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recurrent A"^vfh ~ in^m elt wa^ Jonathan...
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£#i? Metropolis
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HEALTH 0W aSfSDOS DCHEVC TDK WEEK. The t...
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Dublin, Saturday.—Tub Cholera.—The epide...
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tEfje Urotouices. \]
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WJ*ua>J "^«w™ or, -.K.s , JUiXCAsmitE.—O...
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THE CHOLERA. Precautions and Treatment.—...
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Glocesier, Saturday.—"Within the last th...
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a WAXBTEAT >,—Bcbween one and two o'cloc...
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, ¦. „ ' * >ol. II., p. 384, t A Computu...
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Transcript
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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Recurrent A"^Vfh ~ In^M Elt Wa^ Jonathan...
. June 30 / 1849 . * 6 ' - ¦ ¦¦ THE'N 011 T 1 I ^ * - — _™___ ^^ , ^ :-. L ^ * — - ~ ! ~ ™ - " - ¦ === a = g . ^ J r ? ^ the body AWU
£#I? Metropolis
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Health 0w Asfsdos Dchevc Tdk Week. The T...
HEALTH 0 W aSfSDOS DCHEVC TDK WEEK . The total deaths , registered in the week were 935 , and exhibit an . excess , but not more than 22 above the average . Tfes increase , as in the previous week , arises lahasst exclusively from , epidemic diseases , for the < leaths in this class were in the last- three weeks 851 , 251 , 277 , whilst the average docs not exceed 193 . Hooping-cough snd cholera arc alone predoaanaiit on the list ; tho former having been fatal to 55 children , more than , the average by 19 ; and the latter to 49 persons at all ages . Of these 49 deaths from cholera , eleven occurred under 15 years of age , 32 between that age and 00 , and 6 at 6 ft years and upwards . They principally occurred is the south and eastera districts . The progress of mortality from this disease during the last four
¦ weeks is marked fev the following numbers—9 , 22 , 42 , 49 . The mortality from diarrhoea has rather decreased ; 5 m-the deaths from it , which in the previous week were 38 , in the last week were only 17 , whilst the average is 12 . All other fatal causes which make the largest contributions to the weekly mortality , now exhibit the usual amount , or fall considerably under it . The deaths from phthisis have been for a long period less than the average ; last week they were 127 , or 18 under the estimated number . A man of 53 years died , according to the return of the medical attendant , of " general decay , probably accelerated by voluntary abstinence , after an illness of ten days . " Two deaths irom destitution occurred in Islington
workflOUSC . In Ooswell-Strcct sub-district a lady died at the extreme age of 103 years , within two hours after having taken a dose of laudanum , which had been prescribed by a druggist . The mean reading of the barometer at Greenwich was 29 . S 90 inches for the week ; the mean daily reading -was above 30 inches on Wednesday . The mean daily temperature rose from 54 deg . 9 min . on Sunday to 67 deg . 1 min . on Saturday , on -which day it was highest . The highest reading also occurred on that day , when it was 7 $ deg . 6 min . in the shade , and 10 G deg . 8 min . in the sun . The mean temperature of Saturday was 6 deg . 3 min . above the average ofthe same day in seven years , though the temperature ofthe whole week was rather less than the average .
A PRETENDED Cobst . — At the Bloomsbury County Court on Saturday last , an action was brought by the Count Amede Augustus de Tom ( a self-nominated title ) , to recover the sum of £ 10 as compensation for an illegal distress . The facts were as follow : —In the month of November last a medical gentleman , named Myers , at the earnest request of the count , re-let a house which he tenanted from a person named Knight to the defendant who promised that his family should live rent free therein , and that . he would reimburse him for the money he had laid out in repairs , fixtures , & c . These terms Mr . Myers acquiesced in ; an agreement to such effect was drawn up , but was afterwards destro yed . In cross-examination it waa
shown that the inducements held out by the plaintiff to 3 h \ Myers were that he would stand sponsor for his infant child , and that he would settle £ 10 , 000 upon him , which , when he attained manhood , would amount to a considerable sum . lie also represented himself to be the proprietor and owner ofasphalte mountains and copper mines on the banks of the Danube . Mr . Myers afterwards discovered that the title of " Count" was assumed , and he therefore put the defendant in possession for £ ISd « e for three weeks' rent , at £ 6 per week . —Several Hungarian gentlemen here declared that no such title as the plaintuTJiad assumed was . known in Hungary , nor himself either . —His Ilonour thought that an illegal distress had been made , but the damages laid were excessive , and gave judgment for £ 4 4 s .
Attempt to escape raou Hohsemonger-LANE Gaol . —For some time past some excitement has been created among the functionaries belonging to the above prison , in consequence of a determined attempt of three burglars to escape therefrom .. The whole ofthe circumstances were investigated by the visiting justices afew days ago , from which we have gleaned the following particulars . The parties in question were notorious housebreakers named Devant , Marten , and Smith , and were tried at the last Surrey assizes , and sentenced to fourteen years ' transportation . Devant was tried at Kingston in 1847 , and sentenced to ten years' transportation for breaking into the Archbishop of Canterbury ' s Palace at Addington , near Croydon . On the same day
that he received his sentence he managed to break out of Kingston Gaol , and was not heard of until Thursday last , when he was detected in the act of committing sacrilege , and when brought to Horsemonger-lane gaol , identified by Mr . Kecne , the governor , as fherunaway convict . Marten was tried at the last ass ! zes , and sentenced to similar punishment for breaking into a gentleman ' s house near Kingston , but through the intrepid conduct of the son of the owner he was captured . Smith was one of the same stamp , and being such desperate characters it was judged prudent to confine them in one of the strong rooms of the prison . Adjoining the latter a room was fitted up for prisoners who were allowed by the county to keep themselves
with food and drink , consequently those parties were allowed a certain portion of porter daily . The three burglars , during the time of their incarceration , contrived to get into their possession a pewter pot , which was the extraordinary means of their fitting keys to the cells . It appeared that they were enabled to see through the keyhole , and by means of tallow and some other substance , take an impression of the wards . They then , with the assistance of a piece of old iron which they sharpened , made a key out of the pint pot , and in the middle ofthe night they unlocked the door , and forced their way into a passage called the arcade . Their ingenious key , also unlocked the door of that place , when they found themselves on the green at the
rear of the Sessions-house , the outer wall of which is about twenty feet high , and surmounted with sloping spikes . They had previously torn their blankets and rugs and tied them together , and had actually attached one end to the spikes , ready to ascend , when one of the watchmen perceived their movements , and instantly communicated with the others . Devant was about to cliaib up the wall when the watchman in question van to the spot and secured him , and while he was struggling to prevent the others from escaping , Mr . Keenc and a number of turnkeys came to his assistance , and overpowered the others . They were taken back to the interior of the prison , and so heavily ironed as to prevent them making such a desperate attempt
again . 2 fot the least blame could be attached to the governor or his servants , as the locks are of extraordinary strength , and itis a matter of surprise how the prisoners were able to make such a key from an old pewter pot . The key is -kept as a matter of great curiosity . Death is a Cojmox Sewer . —Oa Tuesday Mr . H . M . "Wakley held an inquest at the Mitre , Upper-street , Islington , on the body of Thomas Vt'heebr , aged 49 , an excavator . —lticnard Evans said that on Sunday morning hist he was employed with the deceased making a communication between the common sewer , in Britannia-road , and a cutting containing water , which had run from a ditch , and which had been considered a nuisance in the neighbourhood . They had sank a shaft ia the sewer to
the depth of ten feet , and were digging a tunnel through to the cutting , when the gravel just above ihe spot where they were at work suddenly gave way , and let a flood " of water in upon them . The shaft being instantly filled , a man at the surface put down a ladder to enable them to escape . "Witness succeeded iu seizing it , and was drawn up , but the deceased was driven by the force of the flow of water into the mouth of the sewer where he stuck fast He was not released until the lapse of an hour and a half . It farther appeared that the works had been undertaken at the suggestion ofthe Board of Health , and that the deceased and his fellow workmen had been told not to cut a tunnel hut to make an open passage to let the water through into the sewer gradually . —Verdict , " Accidentaldcath . "
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Dublin, Saturday.—Tub Cholera.—The Epide...
Dublin , Saturday . —Tub Cholera . —The epidemic has nearly disappeared from Dublin , but it has broken out , in a malignant form , in Carrickmacross , where the medical officer , Dr . M'Effer , was the first victim , and it also prevails in Enniskillen , and various other parts of the north . Public Works . —The Distressed Districts . — The Commissioners of Public "Works , in a letter addressed to a landed proprietor in the Queen ' s County , have declined to make a loan of £ 1 , 000 , in consequence of recent instructions from the Lords of the Treasury , to the effect that " all the money lately voted by Parliament must be confined to applications from the most distressed districts of the south and west . "
The Representative Peerage . —Writs hearing date 22 nd inst ., for electing a temporal peer of Ireland in room of the late Earl of Mayo , were issued yesterday from the Hanaper-ofBce . The Anglo-Celt states that the Earl of Lanesborough has been selected for the vacant peerage . The Harvest . —All the accounts received this morning are of the usual gratifying character , and the writers rejoice at the prospect thus opened for the recovery of the country . MOSBAV . —SUBSCUIPIIOXS OT THE POPE T 0 K IttlSU Distress . —The Freeman ' s Journal contains a circular from Archbishop M'Hale to his clergy ,
announcing that the Pope has sent to him , through Cardinal Antonelli , the sum of 20 , 000 fr . ( nearly £ 800 ) , for the relief of destitution in the diocese of Tuani . The Freeman remarks it as " a most strange coincidence that this noble contribution , sent by the Pope to his Grace , was crossed on its way here hy the sum of £ 345 , on its way to Gaeta , sent by the archdiocese of Tuam , as its contribution to the-Papal Fund . " Cardinal Antonelli , in his letter to Dr . M'Hale , says , " It would have been the wish of his Holiness to extend his charitable relief , and to proportion it to the existing distress , but he is necessarily prevented from doing so by his own limited resources . "
The State Phisoxers . —The Cork Constitution of Saturday has the following announcement : —'' It is stated that cholera had broken out yesterday on board the Jlountstewarfc Elphinstone , convict transport , lying at Cove , and two of the convicts and one ofthe Royal Marines labouring under the disease were sent on shore to the hospital—the former to Spike Island , and the latter to Haulbowline . llcssrs . Martin and O'Dogherty—* Young . Ireland' felons—are on board this vessel . There is a large number of convicts also on board for Australia ?'
Clarence Mangan , an unfortunate literary character , died last week in abject penury . He was well known by his poetical translations from German literature , being the author of "Anthologia Germanica , " " Leaflets from the German Oak , " and a variety of essays in the . University Magazine The misery in which he lived for many years was very great , as his wretched health prevented him from labour . "Within the last ten days he was an inmate of one of the temporary hospitals provided for cholera patients .
Action against Sir Edward Borough . —In the Kisi Prius Exchequer : Court this day an action was brought by . Mr . Parkcs , a Birmingham manufacturer of military accoutrements , against Sir . Edward Borough , Bart . ; for . a supply oi arms , & c ., ordered by him as chairman of the "Lawand Order Committee , " in Dublin , during the disturbauces and , political excitement of last year . The case , which was tried before , the Lord Chief Baron , excited considerable interest . The arms were
intended for the equipment of a loyal volunteer corps , but it is alleged that they were not delivered at the time named , and not until the idea of forming the corps : had : been' abandoned ..- At . half-pasfc .-two o ' clock , Mr- Fitegibbon , Q . C ., commenced to state the defendant ' s ease . i . Several members of the bar are subpoened as witnesses . . . . ; - Tuesday . —This ease was brought to a close yesterday afternoon-by . a verdict-for the plaintiff of £ 65 16 s . 6 d . over and above the sum lodged in Court . - -. - ¦ - . — ¦ -- ; '
. Illegal ExiEEinjfAfiojr > -Three " men from Lettermullen , " Stephen . Larkin , Patrick O'Donnell , and Marihi "Plaheriy , hare been committed to the county ; gaol by A . W . Blako , Esq ., charged upon a coroner , s warrant with having caused the death of Catherine Flaherty , by illegally levelling her house . We understand that instructions' have been given by the law advisers of the Crown not to admit to bail in this case . '" .. ' , " ::. ' ¦• . "" , y ;\; 17 . " . 7 . "Wednesday . —Awful State , of the / Countby . — Alluding ^ to the trials of the quarter sessions : of Castlebar , which terminated on Saturday last , the Mayo Constitution observes— "Boys—little creatures who were only tall enough to see over the rail ofthe dock—were tried for petty larcenies ; . of food , to which they had been driven by the pang ' s of hunger . They almost all pleaded ' guilty , ' and in the first instance prayeg and entreated Of the Court to trans-
Dublin, Saturday.—Tub Cholera.—The Epide...
port them , as they had no means of existence , and should starve before the poor law would aid them ; and when they frequently found that the humane assistant-barrister hesitated as to what amount of punishment he should inflict after they had already undergone a sufficiently long imprisonment for t he offence , they endeavoured to coerce the Court to pass a sentence of transportation , by stating that it scrit back to prison they would commit some great crime which would ensure their , being expatriated . During one of these trials a policeman proved that he had found several of the parties eating seaweed . " The State Prisoners . —Smith O'Brien and the other three state prisoners will be sent to Van Diemen ' s Land in her Majesty ' s ship Swift , ordered to the Pacific station .
Belief of ihe Destitute .- ^ -Lord Dufferin , a young nobleman whose property is situate in Ulster , has forwarded to the General Central Relief Committee £ 400 as his second subscription . Previous to this donation , Lord Dufferin had subscribed £ 100 towards the funds of that benevolent and wellmanaged voluntary association . House-levelling at Toomevara . —The Tipperary Vindicator states that the evicted tenants m this miserable village are in a most deplorable condition , and that one of the temporary sheds erected by the outcasts was burned down on Thursday . The adjacent auxiliary workhouse is crowded by persons eiecfed from the houses levelled by tho bailiffs of the landlord . New Temporal Peer for Ireland . —John
Cavendish Baron Kilmaine has been chosen by a majority of votes to be the peer to sit in the House of Iiords ofthe United Kingdom , in the room of Archibald Earlof Gbsford , deceased . Fatality on a Wedding-day . —A Bridegroom and Bride Buried Alive . —An occurrence of an extremely melancholy character—the more so , perhaps , from the somewhat romantic circumstances with which it was associated—took place on the evening of Friday last , in the immediate neighbourhood ofBelfast , and created general commiseration for the peculiarly lamentable fate of the sufferers , Patrick Breen , a private ofthe 13 th Light Infantry , and Sarah , his wile , to whom he had been united only a few hours previously , at the office ' of the
district registrar . The facts are as follows -. —James Carson , on being examined by the coroner , stated that he was employed as a labourer in a sandpit belonging to Mr . J . Millar , at Ulsterville , near the Institution of the Deaf and Dumb and the Blind . About half-past six o ' clock on Saturday morning , 'on proceeding to work there , he found that since he had last been to the pit , on Wednesday evening , there had been an extensive fall of sand from a particular part of the bank . 3 S o sand had been removed from the p lace by carts on Priday evening . On shovelling away about two loads of the sand , ne was astonished to come upon a woman ' s bonnet , and , immediately after , upon her bare head . He communicated the circumstances to another person employed about the pit , named Hull , and then sent for
his master . The police wore also informed of the accident before any more sand was removed from the bodies . It was obvious that the crown ofthe female ' s bonnet had been driven in by the fall ofthe sand . That portion of the bank directly under which the deceased persons must have been sitting was overhanging greatly on "Wednesday evening . It was proved that the young woman had left the house where she was living about six o ' clock on Priday evening , and had afterwards been SCGU ' walking with the soldier , her husband , on tho Botanicroad , whence they were traced to the New Dublinroad to the vicinity of the spot where their bodies were found . It was clear that , as a heavy shower fell about seven o ' clock , they had taken shelter
from the rain under the bank which overwhelmed them . The verdict was , of course , from the evidence given—the only testimony that could be adduced— ' ' Accidental death . " It appeared that not less than from ten to twelve tons of sand had fallen upon the ill-iated couple , thus entombing them alive , and that at least four cart-loads of this landslip required to be removed before their position was exactly ascertained . The age of each ofthe deceased was about twenty-six . The young woman , a native of Dromore , and whose , maiden name , we have been informed , was Smith , was a domestic servant in a respectable family in the Botanic-road . The soldier was a native of Dublin , had enlisted there about four years ago ; and bore an excellent character in his regiment . Both were , on Sabbath afternoon last , committed to ORB grave , in Fl'iai'S
bush burying-ground , to which place they were accompanied by a portion of the band of the 13 th , and of the company in which the deceased young soldier was enrolled . The Crops . —The Cork Constitution of yesterday , says : — " The markets are beginning to be plentifully supplied with new potatoes , and in no case is there any appearance of disease . The ash-lcaved kidneys were offered on sale on Saturday , at Od . pcrB > . ; inferior sorts as low as 3 d . The commencement of next month may be reckoned on , should the disease not visit us , for a show of potatoes in market fully equal to that of former years . As it is , they aro remarkably forward this season , "Loads" of new potatoes arc beginning to appear in some of the country markets , and in the "West the price is declining . As to the corn crops , nothing could be more gratifying than the accounts , and the weather is most auspicious .
Communication with England . —The ever-changing Post Office authorities are about to make another alteration in the despatch of the mails from Kingstown to Holyhead . It is arranged , that on and after the 5 th of My the morning packet will leave Kingstown at half-past twelve , instead of five minutes after eleven as at present ; and the evening boat will be despatched at half-past seven , instead of half-past six .
Tefje Urotouices. \]
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Wj*Ua>J "^«W™ Or, -.K.S , Juixcasmite.—O...
WJ * ua > J " ^« w ™ or , -. K . s , JUiXCAsmitE . —On Saturday _ morning last , about sis o ' clock , a fearful explosion of fire-damp , attended with a serious loss of life , took place at Laffax Coalpit , near St . Helen ' s in this county . The pit is the property of Mr , J . T , Johnson , of Runcorn , the shaft , which is about 160 feet deep , being driven into the Bushy-park Mine . A new shaft has recently been driven in the neighbourhood , hut the explosion occurred in a - "stent" which forms part of some old workings begun some seven or eight years ago . The miners , it appears , commence work at four o ' clock in the morning , and at the time the
accident occurred there were from sixty to seventy persons in the jph . The . explosion was most violent , and some idea of iu force mav : be gathered from the fact that one of the heavy planks forming the head gear outside , used to tighten the conducting rods , was blown into the air .- In descending , we regret to say , the heavy mass of limber fell upon the "brow-man" ( the . person appointed to receive the coals at the pit mouth ) , and fiaetiired his skull . The poor fellow did not long survive the injuries he bad sustained . The most intense anxiety-prevailed asto the fate of those below , and no time was lost in their recovery . Four were broutrht nn dead , d ' wi
twenty-two were found tohave been- Seriously h > 1 ^™ , ! * - ^ - ' rgeon , at St . Helen ' s , was JS 3 S 2 ' ° i ^^ and rendered all' necessary ™ Sfn ^ V- ^ F - - The names ofthe killed are John Derbyshire ( the brow-man ) , Bobcrt Korcross , Thomas Atherton , John Hbljieux , and John Bradbury . The two latter are bovs th 7 three firstmarried , with families de ^ ndmi ' nUon them for support-: Jn addition to flw & iffi & hS beenso dangerously wounded that they arehot e ™ pected to recover . As in all similar accidents the cause ofthe explosion is unknown . It is coniectared , however that one of the workmen must have laid aside his safety-lamp and been working with the naked candle , It certainly sp eaks well for the
Wj*Ua>J "^«W™ Or, -.K.S , Juixcasmite.—O...
ventilation of the mine generally that all the colliers were recovered from the pit within two hours after tho accident . Every workin ^ caia ^ v Johnson s omnlnv is we learn , furnished with a lamp , and the SvKeK & i * heir use ( especially in the oldwoSsl » , V . detection , be instant disml fionT ME-v-KiiiEn at RoxBimon -On the 20 th inst an accident occurred at the railway-bridge new building at Boxburgh , over the Teviot , on the line ofthe felso , and St . BoswelTs branch of the Edinburgh and Hawick Railway . The bridge consistsof a number of stone piers , all of which are up to their intended height , andihe arches are in course of formation . The abutment on the north side ofthe river , and the second pier from it , rest on each side
of a very deep quarry , out of which the Stones to build the bridge have been worked ( this part ofthe structure not being in the river ); and between these there was an intermediate pier , over which , at the time of the accident , rested one of the large heavy travelling cranes used iu lifting blocks 6 f stone and other weights ; the crane , however , as we understand , did not rest upon the pier , but rested upon a self-supporting service way . Between five and six o ' clock eight men were on the crane , engaged in the work of springing the two arches , and a number of others were working in the quarry beneath , a depth of from eighty to ninety feet ; when ,
without giving any warning , the pier m question gave way with a sudden crash , precipitating the eight men , the unfinished part of the arches , and the wooden framework underneath , into the abyss below , and burying those employed there in the ruins . Surgfcalassistance was promptly sent for , and the dead , as they were taken from the ruins , and survivors who were in a state to be removed , were , after being attended to , conveyed to their homes . Several of the unfortunate men were shockingly mutilated , It was stated that there are eight who were either killed by the faling rubbish , or who died soon after being taken out .
Utility of the Telegraph . —On Monday _ morning a pleasure trip left Birmingham for Lincoln , with about 3 , 000 persons ; a few hours afterwards great excitement was caused in the former town by a report that an accident had occured , and that five hundred persons were killed . The railway station was instantly besieged by anxious inquirers ; the electric telegraph was immediately called in aid , and in a few minutes intelligence was received that the whole party had arrived safely in Lincoln . The report of such an accident seems to have been a most cruel hoax .
The Effec ts of ihe Danish Blockade vros the Traue op Hull . —Hull is still suffering from the continuance of this blockade a degree of mercantile depression unprecedented during anumber of years . Week after week have the foreign correspondents of some of the daily journals stultified themselves by reiterating on dits of the certainty of an immediate suspension of hostilities . This fact renders the repetition of the same statements within a day or two past utterly valueless . Meanwhile our noble steamers are laid up , as if it were the middle of winter ; the quays , at this season of the year generally insufficient for the temporary disposal of the bales landed upon them , now present vacant areas ; and the hundreds of labourers ordinarily engaged in the landing , unbinding , or transhipping of cargoes , stand all the
[ day idle for the want of employment necessary to the support of themselves and families , apart from parish relief . It has been ascertained by actual inquiry , that there are upwards of 2 , 000 men out of work in this port at the present moment ; and on these not fewer than 4 , 000 women and children are dependent . During the past week we have had neither arrivals from , nor departures for , Hamburg ; and the vessels which were recently refused an entrance to the Elbe have had their cargoes unladen . Every day adds an incalculable amount of individual distress , suffering , and want to the already vast aggregate with which the working classes in Hull are now afflicted , and the baneful influence of which is rapidly extending to the tradesmen and middle classes at large .
SuTEBSTinox rx Suffolk . —A farmer , in Mildenhall , got into his head that himself , family , and stock , were bewitched by a poor blind woman , living at Eriswell , about two miles distant . A few days since he walked over to Eriswell , for the purpose of drawing blood from the poor creature , which would , as he conceived , withdraw himself , family , and stock , from her power ; he met her in the street , followed her into a public house , and there accomplished his purpose of drawing blood
from her , by scratching her hands with a nail . He has since been fined one shilling and costs by the magistrates lor the assault . —Jpsiwcfc Express . Fatal Accident . —A fatal accident occurred to Mr . Hill , jun . ( ofthe firm of Hill , Hoof , and Hill , contractors on the Birmingham and Stour "Valley Bail way ) , on Tuesday evening . On his return from Great Bridge , where the recent colliery explosion took place , to his residence at Haudsworth , near Birmingham , Mr . Hill was thrownfrom his horse and killed on the spot .
The Cholera. Precautions And Treatment.—...
THE CHOLERA . Precautions and Treatment . —The subjoined is the substance of a notification on the prevention of cholera , issued by the General Board ol Health . It repeats the statement that the cholera is not contagious , so that panic , flight from the sick , quarantine regulations , isc , under that imaginary supposition , arc supererogatory evils . The notification warns the guardians of the poor , parochial boards , & c , that they will be called upon to put the Xuisances , & c , Act into operation ; and supplies them with much useful , distinct , and specific advice , as to the mode of doing so . The boards will have to institute visits from house to house , especially in " dangerous" districts ( marked out by
prevalence of typhus and other epidemics ); f . o enforce internal and external cleansing of dwellings , with removal of filth , decaying animal and vegetable matters , and whatever produces atmospheric impurity ; to give directions for obtaining dryness and ventilation , moisture being an active cause of cholera ; to supply the poor with information , to aid them with physic , and to remove destitute patients to proper asylums ; general cholera hospitals not being recommended . The premonitory symptom is diarrhoea , often without pain , mostly of a very mild character . During the prevalence of cholera diarrhoea demands instant attention ; the slightest degree of looseness ofthe bowels ought not to be neglected . The proper remedies at this stage are— " Twenty
grams ot opiate confection , mixed with two tablcspoonsfuls of peppermint-water , or with a . little weak brandy and water , and repeated every three or four hours , or oftener if the attack is severe , until the looseness of the bowels is stopped ; or an ounce of the compound chalk mixture , with ten or fifteen grains ofthe aromatic confection , and from five to ten drops of laudanum , repeated in the same manner . Prom half a drachm to a drachm of tincture of catechu may be added to this last if the attack Is severe . Half these quantities should bo given to young persons under fifteen , and still smaller doses to infants . It is recommended to repeat these remedies , night and morning , for ! some days after tho looseness of the bowels has been
stopped . ; ,-u , J ]> iet should be moderate . Every variety of green vegetables , cooked or not , and all kinds of fruit , raw , cooked , dried , or preserved , should be avoided . The wholesome articles of vegetable diet are ; wellbaked bread ( not new ) , rice , oatmeal , and good potatoes . Diet should be solidrather than fluid , and principally animal food ; avoiding salted and smoked meats , pork , salted fish and shell-fish . Avoid acid drinks of allkinds , ginger beer , and ardent ; : spirlts . Above all , be moderate during the whole duration of the epidemic period . 7 " One single act of ^ discretion has , in many instances , been followed by a speedy and fatal attack . " In proof , during the former visitations of this country , "the most frequent
and deadly attacks were those which took place in the middle of the night , a fewhours after a heavy suppe * . " ., Three fafal cases at . fiamburg ,: recently , were those of sailors who had . just taken plums and seur beer . Two fatal eases at Sunderiand , recently , were those of drunkards who defied warnings . ^ , i - . C lothing should be warn ,. ' , with flannel . nextthe skin j , the feet kept dry and warm ; clothes cbahgea after exposure to wet or moisture sitting-rdoms and bed-rooms kept well ah ^ ed , dry , and warm . - Purgatiyemedicines of , all kinds must be avoided ; Glauber salt s , Epsom salts , and , Seidlitz ; powders , in any quantity , are dangerous ; also senna , 7 colpcynth , and aloes , except under medical advice . ' 7
; . Wiien seized , with cold , giddiness , nausea ,, voniituig , and . cramp ,, get into awarm bed ; use . jheated flannel , bags of hot camomile flowers , of heated bran , ' salt , or sand , or . hottles of hot water . to produce warmth ; have . . the extremities stubbed ; . s apply :. ; a large poultice of mustard and vinegar over the region of the stomac h for fifteen or ; twenty minutes ; drinki every half hour , a spoonful , of sal volatile in a little hot water , or a dessertspoonful of brandy in a little hot , water , or white wineiwhey ( made by pouring one glass of sherry into a tumbler of hot : milk ); and sendfor the doctor as quickly , as possible . .- ; , Districts . are seldom visited by the epidemic for a longer period than a few months , or even a few weeks . Preventives of cholera are equally appli-
The Cholera. Precautions And Treatment.—...
cable as preventives of Hyphus or other recurrent epidemics . . ~ r-r-rr ^ zS
Glocesier, Saturday.—"Within The Last Th...
Glocesier , Saturday . — "Within the last three davs , the . cholera , which broke out here some weeks ago , and has been lingering in tho low parts ofthe city ever since , has increased to a serious extent , and a larger number ' of deaths have taken place since Thursday , than in any corresponding period since its first outbreak . About 100 cases altogether have been reported here , of which number very nearly one-half have proved fatal , while the recoveries are much less . It is a curious fact , that the disease broke out in the very same spot as m 1832—viz ., in a close and unhealthy court branching out of one of the " principal thoroughfares ( VVestgate-street ); and'where the inhabitants are very poor and dirty ; This is one ofthe lowest localities
in the town , and the disease spread thence along a district containing a similar population , " and living in small streets near to a ditch full of fetid water , the exhalation from which poison the whole neighbourhood . The authorities are about "building a cholera hospital , and are taking every step considered advisable for the preservation of the public health . The superintending inspector from the Board of Health , who some months ago was occupied some days in inspecting the whole city , has just sent in his report . . From this it appears that almost the whohvof the drainage here is surface drainage ,. and that when culverts are constructed they are totally inadequate to the purposes for which they were made . A thorough system of drainage by culverts
and sewers is proposed for the whole city . Bristol . —Dr . Sutherland visited Bristol last week , having been commissioned by the Board of Health to examine into the causes ofthe occurrence of cholera , and also "into the means adopted for preventing its spread . Dr . Sutherland had proposed remaining among us for some days had he not received a peremptory summons to attend at Swansea . We understand that he expressed his approval of the very prompt , energetic , and judi : cious measures adopted by the , corporation of the poor , and particularly urged the necessity for paying , as far as practicable , daily domiciliary visits in the poorer districts , with a view to the detection and early treatment ofthe premonitory symptoms .
The total number of cases in this city from the outbreak ofthe disorder has been 75 ; of which number 33 have died , 13 been cured , and 20 remain under treatment . With one or two exceptions all of them have been from Redcross-streefc and its neighbourhood . It is exceedingly gratifying to know that there lias been no case of confirmed cholera since Tuesday , and only three cases of diarrhoea with choleraic symptoms , neither of which has proved fatal . Diarrhoea prevails to a considerable extent , but where properly attended to it readily yields to treatment . A rice house for the poor has been opened . —Bristol Mercury . _ The Manufacturing Districts . —Reports continue to gain ground that cases of cholera are
occurring in the manufacturing districts of Lancashire , but great doubt exists as to whether they have been of the true Asiatic kind . Mr . Grainger , ofthe Board of Health , has been to Manchester and Salford during the last week , and preparations have been made for the dreaded disease , should it appear . Hospitals have been fitted up with a large number of beds ; but certain it is there has been no call for them so far . The only well-authenticated casein Manchester during the past week has been that of a little girl in Cupid's-alley , Dcansgate—one ofthe neighbourhoods to which the most poor and squalid of the inhabitants resort for shelter . Mr . Grainger visited the child , and said there could be no doubt that it was suffering from Asiatic cholera ; the case ,
however , had taken a favourable turn , and the girl was likely to recover . Besides hospitals for the sick , it is proposed to have places for shelter in which , should the decease appear in a malignant farm in any of the houses of the poor , those who have not been seized may seek refuge till danger has abated , or until they can find a new abode . Leeds . —We are glad to report that this disease has not materially extended itself in this borough . Only one new case has occurred in the town of Leeds since our last . It is that of the wife of a labourer residing at the bottom of Sykes ' -row and Harper-street . The family reside in a cellar dwelling , which is necessarily defective in ventilation , and is also badly drained , whilst one of the street
sewers has an opening near the place . Some time ago they were in receipt of parish relief , but this had been discontinued in consequence of the husband having obtained work , and as a proof that tlicy were not in necessitous circumstances , it may be mentioned that at the time the woman was removed from her house to the Mendicity -office , the family were eating boiled pork , new bread , and cabbage , all of which rather tend to predispose them for receiving the disease than otherwise .. The woman was first attacked with diarrhoea on Saturday last , and on Sunday , after baking two stone of flour into
bread , she became seriously ill , and in the afternoon , after Mr . Buhner , surgeon , had been called in , she was removed to the Mendicity-office , where she died on the following morning . The case is said to be a most marked and decided case of Asiatic cholera . Since Monday , there have been no further severe cases and no deaths . Three cases have , however , occurred at Hunslet Moor-side , two of which have proved fatal . The guardians have determined , should it be necessary , to appropriate the Mendicity-office for the reception of " patients ; and sanitary operations , Such as cleansing and whitewashing , are now going on in the worst parts ofthe
town , Castletown . —In our last we stated that in the course of a few hours six members of one family had been carried off by cholera . A seventh has since died . Various rumours then became current—some of a most extraordinary and preposterous character , which induced the Rev . James Coles , a most able and active magistrate , to communicate to the coroner , W . Brewer , Esq ., some of the circumstances that had reached him ; and also , for the satisfaction of the public mind , to suggest that it would be
expedient to hold an inquest on view of the body . The coroner concurred in the propriety of Mr . Coles' views ; and an inquest was held at Castletown , on Saturday last , on view of the body of William Thomas , aged 23 . A post-mortem examination was made by Mr . James , Pill-road , Newport . The jury , having heard the medical evidence , returned a verdict that the deceased " Died of Asiatic cholera , " in which verdict tlie coroner entirely concurred . It was then determined not to exhume the other bodies .
Manchester , Monday . —There is no longer any doubt about this dreadful disease having exhibited itself in Manchester . Tho wife of an Irish immigrant , named Bernard Byrne , died on Thursday week last , and the neighbours reported that she had been seized with the cholera . A surgeon , who saw the corpse , also expressed his opinion that she had died of Asiatic cholera ; but the husband denied it , and attributed his wife ' s death to the want of food . A sub-inspector of police visited the house where he and his four children were lodging , No . 2 , Back New Mount-street , on Saturday , and caused the house to be whitewashed and cleansed . On Sunday last , Byrne attended service at St . Chad's Catholic Chapel , and whilst there was seized with cholera
himself . He was removed to the hospital fitted up by the board of guardians , in Canal-street , and Mr . Jfoble , surgeon , was called in to visit him as soon as possible ; but he died in the course of afew hours . His son was scized . with the same disease afterwards , and has been placed in the same hospital , under the care of Mr , Noble , but is likely to . recover . The other three children of the unfortunate man have been removed to Tib-stroct workhouse , as a place of refuge . On Monday morning , a woman residing in the same house where Byrne had been lodging , was seized with cholera—making the fourth case in that one house . From the statement of Byrne it appears that he and his family , in all six persons , wore shipped from Ireland at a charge of lOd . per
head , and landed in Liverpool , in a complete state of destitution , where they took up their abode in Porter-street , a neighbourhood in which the cholera had made its appearance ; and they , left Liverpool and came to Manchester at the commencement- of last week . He refused to apply to the board of guardians for relief on Saturday , when pressed to do so by the police inspector , on the ground that they would pass him back to Ireland . . Winifred Hines died at the hospital in Canal-street , on Tuesday morning ; : Ihe son of Byrne is recovering ., The house . in which they lodged is ' in one . of the worst parts of Manchester , in a sanitary point of view , ' being situated in Angel Meadow ; and there were twenty-two inmates at the time , Byrne ' s wife died .
The authorities have caused the bedding to be destroyed , . and the bouse to . be closed , a temporary asylum having been providedI for the inmates elsewhere . Monday . —More Deaths from Cholera in the MiLLBANKPRisoN .- ^ -Fbur inquests were held before Mr . Bedford ; in the Millbank Prison , on tho bodies of Esau Troughtoii , agealSS , ' : Joseph Green , aged Si , and Joseph Lindall , aged 34 j prisoners , who died . of Asiatic cholera . The deceased Troughton had been for several months in the ; infirmary labouring under chronic ophthalmia ; and expected to be sent . out of the prison to an invalid hulk ' , where lis had a strong desire to go . He was told that he must / wait a short tune , and witness had no doubt that the disappointment and tlio consequent "depress
sionof mind predisposed him to tho attack . Lmdall , ' another ofthe -deceased persons , . who was under sentence of transportatidn < for ^ ltfe ,- was ' also in a very'distressed state > of . mindj evidently feeling acutely his degraded , position . This probably predisposed him to the cholera , but ho had been previously . suffering , from ! diarrhoea . In answer to questions , from the jury , . Dr . Baly said the , cases of cholera were not confined to one jpart of thei prison . In the winter ifcieame ^ from ; . quite a different spot from where . it hadrecentlyappeared . Ho had seen nothing in the prison to lead to > the belief that the disorder was contagious . The locale of diet , which , under present circumstances , included beer , ' - ^ as nowtho most liberal of any prison in England , verdict in all cases , ' * Died from A sialic cholera . "
Glocesier, Saturday.—"Within The Last Th...
A" ^ vfh ~ in ^ m elt wa ^ Jonathan bJS ^ SS mS « * this oww ***^ the same disorder . '"' „„„ ¦"¦¦ BERMONDSEY . On Monday evening , ^ J ^^^ ctaSB resumed the invest on the body , of VJtjMUW Murphy , who died of cholera , caused , a > it was alleged , by the filthy state of the house in which she resided , in Griffith ' s-rents , ^ ^^ i f'A . Mr . Grainger , the medical inspector ^ oi wit Board of Health , stated ; that he had examined tne premises , No . 26 , Griffith ' s-rents , on the ; Mtliot June . He was directed to make an inspection of several parts ofthe Union of St . Olave ' s to see how far the directions of the Board of Health as to nlfiansinir : < fcc . had been carried into effect . He of Jonathan
found that something had been done , , for the medical-officer had been requested some time since to report upon those localities where fever was particularly prevalent ; Mr . Corner also stated to witness that a Sanitary Committee had been appointed to carry into effect the cleansing of the various courts and alleys ; :: The description he was about to read of Griffith ' s-rents 'was written previously to this inquiry . The report produced stated that in company with Mr . M'Mullen , the Catholic clergyman ofthe district , who had been most indefatigable in the exertion he had made , he had inspected this place . A part of the houses had been pulled down by the railway company , and there were many holes full Of black filthy water . A gutter ran through
the centre of the court , and the exit for the water being at the higher end , of course none of it ran off . There was a privy on the premises , from which the soil escaped , and the yard ' was filled with fetid fluid . The room occupied by a widow and her five children in the house adjoining was in a shocking state , and fever had repeatedly occurred in that room ; The general state ofthe court showed that the cleansing and scavenging had been much neglected , and the inmates of this court must have been feourly exposed to the danger of severe epidemic disease . The interiors of the houses were in a
filthy state , and clearly showed that the powers intrusted to ' the Board of Guardians had not been exercised . These powers had been explained to the guardians , and their duties and the best mode of carrying them into effect had been advertised in the London Gazette of November 6 , 184 S ; Mr . Grainger said also that it was important that it should be generally known that the act of Parliament charged the whole of the responsibility in these matters on the Boards Of Guardians , and the fact of there being another body empowered to superintend the cleansing of courts and alleys in the parish did not exonerate them .
¦ ' In answer to a question from the coroner , a juryman stated that the trustees of the property were ¦ Mrs . Gelling ,-Mr . Cox , and Mr . Edwards . Li answer to another question , Mr . Grainger said that he did not know that there were no privies on the other side of the court . A Juror said that there were no privies on one side , and that the privies on the other side were common to all the inhabitants , Mr . Slee , the vestry clerk of St . John ' s , stated that he was secretary to a local sanitary
association , which for the last ten years had done much good in the parish by its attention to these matters . They had repeatedly endeavoured to purchase a portion of this Griffith's-rents , with a view of removing it , for the property as it then was was a disgrace to any man to hold . . ¦ Mr . Grainger , in continuation , said that he had on the 14 th of June recommended that hospital accommodation for those who were sick in Griffith ' srents should be provided by the parish authorities , and that the houses should at least be thoroughly cleansed and whitewashed . ; '
Miv Powell said that all the houses had had good barrel drains originally , but thegrounds bftherailway which adjoined were so much higher than the yards of those places that the dirt was knocked-over and filled up the drains . Mr . Corner ' s clerk , who was present , said that the report made by Mr . Grainger on the 14 th was not received by the board . until the 21 st , as they only met once a week . They used formerly to refer all these matters to the commissioners of paving .-Mr . Giulvger said that the late act of parliament expressly fixed the responsibility on the Board of Guardians , without reference to any boards for cleansing , « fcc ., which might exist under any local act , and notice of this fact had been given to every
board of guardians m the kingdom . The Coroner said that if inconsequence ofthe neglect ofthe guardians death had occurred they were responsible for it . Here was a death occurring inconsequence ofthe filthy state of these premises , which the board of guardians should have kept clean . The law was plain on this subject in reference to the right of the Board of Health to direct the boards of guardians , who were bound to enforce the measures necessary for the public safety . If they could not compel the occupier ofthe premises to make the necessary alterations , they were bound to do it themselves , and take their remedy against the owner . The Board of Health ought to institute a prosecution in such cases , and he felt quite sure that juries would be found who
would fix the responsibility upon the guardians . Ho could not hel p feeling that if the guardians did not discharge their duty in a paper way , and death was thus caused , they were responsible for it , and measures must be taken to make them so , and he would go so far as to say that such a case amounted to the crime of manslaughter . lie wished that some one of the guardians was present , and / indeed he could see no reason why it was not so , unless they were afraid to come . There was ,, however , a difficulty in bringing the state of these houses home to the knowledge of the guardians , but at any rate they were boundto send an officer to inspect such places as might have been visited by any disease , and to report upon their state .
Mr . Leadham , the medical officer , stated that he had been directed to visit several places , and amongst others this Griffith ' s-rents . On the 14 th of June he prepared a report respecting this place , and sent it to the board . A copy of that report had , he believed , been sent by tho board to the paving commission . [ At the request of the coroner a copy of this report was sent for and produced . It characterised the place as ill-paved , ill-drained , and likely to be productive of disease . There was a gully-hole at the corner so offensive as to cause
passengers to cross the street to avoid it , and the privies and cesspools were in a disgusting state . ] Witness is a member of the paving commission . When tho report was presented to the board of guardians , Mr . Smith , the chairman , ordered it to be referred to the commissioners of paving , as the usual channel by which these , improvements were enforced . That report did not come under the consideration ofthe commission till their next meeting , a week after . The predisposing cause of cholera was the unhealthy atmosphere and want of food .
Mr . Grainger said that the most powerful predisposing cause of cholera was bad drainage . Mr . Payne said that ho did not wish to take Mr . Smith by surprise ; and , therefore , before deciding upon such a step , as committing him upon a charge of manslaughter , ho should take time for further inquiry . He had a strong opinion that the state of this court led to these attacks of cholera and tho consequent deaths , and the condition of the place had been communicated to the board on the 13 th of June . The board transferred the duty of attending to it to somebody else , hut tho jury had no business to look to anybody else , as the board was the responsible authority for the execution of this particular duty . The case was clear that they had had this report , of which they had taken no notice , nor had they enforced the necessary steps ordered by the law . Ho did not wish to do do anything harshl y in the absence of the
parties , although it was tho . duty of the guardians to have been prescnt-i-and they had had- proper notice . He would not , at that time , therefore , ask them to return-a verdict of manslaughter against Mr . Smith and other persons , and send him at once to Newgate on the charge ; but he ' would give him another opportunity to attend ,-and try by some explanation- to ichange bis ; ( Mr . Payne ' s ) present opinion on the subject ., Such a : course would be erring on the safe side , although he was far from intending to trifle hv this matter , for he should certainly act ' as he said ; The case of itself was of very great importance , and" he thought that the ifoard of Health should- pvoswutein -these cases of disobedience to their orders . . 'He : would communicate with thenv on the . matter , arid in the meantime the . inquiry stood adjourned .. ¦ ,..-. ¦ ¦ : At the request , of the jury the inquiry was adjourned to Monday , the 16 th of July .. ? ...
A Waxbteat >,—Bcbween One And Two O'Cloc...
a WAXBTEAT > , —Bcbween one and two o'clock on Saturday last , afire broke out in ' a haystack on the premises of Mr . Richard Plaxton ; known as Cann . hall l arn £ Every assistance that could be obtained S 1 ! y bV 0 ^ t 0 b * > b * * ts Proiing lnenectual ,: a communication ' was made by ' electro dlalMS ^^ JK ?' Btarted ^ scene : ° f 5 cohflagvation .... On the firemen reaching Mr . Phvxton ' s they found . four large staeks ofhay fn one body ^ offlame TdS PWneina exertions w « . i fU ^ U ^ f' ^ !
. ng . buildings ; iupon which the ' engines wereSaS K 'ft £ ' l u « fourNoksofha 7 TOcom ' of ! s ABs ^ i ^^ y ^ BS & m 3 SEBS » 5 fe $ 3 S banker , and at oShne . ? £ , SSf & oS ? SVT brated actress , Miss Mellon ° * ' the cele '
A Waxbteat >,—Bcbween One And Two O'Cloc...
PAST AND PRESENT CONDITION OF LABOUR IN ENGLAND . An exposition of Louis BlascV schemes of social reform , having appeared in the Weekly Chronicle ,: the Editor ; of that paper has been attemp ting to show that the condition of the working classes has , up . to the present time , been constantly improving ;; and that those classes have partaken more largely than any other in the ameliorations which time has effected in society . In reply to the Chronicle the following able article has appeared in the Sp irit of ' the Times ;—I deny in tho strongest manner in ; which denial / , n „ hPtfivmi . the ability of any man to ; correctly PAST 1 ttLft ^• - ¦
compare the present condition of labour with its Past condition . It is the merc stpresumptionto take tables of wages , or othersocial computations , from the past , and compare them withthe same things in the present , and by such means come to any conclusion that can be fully relied upon . Our most truthful and laborious historians have felt this difficulty , and confessed it : it is onlv the pert political economist , to whom the truth of history- is a secondary consideration , that has overlooked it . Impudent assertion , however , cannot always stand in the place of truth , and someday or other the absurd fallacies Of these men must suffer detection and exposure . Hallam , in his celebrated work , the "HlStOryand Governments of Europe during the Middle Ages , " in referring to this matter , says : — fill
" We can trace the pedigree of princes , up the catalogue of towns besieged and provinces desolated , describe even the whole pageantry of coronations and festivals , but we cannot recover the genuine history of mankind .: Ithas passed away with slight and partial notice by contemporary writers , and ' oun most patient industry can hardly at present put together enough of the fragments to suggest a tolerably clear representation of ancient manners and social life . " * And again , Wade , in his " History of the Middle and Working Classes , " page 25 , remarks : — " " It is impossible to judge correctly of the comfort and relative situation of the working classes at different periods , they depend so _ much on circumstances with which we are very imperfectly acquainted . " ; . ;
In fact , all historians who have undertaken to handle this subject give us to understand that the utmost that can be arrived at will only amount to a series of guesses , more or less remote . from the truth , according as our historical knowledge is more or less correct . Wade goes oh to eay that the proportion _ between the rate of wages and the price of provisions is undoubtedly the best criterion by which to judge of the social condition Of the people . If this be true —as there can be no doubt it is—then the propriety of examining with the utmost care into all facts relative to wages and the price of provisions must be most apparent . Authorities should he . examined and evidence weighed with the utmost suspicion and circumspection . The Editor of the Chronicle , however , saves himself a word of trouble on this head , by jumping with the usual newspaper audacity to conclusions which are not warranted by a single particle of historic evidence .
"A century and a half ago , " he writes , "the wages of an English peasant were four shillings , and of a ^ and-loom weaver three shillings per week ; —the price of wheat being then about the same as it now is—fuel , light , and all articles of clothing considerably dearer . Under the influence ofthe modern industrial system the wages of the peasant have more than doubled : and the power-loom weaver thinks eleven shillings per week scanty pay . At the same time the increased abundance of commodities renders a doubled wage fully equivalent to a tripled supply of comforts . . This , you will observe , is an off-hand statement unsupported by any authority , and , therefore , inadmissible as evidence in this case ; and . that its value
may be understood , I shall at once proceed to oppose to it a few of those facts which have been furnished to ' us by those who have made this question a subject of laborious inquiry . " Thomas Ruggles , P . A . S ., one of his Majesty ' s Justices of the Peace for the Counties of Essex and Suffolk , " has written two most-interesting volumes , entitled " Tho History ofthe Poor ; their rights , duties , and tlie laws respecting them . '' This work is full of most interesting facts relative to the past condition of agricultural labourers , one or two of which I shall take the liberty of extracting . He tells us , upon the authority of Sir John Cullum , that in the fourteenth century tho wages of a reaper per day was 4 d . ; wheat thrashed , per quarter , 4 d . ; other grain , 2 d . ; man filling dung-cart , three days , 10 id . ; reaping wheat , per acre , 7 d . ; . mowing an acre of grass , Gd , The of
prices provisions during the same century , as furnished by Fleetwood ' s " Chronieon Pretiosum , " wove as follows : —A pair of shoes , id . ; a stalled or corn-fed ox , 24 s . ; a grass-fed ox , 16 s . ; a fat stalled cow , 12 s . ; a fat sheep , shorn , lid . ; a fat goose , 2 id . ; a gallon of ale , Id . ; In 183 S , aquarter of wheat , 3 s id . ; a quarter of barley , lOd . ; oats , lOd . ; white wine , per gallon , Cd . ; red wine , 4 d . And in the beginning of the next century he givs us the following from the same source : —144 . 0 , labourers per day , without diet , 3 Jd . ; from Michaelmas to Easter , Id . less ; a mower in harvest , without diet , Gd . ; a reaper and carter , without diet , od . Prices of necessaries and provisions from the same computus : |—A cow , 7 s . ; two bushels of whoa-t , 10 J . ; peas , per quarter , 2 s . 2 d . ; gallon of ale , from Id . to lid . ; gallon of red wine , Sd .
The followin g is from other computuscs , dating from 1444 , to 1403 : —Flitch of bacon , Is . Sd . ; gallon of ale . IJd . ; wheat , a quarter , from 2 s . to 4 s . Gii .. this variation in the price of wheat was during a period of twenty years , the lowest price being at the latest date . It would be easy to multiply such statements as the above of tho relative prices of labour and provisions , but enough has been given to show that the wages of labour gave the reci pien t a much larger command over the comforts and necessaries of life than he
now possesses . There is another fact , however , which should bo taken into account at this period of our inquiry , namely , the fact that the supply of labour was not equal to the demand for it . This is proved by an Act passed in tho 23 d year of the roign of Edward tho 3 d , for the purpose of regulating tho wages of labouring men , and the preamble of this Act declares its necessity , by stating that wages had greatly increased in consequence of the scarcity of labour caused by the plague , and the rates of wages already given above , are those which were fixed by the Act , which was the rate paid six years before the plague broke out . At this period other Acts of Parliament wore passed fixing the maximum of wages , a circumstance which' shows that there was a tendency to rise above that previously fixed . It the tendency of wages was downwards tllcp it is obvious that Parliament , if it interfered , could only do so for the purpose of fixing a minimum . have
I now to request my reader to look back at the figures I have given , and he will easily see how fav a day ' s wages would go in furnishing the larder of a labourer ; for mowing- meadows 5 d . per daya fat goose , same date , 2 id . ; that is , two fat geese tor one days . labour . At the present moment . I have no doubt it would take two days' labour of the same kind to buy one fat . goose . A man working three days at filling a dung cart , 10 Jd ., for which ho might have purchased a pair of shoes , < id , a fat goose , 2 id „ a gallon of ale , Id ., and . with another " 1 ' . < W 'J Jilt ' mutton , which makes altogether HJid . Now , at the present- prices ,- thc ? o things would amount to ' about the followingquarter of fat mutton , say 161 b . to the ' quarter , at Od . per lb ., 8 s . ; a pair of shoes , say Cs . ; a fat goose , say 5 s . ; a gallon of ale , savls . ; ' total 20 s . At the present moment a man would have to fill dung-carts , foiv a fortnight to procure the same things . " ' •"' *¦ ' .
; There are many other modes of assisting to decide this question as correctly as it can be decided in the absence of full information , such asthe < rreat increase m tho ^ rates levied for the . support of the poor , but as I shall treat of this part of the subject when considering the condition of our manufacturing population ; - UhaUnbtfurther alludSKre . I may be allowed to mention , -howevW , £ JroR nerlon ^^ Kli n \ * -W * al , ludedto . the-statcments ot Uamel Defoe , made m a letter addressed to Parliament m the year 1704 , entitled " " Giving- ' Alms no Clarity , and Employing th ^ Poor a Grievance to the Nation / ! -In that ^ lettcr he- lays dowh the following as fundamental maxims : — ^! ± ~ 7 " f ¦ ' ? ' in * EngI ? n ( l more : labour than hands to perform it ;• a » d > consequently , a want of people , not of employment . " -- ¦ »' -.. ¦ -,. *
^ i 0 ' ~ r ' ini Englandof soimdlimbs and senses can be poor ' merely from want ™ i work » ¦ - . Whether Defoe fully established'the above positions , need not now be enquired ; it-is-stated however , that Ins pamphlet so powerfull y influenced tho House of Lords , that a ^ bill . 'th en-under ^ consider" ! tion , relative to ^ t-heemploymeut ' orS prevented front paging -intc . law , ^ which faSmavV of truth m the arguments'ho-advanced . ' - ¦ I may ask . however what wo would think of a - man t who now put forth such statements ,-would he ^ ot blW erl sally considered mad ? ' What ^ i-in ,. « v , u 1 merit think of savin ? S + W iZ " ld for a m 0 " work invniru „ A il / D ° 7 that there was moro ™ wp ™ t nd tha » handst 0 performit >? > fuiS * £ oT ^ i ^ (» > I co « W state , ia iciavive to the poor of of our affrienlt . ni . nl . n * t . Wc
, thhf ^ K - ° r ? an 1 vh 0 reads '« ' thinks ia t £ S T \ T h . ^ tte ' Aato-ter . prom enso , or ^ Ooatacre Meeting , or ^ the stat ^ of Dorset / as coS ^ nf ^ , 81 ^^ ^ U'hiu Osborne , inthe columns-of the ? mcs ; these , however , would ex-
, ¦. „ ' * >Ol. Ii., P. 384, T A Computu...
, ¦ . „ ' * > ol . II ., p . 384 , t A Computus Of tlie Prior and Uauous of Duichc-stoj
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), June 30, 1849, page 6, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns2_30061849/page/6/
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