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TO THE IMPERIAL CHARTISTS.
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Mr Diub Fbibsbs , -- There is no circums...
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AND KATIQNAL TR|I)ES > J^UEMT,
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VOL. X. NO. 437- LONDON, SATURDAY, M^gS^...
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CHEAT PUBLIC MEETING or TUB FRIENDS OF F...
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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To The Imperial Chartists.
TO THE IMPERIAL CHARTISTS .
Mr Diub Fbibsbs , -- There Is No Circums...
Mr Diub Fbibsbs , -- There is no circumstance lvhich so manifestly proves the hold that our priniapha Lave taken upon men ' s minds , than the fact MwecaanowdJscassealmly all the details of our machinery without creatiof susp icion in our ranks . tJpon several occasions I have not shrunk from the performance of a duty which I felt would bring me into collision with someof the bestmenin our ranks . I shallnow allude more especially to my proposition in the Conventiott of 1813 , to the effect that the election of an Executive by the Convention was a more democratic mode , a more wholesome , a more safe and satisfactory mode , than that now in practice . I stated my reasons then , because the present mode gave rise to unwholesome agitata * to local canvass of fitness , to local jealousies , partisanship and invariably , ended , to local squabbles and
disputes . . It is the duty of every man to guard against every ] probability , or even chance , of creating dissension in oar ranks ; and although I received a vote of censure from my London constituents for supporting my own views upon this subject in the Convention that met at Manchester in 1 S 43 , nevertheless , nnscared hf the threat of the repetition of such , or more extensive censure , duty to the cause , to you , to myself , and to every succeeding Executive , prompts me to lay my candid impression before you . Firstly—It is indispensable that the Executive Committee of the Chartist Association should possess the undivided confidenceof the whole body .
Secondly—It is all-important that they should be so elected as to carry the conviction to every man ' s mind that they have been elected for their fitness , and without undue partiality acquired by seasonable and interested agitation . As to the first then , so long as yon have a divided election , as now , von will have antagonist feelings enlisted on behalf of favourite candidates in the several localities- Ton willnot have , you cannotpossiblyhaTe ,
the several claimants for your support so placed before you as to enable you to judge of their capacity , their ability , and fitness . A knowledge of detail , an aptitude for business , are more necessary qualifications than eloquence and professed zeal . You can only judge of the latter qualifications—you cannot judge of the former from a mere public harangue ; and , therefore , it is impossible for you , upon no better scrutiny , to select wisely or judge impartially .
Row for my second head . If under the present system Manchester and the north vote one way , and London and the south vote another way , it is impossible , wholly impossible , so to amalgamate this contrariety of feeling as not to leave some rankling fibres that will grow into local disaffection , if not distrust ; in which case the Executive cannot possess th » undivided confidence of the body . Upon the other hand , one locality expresses a vast preference for a candidate , who upon being subjected to the only ordeal capable of judging , the Annual Convention , " proves himself unfit for the duties of the office
imposed upon him by that locality . In that case the Convention takes fire , imbibes the feelings of distrait , and very properly communicates that distrust to the several localities from whence the delegates come . At any moment the whole body may be jeopardised and endangered by the rashness , the folly , or the treachery of its Executive Committee ; upi ? n the other hand , when you electa Convention , yte must presume that that Convention possesses sufficient ef your confidence to vote in such a way as would ensure the success of your principles , the safety ¦ of tout cause , and your protection against the wiles of the law .
In all matters , save that which involves the very greatest risk , you give them uncontrolled power ; Ton allow them , and properly so , so to alter and amend the rules as to bring them within the compass ef the existing necessities . This is one of then * chief , indeed their almost only datj- ; and yet , after having conferred this power upon them , and when they have modelled your constitution according to existing circumstances , you deny them the indispensable right , the useful power , of saying who are best qualified to carry your delegates' opinions into effect , itow , some men , who profess to be better democrats -than Feaigos O'Connor , would urge the modo of electing the American President in favour of the present system .
My friends , in the first place , there is no parallel , none whatever ; and in the second place , if there is one circumstance more than another which tends to create party feuds in America , it is the present system of electing a President . And what is of still greater importance , it has this evil tendency—It strips the Congress of its d « arest right , and it considerably reduces the rame of the elective franchise in the mind of every elector . Now , if the Congress had the power of electing the President , the electors would attach infinitely moreimportance to their votes , while the contest out of doors would at once subside , -and the whole people , as well as those -who represented them , would feel much more confidence in the first magistrate . Oar Conventions are elected by
Universal Suffrage . We are trying to inspire confidence ina Parliament elected by the whole people , and how ^ anyouso unequivocally establish thatconfidence as by proving' that you can trust them ? Indeed , the withholding this power is a proof of your want of confidence ; while I will now shew you that it would be impossible for your delegates to abuse that power . Ton sorely are not mad enough to suppose that any delegate would vote for a bad or incapable man , or one who was not trustworthy ; and which , after having sat together , transacting business for a month , a fortnight , or a week , do you think , the Convention who had watched , er a constituency that had merely listened , would be the most competent judges in such case ?
I will now take another view—you should be desirous of attaching pride , honour , and distinction to the office of Executive Committee-man—and for myself , I may truly say that I would not feel half the pride , half the honour , or half the distinction in being unanimously elected , under the present system , that I would feel in being elected by a small majority of the Convention . Now , those who are apt to canvass my views critically , and to talk flamingly , I don't aay unpretendingly , about their love ef democracy , must in fairness and justness allow me to have my own notions upon the subject . It has been very much the fashion to charge me with
being a dictator , but that folly , I rejoice to think , has gone out of fashion of late , and for this simple reason , because I always claim the most minute and searching canvass for everything that I propose , and I invariably act according to the decision of the majority . I wish the Executive to stand upon tenable , fair , intelligible , impartial , and honourable grounds . ' I wish to see them possessing the undivided confidence of the whole body . 1 desire more now , if possible , than ever to see union , confidence , and harmony reign in our ranks . I desire to see every cause of quarrel , irritation , or strife , for ever banished ; and above all , I desire to see the disaffected disarmed
of every cause and pretext for quarrel or dissatisfaction . Of course these are merely my own opinions , perhaps some part participated in by my brothers of the Executive , while I feel assured that they will be ever ready to give their support to any proposition which is calculated to give stability and respect to our cause ; and I feel equally confident that they , or any others chosen in our place , would reject an office to which they had not been elected in the most creditable , honourable , and unsuspicious manner . If they differ from me in opinion , of which 1 am not aware , they will concede to ma that right which , as an individual , I am always ready to concede to others . In my opinion , the very last duty to bs performed by the Annual Convention should be , that of electing
an Executive to carry out the mode of agitation , and the plans laid down by the body . I think it should be the last work , because the longest possible period should be allowed to judge of the capacity of the several candidates . Upon the other hand , I think the country rfnuld nominate the candidates lor the office . I have written this letter , not more for the purpose of reiterating my frequently expressed opinions , than in the hope , and with the view of setting at rest an ill-feeling which is spreading upon this subject . I trust , therefore , that all who read my letter will read it cautiously and carefully , and , however they may differ from me in opinion , that f her will express that opinion as boldl y and as respectfully as I have expressed mine .
1 remain , my . dear friends , Your , ever faithful friend , FfiAEOl'S O'Coxxob
And Katiqnal Tr|I)Es > J^Uemt,
AND KATIQNAL TR | I ) ES J ^ UEMT ,
Vol. X. No. 437- London, Saturday, M^Gs^...
VOL . X . NO . 437- LONDON , SATURDAY , M ^ gS ^^ 1 B 46 ^^^^ ~~~~ ======== ^ ' ¦ ¦ - ' ¦ - - --e-l- ¦ ¦¦¦ -. ¦ ¦ - ¦ -., .. * Fire Shining and Sixpence ev Quarter
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CHEAT PUBLIC MEETING or TUB FRIENDS OF FOLATSD . On Wednesday evening , March 25 th , a public meeting of the friends of Poland was held at the Crown and Anchor , Strand , for the purpose , as announced in the bills , of " evincing sympathy with the Poles in their present struggle for freedom . " The meeting , which was called under the auspices of the " Democratic Committee of the Friends of Poland , " was very numerously attended . Notwithstanding the very unfavourable state of the weather , the largo hall was densely crowded in every part , chiefly by persons of tho working class , among whom were a sprinkling of the fair sex . On the platform we noticed many distinguished democrats , comprising patriots belonging to most of the European States , particularly Polish , French , and German . Ob the motion of Fbarobs O'Coxsob , Esq ., the chair was taken , at eight o ' clock , by Mr . Philip M'Gratha working man . ¦
, . „ The Chmrhas , after reading the mil convening the meeting , called on Mr . Harney , the secretary , to report the replies received in answer to invitations sent to public men to attend the meeting . Mr . Harxbt reported that the committee had , in the first instance , applied by deputation to T . S . Duncombe , M . P ., to take the chair . Mr . Buncombe had answered that he had engagements for that evening which would prevent him taking the chair , but be would try to attend some time in the course of the evening , and take part in the proceedings . ( Cheers . ) Sir Do Lacy Evans , M . P ., was next applied to . He answered the deputation , that he knew
nothing of the present state of the Polish question , and declined attending the meeting . ( Disapprobation . ) T . Wakley , M . P ., was next waited upon , and replied to the deputation that h » was already engaged to take the chair on that evening at another meeting . He , however , sympathised with the Poles , and would , if possible , come to the meeting some time in the course of the evening . ( Applause . ) Besides those three gentlemen , letters had been addressed to nearly thirty public characters , only a small number of whom bad . deigned to reply to tho letters sent to them . Mr . Harney then read the following letters : —
"House ot Commons , March 23 rd , 1816 . "Dear Sir , —I have had an engagement of long standing for Wednesday , and yours is the second invitation to take the chair for that evening , which I have been compelled to refuse . " Tours , very obediently , " Jons Eowbiso . "G . J . Harney . " "P . S . I am much disposed to doubt whether a demonstration at this juncture would aid the Polish cause . [ The latter portion of this letter called forth expressions of disapprobation . ] " 34 , St . James ' s-place , Tuesday , March 24 th , 1816 .
" Sir . —I have had the honour to receive your letter of the 23 rd inst ., inviting me "in the name of the Democratic Committee of the Friends of Poland to a meeting , to be held to-morrow evening , at the Crown and Anchor Tavern , for the purpose of a public demonstration in support of the cause of Polish liberty . " I am always gratified by any proofs of interest in the came of Poland , but having very fully , and very anxiously considered the subject , I am not of opinion that any attempt to elicit the expression of public sympathy for the Poles is likely to be advantageous to them at the present moment . " I have the honour to be , sir , " Yeur obedient servant , "Dddlet Couiis Stuart .
" George Julian Harney . " [ This letter was received by the meeting with manifestations of dissatisfaction and censure . ] " Bryanstone-souare , March 24 . "Sir , —I have received your letter of yesterday requesting my attendance at a public meeting to be held to-morrow evening , March 25 th , in support of the cause of Polish liberty . " Although I wish success to the causa of liberty in every country , and nowhere more than in Poland , to reward the renewed efforts of its gallant people , yet , on this eccasion , I regret that an imperative engagement must prevent my giving personally the attendance and assistance you request at the demonstration about to be made in then * favour . " I remain , sir , your obedient servant , "Joseph Humb .
" George J . Harney , Honorary Secretary . " [ Approbation . ] . " Tuesday ETenrog . " Sir , —Tour invitation reached me so late , that I do not feel quite assured whether I will be able or not to get free in time from some other previous engagements . I will certainly do my best to attend , but should I not succeed , I still will join you inspirit and with fulness of sympathy for your praiseworthy effort * . The causa of Poland is a sacred one—sacred from its . improbable ri g ht *—from its importance in the movement of the Slavonic race—from services paid long ago to ungrateful Europe , threatened by Mahommedan invasion—irom the brave deeds and martyr-sufferings of its devotees—from the unparalleled wickedness and atrocities of its crowned enemies . There may be , amongst the friends of liberty and progression , divergencies about political forms or social systems . There must be only one
feeling about the rights of Poland and the iniquities of her oppressors ; and this feeling , now subdued in many of your countrymen to a cowardly silence by a deplorable want of faith and by secondary expediency-worshipping considerations , but still living within the heart of every honest man , will ultimately conquer . They may sign ukases , pour armies up » n armies ; suppress , for a while , insurrections ; sot prices—from the metropolis of the European China , Vienna , which was saved some two hundred yean ago by the Polish Sobieski—prices of ten or fifteen florins on each patriot ' s head , but , depend upon it , sir , they will not succeed . They may persecute , but they must tremble . They may kill men , individuals , but not the thought . The thought is unconquerable , everlasting : diamond-like , it emits light at every blow . The land , which gave us the first discoverer of the earth ' s motion , Copernicus , will not , and shall not , be condemned to perpetual slavery and immobility .
" I am , sir , your most obedient servant , "Joseph Mazzim , " 108 , High Holborn . " [ This letter elicited repeated demonstrations of sympathy and approbation . ] The Secretary read a somewhat lengthy letter from W . Howitt , Esq ., in which the writer apologised for non-attendance , on the ground that he had been compelled to adopt a rule not to attend public meetings , contenting himself with advocating the cause oi liberty with his pen . The writer added , that having resided some years on the continent , and studied the state of things there , he felt not surer of the rising of the morrow ' s sun , than he did that the day would come when the people of Poland , Franco , Italy , and
Germany , would punish their tyrants for the treachery and cruelty with which those tyrants had rewarded the services and sacrifices of the people . The writer expressed his ardent sympathy with the Polish cause , and best wishes for the success of the meeting . This letter was responded to by repeated bursts of applause . The Cdaiiuu-v said—Ladies and gentlemen , you will , I trust , give me credit for sincerity when 1 assure you that words -would fail me if I endeavoured to express my sense of the high honour that you have conferred upon me in placing me in this proud situation this evening—I return you my cordial thanks . I regret much that the uncompromising champion of man s rights , Thomas Duncombe , is not here to occupy this position . We have assembled here for
the purpose of performing , not an act of grace , not an act of charity—wc have assembled here this evening for the performance of an absolute duty . We have assembled here this evening for the purpose of expressing our sympathy for the purpose of affording war pecuniary aid , to assist the struggling people from those manacles with which they have been oppressed for the last century . Poland is in arms—Poland is struggling for the achievement ef its rights—Poland is struggling against three of the most tyrannical governments with which Europe at present is cursed . I consider it the imperative duty of every true Briton to yield them all the support in his power . Friends , there is not , I believe , a spot upon the face of God ' s earth where such gross tyranny has been practised as there has been in Poland , ll
is , in fact , made the footstool of Prussia , Russia , and Austria . The Poles arc now struggling for _ the purpose of relieving themselves from that despotism . Where is the man that will refuse them his sympathy—that will refuse them his aid ? ( Cheers . ) Ton have heard the letters read by Mr . Harney . From these letters , how apparent it is that we cannot expect sympathy fro m the aristocracy of this country ! ( Cheers . ) It must be from the working classes of this country that support will be given . ( Cheers . ) If the aristocracy sympathise with any OUC it IS with the tyrants , and with tyranny . ( Cheers . ) The Em . pcror of Russia came to visit our fair shores , to pollute its fair soil . That monster , blackened with the perpetration oi every kind of crime , was received most cordially by Prince Albert and our gracious Queen , Those lips , which never move but for the
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purposes of vengeance or oppression , were allowed to kiss the eheekof Queen Victoria ! And when the autocrat went to Ascot races , and played at snuffboxes with the aristocracy-the fair aristocracy of England—theyraisedloudaeclaims inwelcomeofhim . Poland is struggling for that in which you are all interested ; for if Poland is successful , its success will redound in every land of this broad world . The movement in Poland is not a mere movement for nationality ; it would be possible to establish nationality , and yet have despotism . The conveners of thii meeting are for more than nationality . They are for these rights which the God of nature hnsdes .
tined for every man . ( Great cheering . ) That being the case , I hold the Poles as being entitled to the sympathy of every man throughout the length and breadth of this land . This glorious meeting will be theprecursorof many others ; I dohopethat weshall have many others in London—they will not only bmefit the cause of tho Poles , but will also benefit the cause of Englishmen . This meeting will be the precursor of many more meetings on behalf of the Poles ; and such a cheer will be raised in their behalf as , wafted on the breeze of heaven , will fan the flame of freedom-in Poland , and in every nation in Europe , ( Great cheering . )
Mr . Clark moved the following resolution : — That this meeting , recogniiing the eternal rule of right asthV only just law of cations , denounces the reral partitions of Poland , and the acts « f the Congress of VitMinft ralatinjj to that country , ' as crimes Ot toe blackest dye . And this meeting ,, holding that . kingly brigandism , however successful , is still but wholesale robbery and murder , to be resisted and punished as such , recognises the right aad duty of the Polish people to release themselves from the rule of their oppressors by any amd every means at their command . This meeting , therefore , justifies the present insurrection in Poland , aad invokes for the Polish patriots the sympathy and support of the British people .
He said—Mr ; Chairman , ladies , and gentlemen , I thiak the conveners of this meeting may congratulate themselves upon the magnificent answer you have given to the call they have made . I think also that it is exceedingly happy for us that the working men present are not members of Parliament , otherwise their long standing and numerous engagements would preclude the possibility of their attending . ( Cheers andlaughtor . ) Iagree , Mr . Chairman , with the sentimentsadvanced by yourself , that if anything in England is done for Poland , it must be done by the degraded working classes of this country . The cause for which the Poles are new struggling is the cause of the working classes all over the world . ( Cheers . ) I agree with the resolution where it says that kingly
brigandism , however successful , is but wholesale robbery . I am net going to say that the kings of England have been robbers . I should not like to stand in the way as a libeller , though I am aware that the nearer we come to the truth , the nearer we come to the character of a libeller . Austria and Prussia , not content with being robbers , are' become absolute murderers . We very frequently see our moral law exhibited in Newgate . The murderer , if a poor man , is hung for the improvement of the morals of the people ; while , if the murderer be a rich man , having fought a duel , he is set at liberty . I recognise no difference between a murderer and the king , who takes the lives of thousands at a time . The Emperor of Russia was received with great
courtesy at our court ; but , thank God , that feeling was not participated in by the working classes . 1 am informed that the greatest caution was taken to keep the Emperor of Russia from the sight of the working classes ; and I am surprised that the si ght so odious in the eyes of the working men , should be thought a fit sight for the fair daughters of the aristocracy . The time may come when members of Parliament will think themselves honoured by the presence of the working men of England . The time may ceme when the working men of England may use their strength—I do not mean to say that they should use their strength in the same way as Poland , for there are better means to employ in England than they have in Poland . ( Hear , hear , and cheers . ) Some say this ia not the time for Poland to arise . Despotism never believes it to bo the time for Justice
to arise and resist wrong . The same answer is always given to the working classes of England when they seek to be represented in the House of Commons—that it is not the time . 1 maintain , however , that it is always the time to express truth and to perform a just act ; and the Poles are doing not only an act of justice to themselves , but an act of common humanity to those who will come after them . I understand that upwards of 100 , 000 francs have been raised in France to assist the people of Poland in their jjlwrious struggle . I tnlnk me course for the people of England now is to express their opinions . It is our duty to express our approval of this movement , and let the world see that we are not silent . The despotic governments of Europe are not governments of the people , they are the governments of the aristocracy . ( Cheers . ) 1 feel great pleasure in moving the resolution .
Mr . Wheelbr said—Mr . Chairman , it is with feelings of great pleasure I second this resolution . It expresses my sentiments , and has my most unqualified approbation . I hold , sir , that the dismemberment of Poland by the governments of Austria , Russia , and Prussia , to be among the blackest acts of injustice , and the greatest infractions of the rights of nations ever committed ; they were acts which will stamp the perpetrators of them with eternal infamy ; they will remain a stain upon the history of those countries when Poland shall have risen far above them in the scale of moral and political power . ( Cheers . ) I hold with the resolution , that kingly brigandism is wholesale robbery and murder . The powers of Austria , Prussia , and Russia , have
destroyed Poland , and almost blotted her out of the scale of nations , and scattered her children to tho four quarters of the globe , They have inflicted every crime upon the inhabitants of Polar . d which a despotic government can inflict on an unhappy people . Is there an Englishman—is there a Democrat hero , who does not plead the most fervent aspirations and prayers for her success in her present struggle ? ( Cheers . ) Let Poland be a free and a happy republic , and soon would a change come over the face of European affairs ; we should have Poland calling upon Italy , Italy upon France , and France upon England ; and I think England and Ireland would
not be backward in the general agitation . ( Cheers . ) What if they fail ?—thereis more glory in going forth and dying in defence of our country ' s rights and liberties , than a whole life ef mean and truckling subserviency . ( Great cheering . ) But , my friends , Poland has not yet failed—Poland is not a lost nation . ( Cheers . ) The blood which tyrants are spilling in that unhappy country will bring forth a harvest of freedom . The deeds of her oppressors will rise to the judgment seat of God—will speak with trumpet-tongue to tell of the woes of the Poles . Let us hope that Poland will soon experience that happy change she so richly deserves . ( Great cheering . )
Mr . O'Coksob , who was received with great cheering , said—Mr . Chairman and friends , I think that when the members of Parliament read of the proceedings to-night , they will have reason to congratulate themselves upon their absence , for their speeches would have shown such a contrast with the eloquence we have heard from working men , and the eloquence which is yet in storo , that they would suffer much by the comparison . We have heard that this is not the time to express sympathy with Poland . 1 wish to know when that time will arrive ? ( Cries of " Never . '') I suspect it will arrive on Tib ' s eve , which is neither the day before nor the day after Christmas . ( Laughter . ) I maintain that this is not only the time , but the very
time . Would to God , England and Ireland had been previously cognizant of the intentions of Poland , and if repeating it , whispering ^ it , sighing it , would have damaged the cause , I am sure the working classes might safely have been intrusted with the secret . ( Cheers . ) If such an event could have been anticipated , wc might have been able to render them better aid than now . ( Cheers . ) Even yet it is not too late . This is not the time ' . —is it not ? Ah ' . the aristocracy cannot serve two masters—they could not smile on the tyrant who visited our shore ? , and thin sympathise with the Poles when they attempted to throw off bis despotism and tyranny . The aristocracy have an interest in suppressing liberty in Poland , for i t it were restored there , there would be sonic fears for the stability of oligarchical tyranny in England . The aristocracy received the tyrant's favours from the Queen , who got a smack of his fair lips , down to
the policeman who got a diamond ring . Thank God , he was obliged to apply to the police for protection for himself when in England . ( Tremendous cheering . ) He took care that his visit should be celebrated every year by giving a cup to be run for at Ascot races . What a glorious aristocracy we have I—what sympathetic patriots ' . They are ready to give their sympathy to tho Poles , when the Poles bend and crouch under tyranny , bat when they rise up for freedom , they exclaim , " ThU is not tfa tfms !" ( Cheers . ) Who is there that has not read with tears in his eyes of the transactions that have recently taken place in Poland ? Good God ! what is so g lorious a sight as a nation rising for liberty ? ( Great cheering . ) The tyrant of Austria placed arms in the hands of the Polish peasantry , and tendered them large bribes , to murder the patriotic leaders of the gallant insurgents . But lei them beware ! They
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cannot recall those arms ; and the peasants having accomplished the desi gns of their brutal employers , Will find put their error , and take ample vengeance oh the tyrants , and at the same time put an end to their own slavery . ( Tremendous cheering . ) Notwithstanding what the base press of Russia and Austria , aye , and even the base press of England , may say , the revolution is not extinguished , subdued , or put down . ( Applause . ) The press has been called the fourth estate ; but , thank God , it has been succeeded by a fifth estate—public opinion , more powerful than itself . ( Cheers . ) I have never flattered the press , for a more base , servile , truckling , corrupt , and perfidious press , I have never known in any country in the world . ( Loud cheers . ) I am sure that the gentlemen connected with the press who arc present will feel that they receive much more
than a compensation foray opinion of the several organs they represent , in being permitted to attend this meeting , where they hear something v . ery different from tho thrice-told tales in the old twaddling House of Commons . ( Laughter . ) The resolution recognises the right of Poland to rise when opportunity presents itself , and . God iorbid I should be one who would say to a nation struggling for liberty , " Strike no blow , though your lives and liberties are in danger . " ( Hear , hear . ) I hope that England will never be placed in the same situation ; that national opinio a will be too powerful for tyranny . ( Hear . ) Our duty is , to march onward until the public voice shall have levelled the thrones of tyranny with . thc . dust , and . erected on the ruins the temple of liberty . ( Cheers . ) " There was . never a struggle yet that did not occasion suffering and sacrifice , but even though patriots were destroyed their cause must succeed : —
. " They never fail who die in a great cause ; The block may soak their gore , Their heads may sodden in the sun , Their limbs be strung _ to city gates and castlo ' wall » , — Years may elapse , and others share as dark a doom , But still their spirits walk abeo & d And serve to augment the deep find sweeping thoughti Which overpower all others , and conduct The world at last to freedom . " ( Great cheering . ) The . resolution was carried unanimously , as wer all the resolutions . Mr . G . Julias Harsev moved the second resolu tion : —
That this meeting , being convinced that a state of society whicli recognises privileged and unprivileged classes—the former enjoying the advantages of the social state , and the later suffering its burthens—is the great cause of the calamities afflicting the mass of mankind—while demanding the complete restoration of the nationality and independent sovereignty of Poland , regards the accompanying reformation of Polish society to be indispensable for the freedom and happiness of the Polish people . And as the Cracow manifesto of the 23 rd of February , 1846 , proclaiming the abolition of all class distinctions , and the commencement of the equalpolitical and social brother , hood of all Poles , embodies our views of political and social justice , this meeting recognises the said manifesto as the basis of Polish action , and entitled to tha support of the people of all nations .
He said—Mr . Chairman , citizens , and brothers , we have nict this evening to perform a solemn duty , that of protesting against the injustice done to a . brave and noble people , and declaring our sympathies with that people in their present struggle for right . That this meeting is called by the Democratic party , and mainly composed of the Democratic party , is not our fault . We desired that men possessing the influence which station and wealth commands should have taken tho initiative in this movement . We waited for Lord Dudley Stuart and his aristocratic friends taking the lead , but wc waited in vain . We looked to the Liberal members of the House of Commons to set an example , and place themselves at the head of the popular
manifestation in favour of Poland , but we have looked ' in vain . Hence we have been driven to speak for ourselves , to act for ourselves , and declare that we will not be answerable for the blood of Poland . ( Cheers . ) That if Poland is doomed again to succumb beneath the blows of her . tormentors , she will fall unaided , not because wo have so willed it , Out because we may not be able to prevent it . ( Applause . ) You have heard the excuses sent by those who have replied to our letters of invitation . Strange to say , they have all engagements to attend to . I must say , that refined as the feelings of the higher classes are said to be , they fcol not as I feel on this question , or they would hardly allow of any possible engagement or circumstance preventing their attumilng nere mis evening . ' '"( oiieers . ; Alter the experience I have had during the last fortnight of the cold-hearted indifference of the aristocratic and the " respectable" classes , ! deeply regret that wo did
not call this meeting a fortnight ago . ( Hear , hear . ) The heartless indifFerencoJwith which the aristocratic and middle classes have regarded this struggle baa been but too faithfully represented by the London press . The Morning Advertiser alone has exhibited anything like sympathy for our unfortunate brothers . The limit calumniated tho Poles as " rebels , " and dared to talk about the " rights" of the 'three powers "—( hisaca)— their only rights being such as robbers and brigands claimed . ( Cheers . } The ultra-Tory papers , the Poit and the Herald , hailed with a shout of exultation the re-occupation of Cracow bj the Austrians , ( Shame . ) Tho . Liberal journals affected to pity the Poles , atd talked about the time being ill-chosen . The Poles did not choose the time , the time was chosen for them , and forced upon them by the oppression of their tyrants . ( Cheers . ) Even the Daily Nm $ , which had grievously disappointed the friends of liberty , had indulged in sickly sentimeutalisras at a time when its editors should
have . been putting forth all their strength to rouse public sympathy for the sustainment of the Poles . 1 wish that tho genteel liberals , who advise the Poles to wait , and always say , "this is not the time "—1 wish they had a taste of a Russian dungeon , or a Siberian mine , their sympathies would he wonderfully quickened ; thoy would soon think it was "tho time . " ( Cheers . ) The resolution I beg to propose is an important one . It enunciates the principles on which we base our sympathies for Poland , wo recognise the nationality of Poland . Wo demand the restoration of Poland's independentsovereignty ; but we also demand something more . We demand the political equality and social emancipation of the entire Polish people . ( Groat cheering . ) A mere
nationality revolution wo could not sympathise with . A revolution Mint had for its objects the restoration of the old Polish system , under which the nobles were all , and the people nothing , we would not support . ( Applause . ) A revolution that had for its object the placing of a certain Prince upon the Polish throne would be regarded by us with aversion and hostility . ( Cheers . ) We are neither King Adamites nor MacAdamites . ( Choeis . ) Europe has been too long cursed with thrones and kings . ( Grout cheering and partial hisses . ) I understand those hisses ; but I repeat it ^ -Europe has been , too long cursed with thrones and kings , and we will not consent to add another dynasty to those at present existing . ( Enthusiastic cheering . ) Nor will we
support a resolution for tho restoration of the Polish nobility to their privileges ; they ruined their country before . ( Hear , hear . ) There is a faction and a fraction of the Polish emigration who have elected Prince Cuartoryski for their king ; these men have declared thatthcpresentstrugglc isamerenationality struggle , and not for the purpose of establishing what they call ' \ wild theories of government . " But 1 place against their declaration tho Cracow manifesto , attested by the blood of the patriots in arms sacrificing themselves for their country . That manifesto declared that aristocracy must henceforth sink into the ranks of the people —( cheers ) , —that the reign Of privilege and class-distinctions must cease —( cheers ) , —that all the Poles should form one brotherhood of free
and equal men —( cheers ) , —and that tho land , which had been usurped by a few individuals , should become the property of the entire nation , ( Great cheering . ) Would to heaven , a people nearer home had as much sense . ( Cheers . ) We are ruled by the sons of robbers , but ho length of time can sanctify a wrong . ( Renewed cheers . ) The Sima has raised against the Poles the cry that they have adopted " the horrible doctrines i . f Commutiisaie . " N ' o matter what they call the princi ples of the Cracow manifesto , they are the principles of the European Democracy . In this country , fifty years ago * tho Reformers were slandered and persecuted as '' Jacobins ; " in 1810
they were persecuted as " Radicals , " Mid in 1 S 39 the press made the same of Chartism , odious , and the Chartists were hunted to death . ( Mr . O'Connor : " No , no . " ) Some of them were hunted to death—( check)—and justice should bo had f » i'tlusiv deaths yet . ( Reached cheers . ) Now tho Poles are denounced as Communists , and under that name are to be persecuted and destroyed . We must never more let the question of Polish liberty sleep—wc must this night commence the organisation of a crusade which must be kept up until wc have overthrown the oppressors of Poland , and established the independence , freedom , equality , and happiness of her children , ( Great applause )
Mr . C . 1 ) oy i : « , in seconding the resolution , dwelt on " tho abolition of class distinctions " proclaimed bv tho Cracow manifesto . That meant " no aristocracy , i ) . nd no Kingcraft ; " and it would be well for the universe if thrones and kings were annihilated ' ( immense cheering)—that is their power , not thoir
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~ ' ,. " ~ ¦¦¦ " ¦¦¦ '" ^—^¦^¦•^¦ www ^^^^ m ** ""*^ persons , because they are too contemptible , eeneraHy , speaking , to be meddled with . ( A laugh . ) Thc privileged classes of every country , commonly called the aristocracy , have only kept pace as robbery increased . We have always found the land belonging to thopeopto taken by the robbing few . Privilege J Why should there be such a word in our vocabulary » I hate it . What virtue is there in privilege * Do we see it in the House of Lords , or in the House of Commons ? What talent do we find there' If there is virtue in robbery , then it is a common thing among the aristocracy . The Poles have been cursed with the privileged . classes of Austria , Russia , and Prussia ; and in their recent manifesto they cried
out against it , claiming equality for all men as brothers , so that they might be socially and politically happy . They declared that the land which God made was tho common property of the human family . ( Cheers . ) Is that a wild theory ? Is that robbery ' Ihen I wish to God the whole world were robbers . 1 hate injustice of any kind , and will struggle morally against it in this country ; but if I were in Poland , where liberty of speech is denied , tho first weapon I could . grasp'I would . seise upon to annihilate every monster that blackened the soil of my country . ( Loud cheering . ) . Is it a wild theory to preach God s law and the law of nature ? For 1 deny that , M »*» is any aristocrat who can show me an honest title to the land be possesses — he got it
maor ttrougn tne cunning or physical force of his lathers . With these views , was it to be expocted that a noble people like the Poles would go to war only to be made serfs bu ' the soil , ' and to bV subj ected to the curse of kings ? ( Cheers , ) I call upon the working men never ' to fight unless it is for liberty . ( Cheers . ) God speed the Poles J ( Great cheering . ) Eternal annihilation to their enemies ! ( Cheers . ) Is that sedition ? No . Is it treason ? No . The democrats believe that God mado the land , anu that in its natural state it is the common property of the whole human family . If , then , it is taken from the majority of the people by force , are they not entitled to resume it whenever the opportunity occurs ? ( Cheering . ) I hold , then , the manifesto of the Poles to be a great and glorious oneand 1
, wish to see such a manifesto emanate from every people on the face of the globe . ( Great cheering ) The Chairman said—I have much pleasure in calling on our German friend and brother , Mr . Charles Schapper , to speak to this resolution . ( Cheers . ) Mr . Schappjsb said—I beg to say a few words expressive of my sympath y with the cause of Poland , which I regard as the cause of Europe and of the whole civilised world . ( Cheers . ) Poland and Italy , the two nations at present most oppressed , and deprived of their political existence , ' ought to receive the thanks of Europe , because , when the barbarians were under the walls . of Vienna , the heroic sons of Poland came to the aid of the house of Hapsburg , which , but for the aid of that noblo people , would
not now have been on the throne of Austria . ( Cheers . ) And shame to the house of Hapsburg for the manner in which they have requited the people of Poland . ( Cheers . ) Italy , too , which twice gavo civilisation to the world , is pressed and trodden down by ; th . « e she civilised . But it is now time that every honest man , to whatever nation he may belong , should r « ise hi * voice and declare that no longer would he associate with the tyrants of those two nations . ( Cheers . ) Thou gh our fathers permitted a base action , that is no reason win their children shvuld tolerate the foul actors : ( Hear . ) Noble , generous France , has not forgotten the generous sentiments skc uttered in 1792 ; for the people of that country have come forward and expressed
themselves nobly in behalf of Poland . In the Chamber of Peers the most generous sentiments have been uttered for Poland ; 200 francs have been subscribed by the invalids of the Bicetrc towards the sacred cause ; and a noble-minded patriot , Armaud Barbes , condemned to imprisonment for life for his noble efforts to freo his country , has addressed a letter of sympathy to the friends of Poland , and subscribed 100 francs towards their aid , besides the promise of ten francs a month so long as the struggle continues . From Germany you do not hear much , but be assured that Germany sympathises ardently with Poland . The Germans know by experience how hard it is to be oppressed by a foreign tyrant , how hard it is for a civilised nation to be deprived of the rights
which they deserve . The Germans are not allowed to hold public UHCtiHgs , as in England ; wherever ten men assemble together , there spies araaent to see what is done by them , and evwv servanta are induced to betray the secrets of their masters , and tell the government if they are against them or not . ( Cries of "Shame ! " ) There is no free press in Germany ; for everything f » rour « Lic to tile caUSC OI' till" people is put down by the censor . The Kings and Prince * of Germany , when they lay prostrate at tho feet of Napoleon , appealed to the people , and promised to to give them tho liberty of the press , trial by jury , and other privileges , if tliey assisted them . The people did assist them , but as soon as Napoleon was driven out of the country , these kiny-princca did
Nothing for the people ; they even threw men into prison for reminding them of their promises . But he could tell those kings and princes that a nation of 36 , 000 , 000 of inhabitants would not quietly kubmit to oppression , especially when they saw France and England free . ( Cheers . ) The Germans will bo tree ; and when they are free , the first use they will make of their liberty will he to restore to Poland ami Italy those provinces of which they have been robbed . ( Great cheering . ) Allow me also to say a tew words aboutthe Cracow manifesto . This is truly a noble manifesto —( cheers ) , —and the Polish youth have understood the spirit of the nineteenth century , whhh is the spirit of democracy . ( Cheers . ) They will not fight for a Poland for Prince Czartoryski , but for a Poland which belorgs to Poles ; for a Poland in which all enjoy equal political and social
rights . ( Great ehsering . ) Yes , tho love of liberty and equality prevails everywhere—but liberty and equality are goods too valuable , too great , to be easily obtained . It we wish to obtain these goods we must enlighten the people ; we must free their minds from ignorance and superstition , for these are our greatest enemies ; and when once the people have joined moral force to the physical force which they already possess , there will be no power on earth which can resist their just claims . I beg leave to conclude with the most earnest and ardent wish that Poland and Italy may soon be restored to their political existence and independence , and then 1 am convinced that these two countries will nobly assist the people in the great struggle for the political anil social regeneration of Europe—of humanity . ( Cheers . ) Mr . R . Ridley addressed the meeting in support of the motion , which was carried .
Mr . Limton moved the next resolution and petition : — 1 'liat a petition ho addressed to the British Parliament , requusting tho intervention of tha British gorei'iinient in support oi tlio restoration of Polish nationality and fraction ! , and that tho toUovriBg be tha petition : — To tin Honmrattethe Commons of Great Britain and Ire land , in Parliament assembled . The petition of a public meeting , holden at the Grown ami Anchor Tareru , Strand , this 25 th day of March , 1816 , Sliewetl ) , —That your petitioner !! regard with just and unfaltering abhorcuuu tha great political and moral crime known as " the dismemberment of Poland . "
That the several unrtttious of Poland m the years 1773 , 1793 , and 171 ) 6 , were aits of unqualified robbery and murder—crimes visited with the severest punishments when committed by private individuals—and . your petitioners being un % blv to excuse in kings and governments vflmt they would condemn if practised by private individuals , denounce the several partitions of Poland accordingly . And as no length of time can sanctify a wrong , your petitioners , in the strongest possible terms , condemn the acts of the despotic governments of Russia , Austria , and Prussia , as crimes against humanity and wortbv oi' eternal reprobation .
That \\\ t act of the Congress of Yienna , as regards Poland , your petitioners look upon as the fourth partition of that-unhappy country , which partitiou { jour patiturners blush to acknowledge ) had the sanction of tho British government , who , without profiting by the act , participated in its infamy . Tha \ although your petitioners repudiate tha acts of the Congress of Vienna , tbvy are awara that tha said acts , were and are recognised by the British government as binding upon all the governments represented at that Congress ; yet tho act of the said Congress , us regards Poland , has been repeatedly violated by the Russian government , without exciting any opposition or remonstrance from the British government . The Emperor Alexander gave tho so-called " Kingdom of Poland" a Charter , which , amongst other
things , guaranteed Ireeuom of speech t » tha members of the Polish Diet , and the publication of their debates , but in the year 1824 the Tsar issued an ukase , orderingfirst , the deliberations of the Diet to be in secret , and without the presence of the public ; second , that onlj such subjects should be discussed as wci-u submitted to tho Diet by the government ^—the said government being the Russian Emperor . That the Charter grunted by the Emptror Alexander was subsequently destroyed , and tho Polish Diet suppressed by the present Emperor Nicholas , who has violated every remaining right guaranteed to the so-called " Kingdom of Poland" by the Congress oi Vienna , even to the entire extinction of the frontiei between Poland and Russia—thus reducing the " king , dom" formed hy the Cougiessjof Yieana to a mere pro vines of the Russian Empire ,
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That within the last few weeks tha so-called "IW Republic of Cracow has heen invaded by llussian and Austrian troops , and the inhabitants subjected to foreign military law , Jn violation , of , the act . pf the ^ . Congress oi Vienna , which established the Republic , ; and your pwk tiorwr ' s have not heard that the British government has remonstrated jjgaiiist the said'viola tion , or demanded the withdrawal of the Russian and AiMr iau forces . ' " . '¦ { ¦; . . f That , your petitioners , remembering the great wrong * done to the PolUh people by the dismemberment of their country , their subjwtiou to „ tlut rule of gemi . harbarotB and anti-progreMive governments , the merciless
persecution waged by the Russian government against the Polish people , the thousands of victims of all classes who have perished miserably by the bullet , the Itnout , ami prima * tortures ; the thousands who linger and sutler in the Russian mines and in Siberia , and the many hundreds who wander in exile ; remembering the children torn front their mothers , the women flogged , the schools suppressed education falsified , langU 4 gt > proscribed , religion coo , demr . ed , and tha horrible persecution of priests and nuns —remembering these crimes , together with other barbcU riti « foo shocking to particuiari . i ? , your petitioners consider the present insurrection ia Poland to be perfectly ittatinable ; and claiming the sympathy and active assistance of every enlightened people .
. That so loug as oppression exists it is a sacred right and indispensable duty for the oppnused to resist tha oppressor jour petitioners therefore must anticipate continual insurrections , violence , and bloodshed in the tait of JBurope , so long as Poland coatiiiues a dismembered and enslaved ' country ; theicfore , to repair , as far as possible , tha wrongs of the past , and to prevent the future efBi » ion of blood , ' your petitioners consider the restoration , of the independence and freedom of Poland to ba indisgenaable for the happiness of ( he Polish people , for the true-interests of the neighbouring states , and for the consolidatiom of the peace ef Europe . ' ¦ -
That , for seme year , past , the British government Hasaffected to set upon what is ealUd " tlwr principle of nonintervention as- regardi foreign cooutvies ; " a principle your petitioner's repudiate , because they hold that the intervention of the strong te save the weak ivora oppression is a duty as much bir > dui- upon nations as- upon individuals . Ilhat this " non-intervention . " . principle'i * only the affectec \ not the realpeucy of the g-OYerumentof this country ; ae- it has even ,. of lata years ,, repeatedly interfeMd With the affair * of 6 thcr . natie « s ; as , fW
in-» ta » c » , Spain , Pcttuga ] , and T . xas , am ! . w , at tho present tine , interfering ia the affairs oS . Switievland ,. and tiw Republics of the- Rio de la Plata . 1 ' ou * patitionera , therefore , are comgelled to believe that this principle of " non-intervention" is really not recognised by tho British govarnmant , but only put forward at vartuia times as a * •* cme for not taking part nith the oppressed against tie oppressors . Your petitioners , consequently , consider that tha British government has no jtust ground for now hesitating to interfere in the affairs of Eastern £ utop « , for . the parpoge of doing justice to Poland ,
Tour petitioners , impressed with the several considerations herein submitted tojourhonourable house , and con . fldniit that the views « pre « sed in thin petition are sliarW by the greitt majority of the British ; . eople , do now respectfully but urgently pray your honourable house to forthwith address her M » jesty the Queen ,, praying ; her Majesty to take into her consideration the prtseut state of Eastern Europe , and devise , with th « umnatatiee of hor Ministers , such measures as shall result in . the restoration of Poland to the full extent of her ancient boundaries , and the securing for the Palish people the blessings of freedom and self-goveriinwu .
And your petitioners will aver pray . Mr . Linton proceeded to contend that the Polish insurrection was not suppressed , hut increasing . The journal * may leave out what they please , Out the truth is oozing out from the German paj er . " . Cracow was purposely abandoned , but the muskets and the men who carried them were not taken by Austria ^ and guerilla bands arc constantly hayassing Gallicis . " ( Cheers . ) its to tl-e plea of iiou-inteivention , there was a time when England would not have let such a pretence silence her before the Russian fiend or the Austrian assassin —( great cheering ); but we have sunk now from Cromwell and Miltin , to Peel , » nd Aberdeen , and Cobdcn . As we claim personal liberty for a man that he may be enabled to pursue a path of virtue ai ; d industry ] so we claim for nations that independence which will tllilWc tlltm to d « vel « pe their natural resources to improve their national character , and thus promote the good of the
whole community . The huu ts of the English people rise against kuch wroup , s as have been perpetrated in Poland—we Hiiglishmon revolt at injustice wherever shown , and we regard honesty otfienmjahil national honour as of more worth than all the forms ot diplomacy or the gains of trade . ( Cheers . ) Mr . H . Ross seconded tho adoption of the petition . The llov . J . L , Milios , of Southampton , declared himscll ' the unflinching irieud of liberty and the working man , but the determined enemy of all privileged classed . When fie was in the Established Church , which he bad Jolt for conscience sahe , he was alsothe friend of liberty to every human being . Ue avowed himself a man of peace ] ami an enemy ofwar and said thai he would ¦ much prefer that tibt-rty Should bu givou to the Poles without the Si . odiiing of blood . He was aure that the £ rgLaii jjoycjriuuettfc had only to aay the-word ; that Q , ueen Victor ! : " , whom God long preserve —( partial hissing)—bad only to say the word , and Poland would be lree . ( ChcW
Mr . Haisis then rnovid the I ' o-. rth resoUitH > n ji-Tlmt this meeting , recognising the brotherhood of the human race , fXpres- their grateful thanks to theoeople of France and G « many for t \ iu n ^ bK- sjmpatlij sliownt y thfin in behalf of the Polish people . And this matingappeals to their fellow men of the entiri civili . > td world to give their generous aid to the cause of Poland ' s regeneration . The speaker proceeded to deliver a most enei * etic eloquent , and exciting addicts , of which we can only give the merest outline . He said , if there was a clock in that IJall , timed by Lord Dudley Stuart , no doubt it would tell me this wi ' S not the- time » make a » peoch . ( Laughter . ) J am sorry to find General Evans so soon descend into the mere-
fol-Jorrer of * the aiUtocracy . ( C'hfera . ) 'When he interfered in the affairs of Spain , » as " it th « time ?" ( Cheers . ) We often hear of herd Ashley , bud John Manners , and others , intuifering on Leh ; iJf of the poor dreftmakers , and vtvy justly t o , but dressmakers , though poor and enihivul , are not vitiated by imperial command —( loud cheers)—they still preserved their purity front a brutal soldiery . ( Great cheering . ) Where are the met ! ivitliout iv ' ihns who affect to have gieat heart * ? Why arc they not here to sympathise with the ftuns of Minsk ? ( Vehement heeling . ) The Emperor Nicholas has been over hero , and , as if desirous of furnishing Mihjcets for " 11 . B ., " had got Victoria to take the part of the Lady Una , whilst he had played the Bear . ( -Laughter . )
Talk of Christianity and Catholicity— lN-u-holas had been to visit the Pope—not the first , aituiyby the bye , who , under the jjarb of sanctity , had stolen into » house to . rob its inmates —( hear , hear ) , ; , but if the Pope had , or did confer a blessing on such a demon , Christian Catholic though he was , he said , perish that power and that system . ( Great cheering . ) The speaker then referred to the despotism of the King of Hanover in laying restrictions upon marriage , and afterwards stated , on the authority of a clergyman who had been four years in a Russian dungeon , that the course taken by Russia towards Pbltind was the same as that followed by our government towards Ireland . They had an Arms Bilt in-. Boland , and in
every district of that country » man might bo condemned to death for Icing out of bis-own house after sunset . In conclusion , he called upon them to form societies in London and the suburbs-, to- assist in working out Polwh freedom . IS oaoe- lotmati in London , these societies would extend to the caber large towns of the country , and then it would become an . English question . Once an English que » iien , the fangs of the bear would be torn out ) so thaii bo longer : would ho be able to treat humanity as if Bt were no more than the merest carrion .. ( Glioers . h Mr . Gvffai spoke in fnrour . o / tho reaelution , remarking , that as a descendant of a . Wesfc India slave , it would bflcdmo him to be ihe friencliof all who were struggling for freedom .
Mr . Kbbjib moved and Air * Mora , seconded the Gfth resolution : That this meeting appeals- spseiall ; . no tho people of Great Britain and Ireland to . exhibit , tieir sympathj for Poland by pecuniary subscriptions , by holding publie meetings , and \> j petitions-and addresses to the Parliament and government in . support oi tie cause of Polish liberty . That a eoimnittec , be now Jamed , to he entitled "Poland ' s Regeneration Commute * , !* for the purpose of guarding the interests oMhc fylisi cause , and promoting , by every available meaas , the restwation of rolaud . On the motion of Mr . SiiiswooD , gecondad by Mr . Brown , tho following persons were appointed a ' committeo , with povvar to add to their number;—Messrs . O'Connor , IIavnes „ Schapper , OJark , DoyW , « « ft . ' , V ^ ' iietherington , Liaton , Roes , Moll , Mtclielot lvcene , iiaines , Duntage , Cuftay , Caughlnn , Sha . w , JSemeto , Holm , Moy , and Bauci .
The Chairpjan announced that a jjtblic . meeting would bo lielu for Poland on Monday evening nes ^ r 4 ^ rS ° T ° i 5 > c ^ pr e oi at the »> uth London Chartist Hall , BlackfrWs-road . ( Gnat chewing . ) It now panted a quarter to tveta o ' clock , and the I vnJJT ^ , near 1 / ful 1 - Mr - - O'Connor proposed a vote ot thanks to the chairman , which waaseconded by Air . Schapper , and carried by acclamation . M > . U . ^ orjnor then proposed three times tm-eo cheers for i ? . $ ' ? , suc , cesst 0 the insurrection—three groans vt ^ O threo despots . of Poland-three chew s foe £ > -ost , Williams , and Jones-three tot " Tlummfl Wuncomhe and tho People ' s Chartcr-and threfl for Quid Ireland . The responses were of a most tremendous character . The meeting then separated ;
A Leviathan Thais .-.-Sixty-four cattle truclts , laden with bcaata , calves , and sheep , arrived on tha morning of the 16 th mat ., at tho Paddington terminus of the Groat Western wards of a quarter pelled hy a most built at Sunderland Mr . Brunei ; and woig ht ' of tho equal to that of
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RaiW . JEkc . train was up . of a - avj ^ irnength ; and was propowcr . iuhengini , called tho Premier , , undei- ; tito superintendence ! of KotwithstandiW ihe ,. ' extreme length train ^ t . ^ as ^ rdpellcd at a . speed an ordinary passenger tram * , torn tvailvfa ) % _ Thc . train was up . jr of a ^ le ^ rnength , ' and was propowcr . i ' uVrjngine , csll « d tho Premier , "id , undei-. the superintendence ! of | twithsfendifig ' \ he , ' extveme length i train ^ t , % s ^ rdpellcd at a . spejed MX ordinary passenger tram . . ^ f ^^ rviK r ¦ £ ¦ " ? v'M 4 \ te - ^' • ,.-V- ; 4 vj i ' v 7 s 2- ^
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), March 28, 1846, page 1, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_28031846/page/1/
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