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November 24, 1849. THE NORTHERN STAR. ?,...
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THE BELLS. B / ihe late EdoabA.Poe , Ame...
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THE HISTOEY OF IRELAND. B y T. Wright, E...
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FOTIRTERISM. —The works of Charles Foume...
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MR. CHARLES DICKENS'S LETTER ON EXECUTIO...
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PUNISHMENT OF DEATH. A public meeting wa...
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ROYAL POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTION. This popu...
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THE ARCTIC EXPEDITION. The "Investigator...
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Two Bad Legs Cured bt IIouowat's Oi.ntji...
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., Varmien.
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Condition op the Misses.—If the bulk of ...
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Transcript
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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November 24, 1849. The Northern Star. ?,...
November 24 , 1849 . THE NORTHERN STAR . ? , ' ii iiiiiina ^— I I '
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The Bells. B / Ihe Late Edoaba.Poe , Ame...
THE BELLS . B ihe late EdoabA . Poe , American Poet . Hear the sledges with the bells Silver hells ! W ^ i of ? Uljeirin elodyforeteiI 8 How they tinkle , tinkle , tinkle , to the icy air of night ! We the stars that oversprinkle AIHhe heavens , seem to twinkle > Mth a crystaline delight : Keeping time , time , time , 10 tte tmtmabnktion that so musically wells From the bells , bells , bells , bells , T ? Pnmrto -- ' bells bellsi » om the jingling and the tinkling of the hells .
Hear the mellow wedding-bells , Golden bells ? wn ata-wOTldefhappiness their harmony foretells ! Through the balmy air of night How they ring out their delight 1 From the molten-golden notes , And all in tune , What a liquid ditty floats To the turtle-dove that listens , while she gloats On the moon '
Oh , from out the sounding cells , wnat a gush of euphony voluminously wells ' . How it swells ! How it dwells On the Future ! how it tells Of the rapture that impels To the swinging andthe ringm ? Of the bells , bells , bells , Of the bells , bells , bells , bells , Bells , bells , bells-To tie rhyming and the chiming of the hells
Hear the loud alarum bells Brazen bells ! What a tale of terror , now their turbnlency tells In the startled ear of night How they scream out their affright ! Too much horrified to speak , They can only shriek , shriek , Out of tone , In a clamarons appealing to the ICCTCy Of the fire , In amadespostnlation with thedeafand frantiefire Leaping higher , higher , higher , With a desperate desire , And a resolute endeavour Now—now to sit , ornerer , By the side of the pale-paced moon . Oh , the bells , bells , bells ! " What a tale their terror tells
Of Despair . How they clang , and clash , and roar ! What a horror they outpour On the bosom of the palpitating air ! Yet the ear , it fully knows , By the twanging * And the clanging , How the danger ebbs and flows ; Yet the ear distinctly tells , In the jangling And the wrangling , How the danger sinks and swells , By the sinking or the swelling in the anger of the bells— Of the bells—Of the bells , bells , bells , bells , Bells , bells , bells—In tbe clamor and the clangor of the bells !
Hear the tolling of the bells-Iron bells 3 What a world of solemn thought their monopoly compels ! In the silence of the night , How we shiver -with affright At the melancholy menace of their tone ! For every sound that floats From the rust within their throats Is a groan . And the people—ahthe
people—, They that dwell up in the steeple , All alone , And who , tolling , tolling , tolling , In that muffled monotone , Peel a glory in so rolling On the human heart a stone—They are neither man nor woman—They are neither brute nor human—They are Ghouls : And their king it is who tolls ; And he rolls , rolls , rolls , Bolls <
A paean from the bells ! And iris merry bosom swells "With the paean of the bells ! And he dances , and he yells ; Keeping time , time , time , In a sort of Runic rhyme , To tbe pasm of the bells—Of the bells : Keeping time , time , time , In a sort of Runic rhyme , To the throbbing of the bells—Of the bells , bells ,
bells—To the sobbing of the bells ; Keeping time , time , time , As he knells , knells , knells , In a happy Bunic rhyme , To the rolling of the tells—Of the bells , bells , bells ; To the tolling of the bells—Of the bells , bells , bells , bells , Bells , bells , bells—To the moaning and the groaning of the bells
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The Histoey Of Ireland. B Y T. Wright, E...
THE HISTOEY OF IRELAND . B y T . Wright , Esq . PartXVir . London : J . and ¥ . Tallis , 100 , St . John-street This Part narrates the history of events during ihe last year of the reign of Chakles I . The intrigues and double-dealings of the "Eoyal Ttfartvr , " in pursuance of his wretched policy of cheating all parties—Eng lish and Irish ,
Puritans and Catholics , & c ., & c , unfolded in this work , must strike the reader with disgust , and induce the reflection that never baser prince existed , or was more rig hteously punished . The subject of the engraving in this Part is the first meeting of the gallant and accomp lished King Cobmac with the fair Eithke . Of the beautiful illustrations which accompany this work , this—thus far—is the gem .
The Reformer ' s Mmanack aud Political Year Book for 1850 . London : Ay lott and Jones , 8 , Paternoster-row . This Book Almanack—published under the sanction of the National Reform Associationcontains a vast mass of political information , well selected and admirably arranged . Besides the usual contents of an almanack , the reader of Com
Trill find a foil account of the House - mons , together with a capital abstract of the doings of our misrepresentatives in the session of 1849 The Ministers are exhibited with " all their blushing honours thick upon them . " Our system of taxation ; " " OurFighting Establishments ; " the " State Church ; « Woods and Forests ; " " National Expenditure : " " Taxes on Knowledge , & c , & c ., are laid bare , and the enormities connected therewith exposed in the pages before us . We
give the following extracts : BISHOPS * PALACES ASD THE P 00 B CLEHW . „ " ^" rhnrd , of England to be nothing but a coli « S 2 3 ftaSSS b 4 ops ! -the Right Rev . Dives i ^ Tt ^« ^ d la «> r « sto « rders at the gate , doctored £ & and courted by crumbs i-ltev . Sydney Smtti ,. * wK £ « nSKg iw of the Church is tatong care cfthebiBhops . —JWd . , , , ^ dr TS ^^^^^
prters of an institution which WJ ^ ed Burnt of the upper classes and the »* «~ 01 Seirpolitical ^ wer ^« £ * £ £ £ re . " modified as to make it lcsa sub £ f ™ 2 evenl 6 nts 0 { though miaowed , purpose j ™ J ^ L havin the toi - asti - cal Commission-whicb , alter nay J existed for about fourteen yc s ^ * % Uureexpense , has atlast been condemned as am affords striking e ^^ tS ^ St so long as promises of rcfo »««*• *^ "Sintedin 1836 it remains such , mat oouy «« « yv richer , and Jo wceive thesurp lnsrevenues of be ncher rpplythc ^ to the po ^^ - ^ £ , the proceeds ci suP ? r , „„ TTi : ; n « g Jfr . Hors-S ^ ? fl » 5 fffiiTiw Se they had man stated , in 1847 , that up 101 £ 157 , 000 , and thus received from the first "Jjs ga foo . And from the second , £ 19 ^ ; Sanded ? When the how had this large sum been expendea ^ * Kftft STSSta SS under »; aim 11 — ior ?
- « " «»«» --- « . -psjdences me " -j- ^ - and 4 , 600 , ^ "hout fit res ^ enc fi g The CommiSsione « ^ d an « menMa | ^ ^ at an expense of £ 12 ^^ e «| re ^ and defrayed W tw «» ^ . bilc in pro-^ rsonages , amounting to *^ f < mbelUshhlg the « ding , crectmg , pterin 1 su expended peaces of . ^ Jj ^ ffilSlwn ^ & 43 . 014 , being ?} 'ffJ ? ° ™ ; lUees , and £ 82 , 081 £ Ve augment ^ ome Poor ^
The Histoey Of Ireland. B Y T. Wright, E...
himself , he must borrow on the mortgage of his living , and pay the interest out of its proceeds . So once -was it with the bishops—but they being members of this same Church-Reforming Commission , have scorned to resort to so vulgar an expedient , and have had recourse to the surplus Episcopal revenues instead . The following are the sums which have been lavished on the estates and palaces of these successors of the Apostles—these servants of Him who " had not where to lay his head . " Bishop of Lincoln £ 52 , 708 „ Rochester 25 , 527 „ Gloucester 22 , 807 „ Ripon 13 , 689 „ "Worcester 7 , 000
„ Oxford 6 , 469 „ Exeter 3 , 500 „ Rath and Wells ... 4 , 000 Will ifc be believed , that in tbe first two of tbe above dioceses alone there were at the time 315 , and in the eight dioceses 532 benefices worth less than £ 100 a-year , and no less than 85 clergymen whose incomes were under £ 50 a year , or less than three shillings a day , eight of the number receiving as little as thirteen pence , and one actually but sixpence halfpenny a day ! But the details of this expenditure furnish still stronger proof of the wastfulness with which our Ecclesiastical funds have been administered , under the
new . Church-Reforming regime . Thus , when the episcopal residence for the diocese of Rochesterwas changed , the Ecclesiastical Commission sold the old palace at Rochester for £ 1 , 600 , -when they might readily have got £ 2 , 000 ; and then gave £ 25 , 557 for an estate and house at Banbury , not worth more than , at the lowest valuation , £ 10 , 600 , and at the highest , £ 17 , 400 . The conduct of the Commission in providing a palace for the Bishop of Lincoln , is thus described by the Daily News , which b y its diligent and faithful exposures of ecclesiastical and electoral corruption , has earned the gratitude of all Reformers : —
" The Rishborne estate consisted of about 1 , 500 acres ; it was offered to the Commission for £ 62 , 000 , who refused it at that price ; on their refusal , it was bought by the very servants they employed ; and by those servants one-third of it was re-sold to the Commission for £ 40 , 000 . Nor was this waste of-money all . The Order in Council authorising the purchase by the Commission of onethird of the estate at this extravagant price , stated that in the opinion of the Commission the purchase would be beneficial to the see , because there were on the property house , offices , and outbuildings , which would afford a jit and convenient [ residence for the Btshop of Lincoln , and his successors . Tet no sooner
had the purchase money been paid than the Ecclesiastical Commission found that' the house , offices , and outbuildings , ' were unfit for a bishop ! Nay , more , they actually spent £ 13 , 302 on them , of which they paid £ 5 , 000 out of the episcopal fund ! First they paid £ 40 , 000 for the estate , because it had a fit house on it ; then they spent £ 13 , 000 because it had not a fit house ! And all this selling and buying of estates , pulling down and building np , was , notwithstanding the fact that there was in the city of Lincoln a bishop ' s palace , a running lease of which might have been had for £ 1 , 500 , and that a Small expenditure on it would have made it an excellent residence even for a bishop !"
very similar was the course adopted m the case of the see of Gloucester , where £ 11 , 000 was g iven for an estate with a bouse upon it , for the repair of which house , while the Bishop himself asked but £ 3 , 000 , the Commission expended above £ 12 , 000 . The palace at Ripon was to cost but £ 10 ) 000 ) but the Bishop cried , "Give , give , " until the bill ran up to £ 14 , 611 . So also the Bishop of Oxford { well known by a certain cognomen ) , obtained £ 3 , 500 for his palace , on the condition that he was to provide whatever additional sum might be required , and yet ultimately succeeded in wheedling tbe Commission out of further grants ( for gardens , conservatory , & c ., } amounting to £ 3 , 000 . To complete the case against both the Commission
and the Bishops , it is only necessary to give a few particulars respecting the incomes of thelatter . The men for wham palaces are thus provided are , in addition , in receipt of incomes , in some instances equal to , and in many far exceeding , the salary of a Minister of State . Their dishonesty ( to call it less is to trifle ) in making a return of their incomes , and expected incomes , has been pretty well exposed . The late Archbishop of Canterbury , in 1 S 3 I , returned his at £ 22 , 000 , though he had himself the year before represented it to be only £ 32 , 000 . His future income he reckoned as £ 17 , 060 ; in 1843 , it was found to be £ 21 , 000 . The Archbishop of York ' s income , instead of being £ 10 , 000 , was found to be £ 14 , 550 . The Bishop of Durham , who was to have
but £ 8 , 000 , pocketed in one year no less than £ 26 , 000 ; and strangest of all , the Bishop of London , who , in 1831 , returned his income at £ 13 , 929 ; in 1843 , returned it at the smaller sum of £ 12 , 400 , present and prospective , notwithstanding the immense increase in the value of his estate at Faddington—an estate , which , it is calculated , will ultimately yield as much as £ 100 , 000 ! It was upon these returns , under-estimated in nearly every case , that the future incomes of the bishops were settled , and yet even that arrangement has been departed from , the rich sees being made to disgorge too little by £ 20 , 000 a year , and the poorer receiving too much by £ 6 , 000 a year ! It is not difficult to discover the rationale of all
this . The Ecclesiastical Commissioners , in 1841 , contrived to obtain a clause in an act , which confined the application of the sums arising from reduced bishoprics to episcopal instead of to general Church purposes . The money has , therefore , been scattered right and left among the bishops , lest the largeness of the surplus should suggest the idea of dividing it among the poor elergy . And the continuance of this distinction between the two funds is stoutly contended for ; for , says the Bishop of London ( before a Committee of Inquiry ) : — " In the first place we want provision for more bishops . And I should say , that if the funds were sufficient , we want provision for those officers who are of great importance to the bishops , as assistants to
him in the execution of his duty . .... I think , also , that . . . we ought to appropriate the surplus to the maintenance of Colonial Bishops . I am not , however , prepared to say that there migjht not , at some future time , be furnished by the same fund , some assistance toward the augmentation of poor benefices " His lordship ' s known shrewdness also suggested another reason why the episcopal revenues should not be thrown into a common fund , which was , that " the parochial clergy would be thought , of course , to have a much larger interest ; it would be conceived as so much deducted from that which ought to go to the augmentation of small livings ; " and " Mere woiddbe a ' louder demand for the means of creating additional benefices than endowing additional bishoprics !"
This unblushing avowal of the crafty , calculating greediness of the episcopal bench , throws light on the policy and entire proceedings of tho bishopridden Ecclesiastical Commission , who have but enacted over again— # " The good old law , the ancient plan , That they shall keep who have the power , And they shall get who can !" The bishops , as a body , stand convicted of hypocrisy in bewailing the spiritual destitution of the people , while they are themselves rolling m riches , to which they cling withnnrelaxing grasp ; and the idea of purifying the Establishment by reform within , is demonstrated to bo " a mockery , a delusion , and a snare !"
COST OF COMBUSTIBLES . The quantity of gunpowder to be kept in store , exclusive of that consumed in foreign stations , is 170 000 barrels , which is equal to the consumption of the last two years of . the war with France ! The averace annual consumption is 12 , 000 barrels , the cost of which is about £ 45 , 000 . The number of ball cartridges manufactured in each of the last three years exceeds 6 , 500 , 000 , and the number of blank cartridges has varied from three to five millions . Money is also as lavishly expended in stores in the colonies as at home , there being , for instance in Canada , at the present time , stores of the efiated vine of £ 650 , 000 . And the stores thus accumulatine are constantly becoming
unserviceable or obsolete , and it is distinctly »»™™ " even when the change of armament . shall lave been comp leted , it must be expected that further improvements will repeatedly be introduc ed and that the store of many articles will thereby be rendered useless !" We observe that in the list of tho House ot Commons the party designations are set down as " Tories , " " Conservatives , " "Whigs , ' " Radicals , " and " Liberals . " '' Chartist ;' finds no p lace in the list . Sir . O'Connor is
numbered amongst the Badicals , " who we are told , " are for practising what the Whigs only preach . " We believe that Mr . O'Connor would be Tery sorry to practise many things preached by the Whigs . In our opinion the preachings and practising of that faction are both inimical to the public welfare . Next year the editor of the mformeSs Ahnanack would do well to improve his definition of "Eadical , " or , otherwise , introduce the name of " Chartist" as the designation of a true and reall y radical reformer .
Fotirterism. —The Works Of Charles Foume...
FOTIRTERISM . —The works of Charles Foume h , tlieFrench Social Efiformer , are of great interest to whoever would understand the workings of continental Europe , in which the ideas propounded by him , mingle as a iTost important element . No doubt also those works contain somepractical suggestions that"may be of use to this country , m the iar -est 5 « atiott 90 fthe < l uesUojl 5 tliat arepreSS 1 Dg
Fotirterism. —The Works Of Charles Foume...
upon its notice ; as Colonial Empire , Public Education , Public Health , the Peace Question , Finance , and many others , of which the fertile genius of Fourier has treated with great originality . There is , however , a neutral aspect in the works of this earnest writer , which may more actively commend him to the English student viz : his philosoph y of human nature . On this ground he stands alone , —apart both from the schools of Germany and England . It is a philosophy and a method , exclusivel y built on history and dail y life ; in a word—on
Society : on man , not as abstracted by the metaphysicians , but as stamping himself , now and heretofore , on this real universe ; standing to his fellows in the relations of friend , husband , kinsman , and fellow citizens . Fourier looks at every subject from a new point of view * , his path becomes most suggestive ; and it cannot fail to be a boon to England , to add a knowledge of his works to those of other great philosophers . The style of Fourier in this work is distinguished for three qualities , each sufficient to entitle it to the esteem and consideration of
all enquiring and truthful minds . It is remarkable for that manly honesty and unscrupulous bluntness so conspicuous in our own Cobbext , yet without ever betraying the author into bad taste ; it is moreover distinguished by a racy humour and caustic sarcasm that remind one strongl y of Swift , and by that lucid transparency which constitutes the peculiar g lory and excellence of French writers on philosophy . We heat with pleasure that it is proposed to publish by subscription , Fourier ' s Philosophical Treatise "On the Passions of the Human Soul . " The work has been translated
by the Rev . John R . Morell , and is already in the press . We understand that subscribers may send their names and subscription to Messrs . Walton and Mitchell , Printers , 24 , Wardour-street , Oxford street , London .
Mr. Charles Dickens's Letter On Executio...
MR . CHARLES DICKENS'S LETTER ON EXECUTIONS , TO TJIE EBITOB OF THE TIMES . Sin , —When I wrote to you on Tuesday last I had no intention of troubling you again ; but as ono of your correspondents has to-day expressed a reasonable desire that I would explain myself more clearly , and as I hope I may do no injury to the cause I would serve by stating my views upon it a little more in detail , I shall be glad to do so , if you will allow me the opportunity . My positions in reference to the demoralising nature of public executions are-First , that they chiefly attract as spectators the lowest , the most depraved , the most abandoned of mankind , in whom they inspire no wholesome emotions whatever . Secondly , that the public infliction of a violent death is not ft salutary spectacle for any class of people ; but that it is in the nature of things that on the class by whom it is generally witnessed it should have a debasing and hardening influence . On the first head I must appeal again to my own experience of the execution of last Tuesday morning ; to all tbe evidence that has ever been taken on the subject , showing that executions have been the favourite Sight of convicts of all descriptions '• to the knowledge possessed by the magistracy and police of the general character of such crowds ; to the police reports that are sure to follow their assemblage ; to the unvarying description of them given in the newspapers ; to the indisputable fact that no
decent father is willing that his son—that no decent master is willing that his apprentices or servantsshould mingle in them ; to the indisputable fact that all society , its dregs excepted , recoil from them as masses of abomination and brutality . ( That there were not more robberies committed at this last execution was not the fault of the assembled thieves , whose numbers on the occasion the Home Secretary may easily learn from the Commissioners in Scotland-yard , but the merit of tho police , whose vigilance was beyond all praise . ) On the second head , after a passing allusion to the hardening influence which familiarity even with natural death produces on coarse minds , I must again refer to my own experience . Nothing would
have been a greater comfort to me—nothing would have so much relieved in my mind the unspeakable terrors of the scene , as to have been enabled to believe that any portion of the immense crowd—that any grains of sand in the vast moral desert stretching away on every side—were moved to any sentiments of fear , repentance , pity , or natural horror , by what they saw upon the drop . It was impossible to look around and rest in any such belief . With every consideration and respect for your suggestion that the concourse may have been belying their mental struggles by frantic exaggerations , I am confident that if you had been there beside me , seeing what I saw , and hearing what I heard , you could never have admitted the thought . Such a
state of mind has its signs and tokens equally with any other , and no such signs and tokens were there . The mirth was not hysterical , the shoutings and fightings were not the efforts of a strained excitement seeking to vent itself in any relief . The whole was unmistaKeably callous and bad . As the ferocious woman who was charged the same day with threatening to murder another in the midst of the multitude , proclaiming that she had a knife about her , and would have her heart ' s blood , and be hanged on the same gibbet with her namesake , Mrs . Manning , whose death she had come to see—as she had her evil passions excited to the utmost by the scene , so had all the crowd . I believe this was tho whole and sole effect of what they had come to see ,
and I hold that no human being , not being the better for such a sight , could go away without being the worse for it . To prevent such frightful spectacles in a Christian country , and all the incalculable evils they engender , I would have the last sentence of the law executed with comparative privacy within the prison walls . Before I state how , let me strengthen this proposal with some words of Fielding on this subject , to whose profound knowledge of human nature you , I know , will render full justice : — " The execution should be in some degree private . And here the poets will again assist 11 s . Foreigners have found fault with the cruelty of the English drama in representing frequent murders upon the
stage . In fact , this is not only cruel , but highly injudicious : a murder behind the scenes , if the poet knows how to manage it , will affect the audience with greater terror than if it was acted before their eyes . Of this we have an instance in the murder of the King in 'Macbeth . ' Terror hath , I believe , been carried higher by this single instance than by all the blood which hath been spilt upon the stage . To the poets I may add the priests , whose politics have never been doubted . Those of Egypt , in particular , where the sacred mysteries were first devised , well knew the use of hiding from tho eyes of the vulgar what they intended should inspire
them with the greatest awe and dread . Tho mind of man is so much more capable of magnifying than his eye , that I question whether every object is not lessened by being looked upon , and this more especially when the passions are concerned ; for those are ever apt to fancy much more satisfaction in those objects which they affect , and much more of roischiefin those which they abhor , than are really to be found in cither . If executions , therefore , were so contrived that few could be present at them , they would be much more shocking and terrible to the crowd without doors than at present , as well as much more dreadful to tho criminals
themselves . From the moment- of a murderer being sentenced to death , I would dismiss him to the dread obscurity to which the wisest judge upon the bench consigned the murderer Rush . I would allow no curions \ isitots to hold any communication with him ; I would place every obstacle in the way of his sayings and doings being served up in print on Sunday morniugs for the perusal of families . His execution within the walls of the prison should he conducted with every terrible solemnity that careful consideration could devise . Mr . Calcraft , the hangman , ( of whom I have some information in reference to this hit occasion , ) should be restrained in his unseemly briskness , in his jokes , Ins oaths , and his brandy . To attend the execution I would summon a jury of twenty-four , to be called the Witness Jury , eig ht to be summoned on a low qualification , eicht on a higher , eight on a higher still ,
so that it might fairly represent all classes ol society . There should be present , likewise , the governor of the gaol , the chaplain , the surgeon , and other officers , the sheriffs of tbe county or city , and two inspectors of prisons . All these should si < m a grave and solemn form of certificate ( the same in every case ) that on such a day , at such an hour , in such a gaol , for such a crime , such a murderer was hanged in their sight . There should be another certificate from the officers of the prison that the hanged was that person , and no
person other ; a third , that that person was buried These should be posted on the prison gate for twent ^ -one days , printed in the Ga ,, ^ , ana exhibited 1 n oHmr public places ; and during the hour of the body s hanging I would have the bells of all the churches in that town or city tolled , and all the shops shut up , that all mig ht be reminded of what was being ° I submit to you , with the law so changed , the public world would ( as is ri g ht } know much more ^ o ^ : the infliction of this tremendous punishment than they
Mr. Charles Dickens's Letter On Executio...
know of the infliction of any other . There are not many common subjects , I think , of which they know less than transportation ; and yet they never doubt that when a man is ordered to be sent abroad'he goes abroad . The details of the commonest prison in London are unknown to the-public at large , but they are quite satisfied that prisoners said to be in this 1 or that gaol are really there , and really undergo its discipline . The " mystery" of private executions is objected to ; but has not mystery been the character of every improvement in convict treatment and prison disci pline effected ' within the last twenty years ? From the police van to Norfolk Island , are not all the changes that mark tho treatmen t of the prisoner mvsterious ? His seclusion in
his conveyance hither and thither from the public sight , instead of his being walked through the streets strung with twenty more to a chain , like the galley-slavea in Don Quixote , ( as I remembeh to nave seen in my school-days , ) makes a mystery of him , His being known by a number instead of by a name , and his being under the rigorous discipline of the associated silent system—to say nothing of the solitary , which I regard as a mistake—is all mysterious . I cannot understand that the mystery of such an execution as I propose would be other than a , Pi > ° " max to all these wise regulations , or u *\ j ^ ere ^ e anything in this objection , we should not return to the days when ladies paid visits to highwaymen , drinking their punch in the condemned cells of Newgate , or Ned Ward , the London spy , who went upon a certain regular day of the week to
Bridewell to see the women whipped . Another class of objectors I know there are , who , desiring the total abolition of capital punishment , will have nothing less ; and who , not doubting the fearful influence of public-executions , would have it protracted for an indefinite term , rather than spare the demoralisation they do not dispute , at the S ct-i . ng sight for awhile of their final end . But of these I say nothing , considering them , however good and pure in intention , unreasonable , and not to be argued with . With many thanks to yowfw your courtesy , and begging most earnestly to assure ; you that I write in a deep conviction that I incurred a duty when I became a witness of the execution on Tuesday last , from which nothing ought to move me , and which every hour ' s reflection strengthens . I am , Sir , your faithful servant . Charges Dxckexs . Devonshire-terrace , November 17 .
Punishment Of Death. A Public Meeting Wa...
PUNISHMENT OF DEATH . A public meeting was held on Monday . ni ? ht , in the large room of the Bridge House Hotel , Southwark , to promote the abolition of the punishment of death . The room was well filled on this occasion , a considerable proportion of the audience being females . Charles Gilpin , Esq ., took tho chair ; and there were also on the platform Mr , Ewart , M . P ., Rev . H . Christmas , Messrs . John Scoble , Charles Wordsworth , John Robertson , John Meredith , & c . The Chaibmas began the proceedings by alluding to tho recent execution , which he said was the government scheol of moral instruction , taught by the hangman Calcraft . There were thousands who spent the- night around the gallows . There were west-end pupils , too—a scandal to the sex they
disgraced—ladies , that crowded to this school of moral instruction . The advocates of the gallows said that a great moral lesson had been taught . He said that humanity had been outraged , reli gion disgraced , and God mocked . He proceeded to denounce the conduct of the chaplain of the gaol in administering the sacrament to at least one unrepentant criminal , and the conduct of the daily press in circulating every minute particular relating to the conduct of the criminals in their last moments . He then alluded to the views lately published by Mr . Dickens , which he called advocating assassination , instead of public execution . Against the views of Mr . Dickens he placed those of a man fully equal to Mr . Dickens —Douglas Jerrold , who , in a letter written to him ( the Chairman ) , had expressed his onoosition both
to female executions and to capital punishments altogether . ; He also read letters from Mr . Cobden and Mr . Bright , who , though they had not attended this meeting , were yet in favour of the views of its promoters . He then called upon a gentleman who , he said , was the leader of the cause in Parliament , Mr . Ewart , M . P ., who said he rose to move the first resolution—that capital punishments were oppesed to the spirit of Christianity—that they did not answer their design of repressing crime—that their effects were grossly demoralising—that they sometimes caused the destruction of the innocent by judicial process , and at other times favoured the guilty , thus promoting the crimes which they were intended to suppress , and that , therefore , they ought to be abolished . He began by payin ? a
tribute to the generous and disinterested exertions in this cause of the chairman , Mr . John Thomas Young , Mr . Thomas Batty Wri ghtson , and other members of the Society of Friends . He then stated that the occasion of holding the present , meeting was , that they had lately behold in this neighbourhood the interesting and instructive spectacle of a public execution . The natural question to be asked was—what good has it done ? The very advocates of the gallows admitted that tho recent exhibition had spread moral . poison throughout the community , There had , therefore , been no moral good ' effected ; and who could say that religious good had been effected ? The whole religious principle involved in the word " repentance" was odtaged , unless they could arrogate to themselves tho right of
saying that men should repent within fourteen days . He declared his utter repugnance to private executions as nn evasion of the main question . He was against the general princi ple of executions altogether , whether public or private . He called upon them as Englishmen to take their stand on general principle . As an Englishman he abhorred private executions . It might be that the jury which had been proposed to witness the executions would be honourable men ; it might bo that the Home Secretary and the sheriffs would be honourable men ; that might be , but still the principle of publicity was an integral part of the British constitution , and ought not to be abandoned in any institution whatever . Even if this principle were adopted , they would ¦ not be private . They could
not exclude tho representatives of the press ; and they would report all those sanguinary details which now disgusted every right-thinking mind . He further objected to private executions , because it would shift the responsibility from tho Home Secretary to this hidden jury . Besides , the present government were opposed to private executions . Some years ago Mr . Rich , the member for Knaresborougb , proposed a bill for private executions , when Mr . F . Maule , on the part of the government , recommended Mr . Rich to withdraw his proposition , as there was not the least chance of its passing . He objected to capital punishment because it was an imitation of the crime which it professed to punish . ( Hear , hoar . ) This was the main argument , and one of the most striking against capital
punishment . He would put the question to the Home Secretary—suppose the punishment were delayed for a year , would you execute it then ? ( So , no . ) No , he was certain it would not have been executed . But ho said every punishment ought to be so clearly comformable to reason , that it would be as acceptable two or three years afterwards as at the time . It was plain , therefore , that capital punishment was carried out on the principle of revenge —( loud cheers)—a principle which was abandoned by Ulackstone , and demonstrated to be unsound by Beccaria , Filanghieri , and other jurists . ( Cheers . ) Another objection was , that the punishment tended to eclipse the atrocity of the crime , and to turn the criminal into a martyr . Hereminded the meeting that it was formerly the custom
for warrants of execution to receive the sign manual of the Sovereign . But he believed that such was the repugnance of our present admirable Sovereign —( cheers)—to sign these papers , that it had been found absolutely necessary to introduce a bill transferring the signature from the Sovereign to one of her Ministers . Such was the progress of public opinion acting upon our gracious Soverei gn . Then with respect to the Judges . A commission was lately held on this subject , and the Judges were all asked their opinion on the question . Lord Denman and Mr . Justice Maule gave no opinion . The late Justice Coltman was against capital punishments . Mr . Justice Wi ghtman thought capital punishments might bo dispensed with . Chief Justice Wild .-thought there were strong objections to the
nractice . Mr . Justice Crampton , of the Irish bench , gave no opinion . Mr . Justice Perrin was decidedly against them , and Mr . Baron Richards was also against them . He believed Mr . Justice Talfourd ¦ 'fas also against them . He could state further , that ho had lately received a letter from a clergyman in Lancashire , proposingthat the effect might be tried of abolishing capital punishments for a period of seven years . " Now he ( Mr . Ewart ) thought that in this case a seven vears' lease was equivalent to a perpetuity . ( Hear , ' hear , and laughter . ) He concluded by urging upon tho meeting the necessity of perseverance in- this cause , for which ho anticipated a speedy and a full success . The Rev . Hssur CiiRisrMAS ( of Zion College ) seconded the motion , He said their opponents
rested their argument on the passage in Scripture , " Whoso sheddoth man ' s blood , by man shall his blood be shed . " But they misunderstood the passage , which merely meant that he who shed man ' s blood would draw down upon him the indignation of God and excite the wrath of his fellow-creatures ; but there was no command to take the man and hang him up to a beam . Besides , we must take Scripture examples as well as Scripture precepts-Cain killed a man—Moses killed an Egyptian , and hid him in the sands , looking carefully about all the time to see that no policeman was watching him . ( Laughter . ) Simeon and Levi killed the inhabitants of a whole town in cold blood , but he did not hear of any of them being hanged . ( Hear , hear . ) Ho had been interested in hearing the opinions of the judges , and he had now to speak of
Punishment Of Death. A Public Meeting Wa...
the opinions of the body to which ho belonged—a body who were slow to move , and when they were in motion , moved slowly . But they would all come round in time . He had had correspondence with some thousands of clergy : he had received replies from . 500 or 600 of them , the far greater number of which were favourable to the immediate abolition ot the punishmen t of death . Their learned and excellent Primate gave no decisive opinion , but thought it was well worth the attention of thoughtful minds . The Bishop of Winchester also thought the question would be the better ol being well ventilated . ( Laughter . ) The Bishop , of St . David ' s and the late Bishop of Norwich were both decidedly in favour of immediate abolition . This was a great advance
on tho state of public opinion twenty years ago , and he had no doubt that feeling would increase till this and all other Christian and social reforms were accomplished . ( Hear . ) Mr . WonnswoRTii , ( barrister , ) supported tllC motion . He commenced on the expression used by Sir George Grey , on tho discussion of this subject last session , that the mass of those attending executions were themselves deeply imbued with crime . What a comment was that upon the thousands who attended the execution on Tuesday last , more especially upon tho west-end folks—tho people who ordered the champagne breakfasts and the ladies with the opera glasses ! ( Hear , hear . ) To show the advance of public opinion on this subject , he
stated tnat at the accession ot George III ., in 1760 , there were 160 crimes punishable by death ; at present there were only the cases of high treason , murder , and one or two others . After stating several instances of capital punishment for trifling offences—among others , the case of a man who , within the present century , was hanged in Essex for cutting down a cherry-tree , value 3 s . ( Hear , hear . ) . The Chairman put the resolution , which was una . nimously agreed to . The Rev . Mr . Riciuno , ( Independent minister of Marlborough Chapel , Kent-road , ) moved the second resolution—that a petition , founded on the foregoing resolution , and signed by the chairman on behalf of tho meeting , bo nrosentfid to nn . vlinmpnt
by the representatives of the Borough . He compared the spectacle of the execution to tho gladiatorial exhibition of the Romans , with this difference , that there the miserable wretches hal weapons put into their hands , and had a chance for their lives , while the convicts of Tuesday were brought out pinioned and blindfolded to be butchered to make an English holiday . [ A gentleman in the room : " That is misrepresenting the object . " ] His friend said ho was misrepresenting tho object . He was not misrepresenting the effect . ( Louu cheers . ) Ho hoped , however , that enli ghtened public opinion would be combined to say that the people of England would endure the gallows no longer . ( Cheers . ) He was quite aware that all superanuated prejudices found their last resource in the House of Commons ; but he was satisfied that if the people were only united
they would force their opinions oven upon the narrow intellect and tho hardened heart of that assembly . ( Cheers . ) Mr , John Robertson seconded tho resolution . Mr . John Scoble supported the motion . This resolution was also carried unanimously . The Chairman here stated he was requested by Mr . Ewart to explain that , on referring to the opinions of the judges , he quoted the names of those judges only who were in favour of abolishing capital punishment , or who gave no opinion on the subject ; but it must be obvious that there were several judges whose names were omitted , and who were against abolition . But he had the authority of Lord Nugent ior stating that he had spoken to the members of the Bench , and he found that the majority of those now on the bench were favourable to ' abolition . ( Cheers . )
Mr . A . B . Stevens moved that the members for the Borough he requested to support the prayer of the petition . Mr . Webster ( of the Chancery bar ) , seconded tho resolution , which was carried unanimously . The Chairman stated that he had reason to know that Sir William Molesworth was favourable to the abolition , Alderman Humphery voted for abolition in 1840 , but he was sorry to say he voted against it in 1849 . ( Hisses . ) Thanks were then voted to the Chairman , after which the meeting separated .
Royal Polytechnic Institution. This Popu...
ROYAL POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTION . This popular establishment of science and art continues to be a favourate resort of the public . Lectures are given daily by the Professors of this Institution on various subjects , comprising electricity , chemistry , and many other themes , all discussed in a highly popular and interesting manner . Science is here garbid in a most delightful and instructive form , giving the pleasure seekers an opportunity of amusement , and at the same time much excellent and useful information . The lectures delivered b y Dr . Bachhofther arc of a most delightful and instructive nature , which are rendered more p leasing , by the numerous experiments exhibited by the learned Doctor , aided as he is by the
gigantic hydro-electric machine ; the power of this contrivance must bo seen to be appreciated . Mr . Ashley is now engaged in giving a series of lectures qn " the Chemistry of Food . " The present subject of the lecture is the familiar article of food milk , as the object- to which the lecturers remarks were principally directed , described and showed by experiments , the beautiful discovery of the artificial formation of butter . It is hy such facts being brought forward , divested of unnecessary technicalities that we becomeacquainted with the leading points in that most interesting of all branches to man , the science of animal chemistry . The art of photograp hy has received great improvement of late , by tho industry and application of Mr . Beard junr . ; to such perfection is the colouring brought that they equal a highly furnished minature .
The Arctic Expedition. The "Investigator...
THE ARCTIC EXPEDITION . The "Investigator" and the "Enterprise" have arrived in the port of London , and have undergone official inspection . The ships were found in a good state of preservation , and the men in excellent health—quite recovered from their Arctic fatigues . Accounts of the progress of the ships on their voyage of discovery have appeared in the papers ; one of them a full report by the commander , Sir James Clarke Ross , to the Admiralty . "We glean the leading points : —Tho vessels ^ entered Port Leopold on the llth September , 1848 , and landed three months ' provisions for each ship at Whaler ' s Point , intending to press forward next- morning . But weather indications induced Sir James Ross to continue where he was and be frozen up there in preference to a worse berth . The ico had settled round him
on the 24 th . Tho crew cut a canal forty feet wide and two miles long , qo a good , safe berth ; and there the ships took position for the winter , 200 yards apart . The winter was spent in the old mannerin alternate teaching , games , and lively occupations ; reading , writing , and arithmetic were taught by the schoolmaster , and a " youngster from Greenwich School , named Grunsell , taught navigation . " Scores of foxes were caught , and turned into " twopenny postmen , " by putting copper collars round their necks , stamped with the names and positions of the ships , and the localities of the provision depdts' . those foxes rnngo enormous distances , and some of them would probably bo caught by Sir John Franklin ' s party if it still held out anywhere . Detached parties were sent out in April , and on
the 15 th May the principal expedition under Sir James Ross sot out . It went to the westward about 100 miles round the coast of North Somerset , from Cape Clearance to Cape Bunny , and thence 140 miles further : here the party erected a cairn and buried cylinders , dating them 15 th Juno , 1840 . They could see forty miles further , and there was no pro - bability that Franklin ' s shi s had penetrated in that direction , at least during that season . Sir James Ross regained his ships on tho 23 rd of June . A second party , under Lieutenant Robinson , ' went along the western side of Prince Regent ' s Inlet to Fury Point , and thence to Crenwcll Bay , about twenty-five miles further . A third party proceeded to the north shore of Barrow ' s Straits , as far as Cape nurd , and thence to Leopold ' s Island . A fourth party set off eastward , across the ice , from the eastern nameless shore of Prince Regent ' s Inlet They gained " the Peak , " a remarkable hill marked in Parry ' s chart . All these parties reared cairns
and left cylinders . The ships were cut out of tho ice about the 6 th of August , and entered open water on the 28 th , intending to go to Melville Island ; but the wind suddenly came on hard , and brought the ice round them so fast that they got packed m a floe , which took them , whether they would or not , 240 miles to the west coast of Baffin ' s Bay . Thev escaped from this dangerous prison on the 25 th September ; stood across the Bay , and made Sanderson ' s Hope on tho Greenland coast , near Upcrnay , the Danish settlement , on the 3 rd October . . nnu l they rounded Cape Farewell , and on the 29 th the Orkneys . Some incidents are narrated . A bear walked mto Captain Ross ' s party , and surveyed them with cool inqulsitivoness ; guns were levelled , and the bear was wounded in tho head ; he scratched his ear , and walked off with an air of supor'or contempt . Another bear was seen to slide on his haunches down a cliff of 700 feet high , steadying himself with his forepaws , and most "judgmatically , " as the sailors said .
Two Bad Legs Cured Bt Iiouowat's Oi.Ntji...
Two Bad Legs Cured bt IIouowat's Oi . ntjiest and Pius , afteh Moke than Seve . v Teaks' Suffeiuxq Mrs . Elizabeth Humphreys , ofTork-street , Hull , had been most yainlully afflicted for upwards of seven years with ulcerated sores in both legs . Her sufferings , at times , were dreadful . She had tried almost every remedy and received the advicu of several of the first surgeons in Yorkshire , yet all foiled to effect a cure until she used Ilollowiiy's invaluable Ointment and Pills , the astonishing power of which soundly healed every wound . She is now in the enjoyment of the beat of health , and enabled to walkabout with ease aud comfort ,
., Varmien.
., Varmien .
Condition Op The Misses.—If The Bulk Of ...
Condition op the Misses . —If the bulk of the human race are always to remain as at present , slaves to toil , in which they have no interest , and therefore feel no interest ; drudging from early morning till late at ni ght for bare necessaries , and with all tho intellectual and moral deficienees which that implies ; without resources cither in mind or feeling ; untaught , for they cannot be bettor taught than fed ; selfish , tor all their thoughts arc required for themselves ; without interest or sentiments as citizens and members of society , and with a sense 0 injustice rankling in their minds , equally for what they have not and what others have;—1 k : iow not
what there is which should make a person of any capacity of reason concern himself about the destinies of the human race . —John Mill . A Wise Thought . —William Taylor , ( or " Willie Harrow , " as he was commonly called , ) being visited on his death-bed , at Dundee , by a clergyman , wag askea if he was prepared for another world , '" Deed , " sir , said Willie , "I dinna ken if f need trouble mysel' muckle aboot it ; for if the folk there are like the folk here , they'll pay unco little attention to a puir body like me . " Tiik Sfrin'o of a watch weighs -015 of a groin ; a pound of Iron makes 50 , 000 . The pound ' i »' steel costs 2 d . ; a single spring 2 d . ; so ^ that 50 , i . » J 0 produces £ i ! 5 .
Tub Rich asd the Poor . —The natr whm . bride drives through the land with the proclamation of four horses , and white favours , asking tho many * eyed world to stare at her blushes ; while the plebian maid goes at tho dusk of the day , with unostentatious modesty , to her new-found home , at once installed mistress and wife ! Again wij . ' ask , which is tho better taste—display ov secrecy ?—Eliza , A cootle op Kikos . —Mr , Macaulay obsmes , in his History of England , of Charles I ., that , "he neither knew how to refuse a petition gracefully , nov to repel an undue assumption with real superiority ; " and of Charles II ., that , "he nev « r gave spontaneously , but it was painful to him to refuse . "
Professor Berends , my teacher at the University , said to me— "Study tho works of great thinkers ; and you will learn that every one who does not like living in tho furnished lodgings of tradition must build his own house—his own system of thought and faith—for himself . "—Zschokhe . We have ever found that blacksmiths , by conversing with them , are more or less g iven to ? Vo « -y , and somewhat addicted to vice . Carpenters , for the most part , speak pfcmc-ly ; but they will chisel , when they can get a chance . Not nnfrequenUy they are bores , and often annoy one with their old taws . Captain BEAUFonT saw near Smyrna , in 1811 , a cloud of locusts forty miles long and 300 yards deep , containing , as he calculated , one hundred and sixty-nino billions . At the present rate of increase the population of the United States in the year I ' M will be 101 , 481 , 755 persons .
Pios kneks , feet , and heads are now exported from New York to Liverpool in largo quantities . THE BLACK SLUGS . The Gods are theirs , not ours ; and when we pray For happy omens , wo their p rice must pay ; In vain at shrines th' ungiving suppliant stands , In vain , wc make our vows with empty hands . Perhaps Veo t Fixe , but Rather Oiiscure . —• Now that I know women so well , and that their masks aro only veils , that hei ' ghthen their intellectual beauty as . much as they guard it—now that I ¦ see better than a hundred others , that if the femalo heart is as poetic as the head , and that it has little more to give to the earth than sighs and
wishesthat their May of life , instead of being like ours , as beautiful as that of France , is like a German May , cold and frosty ; that like the nightingale they must collect the wool from the thornes , from which , in a thorny edge , they must prepare their nest , what should a poet do more with the pen , than offer them , not pitiful German flattery , but morning dreams and gentler sighs than they can extract from life ; If I spread for one only a < rainbow over the cloudy morning of life—if for one heart only IJiad drawn tlw angel of love from his cloudy Parnassus to bear away the angel of death , I have lived and written enough . —Life of Jean Paul F . Mehtw . A New Title which Might be Claimed- by
many op the English Aristocracy . —Some years since there was a young English nobleman figuring away at Washington . He had not much brains , but a vast number of titles , which , notwithstanding our pretended dislike to them , have sometimes the effect of tickling the ear amazingly . Several ladies were in debate , going over the list . " Ho is Lord Viscount so and so , Baron such a country , " < fcc , " My fair friends ( remarked the gallant N . ) one of the titles you . seem to have forgotten . " "Ah ! ( exclaimed they ) what is that ? "He is tfarMii of Intellect , '" was the reply . —American paper . Men and brethren , be not deceived , there is no divine right in these robbers and assassins whereby your souls and bodies should be placed at their disposal , A cow was recently killed at Wakefield , and in the stomach were found a couple of shoe soles .
Education . —A science succinctly summed up in the exhortation of the American philosopher;—"Rear up your lads like nails , and then they , not only go through tho world , but you may clench ' em on t ' other side . "—Thomas Hood . A Queen Bee will lay 200 eggs daily for fifty or sixty days , and the eggs are hatched in three days . A single queen bee has been stated to produce 100 , 000 bees in a season . " The sum of £ 300 , 000 and upwards , " savs Br .
Farre , " is paid yearly in this kingdom for quack medicine—a sum far exceeding the united incomes of all the hospitals and medical charities in the metropolis ; The Judge and the Suitor . —A Persian merchant , complaining heavily of some unjust sentence of the lower court , was told by the judge to go to the cadi . " But the cadi is your uncle , " urged the suitor . ' * Then you can go to the grand vizier . " " But his secretary is your cousin . " " Then you may go to sultan . " " But his favourite sultana is vour niece . "
" Well then go to the d-1 . " " Ah ! that is stilt a closer family connexion , " said the merchant , as he left the court in despair . All ark born equal ; no one in coming into the world , brings with him a right to command . Only by making the few uneasy , can the oppressed many obtain a particle of relief . Some fesiale spiders produce nearly two thousand eggs . Lewenhobk reckoned 17 , 000 divisions in the cornea ( outer coat of the eye ) of a butterfly , each one of which , he thought , possessed a crystalline lens .
A supperless hero . —On the morning of the day of the battle of Brandy wine , Hunt , who was called the "high priest" by the army ( being seven feet ) , had scarcely commenced praying to his regiment , when the firing began at a distance , rendering brevity necessary , lie therefore concluded with these words— "Remember , brethren , that those who die in the battle sup with the Lord , " and then turned and marched off—when an officer said" Parson , ' are you not going to battle ? " No , Colonel , I am not " . he replied , "forthe Lord knows I never eat supper . "
Indian Jugglers . — Ono of the men , t .-ikins a large earthen vessel , with a capacious mouth , filled it with water , and turned it upside down , when all the water flowed out-: hut the moment it was placed with the mouth upwards it became full , lie then emptied it , allowing any one to inspect it who chose . This being done , he desired that ono of the party would fill it : his request was obeyed ; still , when he reversed the jar , not a drop of water flowed—and upon turning it , ' to our astonishment , it was empty . . . . . I examined the jar carefully when empty , but detected nothing which could lend to a discovery of the mystery . I was allowed to retain and fill it . myself . ; still , upon taking it up , all was void within , yet the ground around it was perfectly
dry , sotliat how tho water had disappeared , and where it had been conveyed , were problems which none of us was able to expound . The vessel employed by . the jugglers 011 this occasion was tho common earthenware of the country , very roughly made ; and , in order to convince us that it had not been especially constructed for the purpose 0 ? aidin g his clever deceptions , he permitted it to bo broken in ' Cur presence : 'the fragments were then handed round for . the inspection of his highness and the party present with him The next thing that engaged out attention , was a feat of dexterity altogether astonishing . A woman , the upper part of Whose "body Was entirely uncovered , presented herself to our notice , and taking a bamboo twentv
ieet high . piacedit upright on a flat stone , and then , without any mpport , climbed to the top of it with surprising activity . Having done this , she stood upon one leg on tho point of the bamboo , balancing it all the while . Round her waist she had a girdle , to . which was fixed an iron socket : springing from her upright position on tho bamboo , she threw herself horizontally forward with such exact precision , that tho top of the pole entered tho socket of the iron zone , and in this position she spun herself round with a velocity which made mo giudy to look atthe bamboo all the while appearing as if it were supported by some supernatural agency . She turned her legs backwards , till tho heels touched the
shoulders , and , grasping the ankles in her hands , continued her rotations so rapidly , that the outline of . her body was entirel y lost to the eye , and she looked like a revolving ball . Having performed several other feats equally extraordinary , sho slid down the elastic shaft , and , rising it in the air , balanced it upon her chin , then upon her nose , and finally projected it a distance from her , without the application of her hands . She was an elderly woman , and by no means prepossessing in her person , which , I conclude , was tho reason that tho rajah , though he applauded her dexterity , did not drive her a proof of his liberality . We , however , threw her . afuw rupees , with which she appeared perfectl y satisfied . —2 % « Oriental ' Annual ,
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Nov. 24, 1849, page 3, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_24111849/page/3/
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