaite , near Huddersfield . Sixth and Seventh . Two small model farms at the same place , occupied oh the estate , of the Earl of Dartmouth , by Charles Varley and JohnBamford . The consecutive operations in these reports -Kill enable the curious reader to compare the climate and agricultural value of the south with ihe north of England . The Dust is aided by "Jvotesand Observations" from the pen of Sir . Lowell , calculated for the time and season , which we subjoin . ]
SUSSEX . Mosdat . — WiUingdon School . Boys raking wheat stubble from the young clover . Eastdean School , Twelve Tboya digging for carrots , applying tank liojiid , picking up roots and stones . itycr . Getting flints for future use . DumbreU . From home . Tuesday . —WiUingdon School . The same as yesterday . Eastdean School . Digging for carrots , treading and weeding the tares , putting in beans , and planting cabbages , Piper . Cleaning pigs out , and composting the dung with mould . DumbreU . Digging , and stacking litter . Wedsesdat . —TRKingoTon School . Boysraking clover , turning dang , sowing a little rye for experiment . - Eastdean School . Boys emptying pigstye tank , carrving dune to potatoe mixen , weeding clover , picking stubble . Piper . Removing potatoes within doors . Dumbrell . Digging , carrying manure for
oats . Thursday . —WiUingdon School . Boysraking clover . ' Eastdean School . Fatting in peas , carrying manure ' for tares , treading wheat , picking stones . Piper Digging ; has a wonderfully fine calf to-day , from the cow he works in harness . Dunibrell . Digging , pulling turnips , wheeling manure . Fbidat . —WiUingdon School . Boys raking stubble . Eastdean School . Boys thrashing oats , trussing straw , and clearing the oats for seed . Piper . Emptying the tank , pouring liquid upon the mixen . DumbreU . Digging , wheeling out manure , patting tank liquid to lye . Satorday . —TTiffinoifon School . Boys gathering stones off the clover . Eastdean School . Boys emptying privy pails , and tank from the cows , cleaning out the pigs , and school room . Piper , Digging for carrots , to he sown in the latter part of March . Dumbrell . Digging and wheeling out manure .
TORKSniSE . Shtithwaitt Tenants . . —No return . Cow-cfeedixg . —WiUingdon School . While carrots and straw . DumbreU . One cowstall-fed with turnips , mangel wuraeL and straw . A cow and heifer fed " with turnips , carrots and straw .
. NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS . - Soot . —Provide soot for wheat , or seeds , and sow it about the beginning of March , after the rate of 30 bushels an acre , with 5 or 6 bushels of rough salt . Humps Compost , No . 1 . —[ " "Woody fibre in a state of decay is called httnuis . "—Liebig . ]—Compost together , and mix intimately , peat , tanners ' refuse , saw-dust , weeds , the greater variety of vegetable substances the better , 'with 30 or 401 bs . of common salt , and about 8 gallons of quick lime for each couple of one-horse cart loads of such materials . Turn the heap over several times , and when wholly decayed apply the mixture , along with farm yard manure . It will be rich in Jiumus , or partially decomposed woody matter . This substance in its further decay , when within the ground , nourishes the embryo plant , and is a kind of pap to support it in the early stages of its growth . The base of it , charcoal , in combination with another element , afterwards enters a more mature plant , as
food , and thus , what was previously part of a dead plant , becomes , once more , a part of a living one . Humes Oompost , No . 2 .- —When you have a mass of stubble roots , loaded with earthy matter , sods , and weeds , and much soil , you ought to ferment it into humus if you would notwish to bring it to the mixen . Carry it to cow or stable dung . ^ Horses' litter is best for such a purpose . Compost it into a humus mixen in the field , as follows : —Place a layer of dung , and then a much larger layer of the rubbish before mentioned , proceed and build layer upon layer of them ; see that the heap ferments well , and turn it over several times . Inafewmonthsyouwillfindtheroot ^ decayed , and converted into very perfect humus , if the fermentation has been properly managed . Never burn such good tilings as these ; the ashes certainly remain , but the woody part , which in its decay furnishes litmus , is destroyed . This humus , or its combination humic acid , plays too important a part to be . sacrificed . .
Spring Tares . —[ " In March and in April , from morning to might , —In somng and idling must be your delight ? ' ]—Use care in selecting seed ; old seed will not always vegetate . Reject such as , when bit asunder , will not easily separate , and such as are very hard or darkskinned . If you live in the sontbi you may by sowing early , and in an early spring , obtain a crop of spring tares , and afterwards dig and sow again , two and a half bushels of tare seed , and half a gallon of rape per acre and still be in time to sow wheat before -winter .
COSVEHSIOS OF THE SfHCTG TaRB IXTO THE WlXtee Take . —The spring and winter tare are plants of the same species , but of different habits as to ripening . The change of habit is thus effected : —In autumn , spring tares are sown in a well sheltered situation ; if the plants can be made to stand over -winter , theirformerhibitis changed , and their seed on ripening has become what is called the winter tare seed , and may be sown in confidence that it will again stand the winter , and attain early maturity in spring . "
Guano as a Maxcre . —To ffewit Davis , Esq . —Sir , It . is always with pleasure that I peruse any article bearihgyouTiianie , and your letteroh guano afforded jne much gratification . It was high time that some one called the attention of farmers to the fact that guano docs not possess all the good properties which have been attributed to it : at the same time , in some cases I consider it a valuable assistant to the fanner , but cannot allow that four cwt . is to carry through the whole course of crops . Its greatest use
is in-urging on young turnips , to get them out of the way of the fly , and for green crops , as early vetches . At the same time turnips require backing , with good yard manure , to carry them through . I cannot agree with you in your calculation of the composition of the crops , as I conceive you are-taking credit for elements which it is not in the power of any man to supply which I will endeavour to show : — Your table takes 4 , 308 lb . of oxygen 611 lb . of hydrogen 5 , 3741 b . of carbon
10 , 293 lb . from the soil or land . We will just examine from what source plants in a great measure derive these elements . The source of the oxygen of plants is easily perceived , for the water they- imbibe contains a great - quantity ., of- oxygen , eight-ninths of the weig ht of water being oxygen . But there are other sources from which it is derived : the atmosphere contains 21 per cent , of oxygen , and carbonicacid contains T 2 per cent , by weight . From any " of these sources a sufficiency is to be obtained ; bnt it is from the first that plants are supposed to derive their principal supply . The source of hydrogen is perhaps more limited , as it is not known to exist in nature in an nncombined state , and it is supposed to enter plants in combination with some other
element ; and we are limited to water as thc substance capable of forming that element ( with the exception of the very small amount of hydrogen contamed in the nitrogenised constituents of plants ) . And ' as your table -shews , a -very small amount of lydrogcn , only 6111 b ., water will provide a sufficiency alone , as it is composed of one part hydrogen and eigmV ' parts oxygen . The source of carbon is equally evident as that of oxygen and hydrogen . It is from the air that plants derive their carbon , or more correctly speaking , -from thc carbOnic acid of the atmosphere . Again , carbonic acid is produced by combustion and respiration . It is estimated that the carbonicacid derived from the cumbustion of coal and wood annually in
Great Britain is alone sufficient to supply carbon for seven eighths of the arable land of this country . "It is estimated that a full-grown man gives off , in the course of a . year , 1001 b . of carbon , in the form of carbonic acid ; and supposing each inhabitant of Great Britain , voung and old , to give off 601 b . per year , the 20 , 000 , ( Hid would give off 200 , 000 tons , and presuming the other auinials to give off twice as much more , the whole weight of carbon returned to the airby respira tion in this island wouldbe about 2 , 000 , 000 of tens , or the quantity abstracted from the atmosphere by 4 , 000 , 000 of acres of arable land . Lapandus found that a plant o f borago officinalis , after a growth of five months , nrodueed ten times as much vegetable matter
as the soil in which it grew bad lost during the same period . The experiment of Bourssingauld proved that peas planted in pure sand , and watered with distilled water , and fed by the air alone , nevertheless found in the air all the carbon necessary for their development , flowering , and fructification . May I ask how it can be otherwise ? for if we turn to the noble oaky and inquire when the aoorn feu , whence sprang this noble tree some centuries back ? If the ground contained one millionth part of the carbon which the oak now contains , it is the carbonic acid of the atmosphere which has furnished all the rest ; that is to say almost the whole mass of this noble tree . I am willing to allow the nitrogen to go to your credit , at the same time a portion of it is also derived from the atmosphere . . * .
Field-Garden Operations, Por Fie Tpeafc ...
Then if we deduct 4 , 3081 b . of oxygen ,.,. _ . . .- . --.- V- 61 Ub . of hydrogen-5 , 3 T 41 b . of carbon 10 , 2931 b . of elementsfro ' nr 11 , 0501 b . of dried matter , it leaves 7571 b . Even allowing that you have helped to contribute to the supply of carbon by the decay of vegetable matter , and leaving that out of the question , wc find that the oxygen and hydrogen ( two elements that you cannot claim to have supplied ) amount to 4 , 9191 b ., or near half the crop you claim aslost to the land . Should I be wrong in my ' calculations , I hope some more scientific friend will put me right , as the object of my letter is to call the attention of agriculturists to the value of chemistry . Tnos . Kiek Short .
Martin Hall , Nottinghamshire . Oa Majiuke . — Sir , —Manure cannot be kept too close together , and the less exposed to the weather the better , but it ought not to be permitted to overheat itself . It is the practice of the farmers to fodder their cattle in the fields ; I do not hesitate to say , that such a practice is inconsistent with the improvements of the present day ; no man can calculate the loss sustained by such a method . All cattle ought to be housed by night from November to April , if allowed to range a few hours in the day on a rough piece of pasture . Good manure cannot be made in ; the open field , nor scarcely in a farm yard , if the droppings of buildings are allowed to soak through it ; all farms oug ht to be provided with sheds adequate to the quantity of stock for consuming the produce for the winter . Cattle require but very little room if tied up ; there is some trouble
attending this plan at first , but in a few days every beast will know its place , they will then be able to enjoy whatever food is put before them , and are not subject to be driven from one place to another by the master beasts of the herd . There are two things of the greatest importance on the farm—draining and manure : it is difficult to say which prcpoaderates . You may extol guano , or other novelties , but there is nothing equal to animal manure , as Mr . Davis has demonstrated in his excellent letter . The farmer ' s particular attention should be drawn to this subject now , since steam has so much superseded horse labour . Where there used to be hundreds of stagecoach horses on the highroad side , there is-not now one . The urine of the cattle is the most essential thing in decomposing vegetable matter , and every drop of it ought to be preserved ; which can easily be done in the following inexpensive manner : —If the
farmyard is on a declivity , so much the better ; if not , let a pit be dug in a " convenient situation , of an oblong form , the one end sloping in until the opposite side , is four or five feet deep , if the bottom is composed of hard gravel there is no occasion for it being paved with brick or stone ; the sides ought to be walled up , but if this cannot be afforded strong stakes may be driven in about a foot and a half apart , and roddled up with stout rods to keep the sides from falling in from the action of the frost . No water should be allowed to enter this pit but what falls from the clouds , and to its margin the dung from the stables and cattle sheds should be wheeled every day , but on no account turned in , but shook in promiscuously with a fork and evenly together . As tothe saving of the surplus urine that is not . absorbed by the litter , I would recommend the following simple and economical method : —Let a shallow gutter be made behind the cattle to drain into a receptacle ; brick tanks are rather expensive , but in most market
towns there are oilmen who sell their large casks for very little money ; let one of these be sunk level with the surface as a receiver , and give one of the labourers a trifle to attend to it regularly and empty it , when necessary , into the manure pit . A boy can perform this work with ease with two stable pails . This liquid should be spread evenly over the surface of the dung b y a trough extending across or into the middle of the pit , with holes perforated in its bottom . Manure made in this simple and inexpensive manner is very efficacious ; one cart-load is worth three or four of that generally procured from farm-yards . A common labourer can do all that is required ; and I think no landlord would object to find the materials to accomplish a thing so desirable as providing substantial animal manure , on which the perniauent hopes of the tenant for bountiful crops chiefly depend . —A Farmee op Thirty Yeahs' Experience , Middlesex , 1845 .
The Morcmrrv. Op Losnos, And Indeed Of E...
The Morcmrrv . op Losnos , and indeed of England generally , shows a gradual annual decrease , whflst it is well known the population increases considerably . The rates of premium for Life Insurance have heen greatly reduced during the last few years , yet the offices continue as prosperous as formerly . These facte clearly demonstrate that some cause , either unknown or unheeded , must hare produced sueh favourable results . ^ Amongst these causes , the increased knowledge of anatomy and the many very valuable discoveries in medicine , will stand most prominent . The small-pox , that annually carried off thousands , has been successfully combatted by vaccination ; and gout , that used to claim its numerous victims , has been thoroughly vanquished by Blair ' s Gout and Rheumatic Pills .
A Gektlbm & x ' s LifE Saved by taking Hollowat / s Fills . —A wealthy farmer , a Mr . John Robinson , residing at "Wbotton , near Bedford , was a short time since informed by his medical man' that'in two days he ^ would he a-corpse . He then measured seven feet round the body from dropsy ; his legs were so fullofwater , and so large , that they burst in three places . In this dreadful state he disnihjsed . his doctor , * nd had recourse alone to these wonderful Pills , which saved his life , and immediately earned off all the water from the body , and he now enjoys perfect health . This gentleman is well known , as likewise his family , throughout the county of Bedford . Romaxce Df tiie Life op a Factory GiBX . ^ -Miss Irene Nichols , daughter of Mr . Nathaniel Nichols , of Monmouth , Kennebec Co ., while at work in a factory in Dorchester , Mass ., some four years ' since , was offered very liberal wages to go to Memo , and
engage in a Factory just established there . She , with eight others , accepted the offer . While there , she became acquainted with Ferrera , the present revolting and successful General , with whom she contracted marriage . She made a visit to her friends in Maine , last summer , during which she received frequent letters from Ferrera . She left here in July or August last , for Mexico , via New York , where she obtained a license , and was united in marriage to Gen . Ferrera , by his representative , the General not being able to leave Mexico—a step rendered necessary , as the parties were both Protestants , and could Dot be married in Mexico , a Catholic country . Ferrera is now President of Mexico , having his head quarters at the national palace in the city , and this Kennebec " Factory Girl" now " revels in the Halls of the Montezumas . " Glen . Ferrera is of German extraction . —Kennebec Journal , Maine .
MEiEoroLiTAtf Improvements . —Lhe new street from Long-acre to Holborn , forming the continuous line from Waterloo-bridge to the new Holborn-road , has been named Endell-street ; and the fine opening which connects High-street , St . Giles ' s , with Monmouth and St . ' Andrew-streets , is called Broadstreet . The new street connecting Long-acre with Coventry-street is in such a state of forwardness that it is expected to be open for traffic in about another month . Revolution at Iciiaboe . —Strange as such a fact may be , it is not more strange than true . By letters which have arrived in town this week , it is stated that a complete , and , happily , a bloodless revolution had taken place at Iciiaboe , at the date of the last
dispatches . It seems that in the operations ot the first six months after the island was visited , a host of agents or supercargoes established themselves on the island , erecting tents and temporary residences . In a short time they had marked off the ground , and laid claim to all the principal parts as their own bona fide property , on behalf of themselves and their employers at home , erecting loading stages , and selling pits at extravagant prices . Till the revolution no opposition was made to this mode of procedure , and the consequence wis , that ultimately no ship , unless the captain submitted to these land sharks , could get % shovel' s breadth of ground to land upon . When an agent had a ship loading at his stage , he purposely kept dallying with the work until another ship from his house at home would arrive to take up the berth , although there might be 300 other ships surrounding the little island , and waiting access to the beach . Squabbles and small fights were of continual occurrence , and increased till a sloop Of war arrived to
preserve order . Her commander remained till he believed his presence was no longer necessary . On the following day the demurring shipmasters held a meeting , and it was very soon resolved that a general reform should be made instantcr . There were about 300 ships at moorings , and each ship agreed to send her proportion of men ashor with guns . and bayonets , mustering altogether about 1400 men . Supercargo town was attacked , and its entire population put to the route at the point of the bayonet , and driven into the sea , up to their chins , and the discomfited landlords there and then made to swear that from that time henceforth they had relinquished all right and title to the soil of lehaboe , after which declaration thev were permitted . to return to their respective places of abode . This summary proceeding produced an entire change in the civil ankirs of the island , and ships are now loading at the rate of 50 tons a day , after lying idle for months . —Greenock Observer .
Lewes Election—On . Monday last , pursuant to public notice , the nomination of a burgess to serve in Parliament for the boroug h" of Lewes , in the room of the Hon . Henry Fitzroy , who had accepted the office of a Lord of the Admiralty , took place in the Nisi Prim Court , in the County Hall , at 11 o ' clock' precisely . W . C . Mabbott , Esq ., stepped forward , amidst cheers , and said he had the great gratification of nominating the Hon . Henry ^ Fitzroy , who had so many years represented them in Parliament , as a fit and proper person for that purpose . Having accepted oifiee under Government , it became necessary that he should be re-elected , and he had , therefore , the pleasure of proposing him . Mr . R . Flint seconded the nomination . Mr . Fitzroy was then declared duly elected . The . Hon . Member returned thanks , and the proceedings terminated .
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Losnos Cons Exchange, Monday, Feh. 17.—T...
Losnos Cons Exchange , Monday , Feh . 17 . —The arrivals of . wheat , barley , and oats from our own coast , were short during last week , and the supplies of the latter article from Scotland and Ireland moderate , nor were the receipts of beans or peas by any means large . From abroad aparcel or . two of wheat , one cargo of barley , and about 1000 qrs . of oats , with fair quantities of beans , and peas , constituted the supphes . At this morning ' s market there was rather more wheat offering b y land-carriage , samples from Essex and Kent than last Monday , whilst of barley and oats the fresh arrivals were trifling . Beans ' and peas were rather more plentiful , ' particularly the former article . The weather is now open , though
the nights contmue frosty . The demand lor wheat was slow to-day , and though the condition was . generally good , considerabledifilculty ] was experienced in making sales at former rates , indeed In partial instances buyers had the turn in their favour , ' - ' -The inquiry for free foreign wheat was likewise very tardy , and so unimportant were the transactions as to render quotations little better than nominal . Flour was saleable in retail quantities at about previous prices . Holders of barley firmly resisted any further decline , and , with a restricted sale , the currency of this day se ' nnight was maintained . Malt was likewise held at former rates . The principal dealers bought oats
cautiously , and even consumers showed unwillingness to take more than they required for immediate use ; the moderate nature of the supplies tended , however , to impart confidence , and good coyn was not cheaper than on this day se ' nnight .. Beans moved off in retail without any change occurring in their value . Peas were held at previous prices , but the inquiry was far from lively . The sowing season having been retarded by the late severe weather , comparatively little business has hitherto been done in cloverseed . This morning the trade was , on the whole , firm , and former rates were well supported . / Canarysecd was again the turn cheaper . In quotations of other articles there is no alteration to notice .
S CURRENT PRICES OF GRAIN , PER IMPERIAL QUARTER . —British . s s s s Wheat , Essex , & Kent , new & old red 42 48 White 80 84 — Norfolk aud Lincoln . . . . do 43 46 Ditto 48 . 50 Nbrthum . and Scotch white 42 46 Fine 48 52 —^ Irishredold . 0 0 Red 4244 White 45 48 Rye Old ..... . 31 ' 32 New 30 " 32 Brank . 35 36 Barley Grinding .. 2 G 28 Distil . 20 31 Malt .. 32 36 Malt Brown .... 54 56 Pale - 58 62 Ware ' 63 65 Beans Ticks old & new SO 34 Harrow 33 38 Pigeon 88 42 r \; as Grey 32 33 Maple 33 34 White 36 40 Oats tincolns & Yorkshire Feed 21 23 Poland 23 25 Scotch ... . ' . . . . Angus 22 24 Potato 24 26 i Irish ......... White 20 22 Black 20 22 Per 2801 b . net . s s 'Per 2801 b . net . s s Town-made Flour . . . 42 44 Norfolk < fc Stockton 33 84 Essex and Kent .... 84 85 Irish . ....... 85 36 Free . Bond
! _ . Foreign . : ¦ ' s- s s" s Wheat , Dantsic , Konigsburg , & c 52 60 ¦ 36 40 Marks , Mecklenburg . . 48 54 32 35 Danish , Holstein , and Priesland red 44 47 28 30 : —Russian , Hard 44 46 Soft ... 44 47 26 28 Italian , Red . . 46 50 Wliite . ' . . 50 52 30 32 -Spanish , Hard . 46 50 Soft .... 48 52 30 32 Bye , Baltic , Dried , . . . 30 32 Undried . . 31 32 21 22 Barley , ' Grinding . 26 28 Malting . . 31 3 S 22 29 Beans , Ticks . . 30 34 Egyptian .. 31 32 26 30 Peas , White ... 36 38 Maplo * . . 38 . 84 28 30 Oat ' s , Dutch , Brew and Thick ....... '; 24 25 19 21 - Kussianfeed ............. . 21 22 IS 10 i—Danish , Friesland feed ......... 21 23 15 17 Flour , per barrel 25 27 19 20
• London Smthfield Cattle Market , Monday , Feb . 17 . —Since this day se ' nnight , the imports of live stock from abroad for our market have not been so extensive as in the preceding week , yet they have , for the present season , proved rather numerousthey have amounted to 136 sheep , and ninety-three oxen and cows , all from Holland . To-day there were on sale here seventy beasts and ninety sheep , the whole of which were in very moderate ' condition , and sold at corresponding rates . From the official returns , just issued , we learn ' that thc following were the importations in the years mentioned : — i 1842 1843 1844 Oxen and bulls ......... 3165 ...... 1114 ......-3710 Gows ............: . 1046 ...... 307 / ...... 1155 Calves ... ; ....... . " % ...... 40 55 . Sheep . 638 ...... 210 ...... 2801 Lambs ..................... 10 ...... 7 ...... 16 Swine and hogs ...... 415 ...... 359 271
The number of beasts derived from our various grazing counties were less than those exhibited on Monday last , owing to which , the increased attendance of buyers , and thc dead markets being tolerably well cleared of their late large country arrivals , the beei trade was somewhat better , and in some few instances the priniest Scots ( which . were scarce ) commanded an advance of 2 d . per 81 b . In all other kinds of beef , however , not the slightest Improvement was noticed . From Norfolk , Suffolk , Essex , and Cambridgeshire , we received 1250 Scots and homebreds ; from the northern grazing districts , 200 shorthorns ; from thc
Western and midland counties , 600 Hcrefbvds , Devons , runts , < fcc . ; from other parts of England , 500 oi various breeds ; ; and from Scotland , * ' 180 horned and polled Scots . The supply of sheep / exhibited a decided falling off , yet it was quite equal to meet the wants of the trade .. On the whole , a slight improvement was noticed-in tlie demand , biuVprices ruled about stationary , though they were fully supported . The numbers oi ' calyes were ou the increase , owing to which the veal trade was heavy , on lower terms . For pigs we had a steady inquiry at full prices . There were on sale about 2000 shorn sheep , and 200 lambs . ;
By the quantities of 81 b ., sinking the offal , ; ' s . d . s . d Inferior coarse beasts . . . 2 6 2 10 Second quality . . . "' . ' ' . 3 0 3 4 Prime large oxen . .. . 3 . 6 3 8 Prime Scots , & c .. .... . . . . . 3 10 4 2 i Coarse inferior , sheep . . . 2 8 3 2 I Second quality . -. . . k 3 4 3 8 ' Prime coarse woolled . . . 3 10 4 . 0 'Prime Southdown - .. . . ., 4 . 2 4 4 Large coarse calves . . . .-40 48 Prime small . ' . . . . 4 10 5 4 Suckling calves , each . . . . 18 0 32 . 0 Largehogs . . . ... 3 . 0 3 8 Seat small porkers . . , 3 10 4 4 Quartcv-old store pigs , each , . 18 0 20 0
HEAD OF CATTLE ON SALE . ( From the Books of the Clerk of the Market . ) ! Beasts , 2 , 555-Sheep , 20 , 230—Calves , 68—Pigs , 313 . London Smithfield Hay Market . — Coarse meadow hay , £ 310 s . to £± 10 s . ; useful ditto , £ 112 s . to £ 5 3 s . ; fine upland ditto , £ 5 4 s . to £ 5 8 s . ; clover hay , £ 4 10 s . to £ < 3 . ; oat straw , £ 116 s . to £ 118 s . wheat straw , £ 1 18 s . to £ 2 per load . Supply but moderate , and trade tolerably steady . Manchester Cohn Market , Saturday , Feb . 15 . — Since our report of this day se ' nnight the trade has undergone but little change , a fair consumptive demand for flour having been experienced in the early part of the week at about previous rates ; subsequently , however * sales were with greater difficulty
effected , and the tendency of prices was towards a decline . . For oats and oatmeal there was , likewise , but little inquiry , without material alteration from the currency of . last market day . ; At our market this morning but few transactions occurred in wheat , although secondary and inferior descriptions were freely offering at a decline of fully Id . per tfOlbs .-Fhnr was only saleable to a limited extent hi retail quantities , and must be noted rather cheaper . Oats were in very moderate request , at a reduction of Id . per 45 lbs . ; and oatmeal met a slow sale at an abatement of 3 d . to ( Id . per 21 ( ilhs . The demand for beans was trifling , and their previous value was barely supported .
; Liv £ rpooi , Cons Market , Monday , Feb . 17 . — We have this week had a fair arrival of flour from Ireland , but the imports of oatmeal and of ' grain arc of very moderate amount . The trade has at thc same time ruled exceedingly dull , and most of the principal articles have again receded in value . Thc finer qualities of Irish wheat have been sold at Id ., and secondary samples at 2 d . per bushel below tho quotations given in our last . Foreign has been held at previous rates , but has met a very limited demand . Flour must be noted Is , per sack , " and oatmeal 3 d , to 6 d . per load cheaper . Oats arc id . per bushel lower ; 3 s . per 451 bs . the top price for Irish mealing . We reduce thc quotations for beans by Cd . to Is . per quarter , and either this article , or ' barley or peas have moved onl y in retail , the two latter at about previous rates . No change has occurred in the d atics oii foreign produce this week .
Leeds Cloiu Markets . —We cannot report any material alteration in the state of trade in Leeds , except that prices , in consequence of the advance ( if wool at the recent London sales , arc rather higfcfe \ The late severe weather has given a check to the spring trade ; but a speedy iavourablc rc-action is confidently looked for . ( Leeds Conn Market , Tuesday , Feb . 18 . —With a limited supply of grain here this week , we have no change to report in the value of any article , and the demand is still confined to the supply of pressing wants . Our principal millers hold oft , waiting for a better selection in fine dry wheat . Barley maintains last week ' s prices from the smallness of the arrival . Oats , beans , and shelling without change . Richmond Corn Market , Feb , 15 , ~ We had ft plentiful supply of grain in our market to-day , and the prices much the same as last week . —Wheat sold from os . to Gs . 6 d . ; oats , 2 s . 2 d . to 3 s . ; barley , 3 s . 6 d . to 3 s . 9 d . ; beans , 4 s . to 4 s . 9 d . per bushel .
York Cohn Market , Feb . 15 . —The ' dulness which has characterised the corn trade lor some time past still continues , and millers and maltsters only purchase to supply their present wants ; and , if anything , a trifling reduction has to be acceded to , to make sales . Oats are not very plentiful , and the price of good mealing ] qualities is fully supported . Beans as before . ¦ , Malton Conx Market , Feb . 15 .- ~ Wc have a good supply of wheat , but moderate of barley and oats , ottering to this day ' s market ; wheat fully Is . per quarter lower ; barley and oats same as last . week . Wheat , red , new , 44 s , to 48 s . ; white ditto , 48 s . to 50 s . ; red ditto , old , 50 s . to 52 s . ; white ditto , 52 s . to 5 Cs . perqr . of 40 stones . Barley , 26 s . to 30 s . per qr . of 32 st . Oats , 9 £ d . to lOJd . per atone .
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House Of Lords-Mosday , Feb. 11. ' The R...
HOUSE OF LORDS-Mosday , Feb . 11 . ' The report of the Board of Trade upon projected railways was again the subject of discussion in the House of Lords . Lord Bbougham , with increased information ,-renewed his charge against Mr . O'Brien . That gentleman , he said , bad purchased 204 South-Eastern shares as late as December 17 ; the prices instantly rose when it was known who was in the market , and the result did credit to the sagacity of the speculators , for the committee decided in favour of the South-Eastern lines . Their Lordships were
told that these decisions were only intended to assist Parliament , but he maintained that in " almost every case they would , although unsupported by evidence , have overwhelming weight with Parliament , and thus affect most seriously tho rights of private property . ' , He objected to the constitution of a tribunal to . which such immense powers were intrusted , and suggested that as so much importance was attached to its opinion , the public should at least know whether the members were unanimous . He wondered whether this was always the case . Rumour said that it was not , but the rule was , that every member signed the report whether he approved it or no .
Lord Dalhotjsi . e declined to give any answer to the Noble Lord's questions . He had " wondered" very much , and wanted a solution of his " wondcrings , " but he should leave him to " wonder" on . The rule of voting in the Board of Trade was tho same as that in the Boards of Admiralty or of Customs , in neither of which was any division of opinion ever explained . These objections , too , to the constitution of the committee came too late . Ithad been established by consent of Parliament , the extent of its jurisdiction and the nature of its powers had been entirely approved , . and it had in no respect exceeded its authority or acted inconsistently with the course which had been prescribed for it . He repeated ,, that its decisions would only be entitled to influence so long as they were founded in reason and justice ; but he claimed for the system a fair trial , which it had scarcely had when its first report had been but just laid upon the table of the House .
The Duke of Weuington said , that he had some acquaintance with both the Messrs . O'Brien , The one had been a most respectable aud estimable military officer , and while the other had acted as Sir J . Graham ' s secretary he had had every reason to be satisfied vflth his integrity and zeal . Lord Bbougham denied that he had ever imputed the slightest collusion to either of these gentlemen , but rejoiced that he had . succeeded in eliciting so ' much information . So far from " wondering" any longer , he
was now entirely satisfied that his information as to the internal dissensions of , the Board was correct ; and as their reports were not like , those of the Admiralty or Customs bu | only the exposition of : opinions , he still contended that those members who dissented should not sign the report as if it had been unanimously adopted . His objections to the conduct of the committee remained unabated , and . he thought the public justified in entertaining suspicions when the mere connexion of Mr . O'Brien's name with the South-Eastern Railway had in a few days raised the price of the shares from 13 to 40 .
LordDalhodsie shortly replied ; and , after some observations from Lord Campbell in condemnation of the committee , and from Lord Whamcliffe in defence of Its constitution , the subject dropped .
Tuesday , Feb . 18 . \ The House of Lords sat only for a short time ; and at their rising adjourned till Thursday .
; Iiousf, Of Commons, Mondat, Feb. 17. ....
; IIOUSF , OF COMMONS , Mondat , Feb . 17 . . ] The House met at four o ' clock . . Mr . S . Hebbert took the oaths and his seat on his reflection for the southern division of the county of Wilts . An lion . Membeb presented thirteen petitions from as many parishes in the county of Norfolk , for the repeal of the malt-tax , ' ¦; Mr . T . Ddncombe presented petitions from Captain Stolzberg and another , who had presented petitions to the House last session , complaining that their letters had
been opened in the Post-office , They stated tliat their petitions had heen referred to a secret committee ; that that committee had made a report , part of which they were informed was injurious to the character of the petitioners , and they prayed that if another committee should he appointed they might be examined , in order to have the opportunity of clearing their ehnracters . from any imputation . The Hon . 'Member then moved that the petitions , as also that of Joseph Mazzini ( presented on Friday last ) , be printed with the votes , as he intended to bring them and the subject to which they referred under the consideration of the House to-morrow ( Tuesday ) . —Ordered .
Mr . Cobby brought up the navy estimates , which were ordered to be printed . Mr . M . Gibson gave notice , that on putting the resolution of the Right Hon . Baronet as to sugar duties In the Committee of Ways and Means , he would move as an amendment , " that no arrangement respecting the sugar duties can be satisfactory or permanent which does not include an equalization of duty on foreign and colonial sugar . "
PBINCE AlBEBT . Mr . P . BoBi'iiwicK , seeing the Eight Hon . Baronet the First Lord of the Treasury in his place , wished to ask him whether there was any truth in a rumour which had appeared in' the Morning Post and other newspapers . The rumour was . one on which he did not ask for any information , because it was sufficiently absurd and ridiculous to contradict itself ; but monstrously absurd and ridiculous as it was , it was calculated to excite , unpleasant feelings . Before he put the question he would read . the paragraph itself , — " It is rumoured , and wc believe upon sufficient authority , that the . title of King-Consort is about to be conferred on his Royal Highness Prince Albert . .- ¦ .- This , we presume , would be preliminary to a demand for an increased grant . " -He . wished to ask the Right Hon . Baronet the question , simply to afford bim an apportunity of contradicting a rumour , mischievous , absurd , and preposterous iii . itself , but calculated to do serious injury ^ to the object of tlie loyalty and affections of the nation . :
Sir R ; Peel . —The House will , I am sure , admit that it is not a good practice to ask a Minister for explanations as to rumours which have appeared in the newspapers ( hear , hear , and laughter ) , particularly when the Hon . Gentleman who puts the question declares that the rumour to which lie refers is sufficiently absurd to be its own contradiction , and wants no explanation from me . ( Cheers and laughter . ) I think that it is rather hard iu this particular case that the Hon . Gentleman should put me to the ordeal of answering his question . However , sir , J feel that I must leave it to the discretion of Hon . Members themselves to put such questions or to refrain from them , because I know that inferences are sometimes drawn from silence . On the whole , perhaps , silencs would be tlicbest on tlie present occasion but to guard against the possibility of any erroneous infereiice .,-1 will state , for the satisfaction of the Hon . Gentleman , that the paragraph to which he refers is wholly withoutfoundation . ( Cheers and laughter . ) . - ¦¦ ...
A discussion respecting the Railway Department of the Board of Trade , and tlie recent gamblings on the Stock Exchange , in consequence of the business of that board , ensued , the subject being introduced by Lord Howiek . Its purport was similar to the one ' we have noticed as haying occurred in the House of Lords , When it was over the House " considered" on
THE GOVEBNMENT . FINANCIAL PLANS . : The House having resolved into a Committee of Ways and Means , tlie discussion on the financial plans of the Government was resumed . . Mr . Gbeene ( the chairman ) having read the question proposed on Friday last by Sir It . Peel : ~ - " That it is the opinion of this committee that towards raising the supply grantedto her Majesty , the respective ditties on property , professions , . trades ,-and officesi and the stamp duties on Ireland , granted by two several Acts passed in the fifth year of her present . Majesty ; be continued and further granted to her Majesty for ' a time to be limited , "—
Lord John Rosseu . rose and said , that he had always considered the income-tax as one which miglitbeneeessary in time of war ,- ' or some other great emergency , , but which was , even then , liable to tlie greatest objections from its inequality , its vexatious character , and-its liability to fraud and evasion . Such being its faults , he was surprised that SivR . Peel should have declared that he would not attempt to modify it , because any such attempt would only aggravate the evils which he was anxious . to cure . When he originally proposed to impose the income-tax , he justified it on account of the political and financial difficulties of the country , and expressed a hope that by altering certain customs duties he should so invigorate commerce , and so encourage . industry , as to be able to improve the condition of the people , and to get back in a few years the
revenue which he was then sacrificing . Why , then , had he declined to tell the House on Friday night what had been the consequence of his reductions in the tariff , and to show that they were even now producing , and would continue to produce , an increasing revenue' Clearly because it was not in his power to do so ; and hence he concluded , that if the House consented to the Government measure in its present shape , it wo { ild _ give its consent to an income tax , to be renewed , it was true , from time to time , but still to be renewed perpetually . Thc real question , therefore , for the House to consider was , whether it would consent in a time of profound peace to render the income tax permanent . That being the ease , ho proceeded to consider whether a permanent income tux would be sufficiently repaid to the country by the benefit to be derived from taking off curtain taxes , which Sir R . Peel had " enumerated to . the amount of his assumed surplus of £ 3 , 300 , 000 arising from tho proceeds of that tax . Many of the taxes which he had
determined to repeal were judiciously selected for the promotion of industry and the encouragement of commerce , as , for instance , -the duties ' on cotton wool and on glass . He could . not , however , see any reason why 41300 . 000 should have been given away in the auction duties ; on the contrary , he thought that thc reduction of the duty on fire insurances and on soap—wliieh was now the only tax left on the absolute necessaries of life , so much condemned by Adam Smith—would have been a more expedient and advisablereduction . The Right Hon . Gentleman ' s interference with the article of sugar was also most injudicious and impolitic . Instead of interfering to break down restrictions and to restore the country to a more natural condition of society , he interfered to bring in a constant prohibition against certain countries , which would sendnis sugars at alowerprice than that atwhich we could get it from our colonies , and that , too , on the pretence that it was the produce of slave labour ! Sir R . Peel estimated the loss to the revenue by his reduction of the sugar duties at
; Iiousf, Of Commons, Mondat, Feb. 17. ....
£ 1 , 300 , 000 . He contended , on ^ thc other hand , that if . the sugars of " allforeign countries were admitted on the same principle as that of our own colonies , there wouldbe no occasion to abandon any part of our revenue . He did not think it right for the G overnment to propose , as they now did , a permanent income tax without their declaring explicitly whether they considered it as one of the best permanent taxes that could be imposed . If they did so consider it , let them further consider whether : they could not , either by a select committee , or by a committee of the whole House , modify the defects which were known to exist in it . ) The Government , moreover , was not acting upon sound principles , but where great interests were concerned , and where great opposition was expected , was proposing to continue , if not to aggravate , monopolies which it found existing . His view was , that we ought to continue . the income tax for the present that we ought to make
Some Of the reductions of taxation proposed b y Sir R . Peel , as on cotton wool and on glass ; but that , as to some others , as sugar , we ought to take a different course . If the question were between a permanent income tax and a continuance of monopoly , ho had no hesitation in declaring that he was for a short income tax and the relaxation of monopoly . He , therefore , could not give his hearty concurrence to the plan of the Right Hon . Baronet . He would , however , give his assent to an income tax for three years . He regretted that the Government had taken a course which would render it necessary to continue it for a longer term of years ; but he hoped the continuance of so inquisitorial and odious a tax for any great length of time would induce the people to resolve upon setting trade free , and to endeavour , by the benefits which free trade Would confer upon their industry and enterprise , to get rid of ah impost which it is not expedient that they should have to pay in time of peace .
Mr . Roebuck was disappointed atthe lame and impo . tent conclusion of Lord John Russell ' s speech , after the manner in which he had impugned nearly every portion of Sir Robert Peel's financial statement . Had thc JToble Lord made it for any other object than to find fault and to guard himielf from any consequences which might result from the changes now proposed ? He , too , should impugn all the plan of Sir Robert Peel ; but , unlike the Noble Lord , he would end his observations with a substantive ' amendment , on which he hoped that thc Noble lord would vote with him . It was a perfect delusion to suppose that the income tax was proposed as a mere temporary tax— -he should assume it' tobe intended as a permanent tax , and should . contend that its permanence greatly aggravated its mischievous tendency . Sir
Robert Peel proposed the income and property tax to meet a deficiency in the revenue . The income and property tax-were to give , him £ 5 , 000 , 000 . That was an amount of revenue which more than covered by £ 3 , 000 , 000 the expenditure for the public service which the Right Hon . Gentleman had to meet . He therefore insisted that the Minister was bound , first of aU , to show that his expenditure was a legitimate expenditure ; next , that'his mode of meeting that expenditui-e was the best that he could devise ; and , lastly , that he adopted it not only to meet the demands of the public expenditure , but also to enable him to make great and important changes ' in our commercial policy . ' Now , he should contend that the tax which it was intended to impose was an onerous , mischievous , and obnoxious tax : next , that "the taxes which it was
intended to remit were not so onerous , mischievous , and obnoxious ; and , ' lastly , that there was a mode of meeting the ' deficiency . better than that which Sir R . Peel proposed . Mr , Roebuck then pointed out , at great length , the unequal , vexatious , and inquisitorial nature of the present income tax . To a property tax on realised capital he had not the-same objection ; ' and he thought that if , in addition io such a tax , every man were called upon to return his age and the amount of his income , and if the duty of two or three per cent . ' were to be applied to the permanent ' value of that fluctuating income , which could be calculated easily as property , it would nearly cover the demand of the Government for the public expenditure . He insisted that the House was bound to inquire , before it rendered such a tax permanent , whether
the mischiefs vl created wouldbe less than those created by the taxes which were repealed . Now , none of the taxes which it was proposed to repeal crossed any of the great interests of the country . The agricultural interest was very cautiously handled in the speech of Lord Johii Russell , and the West India interest in the statement of Sir R . Peel . He wished it had been otherwise : for he was quite certain , that if the Right Hon . Baronet had not determined to keep up the differential duties on sugar , he would have had no occasion to sacrifice a revenue of £ 1 , 300 , 000 on that article . He also pointed out the loss which-the revenue suffered in the present mode of
levying the duties on timber ; and insisted that , by a propertytax levied upon the principles which he had already declared , and by the equalisation of the duties on foreign and colonial sugar , and also on Baltic and Canadian timber , the demand might be met on account of our expenditure , and the country might be freed from the odious and inquisitorial impost with which : it was now threattened . He then concluded by moving that the words " professions , trades , and oflices , " be omitted from the resolution moved by Sir R . Peel , not with a view of excluding them from taxation altogether , but with a view of subjecting them hereafter to that discriminating scheme of taxation which he had alread y described .
SirG . Gret called upon Sir Robert Peel , or some of his colleagues in the Ministry , to explain to the House tlie grounds of the confident expectation , which on Friday night lie professed to entertain , that it might he possible for the House , at the expiration of three years , to dispense with the income tax altogether . ' He was prepared to agree to its r ' eimposition provided that he could be convinced that ' this confidence was well founded ; but when he looked to the measure which was proposed as to the sugar duties , he could ' not bring himself to believe that the revenue derived from that source would be so restored at the end of three years as to compensate the sacrifice which the House was now called upon to make . In withholding for thc present his opposition to the vote for the continuance of the property tax ' , he withheld it in tlie hope that he should be able to get rid of the discriminating duties upon slave-growil and free labour sugar . He concluded by stating that he had heard nothing from the Learned Member for Bath which induced him to assist in carrying out his amendment .
The Chancellor of thc Exchequer , iu reply to the question , what grounds the Ministers had for supposing that the income tax would not be permanent , and on what foundation their expectations of the future were based ? observed , that his expectations of the future were based on his experience of the past . The income tax was originally ' submitted to the consideration of the House in 1842 , for the purpose of covering a large deficiency , and of releasing a number of articles from' restrictions which pressed heavily on industry . What was the situation of the revenue on the 10 th of October , 1842 , and on the 10 th of October , 1844 ? In the former year the revenue derived from the ordinary sources of Customs , Excise , & c ., was £ 47 , 000 , 000 . The measures proposed to Parliament in that year , and in the last , for the reduction of taxation ,
withdrew from the public income no less a sum than £ 1 , 400 , 000 ; and yet , on the 10 th of October , 1844 , the same taxes produced not £ 47 , 000 , 000 , ' but £ 47 , 497 , 000 . He then referred to several finance returns , for the purpose of proving that both in 1835 , and again in 1842 , the revenue was greatly benefitted by the judicious repeal of taxation ; and insisted that upon such data he was justified in expecting that , when this tax should ' expire , the country wouldbe in possession of such a i revenue as would leave it free to decide whether it would abandon it or not . He then proceeded to refute Mr . Roebuck ' s argument that the income tax was unequal and vexatious , and quoted the authority of Mr ; -Pitt to show that it was inexpedient to make any distinction between realised and fluctuating capital . He
then briefly adverted to . tlie course adopted during the last and present year on the subject of the sugar duties . The Noble Lord had wished to fight over again that night the battle which they had often fought previously upon that subject ; he was ' not afraid of the contest to which thciJoble Lord had challenged him , and would give him a speedy opportunity of discussing that question , when he brought forward , as he should do at a very early period , the reimposition of those duties . The . House seemed not to be prepared to object that night to the resolution in the hands of the chairman , and he therefore thought that he should best consult the convenience of the House by reserving what he had to say in defence of the remission of the duties on cotton wool , on glass , and on auctions , to when the fitting opportunity for them should arrive .
Mr . C . Vf ooi ) expressed his dissatisfaction with this explanation . He recollected that , when the income tax was first proposed , it was on grounds of a temporary nature ; those grounds had now ceased to exist , but it was quite clear that the income tax would long survive the causes which had given rise to it . Nothing which he had heard that night led him to believe that the income tax would not be permanent . He could not " agree with Lord John Manners that it was a tax which pressed exclusively on the rich ; on thc contrary , it pressed also on the lower classes with much severity , iu consequence of the great check which it placed on employment . He suggested that the tax should bo extended to Ireland , us he saw no reason why an Irish gentleman , with an income of £ 5 , 000 a-year , should not pay his proportion to the
income tax . He paid no assessed taxes—why should ho also pay no . income tax % He then entered upon a review of Sir It . Peel's statement , both with regard to the probable expenditure and revenue of the country during the next three years , and stated that , in his opinion , the Right Hon . Baronet had considerably overrated the amount of revenue which he would receive during that period . He had estimated the surplus revenue which he sxpected to collect at £ 3 , 400 , 090 , and the amount of taxes which lie remitted at £ 3 , 310 , 000 , and had thus left himself only a surplus of £ 00 , 000 of disposable income , which , Under existing circumstances , was . much too
inconsiderable . With regard to his' vote of that evening , he had no hesitation in saying , that it would be given to Sir R . Peel . There might be a surplus in the year ensuing after the year 1848 , but that would be occasioned b y half-a-year ' s receipt of the income tax . In the next year afterwards there might be no surplus at all . If that were so , then the year after that there would be a still greater deficiency of revenue . As men of common sense , they were therefore bound to provide against that deficiency . He thought it was-better in such a case to continue the income tax than to impose new taxes . Though such was his opinion , he was not to be considered ^ avourable to any plan for placing this tax on a permanent footing .
Colonel Conolly thought that the advantages which had arisen out of the income tax during the last three years were a sufficient justification for continuing it for three years longer . One advantage of it was , that it had reduced the interest on money so much as to enable the Minister to reduce the interest on the national debt . It
; Iiousf, Of Commons, Mondat, Feb. 17. ....
had also greatly benefitted ^ the . agricultural into ' Ireland } ' by ^ " enabling- " thenr to relieve their estat / T ' pecuniary embarrassment , and . to employ upon J ln greater amount of capital and labour . m * Mr . G . Baskes complained that Sir R . p cej . financial statement on Friday night , and that the ol ' ' cellor of the Exchequer , in his speech of that nicht ~ made no allusion whatever to thc distress of the a ' ^ tural interest , though that distress had be «„ f 0 Sncu ) " communicated to them . In Sir 11 . Peel ' s plan eve 'Si ?* had been given to the mercantile , and nothing to th cultural interest . Why was the establishmen t V ^ ' " army so great 2 To protect our colonies , and our 0 UI merce with them . Why were the navy estima te * t ^" ''
increased to the amount of one million ? n " be increased to the amount of one million ? Beeau ? y , in China and in the Pacific new naval static- / necessary to defend the interests of our merchants in m ? - vicinity . Did the agricultural interest object to i' No such thinfe' . Then let not that interest , if it „ . „ powerful and predominant as was stated , be taunM ^ future as selfish and ungenerous . As to ' the vot " tV " before the House , those who represented dist ressed r tricts could only act as circumstances permitted , iu that both sides of the House were prepared to vc-tef 0 * T continuance of the income tax . He had , thc refo / , choice , and must accommodate his vote to his situat '' ° The farmers were at present ill able to bear th ; - / 10 n " other burden . & ran ) -
Mr . Warburtok thought that if thc Government nprepared to act with energy , and to lay open aU ft 6 »^ branches of trade , which could he laid open by the destru * tion of gigantic monopolies , the revenue might be «!' equal to the expenditure without the income tax ^ differed from thc resolution , which not onl y con tinuc-ialso increased the differential duties on sugar . His -J ^ was , that the prosperity of the country would bo incres " ) if instead of an indirect , we adopted a direct systemtaxation . Thc sum which then reached the Eichtiw would be much larger than that which reached it u L ! the present system . He repeated hi * opinion that , if # ' income tax were rendered permanent , aU the objt-cr ' o ' * to it would vanish : but , as it was not to be renderc-j ' L " manent , he considered it to be most unequal ani urjZ * and should certainly not give it his support . ' ' '
Mr . Robert FALXEB . thought that , if Government w unable to apply any relaxation of taxation to the agr ; L tural interest , it might still have avoided thc slight f J J p » ssing over that interest in total silence . He hoped that the reduction of taxation proposed by Sir It . Peel misij . be beneficial to the commercial classes ; hut he could ^ conceal from the House that thc agricultural interest tt as mu « h disappointed that it had no share iii that reduc : ^ He agreed that the income tax , as a permanent tax , wouia be a grievous and intolerable evil ; and he recollected th 5 t some years ago , when the present Duke of Buckingham then Marquis of Chandos , brought forward in that Homj a motion for the repeal of the malt tax , Sir R . Ped ni a that motion successfully by stating that there was r . o suj . stitute for it except the property tax , and by condemib the property tax as a substitue for it almost in asst ^ terms as any that had been used that evening iatw House .
Mr . M . Gibson , in reply to the complaint of Mr . Br , nk r and Mr . Palmer , that the agricultural interest fed ^ unjustly neglected by the Government , parodied tin- ohtt . vationof Sir J . Graham on the Irish question , and declared Unit concession to the agricultural interest had at ! a ;; reached its utmost limit . He showed that a graduated scale of duties had been applied to the income of ai / per sons engaged in trade and commerce under the lavim tax Act which passed the House of Commons in 16 [> 2 ; and he thought that a select committee ought now to be ap . pointed to inquire what amount of duty should be kppiy to the income of those who had capital engaged in con :. merce , and whether a better mode could not be devised «' raising the income-tax on persons engaged in trades and professions . He should vote for the amendment of J [ r , Roebuck , though he should have been better pleasodfcjjj his learned friend reserved his resistance to the i ncoae . tax till the bill imposing it was brought in .
Mr . Miles objected to the permanence of the incoae . tax , although he believed that Sir R . Peelhad introiteed it for three years with the very best intentions . He found that the commerce and manufactures of tlie country mK now flourishing , but that agriculture was in a state of she deepest depression . No attempt was made to wfee agriculture from any part of its burdens , lie couldnoi ask thc Right Hon . Baronet for the repeal of thc rualt-tax , because the surplus vould not allow the Right Hon ! Baronet to repeal that tax , and , even if it would , lieiiuuld not ask that the whole relief from taxation should k given to the agricultural interest . But when taxes io tL amount of £ 3 , 400 , 000 were taken off , he thought that fe agriculturists should have some share iu thc remtsfioc . He would give the House a future opportunity of decidir . whether , in this great remission of taxation , " the agricuf . tural interest should not have some share in its bcn <* .
Mr . Vernox * mith thought that thc House was aw going to saddle itself and the country witli a permanent income tax ; but he could not vote for the amendment of the Learned Member for Bath , because cireums tw ^ s might arise within the next three years to induce the Right Hon . Baronet to make some modifications and alterations in tiie income tax which he now proposed . He should certainly vote , if such a resolution were proposed , for the extension of that tax to Ireland , lie ob . served that thc Right Hon . Baronet had swept from the tarift' 430 articles , by which a revenue of £ 320 , 000 was lost to the country . Would the Right Hon . Baronet hareaay objection to state what were the principal avu ' eleo jo removed from the tariff- ; and what amount of reventt m lost on each ? ¦
Sir K . Peel defended himself from the chargeV beh ; insensible to the distress of the agricultural interest , and reminded the House that if he had not alluded to tea : subject in his speech of Friday night , it was simply be . cause he had entered upon it at some length in a speech which he had made two or three evenings before . He had the firmest conviction that if tlie agricultural interest would agree to the continuance of the income tax , and to take their share in the general prosperity which he believed would be derived from it , they would be run
benefitted by it than if he were to relieve them from . « local taxation , and to burden the Consolidated Fund with a grant of £ 500 , 000 for their benefit . He pointed out tin advantage which the agricultural labourer would derive from the repeal of the duty on cotton wool in the diwiaislwd price of his clothing , and which the farmer would find in the case of transferring hispropei-ty , from the repwi of- the auction duty , which , though the Xoble lord thought it of little value , appeared a very hijm ' . iwu ; tax to his late colleague Sir II . Parncll . Coiisiderin ? i ^ the Xoble Lord had described the income tax as a rax
which was the most unequal , inquisitorial , and oneroiu that could be devised , he was somewhat surprised at th ! compliment which the Xoble Lord had paid him in state that he would give him the support of his vote if a division were pressed against it . He knew not what the kiufc oi the Noble Lord ' s vote might be , but he could assure M « that if he should be restored to office he would find AH surplus of £ 5 , 500 . 000 . » very comfortable addition tb & e public income . In reply to the question put to him ij Sir G . Grey , he observed , that three years was bu tasW period for the restoration of the revenue , whiel » lit * ' * about to remit and that , if he could have carried out ni = own views , he should have preferred to prolong t kc WllliWance of the income tax to Jive years . He thought , however , that there was a rational expectation that the . reveKK
would be restored to its present amount at the end « three years . He saw the population increasing , capteaccumulating , and the means of conveyance greatly improved . Sow , if they facilitated the application of that capital to new branches of industry , it would increase Ademand for labour ; with an increased demand for late " 3-an increased consumption of articles subject to duty *^ take place , and with that increase of consumptive tilt amount of the-revenue would unquestionably he Jij ?' menteil . He showed that , as the income tax , if I'M ? were adopted , would not expire till thc 5 th of Apr ' - f * and as he would have a right to extend a credit «• £ 2 , 000 , 000 over the y « mr 1849 , on account of half a if ; , , - „ - - . ... ... v jwtvi -LVJ-IVj VUUl \ . VU "' v . - 1
income tax then to be received , the benefit to be d "™ from the income tax would extend over four years . !• - could not foresee what events might occur in tliat F * The public , at the expiration of that time , might , from inexperience of its benefits , be of opinion that die i » t * tax should be further continued ; and if so , he otifl " * ; to be bound by any guarantee given at present to all »» ' ; to expire . AU he blionld say further wa * , tlv . it Ue i » 5 ' _ this experiment with a perfect confidence that , « ' ^ happened , the House would maintain public credittax was admitted to be much less onerous in itseol ' * . ' ^' now than it was in thc year 1842 ; and he did m" * ' * „ that . there would be any urgent demand for ti .- ! n'f ''' . ;_ it during the seriod for which he proposec ™ ""
impose it . Lord Howies expressed his great disappointment -JSir R , reel had not given a more satislaev ' -y ii : 1 '" 'V thc admirable speech of Lord J . Russell . rrt , " f " . ^ speech he saw that the period for the continuance fj . " income tax was perpetually moving onwards , f' ^ i was to be three years , now they heard that Sir B <>« thought five years better , The number o : ' yea **> lvk * „ . horizon , was ever flying before them . He called the s- ^ tion of the House to the fact that the Minister had W' -J surplus of £ 90 , 000 left him after his taxes were reni" ^'' and that he made up that surplus by an incl ' ' , ^ - i ) sumption of sugar , which he ( Lord Howiek ) cons ** ^ be very problematical , and which was calculated as » "' ' to nroduce a million of vavmihi > Tf the Rurht H * ' , i
ronet were disappointed in that calculation , there t ^ be a deficiency , and not a surplus , in the revcm * , ' then dwelt for some time on the impolicy of ' ^ ' ^ j differential duty between foreign free-grown and «*« . slave-grown sugar , for the purpose of showing tliat it ^ differential duty were abolished , a great stiin " " , tj , be given to the commerce and manufactures of theco - . - . He thought that if th < : Minister had dealt with we a on the importation of cheese and butter , of foreign > pand more particularly of tea , he would have pvoniOK ! interests of the middle and lower classes more t han nlikely to do by many of the modifications of taxation he had to propose . With regard to his vote on » ^ sent evening , he had only to say , that he did not se ^ the income tax could be dispensed w ith at presen ^ * ^ therefore he should vote for it as a temporary , D " a permanent measure . . ^ 0 Sir John Tymix thought that justice had no ^ done to the agricultural interest , either by lor ¦ - RusseU or Sir Robert Peel , in their capacity a »*> ^ TTo tmntiul fhfim hnfh in ' tli ' inconsistence in tntu
rations towards the agricultural interests , an , voured to convict Sir Robert Peel of it , ° y Altll 0 rp '« speech which the latter had made on Lord * 0 , budget on the 14 th of February , 1 S 34 . It was vt . ( Continued in aur seventh jW ' )
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Feb. 22, 1845, page 6, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_22021845/page/6/
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