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March 22, 1845. THE NORTHERN STAR. 7 ^ —...
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fmitpx iHobnnente
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"And I wiU war, at least in words, (And—...
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Offence anfe 8rt
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WONDERS of THE ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH. Theel...
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Extraordinary- Occurre.vcb at Ilfracombk...
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POPULAR WORKS NOW PUBLISHING BY
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jflarket ^ ^uijq^__
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London Cork Exchange, Monday, March 17.—...
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^enjespulU » *v»wyfal£ig|&A soldlMi^j&if...
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
Additionally, when viewing full transcripts, extracted text may not be in the same order as the original document.
March 22, 1845. The Northern Star. 7 ^ —...
March 22 , 1845 . THE NORTHERN STAR . 7 ^ —^ . _ _ . . . . _ . _ .. . ——¦
Fmitpx Ihobnnente
fmitpx iHobnnente
"And I Wiu War, At Least In Words, (And—...
"And I wiU war , at least in words , ( And—should my chance so happen—deeds ) , With aB who war with Thought 2 " " I think I hear a little bird , who sings The people by and by wiU be the stronger . "—Braos . STnTZEKLAM ) . -THE JESUITS-THE - ^^ jIOLY ALLIANCE . " Notwithstanding the immense aids and appliances with which tho despotisms of Europe arc surrounded ; notwithstanding the huge armies , the truculent priesthoods , the base writers , and corrupt politicians which are at the command of the European Governments , to keep down liberty , and stay the progression of nations ; notwithstandingallthisseeuiingstrength , rottenness is at the base , and the canker-worm of corruption at the heart of the tyrannies , old and new , which , begotten by fraud and forceuponignorance and disunion , have so long outraged the earth , and made the world a hell of suffering and tears .
The recent events in Switzerland prove the truth of tin ' s assertion . Because the Swiss are divided iuui two parties—the one . Conservative and Federalist ; the other , Democratic and Unitarian—because the one favours the educational rule of the infamous jjwuiis , and the other has proclaimed war to the death against the hated sect ; because the Swiss have ahown some indications to settle their differences , as an gry wen often will , by blows ; because of these tilings , the " strong Governments" and the "great powers" havewcUnighgoncintofits , fcarfullest "the p eace of Europe" should be "disturbed , " which in plain English means , fearful lest should a mcke arise in ike heart of Europe , the strife being for principles , the conflict might become contagious , in which case sceptres and crosiers , crowns and mitres , thrones and altars , might , perchance , have but poor chance of ( Escape from the European overflow ofthe democratic
Disgust and contempt cannot fail to have been excited in ihe breasts of all true men who have watched the diplomatic doings of England , France , Austria , aud the other despotisms in relation to the Swiss troubles . Swagger and fear are so nicely mixed that it is difficult to say which preponderates . Insolent in the consciousness of the brute force at their command , these "big bullies" threaten the brave Swiss with foreign intervention . At the same time dreading a war , in which nations as well as armies might ultimately take part , the whine of affected forbearance and hypocritical moderation is made to ludicrously mingle with the impudent threats aforesaid . Their threatening and their whining alike bSnuiis their terror . The despots are conscious that
iiieir idol of brass has but feet of clay . Tlie Helvetic Confederation is divided into twentyi » o cantons , comprising , we believe , Shout two mlllions of a population . The constitution for the general Government of the country is federal ; that is , Huiilar to the constitution of the United States . As in ihe American union , so in the Helvetic Confokration , each canton or state provides for its own interna ] government , and the cantonal constitutions may be either aristocratic , shopocratic , or democratic , just as the vox populi may decree . But as in America so in Switzerland , the whole of the cantons arc bound together by a federal compact represented in a general Diet or Congress , which Diet discusses aud derides upon the foreign relations of therepublic , and
all questions affecting the safety and well-being of the entire nation . Three of the cantons are firstclass , or directing cantons , known by the name of ' Vorort , " each ruling for a special term . These three are Berne , Zurich , and Lucerne . At present Zurich is the governing canton for the term of two years , dating from the lstof January last . As in all old countries , the aristocratic principle dominated in most of the cantons , until within the last few years . Switzerland was certainly for centuries in name a Republic , but in fact was really a collection of oligarchies , in which , as in most other countries , the few ruled the many . Of late years this , to a certain extent , has been changed . Radical revolutions have within the last fifteen years taken place in several of the cantons , and constitutions on
an ultra-deuiocratlc basis have been established in several . These changes have of course excited violent animosities between the defeated aristocrats and the ¦ victorious people ; hence one cause of the agitation which has pervaded Switzerland for some time past . Another exciting cause of dissension has been that prime cause of division and disunion inall nations , religious intolerance . The majority ofthe Swiss are Protestants , butalargeminorityareCatholics . Inmostin stances , ve believe , Protestantism and rUidicalism are found co-existent , whilst , where Papacy remains entrenched , aristocracy also remains intact ; though to this rule there are exceptions , Catholicism and Radicalism being in some parts found hand in hand . Indeed , in Switzerland , as in all other countries , the Democratic principle is marching onward , and penetrating even the remotest fastnesses of ignorance and IrauJ .
The first cause ofthe present agitation is , that the Government of the Catholic canton of Lucerne thought proper to recall the expelled Jesuits , ap-]»' inting seven of them to superintend ihe education ofthe youth of the canton . A large number of the lueernese themselves were opposed to the introduction of these priestly instructors , and rose in arms asainstthe Government . They were , however , defeated—a number killed , others thrown into prison , their property confiscated—and subjected to other punishment . In their attack on the Government , lie insurgents were assisted by "free bands" from oilier cantons ; and this invasion , nay , the existence of tlie "free bands , " is another bone of contention ; tie authorities of Lucerne demanding reparation for
thi invasion of their territory , and the disbanding of tlie " free bands" themselves . The insurrection in lucerne—the interference of other cantons with the affairs of that state—aud the . ohject sought to be accomplished by the insurgents and invaders , immediately excited the greatest agitation throughout the Country . The Catholics regarded their religion as attacked in the persons of the Jesuits , and the Conservatives declaimed against the invasion of Lucerne as a violation of the state sovereignty , and an infringement of the general compact . On tbe other hand , the Liberals burned with resentment for the defeat of their friends , declared the introduction of iic Jesuits into Lucerne to be inimical to the liberties of the entire confederation , and demanded the
interference of the GeneralDiet to expel the Jesuits ; failing in which , they vowed to expel the hated iiiemsekes by force . But another cause of agitation is to be found in the alleged aim of the Radicals to annul the federal eonijaet , and make of Switzerland one united Republic . It is this alleged design of the Radical party that has mainly excited the fears of foreign governments . A great Republican state , " one and indivisible , " formed in the very heart of Europe , hiust of course be most distasteful to the crowned brigands . It is hardly necessary to add , that such ail example would in all probability be fatal to the power of surrounding despots . Hence their alarm ; liane their diplomatic notes and threats of intervention .
Thus the three questions which at present distract Switzerland arc—1 . The Jesuits . 2 . The Free Bands . ; 3 . Tbe Reform ofthe Federal Compact . To stay the agitation , and settle the differences between Lucerne and the other cantons , the ' ^ orort , " or Directory of Zurich , summoned an Extraordinary Diet . . The Diet was summoned : but now came the allhiiporfaut question of what should be the instructions gj « 'eu to the deputies from each canton ? The deputies to the Diet arc appointed by the cantonal Councils of State . Upon their election talking place , the deputies receive instructions as to the votes they
shall give upon each of the special questions for the liberation of which the Extraordinary Diet has been convolved ; and these instructions result from resolutions put to the vote , and decided by the majority of the Council . The Council is itselfj during its sittings , obliged to give attention to the popular voice ; and now conies an illustration of the way " they manage these tbings in Switzerland . " In the canton " of the Pays deVaud , the people , to the number 0 f thirty-two thousand , petitioned the Councu to vote its instructions to the deputies , for the expulsion of the Jesuits from the Republic ; on the opposit e side , onlv one thousand eight hundred pctitjuiied for tbe non-interference of the Diet The Council by a majoritv . responded to the latter ,
and voted for non-interference against the wish of the mass of the people—the result was , the people rose ot masse against the Council . In a «« hours 15 , 0 U 0 of the petitioners appeared in anus , and by moral force— ( not a gun was fired , not a urop of blood shed )—compelled the Council to abdi-*? to- "W hile their hands were in , the gallant *? ud « is thought tbev might as well lull two birds v one stone , and as ( hex had " put down " the fa-T * urersof the Jesuits , thevmightaswell " putdown " ansiopracy at the same time . Accordingly , the con-M « ub « i of tbe cxelusives was overthrown , and a Pjwisional government formed , charged with the Ji - n 1 Paulas a new constitution , the basis of J *« h should be ~ UxivERS . u . Suffrage . The history u ,, i \ Woo , He ss and glorious revolution is soinipor"m . pat w fM « , ii _ i , 1 R « fied in reorintins the
JOUOWU , Sa « ouut ofit :-a Gl ? f > pEt - W . —The affair of the Jesuits has prored in the Canton de Vaud a complete and radical revoution . The r « oin ! j on „„ ^ , 31 question adopted by c ountil of State of the Canton de Vaud , on the 13 th . »» t bang in confomiitr with the w ish espresso * by 33 , 000 peutmners , popular assemblies have been held in all parts V ™ j « amon . Above 15 , 000 of the inhabitants of the ^ SWwuringco Uutrj aniTfca ^ Lausanne ou the 14 th , « the consequent excitement is very great . The Oounbut ! itateilnmeaiat « 1 i ' c a 1 Jedtlie inhabitants to arms , Y " a"euded to the calk The soldiers ' joine d the daT ' " ** criid < Mt ~" - ° > vAth the Council of State , ™ t "« *** % Juuftj fl tt ^^ ^ fc ^ soldiers , who had . ref lt ™ <' InaMK-d faithful to the Council of State , having 9 «« -I » rteehe ««» ra « mt « on or to take part against the ** ° l «¦ the Council found itself deprived of all support ,
"And I Wiu War, At Least In Words, (And—...
and , having no means of resisting , the members resigned en masse . On the 14 th , at half-past two in the afternoon , the people held a general meeting in the Place de Montbenon , when several resolutions were adopted calling upon the Council of State to yield to the wishes of the petitioners , and afterwards to dissolve itself , in order that a constituent assembly might be elected in its stead . The meeting afterwards proceeded to the election of aprovi sionalgovernment , ofwhichthefoUowingarethememliers ; Henri Druez , Councillor of State , President ; Louis Blan . cheray , Jules Muret , H . F . Scher , Member of the Grand Council ; Jean Schopfer , Jean Mercier , Charles Veillon , Jacques Verest , Louis Bourgeois , Messrs , Muret and Schopfer not being accepted , Messrs . Briatte and Wenger were substituted for them . The provisional government
immediately published a proclamation announcing the change which had been made and the resolutions of the meeting . In the evening ofthe Wth an immense number ot people from the country round Lausanne arrived in tlie town , and on the morning ofthe 15 th another meeting o f peo p le was held , which was attended by more than 15 , 000 persons , most of whom were armed . This meeting declared the Grand Council dissolved , and immedia t e lycalled on the people of the canton to meet and elect a new Grand Council ; and it also passed a resolution tO the effect that all citizens , without exception , were entitled to rote ot elections . The meeting also resolved that the new Grand Council should be entrusted with the ref orm of the constitution ; and faitfdoum as a basis of that constilution which
wind be imperotite on the Coimcdof State , the establishment of trial by jury , the reorganization of the tribunals of justice , and the making of the civil and penal lavas more democratic . The meeting afterwards adopted instructions to be given by the deputies of the Cantou de Vaud to the Diet . These instructions are the same as those proposed by the minority of the ex-CouncU of State . — 'Messrs . Druez and Briatte were elected deputies to the Diet The meeting finished by resolving that those occupying public employments should be dismissed , but that they should continue in their functions tiU their successors should be appointed , provided they adhered to the principles of the revolution , the new Provisional Government was afterwards installed at the Castle , amidst the acclamations of the
people . - This isthe glorious revolution which the mendacious Editor of the Times has the brazen effrontery to denounce as " one of the most outrageous of popular movements" on record ! Of allliars , of all miscreants , surely the most detestable are those who , commanding the press , sell themselves and prostitute their pens to do the dirty work of despotism . Compared with such , Jcpas was truth and purity ' s very incarnation . It is unnecessary now to dwell upon the course pursued by the other cantons , previous to the assembling ofthe Extraordinary Diet . Some of theeantons ,
like the Vaud , instructed their deputies to demand the expulsion of the Jesuits from the whole of Switzerland ; acme of theni , like Geneva , wished merely that the Diet should join in a friendly but pressing invitation to Lucerne , to rescind its decree relative to the Jesuits ,- and others , like Friburg , protested against all interference , declaring that the admission ofthe Jesuits into Lucerne was an act of sovereignty on the part of that canton , which the Diet was incompetent to interfere with . On the 24 th of February the Extraordinary Diet assembled at Zurich . The session was opened by a speech from the President , from which we give the following extracts : —
The first cause ofthe agitation which has seized upon a great par t ofthe Swiss people is incontestibly in the recall of the order of the Jesuits to theological instruction at Lucerne . Already , in the Diet of 1841 , the dangers which a number of the confederated states anticipated , were pointed out with force , both in the fact of the propagation of this ordei- in the midst of Protestant . and Catholic populations , and in the political influence which i- -Ktercised on one of the three directories . In this point of view , die letter of convocation ofthe directory has clea r l y and faithfully exposed these apprehensions ; it includes the expression of my most intimate conviction ; but these warnings have remained without effect . The sentiment of attack on its dignity and right prevailed in the oanton of Lucerne . It is in vain that Zurich again
amicably made a last attempt ; we have more than ever acquired the experience ofthe path entered on , when t he confederated members cling to what appears t ^ them admissible b y the terms of rigorous right , and that without impartially weighing the consequences which this obstinacy may bring on our common country . To t his sad experience , on the other side , are joined the most alarming manifestations—the territory of a sovereign state has been violated in an unqualified manner , by the free corps Ofthe Other cantons , and the free corps have attempted to overturn the order of tilings existing in this state . These undertakings are not met with any repression , and the guilty parties have remained unpunished . No deeper offence could be g ? ven to the federal compact . Since then , in the interior of Switzerland , all have been constantly under arms , in the fear of a new disturbance .
In fine , the constitutional authorities have been worsted in one of the most flourishing cantons , because they did not vote an inquiry in the sense desired by a part of the population . In another state public tranquillity has been gravely troubled by the same cause . It is useless to dwell longer on the imminent dangers which menace the federal a ll iance , should questions of the deepest gravity not be decided by the authorities in virtue of a mature examination , but by decisions produced by acts of violence . To remedy the evils of the country , to re-establish and consolidate the peace which has been profoundly disturbed between the confederates , such is the principal task of the supreme federal authority . To the cantons only belongs the finding of proper means to do so , and t o a pp ly them .
I shall endeavour to direct your deliberations with impartiality and calmness , and I shall look to your kind assistance . The liberty of deliberation will be in no way invaded . This is guaranteed by my canton and its people , who are the friends of order . I declare the Extraordinary Diet opened . We shall resume the subject next week . fS" More Frauds of Priestcraft . —The following appeared in the Trench papers the latter part of last week . It will be seen that Bishop Abnoldi has a rival : —
The Archbishop of Paris has pubhshed a pastoral letter , announcing that the following relics will be exposed in the church of Notre Dame on Monday , Tuesday , and Friday next , being P a ssion Week , viz .: —A considerable piece of t be tr ue c r oss ; t he crown of t horns ; and one of the nails of the cross . Theserelies , which uBkmged to the Sainte Chapelle , were g iven , at the period of the Concordat , by the Emperor Napoleon to Cardinal de Belloy , Archbishop of Paris , to be preserved in the treasury of the metropolitan church . They were saved at the time of the first devastation of the Archbishop ' s palace in July , 1830 , and have ever since been kept concealed .
Offence Anfe 8rt
Offence anfe 8 rt
Wonders Of The Electric Telegraph. Theel...
WONDERS of THE ELECTRIC TELEGRAPH . Theelectrictelegraph is one ofthe finest applications of abstract science to the practical uses of common life . It furnishes a proof , and a striking one , ofthe proposition , that the pursuit . of abstract truth , for its ow n sa k e , is a duty always incumbent on those who have the qualifications for successful research , even where the immediate consequences of that research present no apparent value , and where the cui bono cannot be clearly determined . Abstract truth is one ofthe noblest objects of human pursuit , and will endure long after the practical uses to which we may apply it are passed away . Scientific truth is , nevertheless , inevitably the parent of good , and its votaries are ever benefactors .
The philosopher is a philanthropist and a patriot , even though he may not always , like the Sage of Syracuse , be able to overthrow the enemies of his country by the engines of his science . Even while he seemingly trifles , he may be achieving the highest purposes of life . The primitive electrician , when rubbing on his sleeve the bit of amber or wax with which to hunt a feather through the air , was preparing the first steps to a valued discovery . The thunderrod of Franklin and the thunder-belt of Harris oriffinatedin the chamber amusements of philosophical speculation . When Galvani was making dead rVogs dance on tlie table , he was preparing for one of the most important inventions of recent times—the Electric Telegraph . Since the time ofthe Marquis of Worcester , if we
except the steam engine , there has not appeared any invention more congenial to such studies as his , or more worthy of his genius , than the elcctrictelegraph . It is the realisation of his wildest dream , and more . " How , at a window , as far as eye can discover black from white , a man may hold discourse with his correspondents without noise made or notice taken ; and a way to do this by night as well as day , though as dark as pitch is black , " was one of his rarest devices . " How , from your chamber , to hold discourse with your correspondent 100 or 1000 miles distant , so that your questions asked , and commands given , shall pass more rapidly to his ear or eye , than they would if spoken to the same person standing within the walls of your chamber ! " this is the more astonishing problem * , of which we have now the solution in the electric telegraph of Messrs . Wheatstone and Cooke .
The electric telegraph now on the South-Westem Railway is the most important yet erected in this countrv , in many respects . First of all , it is to perform the usual functions ol * an electric telegraph for the railway , communicating orders and messages along the line according to the instructions of the directors and managers . Next , it is to serve the important use of communicating between the Admiraltv here and the naval establishment at Portsmouth . For this purpose , we believe , the communication will terminate in the Admiralty at
Whitehall , at this end of tlie line , and in the apartments ofthe officer in command , at Portsmouth , "ft e presume that a similar commmunication will soon be effected with the Arsenal at Plymouth . The South Wales lines may also carry the telegraph to Milford , another of our dockyards , and thus it will , take place that orders will , at any instant of time , with the quickness of thought , be transmitted to the great naval stations of the country from head quarters , and from each to any of the others , or information be returned from them to head quarters , with greater speed than they could formerly be earned from the
Wonders Of The Electric Telegraph. Theel...
great room oj the Admiralty to the secretary in the adjoining apartment . The energy which , in case of emergency , this would infuse into every department ofthe service , must be of incalculable service to the country . For all practical purposes , the dockyards and arsenals of our navy may then be considered as transported from their present remote situations into the very board-room ofthe Admiralty , at Whitehall . ' This is the second use of the telegraph of the South-Western Railway : the third is to throw open to the pubhc this means of communication at the office of the railway company on the payment of a very small fee . When the use of this shall have become general , you will make appointments for conversation with your friends , not by taking a journey of eighty or
ninety mues to London , Southampton , or Portsmouth , but by each party attending at the hour of assignation at the respective telegraph offices in the town where they reside . You will then enter the office , take a chair , and ask the telegraph , " How do you do , Thompson ? " At that moment the telegraph will say , " How do you do , Thompson ? " to your seated friend at the other end in Portsmouth . He will then , of course , reply , through the speaker of the telegraph at your own end , "I thank you , Smith , I hope your gout gives you less trouble this fine morning . " These preliminaries over , more important matters may be entered on and discussed , without impediment , until the quarter of an hour you have paid for is expired , and vou have to rrivR war
to your successor and his amiable friend . This is not a hypothetical case—but was , mutatis mutandis , the commencement of . our own first interview ( parlance rather ) through the South-Western Telegraph . An important point is established by this telegraph , whichhad not formerly been decided , Itwas doubtful how fair weather might interfere with the transmission of the electric , current . The sleets , thaws , and fogs that have intervened since it was erected have given ample opportunity to judge of this effect . It is found in fine weather the power of the current is not sensibly impaired even by transmission ; through eighty miles : that is . the . indication produced is
nearly as strong at the further end as at that from which the signal is transmitted—the diminution of power -being not above five or ten per cent . ; in fine weather . Mr . Wheatstone has employed a beautiful little volta-metrie apparatus for the purpose of detecting tliis difference . It is an ingenious modification of the usual apparatus for tlie decomposition of water , rendered much more delicate . By this , it appears , that tbe greatest amount of loss by transmission through twice 88 or 176 miles , is in the worst circumstances fifty per cent . By using powers therefore of double the intensity required in the most favourable circumstances , he finds it easy to insure the perfect working ofthe apparatus , even in the most unfavourable condition .
'Hie general arrangement adopted on this hue is that which .. Mr . Cooke and Mr . Wheatstone , after their experience , now considerable , have discovered to be best . The wires which communicate from one end of the line to the other , are no longer closed up in a concealed iron tube , but are conspicuous to the travellers in passing along the line . All along the railing there are upright posts , erected at equal intervals , which rise higher than the top of the carriages , and along the tops of these posts continuous . wires are carried in a manner similar in appearance to an ordinary wire fence . Thus all is visible and accessible , so that if defects should arise they are at once detected and easily remedied . The wires depend by p orcelain eyelets from the posts for the purpose of insulation , and are protected from corrosion by being covered with zinc . These arrangements are now so practically perfect as to leave little more to be desired .
Two methods are used to communicate the word ' s from one end to the other . In one plan there are two wires employed in the work—these wires are independent of each other , and give the signals by affecting each one needle . Two needles serve to give all the letters ofthe alphabet . The attendant stands before a plate like the face of a clock ; on it are seen two hands or pointers : both these point up and down when they are affected by the electric current . When the attendant wishes to make the instrument work he turns a handle to the right , this puts a coil on the right in communication with the positive side of the battery and affects the needle to the right , and the moment the attendant sees this motion take place
he immediately returns the handle to its former position ; the action ceases , and the needle having made one oscillation to the right , Jiangs vertical as at first . He has thus made one signal , for the wire which he placed in communication with the . battery at this end , ends in a coil on the right of a needle at the other end ofthe communication , and causes it to deviate to the right at the same instant with the deviation of the needle at this end . The operator at the other end has thus seen exactly what the operator at this end has done—in short , the needle at Ids end makes exactly the same deviation to the right which the needle at this end has done , and at the same instant . This deviation may , if we please , stand for the letter A .
Let us next suppose that the second needle at this end is , by a second handle , made to deviate also to the right , and again to hang straight down . The second needle at the other end at the same instant deviates to the right and then hangs down ; this shall stand , if you please , for the letter R : the attendant at this end now turns both handles at once to the right ; both needles at both ends deviate simultaneously to the right , and being seen by both are then allowed to lapse into a state of rest—this double deviation may stand for the letter E . The letters now transmitted form tbe word
The attendant next makes the first needle deviate to the right , restores it , and instantly makes it deviate a second time—at both ends the first needle has made therefore a double oscillation to the right : let this stand for the letter Y . He next gives the second needle at both ends a double oscillation , and this stands for the letter 0—and a doubly oscillation of both needles to the right , and at both ends , indicates the letter U . We have thus the letters indicated at both ends of the word
Y 0 U , The attendant next repeats one oscillation of the second needle to the right , which gives us at first the letter R . One oscillation of both to the right gives , as formerly , the letter E ; one oscillation of the first needle to the right gives the letter A ; all without a new character . Let us now begin with oscillations to the left . Let one oscillation to the left on the first needle stand for D , and a double oscillation to the right being Y , and we have already transmitted the last word ofthe question ,
ready ? : The answer may be returned by a double oscillation to the right for Y , a single oscillation on both for E , and a single oscillation to the left , on the second needle , for S . So that you are assured you are understood / and have your reply back over eighty-eight miles in the word ,
YES . Thus , by the combination of single oscillations with double and triple oscillations , either singly to the right or left , or simultaneously to the right or left , you get all the characters of the alphabet from a couple of needles . And you do so by the motion only of two handles by the two hands of the operator , which do not require to leave the instrument for an instant . This may be done nearly , if not as rapidly , as common speaking—certainly more rapidly than vocal spelling of the words . This very simple combination is , wc believe , Mr . Cooke ' s . A second method is by an exquisite little combination of Mr . Wheatstone ' s . The letters of the alphabet are all engraved round a circular wheel . To
speak you only turn each letter round to a fixed point , and the same letter is shown through a small hole to the reader at the other end . This method is most ingenious—to the inexperienced , it seems the easier and simpler—any one , by very slight instruction , can thus _ talk confidentially to his friend at the other end , without the presence of a third party ; but the mechanism is too complicated to be understood by a description , without mechanical illustration . " We have thus endeavoured to impart to our readers some of the impressions which a visit to the telegraph has made on ourselves . We think they will understand as much of its nature as to convey to them a sense ofthe great value of the invention , and the
important influence it may exercise . Railways are messengers of civilisation , peaceful links tending to bind countries in ties of closer intercourse ; as guarantees of peace , they protect from war . The electric telegraph will accompany them . They Jire now covering the Continent— extending across the desert—about to span India from Calcutta to Bombay . Where will they stop ? There is a railway now on its way from Pctersburgh towards Moscow ; will it stop there ? The direction of that line , if prolonged , leads to China . Between Peters * burgh and Pekin there is scarcely a hill ; Moscow is , therefore , but a first-class station on the way to Pekin . We will not speculate on the date of the completion of such a line just \ et , but return to what is imminent and in sight . From London to Southampton there is now an electric telegraph . Mr . Wheatstone is now on his way to Paris for the arf rangement of a telegraph in France . Itmay soon be
completed from Havre to Paris ; from Paris to Marseilles there will be a continuous line of railway , and a telegraph on it ; thus wc reach the Mediterranean ; thonee Egypt , across the desert , and so to Bombay and Calcutta . We may cross to Belgium , where an electric telegraph already exists . We shall soon have one continuous line . to Venice ; then across the der sert , and finally from Calcutta to . Bombay , 93 before ., Dbes ' siieh a prospect , so clear , so certain of bringing so near home our many friends and brothers now in the other hemisphere , not bring home to our hearts the conviction that ive , are just entering a career of . social improvement , based on scientific discovery , the beneficial effects of which it is difficult to foretell , but impossible to over estimate ? The South-Western Telegraph is not yet open to the public , but we hope it soon will be . Our readers will be glad to learn that the authors of the invention are among the few who reap the reward of scientific research in pecuniary form . Government pay ,
Wonders Of The Electric Telegraph. Theel...
wc behpye , £ 1 , 500 a year for this telegraph , which has been erected for their use and the proprietors ofthe railway and the inventors ofthe telegraph conjointly . —AtneneBUro .
Extraordinary- Occurre.Vcb At Ilfracombk...
Extraordinary- Occurre . vcb at Ilfracombk . — Between five and six o ' clock on Thursday morning a tremendous land-slip tookplace from the top of Hillsborough , opposite the entrance ofthe harbour , from a height of more than 400 feet , down to a spacious beach at the foot ofthe chit , filling the broad beach completely , and estimated at more than 1 , 000 tons . Just as this slip took place a sloop was entering the harbour . Themen on board , not expecting such a fall from the cliff , were not a . little astonished . The crash was awfully grand . Portions ef the cliffhave continued to fall duringilie day , and the crown of that majestic hill is materially altered in appearance . —North Devon Advertiser .
A IIakd Skutx . —The bullet which Bourselot fired at his wife ; in the Rue du Four St . Germain , struck her on the forehead , which exhibited a wound ofthe size of a five-franc piece , with a black spot in the centre , which made the surgeons believe It bad penetrated into her brain . When they were going to sound the wound , great was their astonishment at finding , on washing away tlie blood , that what they had taken for a hole in her skull was the very bullet itself , whichhad become flattened , as happens when , in the practice of firing , the mark is an impenetrable plate . Little hope , however , is entertained of the w oman s recover y . —Galignani ' s Jfessenqer .
Dreadful Calamitt at Algiers . —The Monittur Algerien ofthe 10 th inst . announces the occurrence in that city of a dreadful catastrophe . At ten o ' clock in the evening oftheStli ; the gunpowder deposited hi the . stores of . the park of artillery took fire , blew up that building , and occasioned the . destruction of various others situate between it and the . Admiralty , which . was . lbrtunately spared . A portion of the casemated rampart , placed between the old Spanish tower , called Pegnon , and the harbour , and the houses built against . that rampart , were entirely destroyed , and . their inhabitants buried under the ruins . The pavilion occupied byM . Palard , the subdirector of the artillery , the quarters of the operatives of the artillery , and engineering departments , and the dwelling ofthe Commissioner , of Marino , wore
levelled with the ground . The house of M . Segrctier , the director ofthe harbour , experienced the same fate , with the exception ofthe parlour , in which were then assembled some twenty persons . Shortly before the explosion Madame Segretier , bearing her son crying in an adjoining room , left her guests to inquire the cause of his tears . She proceeded thence to the dining-room to order tea , when the house fell in and killed her . Only one lady of the party , Madame Sylvestre , the wife of the Admiral ' s secretary ; was slightly wounded . The Admiral immediately repaired to the scene of the disaster , and the troops and Marines were called out to afford relief to the unhappy sufferers . The explosions took place simultaneously in two magazines ,, separated from each other by the fosse that , extends round the old Spanish tower , and
the fire , kindled in one by an unknown cause , immediately communicated itself to the other . Those magazines contained but a small quantity of gunpowder , which . could not have produced so destructive an effect , and it was supposed that some unknown . dcpOt of , gunpowder , buriect there previous to the conquest , may . have contributed to give additional intensity to tho explosion . Forty-three workmen of the artillery , thirty-one pontooners , ten artillery soldiers , and two engineers , were found . dead in their quarters , and thirty . were more or less desperately wounded . The . sergeant-major < of the armourers and his wife and child likewise perished . The controller , M . Piron , expired after undergoing the amputation of his leg . Five other sub-officers suffered the same fate . Commander Palard was also among the victims of that terrible accident .
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WEST RIDING OP .-YORKSHIRE . SPRING SESSIONS—1845 . NOTICE . IS HEREBY GIVEN , that the Spring General Quarter Sessions of the Peace for the West Riding of the County of York , will he holden at T ? ontefeact , on Monday , the seventh day of April next ; on which day the Court will be opened at . Ten o ' clock of the forenoon , and on every succeeding day at Nine o ' clock . Prosecutors and Witnesses in Prosecutions must be in attendance in the following order , viz .: — Those in Felony , from the divisions of Strafforth and Tickhill , Lower Agbrigg , Barkstonach , Staincross ,
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OPENING OF THE OLDHAM WORKING MAN'S HALL , IIORSEDGE-STREET . THE Directors feel great pleasure in announcing to their friends , patrons , and the public generally , their intention of opening the above spacious building in Easter week next , in the following order , viz ., on Easter Sunday , March 23 rd , 1845 , Feargus O'Connor , Esq ., will deliver a Lecture in the large Room of the above Hall , to commence at half-past two o ' clock in the afternoon . In the evening the aoove-named gentleman , together with Mr . James Leach , of Manchester , will each deliver a suit-
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London Cork Exchange, Monday, March 17.—...
London Cork Exchange , Monday , March 17 . — The supplies of English wheat , barley , and oats were moderate during the past week , and of beans and peas the receipts coastwise were not larger than usual ; from Scotland . the arrivals of oats were liberal , and those of barley to a fair extent ; there was also a tolerable supply of tbe first of the two last-named articles from Ireland . At this morning ' s market there was . a small show of wheat by land-cavwago samples from the neighbouring counties ; not much barley fresh up , nor were the receipts of oats large , either coastwise or from Ireland . Of beans there was a fair display , but neas . narticularly white
boilers , were rather scarce . Tho weather continues very severe , and last night wc had a heavy fall of snow . The condition of the wheat was generally good , having been improved by the late drving wind ; the stands were consequently cleared without difficulty , at prices quite equal to those current on this day se'nm ' ght , and in partial instances rather more money was obtained . Foreign Wheat Was likewise saleable at fully previous rates . In . bond nothing of interest transpired . Flour moved oft' rather slowly , but the value of the article was well supported . For reall y fine malting barley the inquiry was more active than of late , and other sorts were certainly not cheaper than on Monday last . Malt continued neglected , and quotations remained about the same as before . Tlie
principal dealers bought eats cautiously , and the demand from consumers was far from lively . English and Irish were held very firmly at the currency of this day week ,. but for the ordinary kinds of Scotch food rather loss money was in partial cases taken to clear vessels coming on demurrage . Beans did not sell freely , and former terms were with difficulty realised . Peas were in steady request , and previous prices were readily paid for good boilers . The impossibility of commencing field work has greatly checked thedemandfor cloversced , and comparatively little has hithertojbecn done in the article ; prices were , however , fully as high to-day as at any period of last week . Spring tares brought rather more money . Canarysccd moved off tardily . In other species of seeds there was little doing .
CURRENT PRICES OF GRAIN , PER IMPERIAL qUARTER .-Brilish . s s g a Wheat , Essex , & Kent , new & old red 42 48 White SO 34 Norfolk and Lincoln . . . . do 43 46 Ditte 48 50 Northum . and Scotch white 42 4 G Fine < 8 52 Irish red old 0 0 Red 42 44 White to 48 Rye Old 31 32 Ken- 30 32 Brank 35 36 Hurley Grinding . . 2 fi 28 Distil . 29 31 Malt . 32 38 Malt Brown .... 54 5 « Pale 57 61 Ware 62 64 Beans Ticks old & new 30 33 Harrow 32 37 Pigeon 38 40 PtKis Grey 82 33 Maple 03 3 t White 36 33 Oats Lincolns Jk Yorkshire Peed 21 23 Poland 23 25 Scotch Angus 22 24 Potato 24 28 Irish White 20 22 Black 20 21 Per 2801 b . net . s s 1 Per 280 lb . net . a s Town-made Flour ... 42 44 | Norfolk & Stockton 32 38 Essex and Kent .... 33 35 | Irish 34 35 Free . Bond
Foreign . s 8 b s Whea t , Dantsic , Konigsburg , & c 52 58 36 88 Marks , Mecklenburg 48 52 32 34 Danish , Holstein , and Friesland red 44 46 26 28 Russian , Hard 44 46 Soft ... 4447 2628 I t alian , Red . . 46 48 White ... 50 52 28 32 Spanish , Hard . 4 C 48 Soft 48 So 28 32 Rye , Baltic , Dried , ... 30 31 Umlried . . 30 32 21 22 Barley , Grinding . 25 27 Malting . . 80 33 2 » 28 Beans , Ticks . . 30 33 Egyptian . SI 32 24 28 Peas , White . . 36 33 Maple . . 32 34 28 30 Oa t s , Dutch , Brew and Thick 24 25 19 21 Russian feed , 21 22 13 1 6 Danish , Friesland feed 21 23 15 17 Flour , per barrel 24 26 19 20
LONDOK SmiTIWIELd C . WfLE Market , Monday , March 17 . —Notwithstanding , tlie severity of the weather , the importations of live stock from abroad , since this day se'nnight , have been on a somewhat extensive scale , they having amounted to 100 oxen and cows , together with . 80 sheep , all from Holland . Although there were some well made-up animals amongst them , by far tlie largest portion were of unusual ! v inferior quality . The beasts were disposed of at from £ S 10 s . to £ W ; the sheep 28 a . to 3 Ja . pet head . From our own grazing counties the arrivals of beasts fresh up . to-day were seasonably extensive . As to quality , there ^ yas , compared with that noticed on this day se ' nnight , a slight improvement , yet it was by no means first-rate . The attendance of buyers was numerous , yet , owing to the dead markets being
heavily supplied with last week ' s arrivals , the beet trade was in a very sluggish state . The primest Scots and liomebreds mostly found purchasers at last week ' s quotations , or from Ss . lOd , to 4 s . per 81 b ., but the value of all other breeds was with difficulty supported : in fact , in sonic instances towards the close of the market a slight abatement was submitted to by the salesmen for such qualities without effecting a clearance . The bullock droves from Norfolk , Suffolk , Essex , and Cambridgeshire , comprised 1800 Scots and homebveds , from the northern districts 300 short horns ; from the western and midland counties , 500 IDcvons , Ilorcfords , runts ,. 4 c ; from other parts of England , 400 of various breeds ; and from Scotland
110 homed and polled Scots . The number of sheep was rather limited ; hence the mutton trade was somewhat active , at an improvement in the currencies obtained on Monday last of 2 d . per 8 lb . —the best old Downs readily producing 4 s . 6 d . per 8 lb . Generally speaking , this stock came to . hand in fair condition . From the Isle of Wight , 40 lambs were received per railway ; but the supply from other parts was rather limited . . The lamb trade was inactive , and we cannot give prices with any degree of accuracy . Upwards of 4000 of the sheep were out of their wool . With calves we were scantily supplied ; yet the veal trade was inactiveat previous figures . Prime small porkers sold steadily ; other kinds of pigs slowly at last week ' s quotations .
By the quantities of 81 b ., sinking the of &! . s . d . a , d Inferior coarso beasts ... 2 6 2 8 Second quality .... 2 19 3 4 Prime large bxon . . . 8 < 5 3 s Prime Scots , & c 3 10 4 0 Coarse inferior sheep ... 2 8 3 4 Second quality .... 3 6 3 8 Prune coarse woolied . . , 3 10 4 2 Prime Southdown .... 4 4 4 6 Large ' coarse calves .... 3 8 4 8 Prime small . . . . , 4 10 5 0 Suckling calves , each . . . 18 9 3 » 0 Largeliogs ... . . 2 10 38 Neat small porkers ... . 3 18 44 Quarter-old store pigs , each .. . 16 0 2 o 9 HEAD OF CATTLE OH 8 ALH . ( From the Books ofthe Clerk ofthe Market . ) Beasts , 3 , 030— Sheep , 21 , 840-Calves , 64—Pigs , 329 .
Richmond Corn Market , March 15 . —We had a good supply of grain in our market to day : —Wheat sold from 5 s . to 6 s . 6 d . ; oats , 2 s . 3 d . to 3 s . 3 d . ; barley , 3 s . 6 d . to 4 s . ; beans , 4 s . 3 d . to 4 s . 6 d . per bushel . Manchester Corn * Makkat , Saturday ,. March 15 . —The improved feeling apparent in the trade' here last week was in a great measure checked by the dull accounts received irbni Mark-Jane on Tuesday , and the demand for flour has subsequently continued only on ii moderate scale for' consumption : the previous currency was , " nevertheless , fully maintained . In cither oats or oatmeal there has been but little passing , and to effect sales of the latter article somewhat lower rates must have been conceded . At our market this morning wheat was held firmly for fully the previous currency , and in some instances for a
slight advance . The transactions that occurred , however , were only to a trilling extent . A fair , but by no means extensive sale was experienced for flour , without variation from the prices obtainable on this day se ' nnight . In the value of oats no change can be noted , although the inquiry was very limited ; but , with a languid demand for oatmeal , this article must be quoted 3 d . per 240 lbs . cheaper . Beans were in moderate request at late rates . LiVEUrooy Cattle Market , Monday , Maivh 17 . —There was a similar demand for both beasts and sheep at market to-day as last week , without any alteration in prices . Beef 5 ld . to C | d ., mutton 0 | d . to lid . per lb . —Cattle imported into Liverpool , from thelOth to the 17 th March : —1173 cows , 0 calves , 3439 sheep , 72 lambs , 9890 pigs , 11 horses .
. Leeds Cork Market , Tuesday , March , 18 . —We have a limited supply of all grain for this day ' s market , the weather having been verv severe and winds contrary all last week ; wheat is firmly held at Is per qr . advance ; as , however , there is ' only an indifferent show of good . qualities the demand to-day is not active . Really fine . barley is becoming scarce , and fully maintains liite prices , while low descriptiono remain dull . No . change in oats , beans , shelling , or other articles .
THE AVERAGE PRICES OF CORN , FOR THE WEEK . ENDING MARCH 18 , 1845 . Wlieat . Barlcv . Oats . Bye . Beans . Feas . Qrs . firs ' . Qrs . Qrs . Qrs . Qrs-5090 1336 584 — 421 55 £ s . d . £ s . d . £ s . d . £ s . d . £ s . d . 2 C Gl ; 1 is ' . ? 1 2 Sf — . 110 Oh 1 10 Ii Leeds Cloth Markets . —Business still continues brisk , but manufacturers make great , complaints of low the price paid for their goods . Stocks are low . ' - ¦ Liverpool Corn Market , Monday , March 17 . —
Tlie imports of each article of the corn trade since this day week have been light . The duty on foreign bavlev ' has advanced by Is ., say to Gs . per qr . At last Tuesday's market a faiivbusincss was done in wheat , Irish * fully maintaining the advance noted at the close of last week . Several parcels of oats were also taken at full prices . Flour and oatmeat met a moderate demand , without change as to ralo ' e . There has since been less activity in the trade but the quotations are unaltered . A 'fc of good grinding barley have been GOlbs . ' Beans aud peas have gone off previous rates . A parcel or two of sweet flour have changed hands in 17 s . 6 t \ . per barrel . ' ¦¦¦ . Mai / ton- Corn Market , March 15 . moderate supply of all grain offering market . Wheat in good demand , and barley and oats same as last week , new , 44 s to 4 Ss ; white ditto , 4 Ss to old , 43 s to 51 s ; white do ., 50 s to 54 s ^ "f-in ? f ' ? 6 S t 0 30 s P V- of 9 Jd to 10 id per stone .
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), March 22, 1845, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_22031845/page/7/
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