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' " K N i e • Hfl•-.aa.TflEE STAIt _ Juh...
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Sgriniltui* autJ Qovtimlture.
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FIELD-GARDEN OPERATION , For the Wecleom...
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AGRICULTURAL CHEMIST&I. _ Agricultural, ...
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Cfcartfet Melh' gewe
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TO THE CHARTIST BODY. Friends,—I last we...
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Joist Ri:ponT of the Inspectors op Facto...
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^00tM, mim8 s ftltttytttfts*
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At arming Fire at Oupiiam-Rise. —On Sund...
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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' " K N I E • Hfl•-.Aa.Tflee Stait _ Juh...
e '• "Hfl -K . aa . TflEEN STAIt _ Juhe 28 , 1845 .
Sgriniltui* Autj Qovtimlture.
Sgriniltui * autJ Qovtimlture .
Field-Garden Operation , For The Wecleom...
FIELD-GARDEN OPERATION , For the Wecleommenew' - " — . o . , - jaonday , July I « f » ^ _ i . , " tExtftctca froia . & Dim cf Ac tual Optraf \ on 5 vc = m allfaiird ; orith'be 3 tates of Mrs . Davir ^ ya ^^ near Eastbourne , in Sussex ; and onse-. erai m 0 ( ici farms ou the estates cf the Earl of Dartmouth at Slaithwaitc , in Yorkshire , pubhsher - bv Mr XoweHj of Famlcy Tyas , near HuddcrefieK ^ - onier to guide other possessors of field gaRie ^ by showing them what kebeurs ougai to be wp jcrtaken ou their own lauds . The farms sciecte-i as models arc—First Two schod forms ut "Wvdingdon and Eastdean , of
five ncrcs each , eonon «? d by G . Crnttcndcn aud John ; Harris . Second . Tw » private farms , of five or six ecrcV : one worked i * Jesse Piper , the other by John Dmnbxfl—the ioracr at Eastdean , the Litter at Jevhwton—ail of siieni within a few miles of Eastioumc . Tnivd . -An industrial school farm , at Slaitlt-Wtetc , Fourth , acvendprivatemodelfavmsnearthc sencplace . Tfeconsecutivcoperations in these reports "vriU enable & e curious reader to compare the climate and agricaitA-al value of the south with the north of England . . 9 , 'bc Dunr is aided by "Notcsand Obser-Tarions " fem the pen of Mr . Sic-well , calculated for the time arrd season , which wesubjoin .
"Caa > . y « keep a pig ! Yea will find a pig the best save-all t !»; t jou can hare about a garden ; and he will paj jouvdl for his keep . "— Tie Ree . R . W . Kyle * * lecture KoTE . ' ^ - ^ e school farms r . re cultivated by boys , » e / w > « i -ressru for three h' / ttts' teaching in . the morning , $ ivc--tkrte hours of that labour in die afternoon for jJiMzaster ' s benefit , wldcli raiders the schools sklf--SEPJOKriXG . We believe that < tf Fandy Tyas six-¦^ evanihs of the proda . ee of the school foam will be "assigned to the boys , end me-ictCHtli to the master , who ' -Kill receive the usual school fees , help the boys to cul-• tivate thdr land ,-and tcadi diem , in addition to reading , writing , Ax ., to convert tlidr produce into ' bacon , by attending to pig-itcping , which at Christ-¦ ' vuis may be divided , after paying rent and levy , amongst them in proportion to tiidr services , -and bemade thus indirectly to reach their parents in « way the most grateful to tJteir feelings . ]
SESSFY 3 doxn 4 T— wsiingdon School , Boys digging , and manuriiig with tank liquid for white turnips after spring tores . Eaitdtan School . Boys digging , and planting cabbages , watering them , weeding and hoeing votatoes . Piper . Hoeing lucerne ; hoe it deep . Dumlrell . Sowing soot and lime on the turnips , to drive away the fiy , cutting up tare stubble . Tcesdat— Willingdon School . Boys doing the same as yesterday . Jkutdean School . Boys planting cabbages , manuring aud watering , weeding mangel wurzel , cabbages , and turnips , llptr . Applying tank liquid to the lucerne . DmJbreU . Cutting tare stubble for litter , planting cabbages . IFfoSESpiT— lltfiittscfon School . Boye digging , aud applying tank liquid for white turnips alter tares .
Eastdean Scltool . Boys emptying pigstye tauk , sowimj rape and tares for green food , hoeing potatoes . Piper . Hoeing potatoes ; remove the bloom as you go on . DumlreU . Transplauting mangel wuixel , cutting up rye grass . Thursday — Willingdon School . Boys sowing white turnips and harrowing . Eastdean Scltool . Boys hoeing potatoes , nipping the blossoms from them , weeding oats and barley . IHper . Hoeing potatoes ; do not break or bruise the haulm , bumlrell Earthing up potatoes , transplanting parsnips . Tbidat—VulliuydiM School . Boys digging , and applying solid manure for white turnips after spring tares . Eastdean School . Copious rain , boys in the school or platting straw , and learning to make bee-hives . Ilper . Digging tare ground . Dunilrdl . Earthing up potatoes , transplanting mangel wurzeL
Saiecdat—Willin gdon School . Boys earthing up potatoes . Eastdean School . Boys transplanting potatoes , towing white turnip ' seed , cleaning out piggery , portable pails , and school-room , . ft / wr . Same as before . DumLrell . Hoeing carrots , digging up tare ground , digging up rye grass .
TOR & SUIKE . SRaithwcdtc Tenants . C . Yarley , sowing swede tur nips , planting swedes , manuring for and planting turnips , mowing grass . John " Jhniford , weeding and hoeing swede turnips , earthing potatoes , and planting swedes . COW-rEEMXG . THUingdon School . Cows fed on tares in the stall . JhanbretTs . Two cows stall-fed with tares till Friday , afterwards with clover . C . Yarley ' s . Stall-fed on peas and grass .
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS . Fkc tts of Firxn Gabdesixc at Eastbourne . — I" Providence never sends mouths but it sends meat . "—< M Procerb . }—I have been favoured with a letter from Mrs . Davics Gilbert which shows , in a most striking manner , what has resulted from Belgian farming on her estates , and inspires hopes of its success elsewhere . John Harris , " says she , "the Eastdean schoolmaster , who was taken from the Eastbourne Union Souse a few years ago , with his wife and seven children , last Michaelmas-day , the very day it became due , paid the last rent of his land of five acres ; after which I saw hu two cows , which arc thriving in the stable—one pig nearly ready to kill—another with
thirteen pigs a mouth old—a stack of oats—six pits of potatoes in the field—turnips , mangel wursd , rape and clover growins- It being- Saturday , Lis sons ¦ were thrashing out his wheat in the school-room , ¦ while his schoiars were digging his land , much of ¦ which was ready for the nest crop . " How remarkable the contrast m ' tli what follows , contained in the same letter . " 1 had a maid who lived with me thirteen years , and married my coachman who had Jived with me s = ven years . Taking a farm of . 1 believe , lOd acres , he sunk his own money , and his relations say died of grief for the loss of it , leaving his widow with three children , who is come into my house , and I hope will live well as schoolmistress on fire acres !"
Humble Wealth . —I" Man is the masterpiece of creation : he is better than money , house , or laud . " ]—I select another instance in Jesse Piper , lie evidently with much satisfaction , at Christmas last , being out of debt , described the treasures of his little farm , more precious to him than tiie rich man ' s abundance . From an acre of wheat , except two or three rods , he had thirty-seven bushels of grain aud 130 trusses of straw : and ten stray oxen had destroyed him several bushels just before harvest . He has 250 bushels ef potatoes , from three-quarters of an acre ; four tons of turnips ; two tons of carrots ; his lucerne
he has cut five times , the worth of it 30 s . ; onions ien bushels , worth £ 2 ; carrot seed £ 1 ; turnip 6 Ced 103 . j barley , four bushels , 12 s . ; four bushels Of peas , worth 32 s . ; hay , one and three-quarters tons , worth £ 5 ; one cow , worth to him quite £ 10 a-vear , and last year he bought one for £ 4 , which will calve in three weeks , and sell then for £ 8 ; and to crown all Jus nchfcs , three hogs , each weighing twentv-six stones !! Much belter situate was this poor " hut intelligent man , than if he had been in the Union house , as might have been the case , at the cost of his cwn maintenance and that of his lamily broken down in spirit , discontented , and laihappj- .
Agricultural Chemist&I. _ Agricultural, ...
AGRICULTURAL CHEMIST & I . _ Agricultural , like every other branch * f industry » capable of great improvement , from the application « f weU-csfabusbed scientific principles . It « an never claim to rank as a separate science , but must be considered as one of the most undent , most useful , and most honourable arte . When we review the numerous aad wonderful discoveriesefuiodeiii dicmist ^ and their successful application to everv other art : of life je cannot repress the tope and belief , tbatagrieull t ij a * rancc Ib tie general march of -useful saowledgo , ^ d jj ^ juereJ jrreeeive . Autwflectbaek some rays ofthe lightihatjiow beams from soanauy points . Impressed with this hopeandbelief , ; tiie at-S ^ i ° f Se re ? der is ilffited to -a fen- facts © . fully estobhsbed the most easy to be comprehended and fte best calcriated to reward inquiry Eyiheirap l : plication to agriculture . . J cu - » r
1 . Plants and annuals , being endowed -with life . constitute what is called the -oreanie Jungdom of . Batnre , bceaiiseiberareiiuTuslwdVitk \ orgausorin-. iruments adapted t « the inaistenanee of that life . ¦ IFhe materia ! of which they iir « c-OHsiracted- ^ hai _* rhich forms the roots , stems , jesses , fcuti and seeds , Of plants—the biood , f ^ A \ e ., tf *> £ mals- * s termed . erjranfc or agonized matter . -. * J % Physiology is the study of Oie B £ na tmaers , . or . . mtalputetions of animals and plante . This is a Terv , « xt ^ siye and fascinating branch of science , but . we *¦ " » . » £ touch upon it incidentally as we proceed . Uaere a , however one propositioa cfphrsMo & mw geneegy admitted , which we s & dl tie " for gJFuted , ^ er * be all the inquiri es ofagricaltualfi & nileu-v . TOUbe , « an . Itisthis : tliat aniaafeandpLaiteai . create . jKflung ; thatevery thing cirferieglnto thek -ooppositiei , how much soever it mav be modifiadaBd ^ raJteeVscio speak , by the maiTelloHs wweretflifi ?
^ s aeme d * am without—from their food , or from the ^ n ^ ? r- ^ t eow fo r instance supplies us with mUkandheef ; but shedcrives the elementary matter m-saiea ^ mdE . and beef are composed from the food * afcen jntO ; thestomach , carried into the circulation « sp » din thetings to the air , & e . How thefoodo ' f Wbcov / is converted into beef isa question of nhvsi-, SO ™ * f ^ V r ** * ehemistry caiuwt SnJateor * xplm ; chemistry can decompose , but 2 S" !^ T * « S ame ma" » . The chemist , fa . S ^ and « J mb , C iJ wltU ^ a , kalics . ^ d the ^ B ^ 1 u ^ r 1 ^ etl , inglikeo , lci » to s ^ ca "ShaSv r : i ^ Tere ^ last ftatthese *!* w . In ? S ' 'T ^ Lbb « W » chareoaland * £ in ^ 0 fc f ^ to workv he wiU confesshin ^ j f S » l * Uc eve ofT * £ ro eth &* - '' He ^„ ao t ^ . Potato ; it iT * £ » Tliereislifcin the Principle , whic h is K nonL' lt P <*« s * s the livine ** the cause of iJSfj * " * of organisation
Agricultural Chemist&I. _ Agricultural, ...
j ' . ih » cuemktcto ***^ " . , . , "" - cneiuH * t » " .... ^^ ok organised matter , „„ resolve ^ uw - € | cmenta ry constituents , which 5 rt icw in number—admirable in their properties . 4 . If we put a piece of wood into a gun-barrel , or other iron tube , closed at one end and loosely plugged at the other , so as to permit theescape of smoke , and at the same time to exclude the air , we can heat the iron tube red hot , andobserve smoke issuing tor some time by the sides of the plugs . If wc examine the contents of the tube , after it has gsown cool , wc shall find the wood retaining its sizo aud shape , but lighter than before , and quite black iu colour . The wood is
now converted into charcoal . If the heat were continued for hour * or days , guarding against the admission of air , the charcoal vwuld undergo no further change or loss of weight ; ljut whenever wc make it red-hot in the open air , it consumes away , and in its place wcoulyfiudafcwasiics . Wood , therefore , consists , 1 st , of something wfou'fc which flics off of itself , orexhaksawaybyhoat ; 2 nd , of charcoal ; which , in close vessels , is not volatile , but fixed , yet is combustible in the open-air ; 3 rd , of ashes , that the fire lcavesbchind . 5 . If we treat in tSvis way seeds of wheat , or bits of carrot , hect , potato , sugar , gum , cotton , flax , flesh , hair , si ! k ,- & c ., ., wc resolve them all by fire into volatilcniattcr—cimrcoalashes .
, a . If , instead -of a gun-barrel or iron tube , we employ asuitabfeg lassrctort and receiver , with some oilier apparatus easily procured , wc can collect everything driven of by the fire , can separate and examine these volatile products . Chemists have collected tiscm , and tried upon them au infinite number of ¦ experiments ; they have obtained , or produced , so raany other singular matters , that their vciy names are enough to terrify the beholder , environed as they arc with cabalistic symbols , which the present state of chemical science is found to require . Hard indeed would be fee lot of a contemplative agriculturist , if a knowledge of all these cruel names were essential to
thc-succcss of his inquiries . Such , however , is not the case ; it is enough for him to learn , that the sum of-aU-thechcmist'sknowlcdgc thus ohtainedis merely this , that every material part of everything that lias lived upon the earth may be resolved into a very few elements , the four principal ones being oxygen , Irydrogen , nitrogen , and charcoal , which last is termed by chemists carbon . 7 , Now , oxvgcn and hydrogen constitute water ; oxvgenand nitrogen form the air wc breathe : so that water , air , charcoal , and a few ashes , arc the primary elements or materials from which have spmugevery living thing ; every beast , bird , fish , and insect ; every trceand green herb , and into which thev all return when bcrelt of life .
8 . Again : water , as we shall see , consists of two kindsef air , oxygen and hydrogen ; charcoal , as we have just shown ( par . 6 , ) is easily burnt away in the open air , being dissolved into carbonic acid gas ; so that , in point of fact , plants and animals are nothing more than air and ashes . A contemporary philosopher ofthe first rank ( M . Dumas ) goes , however , rather too far , in concluding that" plants and animals come from the atmosphere and return into it . " _ Those substances which enter the juices of plants in very minute quantity , and which constitute their ashes , are proved more clearly every day to be of vast consequence in vegetation , and of commensurate interest inthe operations of agriculture . Nor must wc forget the bony skeleton of animals , though the latter , consisting principally of lime and phosphorus , may be kept out of view for the present .
9 . Bat , in the first instance at least , we cannot apply ourselves to any subject of chemical inquiry so profitably , in every sense ofthe word , as to the four cardinal points—oxygen , hydrogen , nitrogen , and carbon . These four elementary bodies arc diffused above , below , and on every side ; by their unceasing influence , their actions and re-actions , their combination and decomposition , they minister to the life , growth , death , and decay ot all organised beings . The study of these elements the illustrious Lavoisier appears to have selected with admirable sagacity , and to have pursued with unremitted perseverance , inspired and supported by the conviction , that by the agency of these elements all the stupendous changes manifested on the face of the globe , and all the inscrutable operations of animal and vegetable life , have been and arc accomplished .
THE , ATMOSPHERE . 10 . The atmosphere is supposed to be about fifty miles high , gradually decreasing in density or specific gravity , as it rises above the surface of the earth . At the level of the sea , the atmosphere presses with a force of 15 Jbs . upon every square inch of surface when the barometer stands at its average height . 11 . Atmospheric air consists principally of two gases , named oxygen and nitrogen . 12 . Besides oxygen and nitrogen , atmospheric air always contains the vapour of water , carbonic acid , and other gaseous matters ( par . 8 ) . But chemists ,
speaking of atmospheric air , or common air , suppose a mixture of oxygen and nitrogen , free from all impurity , and in every 100 measures , containing 21 measures of oxygen and ? 9 of nitrogen . It is a general opinion among those who have attended to the subject , that the constitution of the atmosphere , so far as regards the proportion of oxygen and nitrogen , is nearly uniform at all quarters ofthe globe , and at every point of elevation above the surface of the earth : this view ofthe subject has been called in question by Dr . Dalton , but may be admitted at present as sufficient for all practical
purposes . 13 . There is an elementary substance called phosphorup , in appearance not unlike wax or tallow . Like these matters / it is combustible ; but they can be decomposed—they can be resolved into carbon and hydrogen . Phosphorous contains no carbon , no hydrogen , nothing more elementary than itself ; it is therefore deemed a simple or elementary substance . If wc set a piece of phosphorus on fire , and hold a bellglass over itj the phosphorus burns a short time , and is ( hen extinguished . It has the property of consuming all the oxygen of the air , confined by the bellglass , expeditiously and completely . The same object may be obtained in a more quiet manner , and more instructively , without setting the phosphorus on fire
at all . Dry a stick of phosphorus on blotting paper for a minute or two , then put it into a wine-glass . Set the foot ofthe wine-glass in water , and invert the bell-glass over it as before . By slow degrees the water will rise in the inside of the bell-glass , and at the expiration of a few days , in warm weather , the phosphorus will be found , by slow combustion , to have devoured about one-fifth of the air , and thercmaining four-fifths will be found entirely altered , not in appearance , but in properties . It will no longer support flame of any kind , and a small animal confined in it would die for want of breath ; hence it is sometimes called azote , or azotic gas—lifeless air . It is now , however , more commonly called nitrogen , because it may be obtained from nitre , or saltpetre .
li When chemists analyse air , they mostly find it sufficient for the purpose they have in view to ascertain the proportion of oxygen ; and as they consider oxygen the ojtrcr portion of air , they term the instruments by which it is measured , " Eudiometers , " tests of purity or virtue . To effectuate this object , there are many other contrivances , which , like the experiments above described , abstract the oxygen and leave the nitrogen behind . But no ingenuity has yet accomplished the abstraction of nitrogen from atmosp heric air , so as to leave the oxygen pure . Nitrogen is not merely shy , reluctant , and furtive , in forming combinations ( indeed it is often hard to say how itdoes come to be combined at all ) , but it seems always on the watch for an opportunity to regain its free and independent condition , and frequently bursts away with violence . Some of the most dauserous chemical compounds , those whichesplodconthcsli ghtest touch , derive their formidable character , thcir / irfniM «« i « o property , from this element .
15 . Aitrogen , combined with another clement , hydrogen , will be found worthy of deep attention and studyin the state of ammonia , and its compounds . Combined with oxyeen , nitrogen forms nitric acid , one constituent of the nitrates of soda aud potash . But ammonia and the nitrates must be postponed & r thc present . 16 . Oxygen constitutes more than a fifth of ihe atmosphere in which we live , eight-ninths « if . the whole quantity of water on the surface ef the earth , and , besides existing in great quwtitv in aft animal and . vegetable bodies , if forms at leastine-thirdofthe total weight of the crust of the globe . On-oxygcn , the processes of combustion and respiration are dependent ; the functions of animal and vegetable life are
aestained through its agency ; and dead "Organised matter , uniting again with oxygen % the process of -ncaompositioii , becomes the food « f a new -race of plaets , ; . & It has been shown ( par . i 3 J ihatatoogphsric aw , . ^ cpmed of its oxygen , will no longer maintain the £ anie of a taper , or that sort .-of « uubust « m which = s called respiration , and is essential to annual life . We may expect , therefore , that more oxygen gas—air with nitrogen—will supportcranhustion ^ witfe more brtiiance than common air . Accordingly it is , feund , t ! i £± a wax taper , a , stick of phesphorcs , char-- coil , aulpkar , and even iron-wine majr be bsrned in oxygen gas arith an evolution of much light aad heat . Anuaals cojfned in oxygen gas do not , however , Ims long ; it bungs life away too fast . But with this we
have little to do : it is enough for our purpose just cow to learn ., that the atmosphere consistsof twegases , aixed -hgether in the proportion of one part , or aJtttle more , by measure of oxygen , to four parte of nitrogen ; and Hat the one , oxygen , supports combustion and respiration ; while the other , mtrogen , extinguishes flameand animal life . 18 . Chemisbj , as weliave already noticed ( par . 14 , ) attach more importance te oxygen than to mtrogen ; but it may be taken as a general principle , that all articles of food are enhanced in value by the proportion of nitrogen they contain ; and that among the sub- stances which , acting as manures , yield food to plants , those which contain the largest quantity of azotized animal or ' vegetable matter contribute the most to enrichthe soil . j
! WATEB . . M . SirTawc Newton conjectured thai wate * contained some inflammable ingredient . Our illustrious countryman , the Hon . Mr . Cavendish , discovered its real composition about the year 1766 . Water is !^ m to ??* " * of oxygen , ( the gas we have already considered in paragraphs 16 , 17 , and 18 , ) and hydro-
Agricultural Chemist&I. _ Agricultural, ...
gen , another gaseous element , which derives its name from this property of forming water with oxygen , though the latter constitutes by far the greater portion . Iitevcry nine ounces , pounds , or tons ot water by weight , there arc precisely eight ounces , pounds , or tons of oxygen , to one of hydrogen . This is a fact of great importance to Iks remembered . Chemists have taken infinite pains to ascertain the point with accuracy . One of the most recent and most precise ( M . Dumas ) burnt together oxygon and hydrogen , until he had obtained above a quart of water , in a series of very difficult aud delicate experiments , the
result of which enabled that eminent philosopher to pronounce the composition of water to be , by weight , exactly one part of hydrogen and eight parts of oxygen . Tlicsa ' arc termed combining proportions by one , chemical equivalents by another , atoms by a third ; —by whatever name tliey may be called , these simple numbers represent the constitution of pure or distilled water , from what source or whatclimate soever it may be obtained—whether at the level of the sea , or thesummit of the highest mountain—tha wed from an icicle—condensed from a steam-engine—poured from a thunder-cloud—or deposited from a mist .
20 . Hydrogen ( sometimes called " inflammable air , " because it is combustible in oxygen gas or in atmosplicricair ) is the lightest substance in nature . When oxygen and hydrogen are buivcd together in the oxy-hydWcn lamp , one measure ot oxygen is found to combine with two measures of hydrogen exactly . Whenever water is decomposed by voltaic electricity , the two gases are invariably collected in the sameproportion—two to one . by measure ; if these he mixed and fired by electricity , they explode together , the gases disappear , and water is produced . Now , as water consists of two measures of hydrogen to one measure of oxygen , and as this one measure of the latter weighs eight times as much as the two measures of the former , it follows that oxygen is sixteen times heavier than hydrogen . The combining equivalent of oxygen is therefore said to be sixteen .
21 . It would seem that , by the process of vegetation , and in many operations connected with agriculture , water is resolved into its two gaseous elements , and that sometimes the oxygen , sometimes the hydrogen , sometimes both together , produce , by cemposition and decomposition , effects which at first sight could hardly bo expected from clear , Wand , tasteless water acting upon nitrogen or charcoal , whether under the mysterious influence of vital power , or the no less admirable laws of chemical agency . As wc proceed , wc shall gradually learn to appreciate the results of this never-ceasing activity of the elements of water . ( To be confin « C ( 7 J
Cfcartfet Melh' Gewe
Cfcartfet Melh ' gewe
To The Chartist Body. Friends,—I Last We...
TO THE CHARTIST BODY . Friends , —I last week gave you an outline of my proceedings during the preceding week , and shall now proceed to narrate to you the course of my subsequent conduct : —
MACCLESFIELD . On Tuesday the 10 th inst ., at half-past seven in the evening , 1 attended a public meeting in this place , ou the usual spot , —Park green . Mr . Allen , who presided on the former occasion , was unanimously called to the chair ; and after a few introductory remarks , introduced our old and faithful friend , Mr . John West , to the meeting . ^ He entered into a lengthy and elaborate exposition of first principles as applied to the land ; shewed the manner by which the aristocracy became possessed of the vast estates of which they now proclaim themselves the indisputable owners ; elucidated in clear and forcible terms the necessary consequence to society of the usurpation of the great raw material by a class , particularly when
idle and vicious , such as are those from whom our govemc-re arc selected ; and concluded a most effective address by exposing the ignorance of those who adduce ihe state o f Ireland as a proof that parcelling the land out in small allotments must necessarily be an injury to the working classes—proving that the sBB-iETTiXG sTSTEu , with a « c «« t of proper tenure , and not the small farm principle , was the great operating cause against the happiness of the people of Ireland . This fallacy is often put forth by ignorant and interested persons against the small l ' arvi system . After Mr . West had concluded , I was called upon , and explained the Land Plan of the Convention , which seemed to give much satisfaction . I took up the objections urged against the plan , and [ replied
tc tbenh Ibis brought out a person who had mounted the hustings evidently for the purpose of opposition . He stated that he was a stranger in the town , but having read the objections put forth , and hearing of the meeting , he had resolved upon attending and hearing for himself : but Mr . Clark had anticipated his objections , and replied to them , so as to leave him nothing to say . The chairman was about to dissolve the meeting , when a Mr . Carruther , the leading man of the League in Macclesfield , commenced an attack on Mr . West for Ids opposition to the principles of that party ; and insinuated that the motives whicli ^ prompted such opposition could not b 3 pure . To this Mr West replied in a good-humoured and happy manner , announcing his readiness to meet any
man the League could produce , and discuss the qucsr tion with him . In reply to this , Mr . Carruther stated that Mr . Timothy ' Falvy was about visiting Macclesfield for tiie purpose of lecturing in opposition to Mr . West , when the latter would have an opportunity of testing his anti-League opinions . Mr . West at once accepted the invitation , hoping that there would be no shuffling ; and that as Mr . Carruther was the accredited mouth-piccc of the League , he might take his word that Mr . Falvy would meet him , to which Mr . Carruther assented . Should this " setto" come off , the inhabitants of Macclesfield may expect atreat , and the League adressing . God help them ! —On Monday morning 1 left Macclesfield for the Potteries , the distance being about twenty miles ,
partially through the most delightful and romantic district of Cheshire , famous for the fertility of its soil and the abundance of the crops produced from it . If any argument was wanted to convince mc of the superiority ofthe rural over a " rattle-box" life , 1 had it in the enchanting scene that opened up before mc . There was nature decked out in her gayest attire , compelling the enthusiastic admiration of the most callous and indifi ' erent . The trees were bending beneath the weight of a luxurious foliage , the feathered tribe in the full enjoyment of liberty , warbling their notes of gladness , looking proudly down ou the " Lord of the Creation , " and as it were inviting the contrast that their relative positions could not fail to provoke . Here and there , tliouah
tfdnly scattered and dotted over the scene , stood the white-washed cottage , the emblem of peace and content , surrounded by woodbine and partiall y covered by the " ivy green . " The corn was sending forth its nutritious shoot , and the grass wore that healthy colour which indicates the prospect of a " good crop . " Indeed , the whole face of nature presented a most promising appearance . From this enchanting and enrapturing prospect , a short time introduced me to the smoky and murky atmosphere of the Potteries , where I had agreed to meet , tor a third time , in discussion , Mr . Evans , editor of the letters' Examiner , on the subject of " Home Colonisation versus Emigration . " At the request of Mr . Evans , I consented to hold the discussion at Burslem . the
stronghold of the Emigration Society : though I was aware that I should necessarily havea great deal of prejudice to contend against , as I was not only to oppose their " pet man , " but also their darling measure , which , as it had been represented to them , would put them in possession of a paradise , as compared with anything that could possibly be done at home . However , I had full reliance on the superiority of my principle over that of my opponent ; in addition to which I had , on the two former occasions , fully satisfied not only the general public , but numbers of the tmlgrationists , that with the means it would take to transport themselves and families to America , they plight be . made comfortable in England . The meeting , like the two former ones , was crowded to excess .
Mr . Evans travelled over the same ground he had traversed on the previous occasions , and I of course wascompelled to follow him . The discussion was carried on with pretty good temper all through , and we separated with a distinct understanding that we ibad both been victorious . Many however observe jf & atas a proof that Mr . Evans feels he has lost igsound , he has , in last week ' s Examiner , promised Jus friends that if they will but attend to him that vsskathc failed to do inthe discus ? ion lie will tl'VtO do through the columns . of the Examiner . In the -discussion lie stated that the corn to be grown by the iFoteers' Colony would he sent through the Canadas . into England and sold in our market , where it would of CRu-se have to come in contact with our
homegrows grain , and thus the Potters , removed from the miant & cturing market in Hanly , would go to America to- 'bootme a competitive power against our . agiculturalllthourers . That ' s " out of the frying pan into fire ; " « zth a vengeance . In a former number of the £ xamincr , in reply to some observations from Mr . O'Connor , Mr . Evans says , that the main object of fflse , society is "to remove the surplus labour from weu trade , & c ; " the plan he proposes is to send the Burolus [ Patters to the United States , where they « o « Id-camgr <) n the potting business . Now , when it is understoodtfiiat nearly one-tlnrd of the entire potting tradeo f < tms « mritry is carried on with America , the ordinary win ^ f mankind will be at a loss , to discover how the Potters who remain athome are likely to bp
beoefatted by . sending out a number of persons to America to execute those orders which they now have the execuiiori ef at home . . Certainly Mr . " Evans and his friends ace justified in denouncing the Chartists of the PotteriessBenpmics of union for refusimr to tolerate such trash as this . I would tell Mr Evans ,, however , that he may write " himself black in the face ere . he » jll be able to convince , the working . men . of the Potteries that Yates , Be-, ""^ "v , Oldham , and a host of other noble lellows 4 fiome of whom ji # ve . shown their devotion to umoa by twelve months on the treadmill ) , who are Mwstruggling to cinaJ ! t . jratc their country , are at all iaimicsl . to corabifjaticiis ^ f the Trades . If they refuse to listen to tho felly , pi emigration , I think it is J > jitt . o . j « Qans . a proof fewaaj of sincerity
To The Chartist Body. Friends,—I Last We...
. . * I know i in the cause of humanity : dud fi'OlW wnnv -a ; of these men ; I feel conscious tha * any of tSeid WOHln rather be " a toad , and feed upon the loatMome vapours of a dungeon , " than stand up in the presWieo of a meeting of their townsmen , and eschew aKweiv former opinions , even though they might havn lfckl the " cxtravant notions of ' the Socialists , " No , no , Mr . Evans ; not one of them would d <» that . And vet they are made the subject of repeated attacks from vour pen—covertly , 1 admit—but n $ t a whit the more manly on that account . So much for the Potteries .
BILSTON . On Thursday evening I lectured here to a large audience , on the subject 0 f the Land . Mr . Powell presided on the occasion ; and after I had spoken , an old friend , " Daddy Richards , " addressed the meeting at length , and with considerable effect . The result was the formation of a branch of the Land Society . niRMIXGIIAM . On Sunday morning I addressed a numerous meeting ( numerous , seeing that it was a Birmingham one ) , in Duddeston-row , on the measures ofthe late Convention , and was listened to with much attention . Mr . Williamson also spoke on the subject of union , severely lashing the working classes for their callous and disgraceful apathy .
111 LST 0 S . I attended here again on Tuesday , for the purpose of delivering a second lecture on the Land , but on my arrival , I found fhe whole population of the district in a state of high ferment , m consequence ef the ruffianly conduot of a party of the " Rural Blues , " who had , as far I could learn , made a savage attack upon sonic working man , who resisted ; and several other wprking men interfering on his behalf , they were all arrested , and duly committed to Stafford , to be tried at the sessions : the committing
Dogberry being a tyrannical coal king . I saw a number of brave (!) policemen aimed with cutlasses , taking the men oif to Wolverhampton , amidst the most dreadful groans I ever heard . I addressed a meeting in the Chartist Room , Stanloy . street , " Daddy Richards" in the chair , and he joined me in pointing out the foll y of such petty interferences as had taken place with blackguard policemen . We both recommended them to steer clear of such conduct , and the meeting separated . — Thomas Clark . Birmingham , Wednesday .
GREENWICH . Tub Enclosure of Commons Act and the Chartist Co-operative Land Society . —The assembly room of the George and Dragon Tavern , Blaekhcatlihill , was on Monday evening last completely filled with a highly respectable audience to take into consideration the above subjects . Mr . Firth was unanimously called to the chair , and having briefly opened the proceedings , called on Mr . J . Morgan to move the adoption of a petition . Mr . Morgan read at length a petition against the Enclosure Bill of the Earl of Lincoln , also praying for the repeal of all Enclosure Acts , and the restitution of the land to the people . He said public meetings were called for the purpose of testing public feeling ; but it unfortunately
too frequently happened that the lew took upon themselves to think and act for the many . ( Hear , hear . ) The promoters of that meeting , however , hoped that the audience had strength of mind sufficient to think and act for themselves . Sir Robert Peel had recently attributed our present anomalous condition—a condition which showed the extreme of wealth and the extreme of poverty—to our hi ^ lv state of civilisation ( laughter ) , whilst Lord Brougham had most blasphemously attributed our miseries to Divine Providence : but let the people only persevere in their present course , and they will soon convince ; he most sceptical that their miseries and difficulties are the result of neither the one nor the other , hit the sure results of class legislation . ( Loud
cheers . )—Mr , Bcnington cordiall y seconded the motion . —Mr . P . M'Grath , in rising to support the petition , was received with much applause . He said , when wc consider the grievances of the people , and the nostrums provided to alleviate their distresses—when wc find people stupid enough , or wicked enough to propagate the doctrine that thi * land of ours will not grow food enough to support its inhabitants ; when we find Lord John Russell telling the British House of Commons that nothing but a national system of emigration cv . n effectually remedy our ills , it is time for us to look round and see if our own native soil will not sustain iu plenty , comfort , and happiness the whole of our population . ( Cheers . ) Able men , staticians of great renown—men who do
not hold Chartist principles—these men , whoso authority has been admitted by the Government , have givt n testimony that the lands of England , Ireland , Scotland , and Wales will support more than three times the amount of their present inhabitants . ( Cheers . ) Strange as it may appear , we meet here to ask the Parliament of the United Kingdom to restore the land that has from time to time been stolen from us . Aye , my friends , it is a fact , fhat the land has been stolen from us ; and did you now venture to set your foot on what was once yours , in pursuit of the wild animals that run across it , or the wild Wrdsthat fly over it , you would subject yourselves to imprisonment , or , perchance , seven years ' transportation for " poaching . " Could wc only obtain
a restoration ofthe stolen lands , and employ the people thereon , it would at once relieve the labour market of its surcharge , regulate the wages in the artificial market , and surround the mass of the people with the blessings of peace , prosperity , and happiness . ( Great cheering . ) He was a '' first principle man ;" and as such , looked upon the earth as man ' s inheritance , the gift of tho Creator to his creatures in common . ( Loud cheers . ) How was this precious gift lost ? Look back to the time of the Norman Invasion . Behold the "heroes" cutting the throats and murdering the inhabitants , and then parcelling out the land to their retainers . But did murder and pillage confer a " title ? " Did it justify the descendants of the perpetrators in starving the industrious
millions to death ? ( Loud cheers . ) When a Scotch nobleman was once asked what "title" he had to his estate , he drew his sword , threw it on the table , and said , " There is my title deed . " ( Hear , hear . ) Wc are frequently told that we have " a glorious constitution in Church and State ( laughter ); and that under its protection the sun never rises on the palace ofatyrant , or sets on the cottage of alslavc . " The only difference between slavery at home and slavery abroad is , that the foreign slave works for one master , who looks to his welfare as he would to any other piece of property ( hear , hear ) , while the slave at home works for any master who will be graciously pleased to allow him . J Hear , hear . ) The life of tiie savage of the desert is far preferable to the " civilised "
"free-born" Englishman . The savage rises in the morning , takes his bow , and traverses majestically his native forest in quest of prey , without the least dread of the accursed Game Laws , and returns at night laden with the spoils of the chace , to enjoy it in his own wigwam , surrounded by his own free and healthful family . 0 , how different was the lot of the poor English man or woman , stewed up in the unhealthy atmosphere of a factory , and whose only lot was—work , work , work . ( Hear , hear . ) Perchance the English labourer is employed on some Governmentwork : well , he turns ' out to work at six in fhe morning , continuing at it until night ; and no . sooncr docs he attempt to leave his employment for the night , than officers search his hat and " his nockcts . for a
man can't be poor but he must be a thief . ( Hoar , hear . ) Well , the free-born Briton reaches the street with his two shillings and sixpence . ' Arrived at the grocers , he essays to spend it . Here he is taxed fifty Ker cent . He next strolls into the public-house to e taxed seventy-five per cent . ; and alas , while excited by the dram , and buried amid the fumes of tobacco , he so far forgets himself as to sing " Britons never shall be slaves . " ( Loudcheers . ) If the people did not bestir themselves , and that quickly , the Earl of Lincoln and the mania for' enclosing * would not leave thorn a vestige of their common lands . ( Hear , hear . ) He could not agree with the idea of the people transporting themselves , whilst there was so much land at home in want of cultivation The
petition vvas put and . carried unanimously . On the motion of Messrs . Morgan and Bigg , it was unanimously resolved , that the petition be signed by the chairman on behalf of the meeting , and that it be forwarded to Admiral Dundas for presentation to the House of Commons . —Mr . Stallwood moved the following resolution : — "That this meeting view with delight any attempt made to restore the soil to the keeping of its rightful owners , the people , and hereby pledges itself , individually and collectivel y , to support the Chartist Co-operative Land Plan . " Mr . Charles Bolwcll , in seconding it , said he thought it admirably calculated to remove the surplus uands from the labour market , and to create a good home ^ market with a steady consumption .- lie
could see no reason why any man shoald be a " Lord of the soil . " No man had a right to hold another m serfdom . Thomas Paine had well observed , " God did not create rich and poor , he only created male and female . " ( Loud cheers ) He much feared it was to the apathy of the workers that their miseries might be traced .. They had allowed others to think and act for them , and the class legislators had first deprived them of the franchise , and then despoiled them of their rightful inheritanceike land . ( LouuV cheers . ) -Mr . Gathard , secretary to the Lambeth District of the Chartist Co-operative Lasd Society begged the attention of the meeting lor a few minutes . He had seen in a certain newspaper *; etter signed " William Wish-I-may-get-it . " He COllW not look at this nrndnctinn link na * Roiini ,
He unhesitatingl y asserted there could not be anv such person as that letter would represent . In the first place , instead , of the society-being dead , the district to w . hich he had the honour to . be secretary had made sutfh progress : that it now numbered one hundred members ( loud cheers ); and at each meeting considerable accessions were made .: Only let " iniliam WM-I-mnv -get-it" assume a corporeal shape , and attend the ^ , icxt „ ineeting of his dkteicf , and he ( Mr . Gathard ) .. would , undertake te'wtitfii him any sum he may hare advanced on accounted a share or shares—ave , if t . ^ ere were fifty of them . ; ( Loud cheeis . ) He would hoi evcr as 8 Ure tkat . mcot-J ing that no application of the st . f " » represented ui that letter , had been made to him ' aa secretary . On the contrary , everything went on m ' °$ harmoniously ;
To The Chartist Body. Friends,—I Last We...
* mu prosneKJill ' y i and tie was very happy to find that their exertions in this borough were also crowned with success . ( Great cheering . ) The resolution was then put and earned with acclamation . A considerable number of rules wove disposed of , and several shares taken up . Mr . Abbott , in an excellent speech , moved a vote of thanks to Messrs . M'Grath , Stallwood , and Bolwcll , for their able assistance . Mr . Swcetlovo seconded the motion , which was carried unanimously . A like compliment was paid tho chairman , and tho meeting dissolved .
MANCHESTER . TheLaxd ! tub Lanp !!—A public meeting was held in the Carpenters' Hall , Garrett-road , Manchester , on the evening of Sunday last , for the purpose of heaving a lecture on the all-important question , "The Laud , " by Feargus O'Connor , Esq . The hall was crowded in every part by a most respectable audience , amongst which was a goodly sprinkling of the middling classes . Mr . John Smith , a factory slave , was unanimously called to the chair , who said , that he was proud to preside over so large a meeting of his feuow-toivnsmcn , but prouder still at seeing their old and tried friend , Mr . Feargus O'Connor , amongst them ( loud cheers ); more particularly as they had seen objcctions ' inadc , during the last
few weeks , to the plan of the Chartist Co-operative Land Society , in Lloyd ' s Weekly Newspaper , by a man who did not give his name . Mr . O'Connor , no doubt , would reply to that gentleman , and likewise explain the principles of the plan . He would therefore introduce that gentleman to their notice . Mr . O'Connor , on rising , was greeted with several rounds of applause , which having subsided , Mr . O'Connor said , he had a request to make , and that was , that thev would allow Mr . Grocott to read his ( Mr . O'Connor s ) letter , from the Star of Saturday , as in that letter was given Mr . James Hill ' s plan of the National Land and Building Society . This would be doing more justice to Mr . Hill than that gentleman had shown towards him ( Mr . O'Connur ) . Mr .
Grocott then read the whole of the letter , which was repeatedly cheered , after which Mr . O'Connor said , they would now he able to judge of the plan propounded by Mr . Hill ; or , as he ( Mr . O'Connor ) designated it , the "Seventy-five Assurance Company . " lie had to stand the whole of the opposition oftlicnvess ; of that of ambitious individuals , and that also of pet-house coteries . Much of his time was taken up in answering them . The reading of tl ' . e letter , which they had heard , would enable them to decide which was the " hovse-chesnut" and which the chesnut-horsc . Mr . Hill said , by £ 20 shares thev might secure a room in a house for life . Why , if they would give him . ( Mr . O'Connor ) 2000 £ 20 shares he would , in six years , give every shareholder
a whole house and ten acres of good land , freehold for ever . But Mr . Hill said it was not necessary that the shareholder in the "National Land and Building Association" should have paid up the whole of the £ 20 . A person at the age of 00 , who kis paid £ 1112 s ., would be entitled to one room in a wellventilated house for life ; and a man at the age of 75 years , having paid little more than £ 5 , would be entitled to a like privilege . This was indeed the "horse-chesnut ; " for Mr . Hill was asking twenty per cent , more than any assurance company in England . He wished to establish individual independence . This was opposed , from the petty shopkeeper to the Prime Ministo ? : by all who lived by the labour of others . Under the present system , it is a difficult question to ascertain , " What is man ? " There
was no saying now " A man ' s a man for a' that . " Mr . Dixon , of Carlisle , had 3000 men employed under him and his partners . Every man of these 3000 was at the mercy o Dixon . So it was with the Hold > =-worths , the Binlcys , and all the rest , whether they employed 1000 or 100 men . An individual employed by these parties could not exercise the independence of a ¦ man . He was bound both by the caprice of the employer and tho necessities of his fellow-workmen . He therefore wished to place a band of them on the land , to prove the importance and value of individualism . This was only to be accomplished by co-operation amongst the woiking classes ; for neither the manufacturers nor the aristocracy would help them .
They , therefore , must help themselves . The object of all the Hills and others was to rob him of that confidence which the people placed in him . But he thanked God the more he was attacked the more confidence they had in him . ( Loud cries of " Wc have , " " we have . " ) He would pass over the doubts of Mr . Hill , "that the directors might die ;" or " the treasurer might be unwilling to give up the money . " But there was not one word about Mr . Hill , or the possibility of that gentleman ' s going to America with the funds of the National "Seventy-five Assurance Company . " Ik-( Mr . O'Connor ) had refused to become either the treasurer or the sub-treasurer of the Co-operative Land Society . He had refused to touch a farthing
of the funds : but whilst he did not handle tiie money himself , he would be like the dog in the manger , he would take care that not one farthing of it should be expended for any other purpose than that for which it was subscribed . All that fie would have to do with the society would be to take the whole of the trouble ; and when they were located on the laud , he did not think they would grumble even if he did go to America , with his bag full of trouble on his back . ( Loud cheers . ) Mr . Hill had not mentioned the important question of raising a natural standard ol wages by taking the " surplus labour" out of the artificial market . What he ( Mr . O'Connor ) meant was simply this : if it took 300 men of any trade to do the work of a particular town , and if 100 more
workmen in that trade came to the town , the result would be that the 400 , in less than one month , would receive less in wages than the 300 did previousl y . In answer to those who said , do you want to scud all the people on the land ? he said , no : but if the 100 had had the chance of going on the land , the 300 would ' have the chance of keeping up their wages . Aud if an "improvement" should take place , so that 250 could do the work of the 300 , then he ( Mr . O'Connor ) wanted tiie fifty to have land to go to , by which they could support themselves , and at the same time enable their brethren to keep up the price of labour in the artilicial market . Thank God , a
poor Irish demagogue ' had forced the land question on the press of the country , and done something towards leading Republican America to an examination of the all-important question . In 1832 , he wrote letters to the Irish landlords on the question , and again in 1841 . Mr . O'Connor concluded an able lecture by calling on all present to consider the question . He sat down amid long , loud , and oft-repeated cheers . Several questions were asked of Mr . O'Connor , which he answered to the entire satisfaction of the inquirers and the audience . Mr . O'Connor then remained until a late hour enrolling numbers and disposing of cards and rules of the Chartist Cooperative Land Society .
IIANLEY . Staffordshire Potteries . —The committee ofthe Haaley and Shelton Working Man ' s Hall beg most respectfully to inform their friends and the public generally that a second deposit of £ 315 s . has been made towards the Land fund ; making in all the sum of £ -50 and upwards ; which has been paid . They re- quost that all who are friendly to the above object will at once come forward and assist them in this laudable undertaking . A general meeting of the shareholders will take place at Mr . J . Yates ' s , Miles Bank , Shelton , on Monday evening next , at seven o ' elcek , for the purpose of electing 'officers for the ensuing year .
BLACKBURN . Land . —Another meeting was held hereon the 24 th nst . of the Chartist Co-operative Land Society , vlicn more new members took out shares and paid heir entrance money . We shall continue meeting ivery Tuesday night , at eight o ' clock , for the purpose of enrolling members and transacting the gene * al business of the society . We have no doubt but ; hat this town would be one of the first and best in ill Lancashire if we had some of our worthy friends ; o give a few public lectures on the subject . Wc ihall meet at Mr . George Nurton ' s Temperance Hotel , King-street . Friends desirous of purchasing rules it the Chartist Land Society may do so by applica-; ion to the said G . Nurton .
Joist Ri:Pont Of The Inspectors Op Facto...
Joist Ri : ponT of the Inspectors op Factories . — Factory Office , London , June , —Sir , —We , the undersigned inspectors of factories , appointed under the Factories Regulation Act , and the Act- ( 7 Vic , 2 . 15 ) to ' amend the laws relating . to labour In factories , have now the honour to report to you that wc met hereon the 27 tl \ of May , according to previous avrameraent . At this meeting , whicli has been continued by adjournments till this day , wo hare read over the reports made by us for the quarter , from July 1 to September 30 , 1844 , and from that date for Act took effectto
seven months since the amending , 30 th of April last . No circumstances have occurred on which it seems requisite for us to make a special report ; but we have all of us . ^ casure w stoting that , in consequence of the pwv » WM of « - ing Act , of which we have had seven months expei-ience the factory law is now much more easily and EtuaUyTnfScd . We have the honour to be , Sir , your most obedient s <*™\ K 0 WKD HoBSEB ( T . Joxes Howell , ROBEBT J . SaUSDERS , J . Stuart .
The Right Hon . Sir James R . ( r . Graham , Bart . ; one of her Majesty ' s ' Principal Secretaries of State , < fcc . Ac . Ac . A Man s Fack Saveo fbou ueino Eaten away , b ? Hollow-ay ' s Pills ash Oiktment . —James Webb , residing in Robin Hood-court , ; Leather-lane , Holborn , had a large hole through his . cheek ., and several other ulcers eating away the flesh from different ) parts of his face . He had been an in-patient of Charhig-c ' ross Hospital for . six months , under surgeon , Partridge , but met with no cure , until he cured hiiaself by means of the above extraordinary and miracuIoiB medicines , which are , when used together , a certain remedy for any ulcer or \ vound , however long standing or desperate . Webb : s known to hundreds of persons , being a brewer ' s drayuian , aad in the streets * of London cierjvdav .
^00tm, Mim8 S Ftltttytttfts*
^ 00 tM , mim 8 s ftltttytttfts *
At Arming Fire At Oupiiam-Rise. —On Sund...
At arming Fire at Oupiiam-Rise . —On Sundaymorning , shortly after two o ' clock , a fire was di > - covered by police-constable 41 V , in the lower part of the premises oc ^ anicd by Mr . John White , bread and biscuit bakrjP j Larkhall-lanc , Clapham-Risc . The family , consisting of several persons , who were asleep at the time , were with dilliculty aroused b y the con' slables , and by the time the engines from tlic parish Southwai-k-bridge-road , and Waterloo-road stations ' of the brigade and the West of England oliicc had arrived the fire had made rapid progress , the doors of the dwelling having been incautiously broken open contrary to the directions of tlic superintendent ot *
At Arming Fire At Oupiiam-Rise. —On Sund...
i the London lire-engine establishment ( Mr . Braid-! wood ) , who has long since issued directions to the j police not to permit any such incautious practice . | When the engines were got to work it was found " i impossible to save Mr . White ' s-dwelling , so the at' teiition of the firemen was directed to the prescrva-; tion of the adjoining premises , which were happily rescued from the violence of tho fire . Mr . White ' s house is not only gutted , but the front walls on Monday morning about five o ' clock fell inwards with a
: fearful crash , and the gable at the eastern end is so ! dangerous that it must be- taken down . How the fire originated has not been ascertained . The damage , which amounts to about £ 500 , is thus stated in the ' ¦ ofiicial report of Mr . Brnidwood : — " Mr . White ' s j premises , burnt down ; contentsaud buildings insured | in the Sun Fire-office . Mr . S . Davis , hairdresser ; ; considerable damage to contents and building ; con-| tents not insured ; building in the Sun Fire-office . ! Mr . S . Stroud , chandler and general dealer ; contents ! considerably damaged : building only insured . "
Explosion of Gunpowder . —Between six and seven o clock on Saturday an alarming explosion of gunpowder took place in the proof-house of the Gunmakers' Company , situate on the south side of Church , jane , near Whitcchapei Church , which blew out the whole range of windows ofthe workshops , and did great damage to the glass of the houses in the neigh , houriiood . The explosion took place while the men were loatiing musket barrels for the purpose of proving then ) , and is supposed to have been caused by something brittle iu the powder with which a lad wag charging one of the barrels . There were several vessels containing powder on a bench where the lad was at work , and which exploded at the same time . The men escaped unhurt , but the lad had one of his fingers blown ait , aud he is otherwise seriously injured .
FmcHTFU ! Tuaokdy . —Constantinople , Junk 4 . Last week a fearful tragedy took place on board tho Austrian commercial steamer Iuipcratricc , on her way from TrcbUundc to this port . She touched in coming down at Samsoun and Synope , and at the latter place received , on Thursday night , amoinjtfc other passengers , two Caudahar dervishes , brothel's , who had been expelled from Trcbisondc and Samsoun by the local authorities , on account of their bud reputation , The day following , between two and three o ' clock in the afternoon , after these individuals had swallowed , it is said , a copious dose ofkhaslikhash , or . some other maddening drug , they said their prayers , and . thcn arose , shouting in a tone of delirium , " floo ! Hoo ! " ( the cry of dervishes in allusion to the name o £
the Deity ) . One drew forth a pistol and discharged icinto the back of a Greek in the cookhouse ; and both , dagger in hand , began roaming about the dock like demons ' , killing or wounding all who fell in their way . The fircr of the pistol being seized by one of thc . crcw Captain Clician , who commanded tlic steinicr , went up to disarm ht ' ni , when the brother of the fellow made a lunge at him from behind with his dagger , which fortunately passed between his left arm and his body , cutting his clothes without touching his person . The captain on this retreated , but as arms had in the meantime been brought on deck , he seized a musket and instantly transfixed one of tlic dervishes through the neck , whilst the other monster was felled to the earth by a blow from a water bucket whicli had been snatched up by a sturdy six-feet
stoker . J he crew , now armed , came up , and the writhing dervishes were quickly dispatched , but unfortunately rather too late , for they had already killed one man and wounded seven others , of whom two are since dead , whilst others lie in the greatest danger . A . Turkish imaum ( priest ) received a slight cut , but it may have been accidental ^ as the men brandished their weapons in all directions . Among the victims mortally wounded was Mv . Marhiovicli , agent of the steamers at Trcbisondc , a gentleman well known there , highly esteemed and universally regretted . He has left behind him , unprovided for , two lovely daughters , aged twelve and fourteen , who lost their mother ( a woman of extraordinary beauty ) some seven or eight years ago , by that cruel malady the plague . The mate ofthe steamer received three very severe wounds , but it is hoped that he will
recover . Ma . Smith , the proprietor of the shooting gallery in Holborn , expired on Thursday morning last , from an abscess caused by the wound in his back . It may be remembered he was shot last July bv the Hon . Mr . Tucket , who was tried , and acquitted on tho ground of insanity . MumiEuixGiN Jest . —A vcrv singular circumstance , involving a duel and death , took place at Cincinnati last Tuesday . An Englishman named Robert Bland kept a tavern in that city . On the afternoon of Tuesday ( as we learn from the Commercial ) Mr . Bland got to arguing with one Samuel Powell on tho subject of shooting at a mark , and each had been boasting of his skill . From shooting at a mark the subject turned on duelling , when Bland went behind the bar in his tavern , and took tin a nair of nistok '
letting Powell take his choice , signifying that the / - ' could determine the point by a trial of skill . As they both went out of the tavern door Mr . Bland said to Powell , "the pistols arc loaded . " Thev had agreed , it appears , to fire at a distance of ' twenty steps , but after taking their positions , in the manner of duellists , they each walked two or three paces , wheeled , and both fired ! The resultofthis was , that Mr . Bland was shot , the ball entering the right side , and then passing through the region ofthe chest to the point of the shouldcr-lilade , where it lolgcd . He lingered till about half-past eight o clock next morning , when he died , leaving a wife and two children . Both parties in this tragedy were natives of England , and what led to it is a mvstcrv . Dur ' mt : the night following Mr . Bland stated that "he had not intended to kill Powell , and was glad he did not . " —New York Paper .
A Fkmalf . Fiend . —A Mrs . Reed , under sentence of death at Liiwrenccville , Indiana , for the murder other husband , after several ineffectual attempts to hang herself , 1 ms confessed not only the poisoning of her husband , for which she was condemned , but two other persons before , as well as the murder of a nephew , for his money ; and , as though these enormities were not enough , she has also confessed having caused the death of two children by starvation . —Ac w York paper . Accident . —On Saturday a frightful occurrence took place in the ship-building yard of Messrs . Wig . ram , Blackwall , by which a fine young man , named George King , aged IS , has received such serious injuries that his fife is despaired of . It appears that he was employed in oiling some portion of the machinery , when by some means he became entangled in the straps attached to the drum ofthe engine , and
he was whirled round and round with fearful velocity for three or four minutes . The poor fellow was extricated in a dreadful condition , when it was ascertained that his left thigh was completely smashed , his left shoulder dislocated , and his right arm broken , besides having received several cuts and contu ions about the head , face , and chest . — Evening Pajw . Obstruction of Sevestkkn Houses nv Fikk . —On Thursday evening week , about six o ' clock , the inhabitants of Southmalton , Devonshire , were alarmed by the cry of " Fire ! " which proceeded from the dwelling-house of Mr . Thomas Tout , builder , or a house contiguous to it , situate in East-street , and burnt with great fury for several hours . Notwithstanding three engines were quickly on tho spot , no fewer than seventeen dwelling-houses were entirely destroyed , and others partially so , and many others unroofed .
Awful and Fatal Finn . — Bhkslaw , June 14 . On the i ) th inst . the village of Alt Berun was almost wholly destroyed by fire , only a brewery and two small houses having escaped . Two sick females and eighteen children perished . Nearly all tlic houses were constructed otwood . Assassination . —On the 12 th inst . M . Baron Mayor , efC'harnas ( Ardcchc ) , assistant justice ofthe pcac » for the canton of Serrieras , and Member of the Council of the Arrondisscment , was assassinated by a man of Pieardel , who had previously stabbed his own wife in three p laces , and thrown her into a well . M . Baron died instantly . The wife ofthe murderer , who was the daughter of M . Baron , is still living , and hopes of her recovery are entertained . No cause tor these sanguinary acts is stated by the Courtier de laDrmne ; from which wc derive the account , nor is it said whether the assassin has been arrested .
Railway Accident . —The down train upon the Eastern Counties line which left London at a quarter past four p . m , on Monday , was detained for about twenty minutes at Margaretting , under the following circumstances : ~ On its arrival near Peacock's , Margaretting , a hbrse , the property of Mr . Hardy , strayed through a gatcwhich had been left open at a level crossing-and ' at the instant the train came up the animal attempted to cross over the line ; the consequence was that it was cut to atoms bv the engine
and the first carriage , which / however , maintained their position ifpbn the rails ; the succeeding carriage was thrown off , but by the excellent riianagcment of the driver the train was brought to a stand-stui without the slightest injury to anV individual . A hody of plate-layers , " who were ftrtuhately at hand , speedily replaced the ' carriage iipon the rails , and locked the wheels , when the train proceeded in safety . Ihe carriages upon the train were six in number , m were all well filled . The horse , we are informed , m been tinned off the line twice before during the < W « —ma erald ,
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), June 28, 1845, page 6, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_28061845/page/6/
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