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July 22, 1848. THE NORTHERN STAR. _____ ...
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BURIAL OF WILLIAM THE COSQTfBROR , AT CA...
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EiflGEATION; OR HERE AND THERE. ( See Pt...
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THE RIGHT OF PUBLIC MEETING—A LETTER ADD...
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CHARTIST TRIALS. Watsou, 3, Queen's-head...
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Philip ofLv.te.th; or, the Revolution of...
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How did England become an Oligarchy ? By...
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Letters to the Right Hon. Lord John Russ...
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CHARTIST HANDKERCHIEFS. We must blame ou...
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PENSIONS. A list of all pensions granted...
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Two of the shortest passages on record h...
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THE NEW REGENT OF GERM ANY. John of Auat...
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DISGRACEFUL TREA-TMENr OF EMI GRANTS—CAU...
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Alarm on Board a Steamer.—On Monday even...
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$ntte an& jranttoK.
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' We euHthe ckoiKtt. ' ? THE 'NATIONAL' ...
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Transcript
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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July 22, 1848. The Northern Star. _____ ...
July 22 , 1848 . THE NORTHERN STAR . _____ 8
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Burial Of William The Cosqtfbror , At Ca...
BURIAL OF WILLIAM THE COSQTfBROR , AT CAEN IS KORMANDT , I 0 S 7 ,
[ A LSHOBT FOE LAKD-XOEBESS . ] TfiiiiAH the Cmgueror founded the Church of St Stephen , and took perforcs without remuneration , the ances tral farm of a paasant , the father of one Asceline yits-Artaur , who felt so deeply wronged by the base con . gnet of his king that he took advantage of this solemn occasion , though at the peril . of his life , to satiate his loag-no rsed revenge and blast the conqueror ' s great Bias . At tha hour appointed for the burial he stationed himself at the grave of the king , am 14 the retinue Cf mourning princes , Sbraan prelates , and & multitude of clergy andlsiy . Says L ' . agard , the historian , 'the Cites tad been performed , the corpse was placed upon a fcler , and the Bishop Evereux had pronounced s panegyric on the deceased , when a voice exclaimed , ' He
whom yon have praised is a robberl The very land on which you stand is mine . By violefice he wrested it from my s re , and ia the name of God I forbid yon to feury him in it . ' The speaker was Fit * . Arthur , frho had often , but fruitlessly , sought reparation from the justice tl WUUam . Af tf r soma debate , the conscience-stricken prelate * calleiblm to them , paid him sixty shillings for Siisgroand , and promlted he should receive the full ? slue of his land . The ctremony then contianed , and the body of the kin ? was deposited in a coffin of stone . ' 5 he circumstance was ssttjdupan . by Mrs Hetaaus , and rertifisd with her characteristic fore ? , truthfulness and feeauty . The sentiments will meet a response from the —rouged millions who have been robbed of their birthfight to the soil . Lowly upsn his bier ,
The royal conqueror lay ; Baron and chief stood near , Silent in war array , Do <* n the long minster ' s aisle Crowds mutely gaaiag streasa'd , Altar and tomb the while Through mists of incense gleamed And by the torches' blare , The stately priest had said High words of power and praise To tha glory of the dead . They low ' red him with the sound Ofrequlems to repose ; When irom the throng areund A solema voice arose : — « Forbear I—Forbear ! ' it cried , * In the holiest name , forbear ; He hath conquer'd regions wide , But he shall not slumber there !
• By the violtted hearth Which aade way for ysn proud shrine , By the harvest which this earth Has borne for me and mine . 'By the cease e ' ea here o ' ertfaroTfa On my brethren ' s native spot ; Hence with his dark renown , Cumber ear birthplace not , « Will my sire ' s naransom'd field , O ' er which your censers wave , To ths buried spoiler yield Soft slumbers fa the grave t ' The tree before him fell Which we cherish ' d many a year , Bat its deep root yet shall swell , And heave against bit bier . « The land that I hava tlllM .
Hath yet Its brooding breast With my home ' s white ashes fill'd ; And it shell not give him rest ! « £ seh pillar ' s massy bed Hath been wet with weeping eyes . Away ! bestow your dead Wtere no wrong against him cries . ' Shams glowed in each dark face , Of those proud and steel-girt men , An 3 they bought with gold a place For their leader ' s dust e en then , A little earth for Una Whose banner flew so far , And & peasant ' s tale could dim The R & rae—a nation ' s itar I One dsep voice thus arose From a heartwhlch wrongs had drives Oh , who shall nombsr those That were but heard In heaven !
Eiflgeation; Or Here And There. ( See Pt...
EiflGEATION ; OR HERE AND THERE . ( See PttneS , July l » th . ) Fusch is neither heii nor thixx , His head ' s like foggy weather , His spindle shanks can scarce support His paunch and pate together . His wlthaBMnl'jat-d— % o He is not HE £ r that's qaite plala , His body ' s here , but that ' s not teki , So wit ' s divorced , that ' s certain . With oc-bs and anob * of late he's dined , And dosing—dreamt the natioa Wouid find a core for all its ills In tbe tide of emlgratien . There ' s not one solitary joke , Kor yet a witty saying , Bon . mot , pan , or repartee , Tkat ' awarta ths TarHpftwepiying . Zdwik Gill
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The Right Of Public Meeting—A Letter Add...
THE RIGHT OF PUBLIC MEETING—A LETTER ADDRESSED ( BEFORE SENTENCE ) TO LORD CHIEF JUSTICE SIR THOMAS WILDE , BY ERNEST JONES . In leaving bis defence to Mr Sergeant Wilkins , Mr Jones acted in accordance with the advice of hi * friends , who , of course , advised with the best intentions . Had he rejected that advice and defended himself , there can be no doubt that the severit * - of his sentence would have been imputed to
his 'imprudence' in not committing his case to the more cautious advocacy ef a gentleman in a wig But it must now be evident to everybody that no amount of legal talent and eloquence could possibly have wrung a verdict of acquittal from the prejudiced jury ; it is , " therefore , to be regretted that Mr Jones lost the opportunity of speaking the contents of this pamphlet . "We concur in the praise universally and justly awarded to Mr Sergeant "Wilkins for his admirable speech ; hut we were g rieved to witnpss our persecuted friend , Ernest Jones , speaking on
snfferance foronlv a few minutes , and repeatedly and di - gracefully interrupted ; whereas , he might have spoken , by right , as many hours as ( on the occasion of being brought trp for sentence ) he did minutes , had he defended himself ; and his punishment could not have been more severe . When Chartists are arraigned in a court of law , they are condemned and sentenced for their principles , and lawyers , however able , cannot save them . Middle-class juries enter the jury-box with the pre-determination to convict . The condemnation of the defendants is as certain as if they were tried by a court-martial , The pamphlet under notice is a manly , able , and eloquent defence of the right of Public Meeting , jmd an admirable reply to the slavish doctrines and calumnious statements of the Attorney-General . As the entire' Letter' may be had for two-pence we shall restrict ourselves to a brief extract from the concluding portion thereof . —
I repeat , then , tny lord , it Is prejudice that has convicted me . Had the jury known these te be my views , — they never -ould have applied ths word 'guilty to me . 3 at do not suppose I feel guilty because a middle class jury call me so , oa the misrepresentation of a Whig lawyer . This bar seems to ms more like s judgment seat , aad my sentence like condemnation of the government . I well remember the words of your loriihip at a public dinner iu this city •— ' Let the City of London find as the Juries , and I wiil find them the law . ' The el'y has fanad jou the juries—yea have fonnd the law—and , Idoabtnot , you iriil find zne the sentence . Bat wbatbave yon gained by bringing me here * What am I f a humble apostie of tratb . I em yonr prisoner—bnt tbe troth is there—without—free— otsalpotent—you have not caged It in the walls of yonr prisos—yon cannot send yonr police to arrest it—It blunts their enthusesit breaks thtir batons , — : he work is done—the seed is scattered—tbe crop is grewing —and , hear ! even now ths labourers are shsrsening their scythes for tbe
harvest . Hylord , beware in tim »! mine is but one of those warning voiefs sent from the heaving bosom of life—saying to you : beware ! My language miy be itrong . Truth is so . Truth plsys upon an iron harp , but her touch is unerring . The press is yonr worst enemy , when It conceals from yon tbe peopU ' s misery and the people ' s wishes . Then thank me , and do not punish me , for daring to warn yon ef yonr danger . You think Cnartism is quelled . Learn that it Is more strong than ev .-r , WhUe oppression reigns—Chartism refltti , While misery lasts—Cbartwn ehall flourish ; ana when misery ceases , the Charter will be law . It is taught in tha Bible—it is based on Christianity—It Is the star of the poor man ' s hearth—it is the spectre of the rich man ' s hal ' ., Itis the terrible spirit that whispers , ' no peace to tae rick until the poor man has his lights . ' It is tfee fury by the side of tbe tyrant—but it is the guardian angel of the factory child ; it is the prophet who spoke : —
' Woa unto them that eeeree onrightaoui decreet , tarn aside the r ghteous from jndgmrnt , and to take away the right from the poor of say people , that widows may te their prey , and that they may rob ths fatherhit . ' Do not thick you cen resist tha demands of the peopit . They a-row more pressing day by day . Parade ftou irmTcf iktolventg in the streets of London—call
The Right Of Public Meeting—A Letter Add...
eut your dueoateated soldiers : like the satellites sent to take the prophet of old , tbey came back as disciples who went out to persecute . Remember the terrible fiat has gone forth , ' no peace to the rich tiU the poor have their rights . ' R number , here In England , thousands e ( ' tallies aro lirleg on a shilling per week ; thousands of men on a penny farthing per day ; thousands of framaa beings keep their wretched beds all day , for then they feel their hunger less ; thousands of families have lived through the winter and spring on tornlps only . Remember , as HrDrummond told you in tbe house , English mothers have killed their children to save them frem the slow death ef hunger ; here , in this Christian land , s mother has been driven to gnaw the arm of her dead baby : Then think of your fancy balls , and routs and suppers ; then tend on your bljod-horees and sleek hounds , and strain the law against those who cry for their rights , if you can .
But there Is a law higher than all—the law of self-preservation . Tremble lest the poor should appeal from man to God , and hear framHim : — ' Happier are they who perish by the sword than those who die by starvation . ' Concede to the people in time . You denied the Irish Rvp ? al , and now they demand indepeadence . The Chartiits ero loyal subjects ' . But . remember , they may not always , if yon neglect them long , ba contented with the Charter . I warn you the stream may greattn as it flows , and tbe word ' Charter' may be changed to the shibboleth . Retublic' !
My lord , I am tbe advocate of peaceful reform . I would advise a people to bear much before they seek the dancerous alternative of fo'ce . But I believe that all governments hold their authority from the people—I bellere that the frill of the majority is the fountain of law ; and I coincide with Baron Guraey , when he states : ' Tbat the first political truth that is engraven on the soul of man Is , that al 1 power flows from tbe people , and ia a truster tbelr bertfit , andichen that trust is abused , resistance is not Only a right but a duty , ' This pamphlet may be procured of all agents for the Northern Star , and when we have said that , in addition to its intrinsic merits , it has the additional recommendation that the profits derived from its sale will be paid over to the family of the suffering patriot , we have said enough to elicit the active cooperation of -Mr Jones's friends and admirers in ensuring for his 'Letter' a most extensive sale .
Chartist Trials. Watsou, 3, Queen's-Head...
CHARTIST TRIALS . Watsou , 3 , Queen ' s-head Passage , London . This pamphlet is a verbatim report of the trials of the men who have just been sentenced to so heavy a punishment for their devotion to the cause of the people . The price is only threepence , and it extends to twenty-four large and full pages . It seems to have been prepared with great care and correctness . It ought to be in the hands of all our readers ; as it shows the trumpery character of the charges brought against our friends , and the slight foundation on which a middle-class jury so promptly built a verdict of ' guilty . ' The magnificent oration of Sergeant Wilkins , in defence of Ernest Jones , is a masterpiece of elequence , and will amply repay perusal .
Philip Oflv.Te.Th; Or, The Revolution Of...
Philip ofLv . te . th ; or , the Revolution of 1789 . An Historical Romance . By L . A . Chameroozow . London : T . C . Newby , 72 , Mortir aer-street , Cavendish-square . Our readers will probably remember a work , the successive numbers of which were reviewed at considerable length in the columns of the Star , entitled The Chronicles of the Bastille . The said work only contained the first series of ' Chronicles . ' A second series , entitled The Embassy , did not come under our notice . The work before us constitutes the third and concluding series . In praising the first volume af' Chronicles' we performed a conscientious and pleasant duty ; we regret that our task is not now equally as pleasant . Duty this time enjoins censure : but , as censure is to us an unthankful labour , we shall but briefly indicate the grounds of our disapprobation .
As a literary composition , this work is a decided failure . The incidents are few , and , with exceptions hereafter noticed , uninteresting . The dialogue is , for the most part , tedious and common-place . The attempts at humour are exceedingly tiresome , and calculated to excite disgust , when , as often happens , the author makes his Parisians talk London slang ! The personages of the author ' s own manufacture are exceedingly insipid and uninteresting creatures ; and the historical characters introduced are , for the most part , transformed into such monstrous combinations of folly and brutality , as to make them still more tiresome . Indeed , the heaviest charge we have against this author is , that he has dipped his pen in the gall of calumny , for the purpose of heaping the foulest slander upon the names of men whose great crime was that of working for the veritable emancipation of the human
race . The romancist may be pardoned if he takes considerable liberties with history , for to him it is al lowed to soar in the regions of fancy ; he is not like the historian , tied down to the solid ground of fact . Still , if history is ' philosophy teaching by example , ' historical romance should be the illustrator , not the distorter , of history . The romancist should not sink into the slanderer ; and the writer of fiction should not dabble in calumnious falsehood . Public characters are public property , but that property is not to be abused . No romance writer has authority to degrade virtue to the position of a strumpet ; nor to charge the foulest corruption upon men whom all historians , —foes as well as friends , —have pronounced incorruptible .
If the author of this work had merely reproduced the old raw-head and bloody-bones pictures , of Marat and Robkspiebrs we should have been disposed to have let his pandering to vulgar ignorance and prejudice pass , with the recommendation to study the history of the French Revolution a little more deeply , and follow up his studies by writing a little more truthfully . Bui when he pictures the above-named men in the light of bribed spies , and assassins , self . sold to such a wretch as Egalite Philippe Duke of Orleans , our gorge rises , and we feel compelled to express our unmitigated disgust . The historical anachronisms in fiis work are too numerous to enumerate ; it may suffice as one example , to state that the author represents the popular clubs of the Jacobins and Cordeliers , as in full swing before the taking of the Bastill * !
God knows it is difficult enough to get at the truth in tbe pages of history , but in what a state of ignorance must those be —and there are many such —who take their notions of history from works of this kind ! In common fairness we should state , that in a few instances , there are poitions of this work which re . mind ns of the first series of the Chronicles of the Bastille ; such are the passages describing the misery of the people previous to the Revolution , the bread riots , the g hastly night-scene and deathstruggle of the madmen in the Bastille , and the seizure and destruction of that accursed fortress . The work is embellished with twenty-two illustrations by Mr Robert Cruikshank .
How Did England Become An Oligarchy ? By...
How did England become an Oligarchy ? By Jonathan Duncan , Esq . London : J . Watson , 3 , Queen ' s-head Passage , Pateruoster-row . This little work traces the history of the European aristocracy generally from the time of the Franks ; and the history of the English aristocracy from the time of the Norman Conqseror . The author shows that the original governments of Europe were democratic , and that the people exercised legislative power in public assemblies held in the open air , in the months of March and May . The chief , although vested with tfee noainal title ol king , was only the first functionary of the Republic . Public corruption , occasioned by the acquirement ef property , caused the loss of public liberty j and the sovereignty which had been exercised by the nation , was usurped by the king , the bishops , and the nobles .
Originally nobility was conferred only for eminent military services . Under the predecessors of Ci-ovis , a brave soldier thought himself sufficientl y rewarded with a war-horse or a javelin ; but under the Merovingian kings , lands were given to nobles , but with the reservation that the king could resume such lands at pleasure . These estates were called benefices . Towards the close of the sixth century a conspiracy of the bishops and nobles compelled the sovereign to abandon his right of revocation , and henceforth the benefices became hereditary possessions . This was the foundation of our hereditary aristocracy .
The celebrated Charles Mabtel was the original founder of fiefs . Having despoiled the clergy he granted 2 > e ? ie /? ces to his warlike followers , but on the express condition that those who possessed them should swear fidelity to his person and government and render him personal and military services , under pain of forfeiting their lands . Such was the origin of fiefs , and such was the system of landed tenure introduced into England by William the Conqueror . We quote the following explanation of the system of F 2 CDAUBM . All who held fiefs Immediately from the king , were hli
How Did England Become An Oligarchy ? By...
direct tsiibIi ; they recognised him for their lord , or tvxtrain ; for the superiority of him who gave lands In fief was called suzerainty . These direct vassals of the drown were bound to do homage to the soverei gn for their fiafs , to remala faithful on all occasions , and to ollow him to battle when required : in default of perormlng thess duties , they were cited before their suae-• in , and condemned to lose their fiefs . These royal vassals , or tenants ineapiie , as they are designated , executed acts of subinfeudation ; that is to say , they created vassals to themselves , by y ielding in Sef to nobles less rich than themselves , either a part of their patrimonial estate * , or a part of those which they received in fief fron » the king . Thus , at the same time that they were direct vassals of the crown , they were also Suzerains of their own vassals , as the king was their suzerain . Their vassals were bound to teem for the fi ; fs tbey bad received , by homage , fealty , and military service .
When conatships or counties became hereditary , the counts or earls held them from the king in fief , and by that title entered into the clans of direct vassals of the crown , But they were not slow in claiming for themsolves the suzerainty which the king had over tbe particular fiefs which he had granted to tho nobles In each county . Thus tbe counts were , on the one hand , vassals of the crown , and , on the other hand , suzerain lords over the particular fiefs which the sovereigns had established within the circuit of their countships . Finally , each possessor of a fief obliged tbe proprietors who were not noble , to bold their lands as dependencies on their fief ; that is to say , to recognise them as their lords , and march to war under their banner , when so ordered , These latter were not termed vassals , but roWeets of tho lords .
Feudalism thus formed a complete and unbroken chain of obligations , which , descending from the king to the lowestcit ' z ns encircled tho whole nation , and substltuted , in place of the old Anglo-Saxon government , 8 system of superiority oh the one part , and of subordination and obedience on the other part—a system wholly and solely founded on feudal engagements . Here is an extract illustrative of the CONDITION OP THE PEOPLE UNDER TUB KOEMAN TTRANT 8 ,
As to the enslaved Anglo-Saxon race , their condition differed but little from tbat of cattle . Each lord could strike , mutilate , ? or even kill his sorf with impunity . There was no asylum ajainst these privileged ruffiins . Where all differences were settled by strong hand , there could be bo justice . All the castles and abbeys were regular fortresses , in which the baronial despots and their retainers shut themselves up with their booty . Whenever they suspended their marauding expeditions , it was only to recruit their exhausted strength preparatory to tbe perpetration of renewed outrages .
Gradually and slowly some of the serfs acquired ' capital * in the shape of ' savings . ' The crusades , by drawing off the brigand barons to Palestine , gave comparative repose to the country , and gradually a class of wealthy and emancipated serfs acquired a position between the nobles and the masses . This class first acquired power by the help of the celebrated Simon de Montfort , Earl of Leicester , who after defeating the monarch called in the Commons to help him to curb the barons . He summoned to parliament two knights from every shire , and deputies from the boroughs ; thus founding the House of Commons . This parliament was convened on the 20 th of January , 1265 . Edward the First modelled parliament into the form it retained up to the passingof the Reform Bill . Members were paid for their services by their constituents .
In the reign of Richard the Second the thirst for liberty descended to the ranks of the humblest classes . The heroic though unfortunate rebellion of Wat Tyler and John Ball burst forth . The latter preached the doctrine of social equality , taking for his text
When Adam delved aad Eve span , Who was then the gentleman V It is well-known that Wat Tyler was treacherously slain , and John Ball put to death . In his hour of peril the king had granted all the demands of the insurgents but as soon as their organised power had melted away , he revoked his grants , violated his oaths , ' and let loose his minioos to commit indiscriminate massacre . Richard the Second only acted as kings invariably act ; we rejoice to add he met with his just reward . He was treacherously put to death by assassins employed by his rival the Duke of Lancaster , afterwards Henry the Fourth . Shortly afterwards the cry for Church Reform was raised , and was answered by the priests with their usual arguments , the gibbet , the stake , and the axe . The Lollards were put to death without mercy .
The ' Wars of the Roses , ' waged for thirty years , almost annihilated the old stock of nobles , and Henry VII . had no difficulty in establishing an unmitigated despotism . The voice of parliament was mute . Henry VIII . gorged his adherents with the plunder of the Church , and the Russells , Cavendishes , and many of thejducal devourers and noble cormorants of tbe present time owe the foundation of their loftiness to this gigantic robbery . From this time tbe nobility changed their tactics ; heretofore they had ruled by the sword , now they commenced to struggle for sovereign sway through the medium of law and corruption ; alternately using the king against the people , and the people against tbe king , but always taking care to featheir their own nests at the expense of one or the Other .
In the reign of Charles II . took place that landlord ' s revolution which released the aristocracy from the conditions on which they held their lands , and while conserving those lands to them , threw the great burden of taxation upon the people . We quote the following account of this MONSTROUS ROBBERY BT THE LANDLORDS . —IMPOSITION
OP THE EXCISE . Fram the conquest to the reign of Henry the Third , the royal reveaue was chitfl derived from the crows lands , which were ths proper end personal eftate of the monarch , and from scutagis , which were money commutations of those military services which tbe crown tenants owed tbe sovereign . The feudal rights of tho crown remained in force up to the restoration of Charles the Second , and the profits on wardships , fines on allenatisg estates , and other fiscal prerogatives , were collected during the whole period of the Commonwealth . These were excessivel y
grievous , but they fe ! l entirely on the land , and in fact were the coalitions on which every proprietor held bis estate , and if those conditions were not performed , the king had a power of re . entry ; for , on feudal principles , the blcg was the sole owner of the land , and they who held of him bad net aa absolute , but a qualified posses , sion , which they ferfeited if they did not fulfil the feudal obligations . The grand policy , therefore , of tho terrl . torial aristocracy was to liberate their estates from these burthens , and this they ultimately accomplished b y tbe statute 12 Charles the Second , which abolished the Courts of wards and liveries , tenures in oa'pt ' f « , tenures by knlght-servlce and purveyance .
On the 2 Sth of April , 1660 , this grand fucal revolution was accomplished , the convention parliament voting that , in commutation of tha perpetual rent-charge , and other feudiU obligations on land , which bad been levied since the cosqueit , tho people of England should pay a tai of fifteen pence per barrel upon all their beer and ale , and a proportionate sum on all other liquors sold throughout tbe kingdom ; and tbat parliament further resolved , ' that the moiety of such tax shall be settled on the king ' s majesty , bis beirs , and successors , in full recompense and satisfaction for all tenures in tapite and by kaight-service ; and of the courts of wards and liv . eries , and all emoluments thereby accruisg , and in full satisfaction for all purveyance . '
This memorable act , which subverted the feudal monarchy , established for feix centuries , and liberated land from its ancient obligations and liabilities to the crown , was one of the most wholesale and nefarious robberies ever perpetrated under the sanction of a legielalive assembly . Had it merely commuted a fluctuating into a filsed rent-charge , 'Jetiil payable by the soil , ' and abollshed all that was unjust or vexatious in its mode of assessment , the measure would have be : n worthy of praise ; but it did not proceed upon any saoh equitable principle ; quite the contrary—it framed an equivalent to be received by tbe crown for the rights it had surren . dertd , out of the pockets of the people , and compelled all who consumed eiclteable articles , the great body of tbe working classes , who had no land , to discharge for all fatviretlme those payments whicn the laud owed .
We have seen that in the reign of James tho First the amount of the feudal dues of tho crown waa nearly equal to one half of the « hole revenue , and also that dating tho first eix hundred years of the monarchy tho chief burthens of the state fell on the land . Let us inquire hew the caie stands at present , and place io con trast the position of the landlords of England and tho ? e of the continent , relatively to tbe rest of the peop le In their several countries . Tax paid by land I All other Taxes in England in paid in Bog-18 U , £ 1 , 188 , 685 land in 1841 £ 51 , 997 , 000 France ... 23 253 000 Franco ... 17 500 000 Prussia ... 3 * 994 000 Prussia ... 3 . 607 , 000 Austria ... 8 , 795 , 000 Austria ... 7 . 700 , 000 In the succeeding reigns the aristocracy contrived to get possession of most of the Crown lands , either as grants , or on very long leases at nominal terms . This led to the imposition of the Civil List , thus fastcning the Royal family as paupers on the country .
We must refer the reader to Mr Duncan s book for an exposure of that grand swindle , the Land Tax . The imposition of a Property Qualification , the passing of the Septennial Bill , the immense increase of the standing army , and the accumulation of the Debt called National , proclaimed the sovereign au « thority of THE OLIQABCST . Since 1650 , in its couBtqutiiceB the moat Important
How Did England Become An Oligarchy ? By...
epoch in Bagllsh History , tbe government has tended mora and more to an oligarchic form and character , the crows having b . en as completely deprived of its prerogative as the people have been spoliated of their lights ; all that remains to the sovereign is the power of signing official documents , all that remains to tho people , is the barren privilege of petitioning a legislature predetermined to turn a doaf ear to their grievances . The landed interest , to secure high rents , —tho colonial in . forest , to rstaia a monopoly of tha home market , —the monied interest , to guarantee the dividends due on tho public debt . —and the ecclesiastical interest , to ptrpoluata tithes , — . these have formed a compact alliance , supported b y a standing army and a salaried police . Thus , tfee many are governed for the sake of the tew . The classes who supply aionoy to the national e » che . quer hove ao voloo either in Ito assessm-int or dfatribu .
tion . How long will this system last ? Till the capital and industry of the country can no loagev pay the int ( rest of the national debt . Is nothing to bo expected from the justice of the legislature ! Lat those who put the question read tho ansiver In the past . It will be seen that as far as this work goes , it is a valuable help to the Reformer is arriving at a knowledge of the monstrous nature of aristocracy , and the monstrous acts of our English aristocrats . But Mr Duncan must know that it is the lords of money , rather than land , who are now mainly
responsible for the wrongs and sufferings or the people . The exclusive power of the old oligarchy is gone . The new aristocrats now share wealth and influence with the old , and these mushroom oligarchs are the men who wield the real strength of the government ; indeed , the middle class electors are a greater obstruction to popular progress than the entire peerage . The abuses of the aristocracy , and aristocracy itself , might be swept away if the shopocracy willed it . Between the lords of the land and the lords of the money-bag , the labourers are crucified as between two thieves .
Letters To The Right Hon. Lord John Russ...
Letters to the Right Hon . Lord John Russell , M . P ., and the Right Hon , Sir George Grey , M . P . By G . J . Mantle , Birmingham . These are bold letters , which if answered at all are likely to be replied to by the first and last argument of oppressors—force . ' Might makes right' is the motto of Mr Mantle ' s opponents .
The English Patriot and Irish Repealer , ManchfiBter : J . Leach , 173 , Rochdale-road . We have received the prospectus of a new weekly penny publication intended to appear this day , ( July 22 nd . ) under the title here given . The editors announced are George Archdeacon , Irish Confederate ; James Lkach , English Chartist ; and George White , Irish Chartist . They pledge themselves to make their paper an unflinching , bold , and unmistakeable advocate of the present glorious struggle for English and Irish liberty . We wish > uch papers were established in every town in England .
Chartist Handkerchiefs. We Must Blame Ou...
CHARTIST HANDKERCHIEFS . We must blame ourselves for not having long since called attention to these pretty and patriotic productions of Macclesfield taste , industry , and ingenuity , Some time ago we received from Macclesfield two handkerchiefs of fine and beautifully wrought satin . The largest , intended for the use of men , measures thirty-three inches square . The colour is a rich green , surrounded by a very charming tri-colour border ( blue , red , and white ) . Any one possessed of this both ornamental and useful article could , in a moment , improvise a very excellent Chartist flag . The smaller handkerchief , measuring nineteen inches square , is a still prettier—indeed , we should say
elegant—piece of workmanship . Composed of fine Italian silk , the central and principal portion is of a green colour , tastefully flowered , with a rich horde of roses , shamrocks , and thistles , on a tri-coloured ground . At each of the four corners is a shield , inscribed in the centre : ' The Charter and the Land , ' surrounded by the very appropriate motto : ' Honi soit Qui Mai y Pense . ' A prettier piece of dress never graced the neck of the haughtiest lady in the land ; and every Chartist should make it a point of honour to purchase one for his wife or sweetheart . We understand that the prices are for the men four
shillings , and for the women ( reduced from two shillings and sixpence to ) two shillings . We are glad to learn that our friend John West has been employed on the manufacture of these articles ; we trust tbat public patronage will ensure him plenty of such employment . We should be glad to see the Red Republicans giving an order on Macclesfield for a neckcloth or handkerchief of their favourite colour . We had almost forgot to state that the Chartist handkerchiefs may be had of Mr Thomas Clark , at the effice of the National Land Company , 144 , High Holborn , London .
Pensions. A List Of All Pensions Granted...
PENSIONS . A list of all pensions granted between the 20 th day of June , 1847 , and the 20 th day of June , 1848 and charged upon the civil list ( pursuant to Act 1 Vie , < ap . 2 ) : —
1847 . £ . n „» a / Christian M'Caskill ... ,., fiQ Uot 4 \ Jessie M Caskill 50 Additional pensions . In consideration or the gallant services of tbelr brother , tho late Sir John M'C-Jsklll , and of his death on the field of battle . In trust to Lachlan Martin Matherson , E < q ., and Rev : Alexander Mac gregor . Oct . 4 Rev . Theobald Matthew 300 In consideration of his meritorious exertions to promote temperance in Ireland . Oct . 4 Leigh Hunt , Esq 200 In consideration of hia dlatin .
gulshed literary talents . ' Grace Chalmers 50 Anne Simaon Chalmers 25 Eliza Chalmers 26 Oct . 4 { Grace Pratt Chalmers 25 Margaret ParkerChalmers . „ 25 Helen Jemima Chalmers ... 25 Frances Agnes Chalmers ... 25 Widow and daughters of the late Rev , Dr . Chalmers . In con . fitderatlon of his piety , eloqaence , and learning . In trust to the Rev . Dr . William Hanna and ThOB . Chalmers , Esq . A , f Franoia Frceling Hood 50 Oot 4 t Thomas Hood 50 Children of the late Thomas
Hood . Ia consideration of the <• literary morlte of their father , In trust to William Elliott , M . D ., David Solomons , Esq ., and Thos . Beseigh . n i oft f Francis Christie 25 Oct . 8 » . »\ aia , yMnrHiyChmtift 26 In consideration of tboir eer . vices of their iat er , the late Sir Archibald Christie . In trust to Captain Fred . Gordon Christie and Arthur Forbes . Bfq .
Nov . 16 George Newport , F . R . S . ... 100 la consideration of his researches and discoveries in comparative anatomy and physiology , „ . ^ f Margaret MorriceBell 50 De 0 - 22 "" tCaroIineBell 60 Daughters of the late Professor George Joseph Bell . In consideration of tbe labours of their late father in the improvement of the law of Scotland , In trust to Alex , Shaw , Esq ., end Thos . George Shaw , Esq
1848 . March 17 ... Catherine Woraam Mai Hand ... 60 Widow of General Fred . Malt . land . Iu consideration of his distinguished military services . Iu trust to Capt . Fred . Th-. maa Maitland and Thos Cotherton Garth , Esq , £ 1 , 200 Whitehall , Treasury Chambers , 3 . Fhkib . July 10 , 1848 .
Two Of The Shortest Passages On Record H...
Two of the shortest passages on record have just been made across the Atlantic by two of the new ships of the British and North American Mail Od > pany , the Niagara , Captain Ryrie , and the America , taptain j udkms ; the latter has made her paaaage out to Boston in ten days eight hours , and the former her homeward run in ten days fifteen hours . An Aiiobney / s Pun . —An old gentleman accused his servant , among other thefts , of having etolen his stick . The servant protested perfect innocence . ' Why , you know , ' rejoined the complainant , ' tbat the stick could never have walked off with itself . ' Certainly not , ' said tho attorney [ or the defence , unless it was a ivalking stick . ' A Paris journal , which stated that a prisoner undar sentence of death had attempted suicide , first by poison , and than by knife , added , ' Medical assistance being promptly administered , he ia now out of danger , and will to-morrow undergo the sentence of the law . '
A mushroom , 31 inches in circumference , was picked up tho other day , growing between the rails on the Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway , between Blue Pits nnd Rochdale stations .
The New Regent Of Germ Any. John Of Auat...
THE NEW REGENT OF GERM ANY . John of Auatria is thebrotha ? of the late and ancle of the reigning Emperor ; he « as bom in 1782 . and has , therefore , reached his sixty-sixth year . He was educated and thrown into active life during the stormy timea of tbe fiiat French revolution ; as early aa 1 BUU he was placed in command of an Austrian army-but he was not fortunate ; the battle of Hohenlinden tried hint in the fire of misfortune , and the utmost he could effect was by his personal courage and example to keep tfeeapirit of tho Austrian forces from being quite orr ^ hed by the defeats they sustained from the French armies , led by the ablest of its generals . After the peace of Luneville ho waa appointed Diieotor of the Corps of Engineers and of the Military Academy of Vienna . Notwithstanding his youth , he was the object of many bright
expectations in that gloomy period ; he became excessively popular , especially in the Austrian provinces . lie originated the measure of arming a Landwebr , or militia , and served through the campaign of 1805 . In 1811 he founded the Johanneum in Gratz Ho was alwajs attached to the study of natural history , and when released from military duties he lived tho life of a mo inraineer , preferring the Styrian hills as a residence ; o the capital . He served again in the CftmpaijjnB of 1813 and 1815 . With the peace began the lona ministry of Metternieh , and the policy of opposition to all progress , which he maintained for more than thirty years ; the Archduke always condemned the system of the all-powerful Chancellor , and never concealed h s dislike of it ; the consequence was , that not being able to oppose it by positive action , be
withdrew himself from political life altogether , and almost separated himself from his family by marrying the daughter ot the postmaster of Aueeo ; he was exiled fr m Vienna , and all but socially proscribed ; the gulf between him , the court , and the old nobility however , waa never closed . He lived in his retirement at Gratz , farming , botaniainp , and hunting , but never for a day released from the espionage that Mattel nich kept upon his movements . His popularity was always feared aa much as his opinion * . After a lorn ; absence he revisited tbe Tyrol in 1835 , and waa reieivei with euch enthusiasm that the Vienna journals were not permitted to publish the accounts of hia reception . In 1842 , at a public dinner ,
he is said to have given as a toast * No Austria , no Prussia , but a united Germany . ' This incident hae secu ed him much of his present popularity . In per-( 03 the Arohduko is of middle height , thin , and bald -, bis countenance expreast-s great benevolence and goad humour . Though oi BO advanced an age , he has preserved much of the enthusiasm of youth . When the revolution occurred in Vienna , be entered at once into public life , and it was principally by his influence that Metternieh was compo'led to resign , 'ihe events since the revoltition . are too well known to require repetition ; ha is now Regent of Austria , aad chief of the German Empire , and Metternieh is an exile .
Disgraceful Trea-Tmenr Of Emi Grants—Cau...
DISGRACEFUL TREA-TMENr OF EMI GRANTS—CAUTION TO STEERAGE PAS SENGERS AND OTHERS .
On Monday , at the Liverpool Police-court , informations were exhibited against — Rafferty and — Hackit , by two Irishmen , Michael Hengan and another , oa behalf of themselves and others , for having received their money for a passage to New Yoik , under false pretences , and afterwards refusing tkem places in the ship agreed upon or any other . The case was heard before Mr Rushton last week , but the evidence being then incomplete little of moment transpired , and the facts were therefore yesterday gone into de novo . Mr Davenport appeared for the defendants , who were not in custody , and Lieut . Hodoer was present on behalf of the emigrants , he being the government emigration agent , for the protection of emigrants leaving this port .
The complainant Hengan said , tbat they had paid for himself and others to Rafferty the sum of £ 48 , for their respective voyages to New York , in tbe ship Forest Monarch . The money was paid into the hands of Rafferty , in the presence of Hackit , and at their office . The ship had since gone to sea . They had applied to get on board tie ship , but were refused , and no other had been provided . Mr Davenport endeavoured to . show tbat a mistake existed , and that Messrs Shaw and Saul were owners or agents of tbe vessel , and ought to have looked into the matter far the complainants . Mr Rushton said , that Mr Davenport ' s clients had basely robbed the parties . They had no authority whatever to procure passengers for the ship in question , or to receive money from them Both Mr Shaw and Mr Saul on being applied to for that purpose , told Rafferty that tbey would have nothing to do with either of tbe defendants in the matter .
The dork of the court then stated tbat tho defendants would have to pay as follows : —To be repaid . £ 18 ; subsistence monev for the passengers ( detailed ) . £ 11 ; penalty , £ 10 : total , £ 69 . Mr Rushton Raid the license of both Ratferty and iluckit theuld be immediately withdrawn ; and he thouebt the other similar cases formed a good plea for the Jaw requiring that each of those who received licences Bh » ulri be required to lodge securities to th ^ amount ot £ 200 . Lieu ; , llodder said tbera were other impositions noon emigrants equally bad , but some of them could not be punished here . He produced a letter , dated New York , 29 h January , from a man named Samuel Gray , by which it appeared tbat he bad there paid to an agent sixty-ono dollars and fifty oonts . for the
passage from this port to New York for his wife and children , nut of which tbey had been totally defrauded . On the front pane of the letter ( which was affectionately written ) was a printed order filled up in ink , with the names of the family , the wife , Mary G--ay , aged forty , and Margaret , James , Samue , Eleanor , and Jshn Gray , th > ir children , aged from ten to two years . It was addressed from the firm of Olney and Cotters !! , who were represented here by a person named Rayuera . Lieut . Hodder also produced the Boston Vindicator , of the 31 st of January , in which the public are cautioned against a fellow named Hfidman , who was under heavy bonds in Boston for robbing poor emigrants , and who had fled to Liverpool , ' to act for Olney and Co ., in the capacity of mancatcher . ' The Irish Emigrant Society
in Boston had discovered a number ot similar cases of defrauding . He had in vain endeavoured to stop the practice , and warned the public against paying aay monies for draughts , in Ireland or Liverpool , to the said Herdman and Co ., now of 20 , Wall-street , New York . One of the informations against Rafferty and Hackit was for refusing the complainants a passaga as stated ; another was fraudulently representing themnelves as authorised by Messrs Saul and Shaw to contract for paieen ^ ers in their ship , and inducing complainants and others to engage steerage passengers , well knowing they were not authorised Messrs Saul and Shaw appeared , and said tbey had eiven no such authority . The officers received instructions to apprehended the delinquents by watrant .
Alarm On Board A Steamer.—On Monday Even...
Alarm on Board a Steamer . —On Monday even , ins , aa the Fire King , Gravesend Bteatner wa « proceeding on her up voyage , while between Woolwich and Greenwich , an alarm of a very exciting nature was created amongst the passengers by whom ehe was crowded , owing to a sudden burat of ateam and cinders from below . Some persons exclaimed that the vessel was on fire , and there were loud cries for boats to get to shore . The Fire-King was towed into Greenwich , and all her passengers landed in safety ; the occurrence having , is was stated , arisen from an irruption of steam and water into the furnace
Charge of unlawful Drilling . — -At tho Bradford Court-house . Edward Harley , a Chartist orator , was brought up for further examination on a charge of unlawful drilling , but , as the case was not made out to the satisfaction <> f the magistrates , the defendant was ordered to be discharged . Harley was , however , immediately arrested by a constable from Bingley , charged with a similar offence committed near that place , which is in another division or wapentake of the Weit Riding . He ( fas taken away in custody . Fire in Gbbat Qubbn-strbbTi LincoL «' a Ins .
fibld j —On Tueaday night , about nine o ' clock , a fire brake out upon the promises belonging to Messrs . Gilchrist and Company , ch na and glass warehouse * men , No . 6 , Great Queen-street , Lincoln ' s Inn-fields . The damage done to the stack and premises ia very extensive . The origin of the fire is at present enve loped in mystery : it appeaia that a few minutes before tbe outbreak some one was Been ta leave the building , aud upon making inspection of the place , several parts of the shop were found to have been ignited leading to the supposition that some party , having bnken into the shop , had fired it .
Dreadful Fire . —The Hamburgh Borsenhalde , of the 27 th ult ., states that a greater part of the town of Poaanifa has been burst down . One church , eiphtv- ^ itht hounea , and lour barns were destroyed , A Yucng Delinquent , — On Saturday . Thimaa Jones , a lad apparently not more than twelve years old , was sent to goal for three months , for having stolen clothes from children ia the streets of Liverpool . Mdle Lind . it is said , has positivcly determined to retire from the stage at the close of the present Biann . The Avn Advertiser tells a story of canine murder , which is very remarkable , if true . It is to the effect that a lar ^ e Newfoundland dog enticed a small spaniel ) of the opposite aex , into the river for a swim , and when in the middle of the stream , seized his helpless and too confiding companion by tho neck , und held her under water until ehe was drowned .
Collibps SiniKB , — The pitmen at Monkwearmouth colliery are now on a strike in consequence of the owners having resolved to make a reduction in their wages . The door-keeper of the Court of Chancery , whose duties are returned aa ' none , ' receives a salary from 'fees' to the extent of £ 3 , 218 per annum , his right to which is returned in the parliamentary papers as ' usage' money .
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' We Euhthe Ckoiktt. ' ? The 'National' ...
' We euHthe ckoiKtt . ' ? THE ' NATIONAL' (?) DEBT . Class legislation is near its end . Hereditary ty . ranny is about to exr-ire . Let the people prepare for it , I aay . The French have done nobly ; but there is one thing in which they have erred ;—they have acknowledged tho national debt . They ou ? ht to have left that debt to be paid by tho parties who eontracted it , It should have been divided equally between the borrowers and _ the lenders . We must manage our matters better in this respect than the pro . visional government have done . Let it be the determination of those who may be called to power iu this country to acknowledge no national debt . The
debt called national is not national ; and tbe natiou is under no obligation to psy it . The nation has paid too much already , No law of God requires the people of England to pay another farthing of that debt . They ate under no mcral obligation to pay either interest or principal . The deb ' , called national , is tho debt of the aristocracy . They got the money , and they ought to be made to refund it . My share of what w called the rational debt , supposing the debt to be equally divided amongst the population of brent Britain and Ireland is one hundred and sixty pounds . Will any aan have the impadenco to tell me that I am bound to pay that amount ? Will any man tell me that I am bound to pay interest upon it ? I would call the man that should tell
me so , at once , an ignorant , stupid prater . or a wicked , insolent liar . I owe not a penny of that sum . I never incurred any such debt . I never authorised any one to incur it for me . Mr parents never incurred such & debt . My parents never authorised any one to incur such a debt in their name The debt was incurred by a eet of eelnMi , thievish ! unprincipled aristocrats . The money was spent to strengthen their unrighteous power- . It was spent to uphold their unnatural privileges . It was spent to support their plundering and murdemus svstem o i miegovernment . The debt is thbirs , and they ought te bo left to pay it . I owe not a farthing of it myself , and I never will pay a farthing of it , but on compulsioH . Nor will 1 pay interest on the debt any longer than I can help . I have paid interest on th » t debt too long already . I have paid interest on that
debt when I have been uuable to obtain money to purchase food sufficient for my family . My patents paid interest op that debt at a time when I and others of their children were well nigh starved to death for want of bread . The rogues , the cheats , the vile , unprincipled thieves , to contract a debt of eight hundred millions of money for th * ir own vile purposes only , and then to make the people pay the interest , and , what is worse , to have the insolence , the effrontery , to tell tho people tbat they are bound in honour to pay that debt . —Joseph Barker , Too Loving bt HALr . — A young lady ' who has been tried , in thestate of Alabama , for firing a pistol at her false lover as he was escorting another fair one to church , was acquitted , on the ground that there was no malice , but on the contrary , an excess oflore .
A Fish—almost , —A Miss Gilmore , somewhere down east , was courted by a man whose name waa "adduoks , who told her tbat he only wanted one gill more to make him a perfect fish . No Relation . —A son of the Emerald Isle meeting a countryman whose face was not perfectly remembered , after saluting him most cordially , inquired his name . Walah , ' was the answer . ' Walsh , Walsh , ' responded Paddy , ' are ye not from Dublin ? I knew two ould maids there of that name—waa either of them yer mother V
THE SONG OP SUMMER . Amid the heath of northern hills , Where early sunrise sbone Oa verdant woods mi shining atreaaa , And summits gray and lone , A Minstrel from his mountain homo With rustic lyre came forth , And thu > is native numbers SBOg The Summer of tho North ;—• ¦ VJ a see tbe glory o ! thy steps Upon our hills once more ; Ob , thou , the hope of every heart , The joy of every shore ! Oar skies have gained their deepest blue , Oar woods their vernal prime , For Heaven and earth rejoice in thee , Thou glorious summer time !
'Thmearetho long and cloudless days , The eves of golden light , Whose lingering glories meat the morn , And leave no room for night ; The freshness of the earl y dew , The glow of breathless noon , And the showers , for which the woodlands wait , As for a promised boon , ' Thy rosea send their gweetnosa forth From leafy bower and brake , And thy lllios spread their floating snow Upon the sunlit lake ; To the old forest ' s lonely depth Thy preeenoe joy imparts , And reaches through tbe clouds of eare , The depths of human hearts .
' Well hath our dreamy childhood loved To wander forth with thee , ] To leafy grove and garaasy glen . And fountain fresh and free . But where are they that In those fair And pleasant pahs had part , And when will it return to us That summer of the heart 'For hope hath ehanped to weariness , And love hath changed to strife , And few , of all those early friends , Have been the friends of life ; And we have left the sunny traok Of childhood far behind , And see it only through tbe thorns That after yetrs have twined .
' But thou art bright and changeless etlll , Queen of tho circling years ; Thy brow hath known no touch of time , Thine eye no trace of tears ; For still as bright its sunshine falls Upon tho woods and waves , As If that light bad nevar shone On broken hearts or graves !' Fbanceb Bbotts , Ah Incontrovbrtiblb Truth . —It would be neither s moral , nor a political grievance , if fortunes , like that of Mr Couttg , were never heard of ; but it is a great moral and political evil , that human beings should perish for want of food , while it is spread in luxurious plenty around them ; and is withheld from them because their labour is deemed not a sufficient compensation for their existence \—Bkch Jhwf , 1822 ,
Anoihbr —The fruitful source of crimes consists in one man's possessing in abundance that of which another man in destitute , —Godwin , ANOTHER . —There is no foundation in nature , or natural law , why a set of words on parchment should give to any one a dominion of land . —Blachtone . Monarchy thb Great Hindrance to Civilimiion . —llia the pestiferous purple which renders the progress of civilisation a curse , and warps the understanding , till men of sensibility doubt whether
the expansion of intellect produces a greater portion of happiness or of misery . But tho nature of ths poison pointe out the antidote ; and had Rousseata monnted one step higher in his investigation , or cauld his eye have pierced through the foggy atmosphere which he almost disdained to breathe , his active mind would bare darted forward to contemplate the perfection of man in the establishment of true civilization , instead of taking his flight back to the night of sensual ignorance . —Mary Wollstoncraft ' e Rights of Woman .
The Ancibnts and the Modbrns . —At the present day , a hero , when he has the misfortune to make war , ean scarcely give any eucoutagemeat to the sciences ; he must borrow money of a Jew , and consult other Jews , in order to make the substance of his subjects flow into his coffer of the Danaidcs , whence H escapes through a thousand openings . Alexander sent to Aristotle elephants , rhinoceros , tigers , lions , crocodiles , gazelles , eagle ? , ostriches , Ac . ; and we , when by chance a rare animal ia brought to our fairs , go and admire it for sixpence , and it dies before we know anything about it . Phculiab PoLicr op Priests . —When the priests come into & family , they do aa a man that would set fire on a house : he does not put fire to the brick wall , but thrusts it into the thatch . They work uoon the women , and let the men alone , —Selden ' s Table Tall :
Tbub Nobility . —In the estimate of honour , we should learn to value the gifts of nature above those of fortune ; to esteem in our ancestors the qualities that best promote the isterests of society ; and to pronounce the descendant of a king less truly noble than the offspring of a man of genius , whose writings will instruct or delight the latest posterity — Gibbon No MoBALITT OF AciION WITHOUT LlBBRTT . —To renounce one ' s liberty , is to renounce one's very being as a man ; it is to renounce not only tho rights but the duties of humanity . And what possible indemnity can be made to a man who thus gives up his all ? Such a renunciation is incompatible with our very nature , for to deprive us ef the liberty ef the will is to take away all morality from our actions —Rousseau ,
A Roland for an Oliver , —The Marquis of Waterford and some friends one day took their places ia the fourth class carriage of a railway . To punish such doings , the railway people hired a couple of sweeps , all covered with soot , and put them in beside them . At the next station the Marquis bought first class tickets for the sweeps , and put them in to adorn the silk and leather covered seats . —Liverpool Albion . In a lecture at the Manchester Mechanics' Institute , Mr F . Warren said- ' The first cotton cloth was made in Derby in 1773 by Messrs Meed and S'rutfc , and it was then prohibited by law from being cold in the market . '
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), July 22, 1848, page 3, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_22071848/page/3/
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