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THE LAND.
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TO THE WORKING CLASSES. Mr FniEsn^-A sit...
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TO DANIEL O'CONNELL, M.P. : ¦ ¦" Sir,—Th...
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fommx JnWtpwe*
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FRANCE. The Middle-Class Despotism.— Sev...
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, .*»???€"***~f**;'y:' ¦ . *'..*"-- V - ...
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, - - j A% ;]SATI0NAL TRADES* JQUBML. a ...
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to * VOL. VIII. NO. 416. , LONDON, SATUR...
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OPENING OF THE PORTS. A most important r...
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Cra0esi , jHobementsi.
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London Tin-plate Workers.—At a numerous ...
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pities* who-have^d^^^ have thesame numbe...
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Transcript
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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The Land.
THE LAND .
To The Working Classes. Mr Fniesn^-A Sit...
TO THE WORKING CLASSES . Mr _FniEsn _^ _-A _sitis of all things necessary that Jwho seek aU the advantages arising from popular Lernment _, should , whenever opportunity offers , _tim-eonr regard for it , I devote this , my first lettoafter my retain fiom the Continent , to a _consi-L-ation of those means by ** _Mcn wema . y tiie moat _Z _edil y place our Land Association upon a safe and Sd f Mting- This can only be effected by popular retam conferred j
l pre 5 entation ; and , _ancemy , lhaving "th _^ _ieDirectorsIvre have come tothe _cnnclusionthat Conference of delegates to arrange the rules , and to perform other requisite business , should take place oacneedUy as possible . The principle of representation "Which I recommended previous tomy departure , to been universally approved of ; and time being an Meet to ns of great importance , we Lave appointed _Tt _fndav theMofDecieniberne _^ _. _Mthedayfort'he _CoDference to assemble at Manchester . " *
] _a ads week ' s _Siaryou will read _iraopinion of eminent counsel npon onr plan . - ' - _TonTrill be pleased to learn not only his legal opinion , tut also'to see "bis t .- 12 | ia pnroTal of the scheme as a civilian . Ton have _jgjn the balance sheet published by the Secretary up to the end of September , by which it appears that at that period we numbered 3 , 500 members , as far as returns enabled him to judge . In thatreturn , Leeds fl at stands high on the list , is not included , as well as many other towns where secretaries have omitted giving the required information so often asked for bv the Secretary . Manchester , also , bad many _jnore members at fhe period to which , the return is tonight , while every locality "has considerably in . creased since the end of the quarter . Taking all
these circumstances into consideration , it is not presuming too much to express a very confident opinion lhat our Association at the present moment numbers FIVE THOUSAND . Is it not glorious to think thata cause that was proclaimed dead has been thus resuscitated , and that the fioth of excitement has heen thus changed into the solid substance of permanent redemption ? My Mends , —Our commencement may be dated fiom the last week of June , so that only four months have elapsed since the birth of our Association . As counsel says , the plan is a novel one , and with you a shrewd and suspicions—because an informed and
oftdeceived people—novelty , if not recommended by practicability , has lost much of its charm . John Bull cannot now be so easily gulled as in "days cf yor e /* when lis ignorance and confidence made him a prey to every prowler . His speculative days . have p assed away , and the hour of thought has arrived . By onr rules you will see that we _anticipated an enrolment of about two thousand members ; aul a year , at least , was the time we had assigned for the completion of that number ; and even that . hope was considered sanguine and romantic . But ,
behold ! in a third of the time we can boast of five thousand " paying members ; that is allowing five to a family , and that the redemption from slaveiy of 25 000 human beings must be followed by the salvation of at least 5 , 000 more of differentjnrocations , weliave insured the permanent and lasting emanci pation of 30 , 000 of our feUow creatures . Tes _, m fiiends , no power * pon earth can MW arrest this happy consummation . Nor does onr labour stop here * : let slaves bnt see 30 , 000 of their class emancipated by a very trifling exertion of their own and all the fetters of slavary must fall .
What an answer—what a proud answer onr position is to those many ""Will o * th' wisps" who would have affrighted yon from the substance to lure you into frenzied speculations , even worse than the railway maze , where , ere long , so many anxious enquirers _vrill imploringly ask of each other the way out of a dilemma into which rash speculation and a rascally subservient press have led so many fools . Supposing that we should now , —or rather upon the
1 st of December , —close the enrolment for the first association , and say that at that time we numbered 6 , 000 members ,, we should have a fund of _£ 15 , 000 to commence operations with , while I feel perfectly confident that the opinion of counsel , the _deliberations of Conference , and tiie adoption of such rules ss onr experience will enable us to lay before you , Till place at onr disposal the required sum of £ 5 , 000 to commence operations early in ihe ensuing year .
Ihave now nearly one thousand pounds more to place to the credit of jonr Treasurer without the deduction of a farthing ; and ynn wiU bo pleased to learn that onr funds ' bear interest at the rate of two and a half per cent ., while the sale of cards and rales , together -with tiie two shillings paid upon each share , vrill makea . fund sufficiently large to cover every expense , evento the making out ofthe tifle of sneh estates as we may purchase , as well as all otelegal _a _^ enses ; without deducting a fraction firan the capital paid on account of shares , which
will be augmented by two and a half per cent , interest The present flourishing condition of our Association enables me now to speakmore confidently upon a subject which * was made a handle of by many would-be _Menfe of the working classes—Imean the question of the People's Charier . Many speculators upon your credulity , who have _livedfor years upon frothy excitement , and who abandoned the agitation ofthe Charter themoment something more profitable _presented itself , endeavoured to persuade you that tiie adoption ofthe Land plan was the abandonment of the Charter .
Just one word to those gentlemen . I give them this bone to pick . I assertthat the possession of the Land , by a Tery small minority ef the people , say 50 , 000 out of 2 _iT , 000 , 000 , that is one in eveiy -5 _W , will give the People ' s Charter before those of ihe 27 , 000 , 000 anxious to possess such a boon will achieve Hie Charter without the Land . Eence in one easel show the facility with which the foundation ofthe People ' s Charter may be laid , while lhave suffered more than any other man living for
having put the cart before the lorse . JNo law , no _eastern , no prejudice , no coercion , no force , no intimidation , no legal penalties can by possibility be brought to bear against ns in our agitation or _co-opeiaiionfor theland , -while every step we take _Issomueh ground g ained ; while upon the other hand we find that any ebullition , any improvement in trade , any speculative application ofthe funds of the wealthy , any whim , prejudice , or caprice ofthe local
niagisfiaey , every nerve , every fibre , every parbcleof the law , every torturing power of capital , in short , all the machinations of hell itself , with a dungeon , ihe transport , -and the gallows , meet the mere political agitators in their every move : the best , ihe bravest , and the most detennined , always bearing the penalty of the folly , the insanity , and the cowardice of the -babblers , the timid , and the livers npon speculation .
I knew that the time of constant employment _"snmld be one of difficulty for the sensible and sincere patriot , but I was consoled with the reflection that the working classes had gained much -wisdom of late years . "What I assert then is , that the possession of ihe land by a Tery small minority will lead to the establishment of the People ' s Charter , before , under the existing disparity of classes , political agitation would lead to the same result . Prussia is a despotism —hut the people possess the land in small quantities . This subdivision has increased prodigiously within iatteryearsand mark its effect . About sixyears ago , _agentleman inthe Chamber ofCommerce at Coblentz
proposed that the people should have a constitution , he was laughed at as a maniac . A few years after he proposed it again and had a Tery respectable minority . Last year he repeated his proposition and had a sweeping majority . I asked the gentleman , who was my informant , what led to the great change ; he took three works of Bulwer ' s and two of _^ Israeli ' s { Coningsby , and the Sybil ) out of his pocket These , said he , the people being in _possesion of land and arms , and the great petition of three
Bullion and a half of the English people called _Charfets , presented to the House of Commons , and their fay magnanimous suffering in prisons for their principles . This gentleman did not know who I was . 1 2 _& ed . himhow Bulwer and D'lsaeli had contributed iowards the improved state of things in Prussia—he showed me their works complete , printed in English for Is . 6 d . each , and ihey are also printed in German . So that that literature , which in England cost £ 1 12 s . 6 U , is sold with a profit in Prassia for Is . 6 d . ' _ThisTgentiemahtoldae that the general opinion _throughout _Prussia . amongst all _glasses _jof society ,
To The Working Classes. Mr Fniesn^-A Sit...
was , that Douglas Jerrold , Lytton Bulwer , D'Israeli , Dickens , _andEugene Sue , were the five _greatliterary wformers of . England ; that Duncombe was the greatest senator , and Sir Robert Peel the ; greatest statesman . Now , I give yoa the conversation precisely aa . it passed . He said that * ffie "late / lord Grey was a man highly esteemed upon the Continent —that ; I _ _pri ; Palmerstptf _waafy _^ ' miiqh respected - _^^ _mfred-r _^ admiration ; _andwhehlasked Mmivhat they thought of Daniel _O'ConneH / he _^ veine _^^ iecisely the same answer that I had received in Switzerland and other countries— "Pooh , he is a Jesuit with a great
commerce "—that means a cunning man having a good trade . He told me that everything coming from Lytton Bulwer and D'Iseraeli carried great weight upon the Continent . I asked him what effect the petition ofthe Chartists had , and his answer was , "My God , like a thunder clap , as before that we thought that their agitation was all to rob the land for themselves and to destroy property . " I was mortified enough to find that he had not mentioned me at all in the catalogue of reformers , and my vanity prompted me to ask who were the leaders of the English Chartists , and if they did any good ? He replied , Feargus O'Connor and other men that
were in prison , _but'that' they did no good as they did not write _anytinng . I . replied , ohi _yesj they have the Northern Star , have " published several tracts , and are governed by ah Executive . Well , but says he , we don't see those things here : they also circulate knowledge S _^ d I by addressing public meetings . Ah , said he , wehave none of that here , we'doall by cheap books . The land being in the possession of the people , the cheap democratic writings of your English authors , and the great consolidation amongst
the English people has forced us on here . Well , add I , and will you get the constitution . Yes , said he , to be sure we will , notwithstanding that all these meetings , of kings ef late are more . for . the purpose of perpetuating the despotism of Prussia , than , as the papers tell us , to promote marriages in Spain . Well , said I , what do you think of Ireland ; is hot there a grand union of a whole nation ? Yes , yes , said he , they are a fine union , but it is all for commerce and not for a constitution . They are laughed at by eveiy sensible man throughout Europe . ; " . " _..- ;'_ ' /'
I show you now , as far as the opinion ofa very intelligent foreigner can have weight , what foreigners look upon as the foundation of a free constitutionpossession of the land and arms , —mind , arms , —the _eUwilaviQu" of cheap _Knowledge , and the ' _cdnsolidaA tion of public opinion . 9 . d _poteess tlie Charter is one thing , aud to achieve it is another thing ; and although . I look upon the possession of the Land by a very small minority ofthe people as the sure road to the People ' s Charter , yet , let it be . distinctly understood , that if I had my choice to-morrow between the People ' s Charter and the possession nf the Land by a million of persons , I would much / prefer the Charter , because it is the great means that through life I have looked to : for the accomplishment of those results which will be nationally / hot partially ,
beneficial . , " 7 " : * . - ;; :: ' My friends , as even yet in our improved state some honest wanderers , deficient in concentration , never can associate political and social questions , I have thought it necessary to be thus explicit upon this point . The impetus given to all branches ' of trade by the insane , headlong speculations in railways , had the effect of merging all political parties of the higher and middle classes into a kind of no-political creed ; Speculation was the order of the day , and , although based upon a fiction , it bad the natural effect of merging all _questions politically interesting to tiie working classes , into the mere immediate consideration _ofemployment and wages . Our . last Chartist
Conference in London , and the subsequent meeting of the Trades in July , was a very significant notice that in bad years you sought the Charter as a means of effecting permanently what you _; now ; * 'enjoy" casually . _Y-ou neglected your Executive _^ , 'Tpo " . _a-han . dosed your principles , or placed them in abeyance . The majority of your leaders sought refuge in novelty . They denounced you , they pointed ' out the weakness of your Association , and madeit still more weak by abandoning it . The return of votes forthe last election of your Executive , did not show _ one-fourth-the number of enrolled Chartists ( and none other had a right to speak' npon _thejubject ) 4 that . our present Land Society numbers ; and they are nearly to a man Chartists . This is an increase of nearly three
hundred per cent , in our _numbere . - I am thus explicit because the failure of the potatoe crop , the bursting of the railway bubble , the threat- of tiie repealj > t the Corn Laws , together with the disaffected state of nearly every people ; upon the continent of Europe , will ere long call you and me into a trying and perhaps dangerous position , not as affects our weakness , but in consequence of the great strength and power which those mighty events muBt inevitably throw into the popular hands .: . The time is coming when we shall require ihuclr wisdom to govern our party—the name of which general discontent will make " LEGION . " . " ' _•' / ::.
In my next letter I shall , be able to point out to you the -vast advantages _iwhiehy bur Land Association must give to its members over those possessed by the most favourably' at _^ ted in any country , even where the people possess the land in small portions .. This letter I was necessarily compelled to devote to our Society and Conference , in order that the necessary arrangements may be speedily made for the elections , and also that the necessary levy for the payment of all expenses " may " be transmitted to the general secretary . We must presume that those who embark their money in the Land Plan will avail themselves of the time how allowed before the meeting of Conference for instructing their
delegates upontheworktobeperformed . The recenttour that Ihave made , and the close attention that I have paidtolhej _^ _temofagrii _^ turemtheseveralcountries through which I passed , and the effect of the possession of the Land by the "working classes upon Govern _^ ments , manners , " habits , and customs , convinces me that England , by a vexy slight exertion ; by a very small minority of the people , may , ' in less than ; two years , demand any constitution that they please , and become the happiest , the _weaHhiesl , and the most enlightened people _^ upon earth . Even now , in the midst of the most degrading slavery ,. we possess advantages which so other people in Europe io
possess—the advantage of meeting and saying what we like , without more danger than the chance of being prosecuted for sedition , which , although bad enough , the Lancaster triumph has pnt putof fashion . - . __ Naw I'll show you the difference . . In no other country do fhe people meet . They are governed wholly and " entirely by the press of the factions , and by military despotism . For instance , I was walking . with aTery well-informed Italian , in a large space of ground called the Place of the Castle , in Milan . At the ' back was a tremendous barrack , with Austrian , Milanese , German , andTyrolesesoldiers , toan enormousamount , stationed in it . In the front was Napoleon ' s celebrated triump hal arch , built of Italian marble , to commemorate his gigantic road over ! the Alps . On the right was the old Koman arena , capable of
holding 30 , 000 spectators , where the gladiators used > fight for the amusement of tie noble and the wealthy of those barbarous days . I observed to my companion that it would be a glorious place for a public meeting . He smiled- ; and I saidnow , suppose that ! understood Italian wellenbugh to make the Milanese sensible of their strengthanddf their degradation , and that I _adtlressed them here , whatj would be the consequence ? Why , that as fast as _erer / . adetachment of miUtary could march from the barrackhere you would be shot dead . The Milanese , ' I assure you , are . well aware ofthe _tyranny they endure » _ and to _^ owyouthatthey _^ renot s _^ eh de _^ _icaldejila TOs _^ you imagine—it requires 13 , M 0 i » _pere ! continuall _stationed in Milan to prevent tl _^ r lising . ; > _Thtj-¦ ¦ ¦ ¦[ _- . ' ¦ ¦ . ¦ _•_ : '" ' ' ¦ ' : . _!' ' . " _^ : t : & £ 3 . _oirf
To The Working Classes. Mr Fniesn^-A Sit...
have taken that castle and burnt it ' _threetimes ; and if they had the same power of meeting and speaking that the English people have , they' . would' be much braver , and a great deal more united and truer to each other . ¦ Whenever they are taken after an outbreak ? they suffer death like martyrs , without a murmur . V ; During the time of the sitting of the Conference at Manchester , I shall address the people of Bolton , and of the other towns in the neighbourhood , of which I shall give due notice , when I hope to'turn my recent tour to the advantage of the working '
classes , and although I have not a single traveller ' s story to tell them , yet I trust that I shall be able to make my lectures instructive and amusing . For the present I need only say , tbat I am more . Land mad than ever , and that every person , both English and foreign , to whom I mentioned my scheme upon the Continent , " approved ofit , and with great earnestness and enthusiasm , one and all observed , " Ah , that ' s the way to break down the * law of primogeniture in Engknd , ; , whi 6 h has been the means of creatingan idle aristocracy and the " great distinction of classes . " - "' ' ¦ . . _" ' . ' . " _.- '
; :.. S _. nceI wrote my last letter for the -Star I have seen Land on the side of mountains that sells for _£ 1000 an acre , - with a slate surface and ; hot two inches " of soil ; _"l l _^ d b _^ npt mea n to say _that-i t is use d for ordinary _purjip _^ of _^ iculture ; it is used for the propagation of vines , which ;! feel convinced ; may be cultivated in many parts of England in the open air . Ihave also seen Land cultivated for ordinary purposes nearly to the very summit of high mountains , while the anti-monopolists of England would tell us that the very best of our Land was scarcely worth cultivating , because it will not produce the very best description of wheat . But always observe , my friends , that as wheat is gold , and diamonds , and rubies , and _Hightingales / and canary birds , and horses , and carriages , so are cabbages , and potatoes
and milk , and butter , and tares , and mangel wurzei , and oats , and barley , and flax , ( some of which all land will produce ) because all can be exchanged for wheat , and according to a fair' standard of the relative value of the commodities .. But you cannot exchange your labour , hired to another , for wheat according to the relative value of the produce of your labour and wheat . Always bear that in mind , that my tand Plan is to ' make _: you independent of masters / to give you the full and entire , benefit of the produce of your own labour , and to place you in such a situation that you will think it worth your wi toa < _jmand ywr . fWl share _oflegisktionjn a country in which you have , in truth , a " STAKE in the hedge . " Ever your faithful friend and Servant , . _; FjBMlGUS O'CONNOK .
To Daniel O'Connell, M.P. : ¦ ¦" Sir,—Th...
TO DANIEL O'CONNELL , M . P . : ¦ ¦" Sir , —The great object of your life has been to persuade the Irish people that from domestic government alone can they expect justice or protection . Hitherto your speeches halve but gone to point out the injustice of England towards the Irish . Tou have abounded in theory and speculation , while at all times you have attached paramount importance to what you call practicability . When you failed to find assailable peints in your opponents _or'frienoV for sometimes you make but little distinction between
them—the charge of impracticability has come extensively to your aid . " Now , sir , you have a glorious opportunity of squaring your practice with your theory . You have at your command a well-organised association , who , in works of acknowledged right , must obey you without a murmur , however you may dread their revolt as mercenaries for general service . - .. You have before you millions of your countrymen wrung to the heart and tortured by . the anticipation of starvation , in consequence of the "failure of their only food , ; . while in _^^ the same journals which daily , and weekly notice the increase of this national malady ; we find a' day appointed for gathering-tribute from their poor resources . I cannot for a moment believe it possible that you win ' abstract a ' mite from the
slender means upon which their very existence must depend . Such being my . opinion , air , I would respectfully submit the following course for your consideration . Allow the tribute to go on , announcing that it shall be devoted to a sustenance fund for the next ten months—the shortest period that can be assigned to the famine . Say it reaches £ 20 , 000 , and that your association , after its vast receipts , has £ 20 , 000 more in its exchequer ; proclaim to the world that the weekly receipts for the same period ( ten months ) , shall be applied to the same purpose . You may then fairly estimate it at £ 1000 per week , and truly call it Conciliation Hall , as men of all classes and all countries would cheerfully contribute their mite . " ... . .
¦ These amounts would place at your disposal a sum of £ 80 , 000 . Dissolve your association ; except for the purposes that I have mentioned , until famine ceases . Let its members , who Bave lived sumptuously upon Irishbounty , _relinqiushall emolument for ten months . Let them go into the most distressed districts , inquire , with the aid of the Catholic and Protestant clergymen , for those most requiring aid , and mete it out at the rate of say two shillings a week to each
family . This , with what they can earn , will enable them to live during the famine , and ; what is equally important , will enable them to lay by a little for the purchase of seed potatoes for next year . A family requiring this aid for the whole period of forty weeks would receive £ 1 ; and thus the £ 80 , 000 would give relief to 20 , 000 families , which , allowing five to a family , would embrace 100 , 000 Irishmen ; women , and children , and this for the whole period . * "" .
If you do this , sir ; if you thus . appropriate the funds that have come from the people to the support and the preservation of their lives , you may proudly stand on the Rath of Mullaghmast , the Hill of Tara , or the platform of Conciliation Hall , and expatiate upon the difference between domestic and foreign role . You will then have placed the English Government , should they refuse to do their part ( which 1 much doubt ) , in an unenviable and damaging contrast ; and rest assured that the adoption of . this course will go farther than all your writings , your
speeches , your meetings , your dinners , and denunciations , te convince the Irish , people of the value of domestic government ; while , upon the other hand , should you fare sumptuously from the poor parings scraped from the slender platters of astarvingpeople , it will stand throughout all time as a blot upon the fairest character that the most partial historian can paint you in . '; lam , sir , Your obedient servant , .. .., __ : " " ' _"¦ '' . '' _FEAROnS O'CONNOB .
Fommx Jnwtpwe*
fommx _JnWtpwe *
France. The Middle-Class Despotism.— Sev...
FRANCE . The Middle-Class Despotism . — Seven men have been tried by the Correctional police for forming part \> $ an association of sawyers , -nho had vised Ulegal means to compel their employers to g ive an advance of wages . The facts were proved againstall but one , who was acquitted and set at liberty . The chief culprit , named Boinbon / _"wa 8 condemned to one year s imprisonment , two others to three and two months respectively , and the rest to one month of the same punishment .
GERMANY . .. . ... . The Saxon Chambebs . —The Chamber of Deputies of Saxony , in its sitting . of the 17 th , came to a resolution to present an address tothe King , in common with the First Chamber . In this sitting M . Karrenetz , one of the Ministers , defended the Government against the charge , of entertaining ideas of reaction . Be declared that the Ministry was firmly and ardently attached to the constitution , and would never refringe any part of it , but that , on the other _hand _^ _itwas resolved to oppoee with energy aU _»*• tempte . _io , . establish revolutionary theories . The . _Opgwsitionin Saxony continues to have the advantage iU ' _th $ . discussions of the Djst , It has got an address
France. The Middle-Class Despotism.— Sev...
tothe Bang voted , contrary to the wishes ef the Ministry _^ The fourth " paragraph of the address jmplied : a § 6 ntiment of distrust towards the Governtoeilt , and'alluded to promises' formerly made to Germany , and which the Diet of Frankfort has not kept . The First ' Minister of the Crown , M . de _ischann , opposedas much as possible this paragraph , which was , _notwitiwtanding , adopted . . . : . " _.,- . : _VS _^ _iTZEKLAND . V ' _^ _M _' _r _? _v _. _cx 23 _^ The elections for the Great « _SS _* of the _ pantoh of Berne have turned out much ; more _favorable to the Liberal party : than was expected . ; In the whole canton the number of new elections amounted to Ii ; . and inthe former chamber ¦ _y . . ot these were represented by partizans of the who
goverament , voted . for the vote of confidence ; _*& Ja * were _^ Presented by Liberal members who refused to support-the .. vote of confidence . Out of the " 16 vacancies on the . Liberal side , 12 have been miea up by the , old " members , and in the other LT' _H _^ _^ 3 . rs holding the same opinions have been . elected . Besides this , the Liberals have gained ten elections against the government candidates , ana _, hve _flections against the party of which M . _Bloctsch-Schnell is the leader , and which , although it , generall y votes with the . opposition , voted in favour of the vpte . of confidence . The Liberal party in- the present council ' thus consists of thirty-one membera , which linearly double the number it had in the last , a _| d the , result has exercised a great influence _pvefethe country electors . The most remarkableim _Mttbers of the Liberal party to whom the new _elecjftns have ; given seats in the grand council _;^ _^ _**^ ' ! l « K- " QchsenDein , who commanded in of
the _. famous _^ expeditiori the corps francs , and M . Weingart , the editor of a distinguished Liberal paper in _^ the canton . M . Bioetsch has been reelected ,, but . the election * of . the two brothers Kneehteusholer-jwho made themselves conspicuous during the late events- _^ was lost . But although the Liberal party has thus gained a great accession of strength , the majority in the Council still remains oti the side ofthe party which passed the vote of confidence in the government of the canton of Berne . The consequence is that the thirteen members which the Grand Council has the . privilege of adding to its numbers directl y and by its own vote , will be all on the side of the government , and no doubt the government candidates who lost their elections , will be the peisons appointed to fill the vacant places . The Liberal cause has , however , gained greatly in the country , and it is more than probable that at the next election the majority will be turnedthe other way .
lhe committee of the Liberal Association has drawn up an address to the Grand Council , wliich is at the present moment iii the course of being signed in all parts of the canton of Berne , and whicli demands—1 . The complete revision of the constitution of 1831 . '" - _¦• - _!• ¦ ¦ - ¦ " r 2 ; The revision of the financial laws , and of the civiland criminal procedure in the courts of law . . 3 . The establishment of : " a committee to examine the question of religion and education . _ZtroicHj Ocr _.-23 , 1845 . M . Arnmann , who has been appointed by _§\ p government of Lucerne to make enquiries with respect to the assassination of M . Leu , arrived at Zurich a few days ago , and has already closed his investigations . It is said that from tho evidence obtained . M . Arnmann considers the assassination of M . Leu as the result of the plot formed by the
Lucerne refugees , who have taken up their abode within the territory of Zurich . On his arrival , M . Arnmann applied to the Court of Appeal for an assistant judge , to assist him in liis researches , and the court appointed one of the ' , ' Conservative party for that purpose . A refugee from Lucerne , of the name of Brumher , who was formerly an officer in the army , has been arrested at Winterthen . This arrest has created a great sensation , and the Liberal papers pass violent strictures on the conduct ofthe Lucerne government on the occasion ; while the Conservative papers are equally violent in its defence . ' ¦ M . Arnmann has returned to Zurich , and will publish his reporton this affair in a few days . , ? _Reports have been spread here that the Radicals wish to-make an attempt to rescue the persons arrested as the assassins , or accomplices in the assassination of M . Leu .
- SPAIN . Conspiracy at-Busox , sear _Alicaht . —Accounts from Madrid ; of the' 20 th of' October , state that a conspiracy had been _discovered at Busdt ,, near Alicant ; . the object of wliich . was the _^ seizure , of the fortress of St . Barbara . -The conspirators had endeaypured to . corrupt the . persons in ' charge of the fortification , : but the Government having got information' of the affair , measures were taken to prevent its execution , and the conspirators , taldng the alarm , abandoned their plan .
¦; Madbid , Oct . 21 . — -The Government goes on steadily with its "measures against the press . The _Espectador , which , ventured to make some rather sharp remarks upon some of the late acts of the Government , has been condemned , to pay a fine of 20 , 000 reals , which amounts to £ 200 sterling . The case was tried , of course , without a jury , and the chance of justice the unfortunate editor had may be guessed , when . the fate of the President ofthe Court wliich acquitted Messrs .- Certina , Madoz , and Lopez is recollected .,: > _.., October ; 22 . —The SenorsBresca , of Malaga , who have been in prison at Granada for two months , have been placed at liberty at last , no charge resulting against them . Senors Velches and Rebal , who were taken up at the same time , " are still in prison , and
Senor Garcia Segovia has been banished to Isnalloen , where he is to remain in confinement during pleasure . A final sentence has been given by the court-martial , General _Cordovo at their head , against Don Mateo Calvo , ah ex-deputy , and the two editors ofthe Eco who are declared acquitted of . the charge of being implicated in the attempt to shoot Narvaez two years ago ; but , strange to say , while the sentence declares that ¦ _- . " Don Lorenzo ' Mateo Calvo , Don Francisco Medraldua , and - Don Juan Antonio Meca are absolved , " it adds , " the imprisonment they have suffered ' serving as a punishment *" . " and also imposes on them the costs of the process , and a fine of 100 dollars , in addition , en Senor ¦ Calvo . The Eco exclaims to-day against the injustice and inconsistency
of this ¦* . sentence , lwo men ; named Gervoles and Marques , are condemned to death , as concerned in the . attack- on Narvaez ; and another , Andres Sanchez , to ten years'imprisonment with hard labour . The responsible editor of the Eco Senor Hernandez , is unconditionally acquitted , and the remaining parties ; eleven in number , are discharged , some of them with liability to pay the whole or a portion of the costs ofthe process . The sentence is dated the 17 th instant , and was communicated on the 20 th . The Eco is justlyindignant at the termination ofthe trial in so unsatisfactory a manner ; its editors , after suffering eighteen months' imprisonment , still remaining with the odium attached to complicity in an attempt at assassination hanging over them . It
asserts , morevover , that the chief accuser , one Beltran , who has died since the process began , had confessed on his death bed , with the express desire to the confessor that it might be made public after his death , ; that ; all-that he had testified against the editors of the Ucdand Espectadorwas , absolutel y fake . The confessor , * a Senor . Duenas , chaplain to the general hospitals , did not make it known for some time , and the Eco censures his conduct for withholding it , __ but it was ultimatel y made known by the chaplain in presence of two witnesses . The appeal ol the Espectador against the sentence ofthe lower court for libel on the government , has been rejected , and thatjournal condemned in costs , and a fine of 20 , 000 reals , and to publish a retraction , with the sentence , which it has not yet complied with .
; UNITED STATES . _^ _LlTORPOoi , Mondav Evening . —The British and North American Royal mail steam-ship Cambria , Captain Judkms , arrived in the Mersey with the usnal mavis this evening , after a run of _extraordinary rapidity . . J The Mormon troubles has subsided , but not until an effectual demonstration had been made by the _S JS * " ? ' I ? 110 were P P _* ed to put them down by force-by the strong arm of the law . The Mormonshave defended themselves nobl y . One account says that in an engagement with , the mob , eighteen of the latter were killed , and only three Mormons . Sheriff Backenstos , appointed . by the government of Illinois , -is a Mormon , and in the riots nas been their , military-leader . They quietly , and without opposition . becuDied the _onnnsih _* w __ ___*
Carthage and Warsaw ., The governor of Illinois has sent abody o troops , by which both parties are kept m check . The _Moi-mons have offered to leave the country if paid for their lands and houses ( 100 ofthe latter . have been burnt b y the mob ) , andoneanti . Mormon meetmg has acceded to the terms , which that r b ? eTe _^ « _f _» meetings ! It ' is clear that through this miserable persecution they will be finally compeUed to leave the country . The Courier and Enquirer says : — _wiSS _^? " ' _^ _^ de d rumours , of war of _thSembW _rf a _p anend a d _asthestatedtime ? _i _™ JS X , "SP ' _-tf Congress is now approaching , Sn _^ _Sor _^ _K _^ exeoutivo _^ " _^ be nuaa ! -0 * Connor and Steenburg have been con-
France. The Middle-Class Despotism.— Sev...
demned _tocdeath for the . murder ; ofr ; Steele in . the Anti-Rent revolt -in the _i State of New . York ; and " Big Thunder , " with many others , to imprisonment for lite and for shorter periods . Mr . Owen , from England , has held a " World ' s Convention " ' of Socialists in . New York .
¦ ' ¦" . CANADA / The subscriptions and contributions in all parts of the world for the-relief of the sufferers by the two late destructive fires in Quebec , received up to the 26 th ult ., amounted to the sum of £ 62 , 136 18 s . od ., independently of a grant expected from the provincial treasury of -620 , 000 . Of this large amount only £ 900 came from the United States . M . _Papineau had arrived in Montreal . Au extensive fire had occurred in . Griffintown on the 4 th inst . ; thirty-six dwellings were destroyed . THE CAUCASUS . _"
The Constilulionhel says : — " The information which we have received from Constantinople relative to the affairs of the Caucasus acquires much interest . Schamyl has established throughout all Daghe ' stan , and in independent Circassia , judges and tribunals under his ' control . Intelligent men are at the head of a cannon-foundry , similar to that which cast cannons in Poland in 1830 . Three kinds of silver coin are struck ; one of five roubles , another of two and a half- roubles _^ and a third of one rouble and twentyfiYe copecs . General Worenzow is expected in Little Russia . It is stated that the Emperor has proposed to Pasliiewitsch to give him the command of the army ; and that he has refused . The troops demand General Mouravieff totaketheplaceof Woronzow , but
the Emperor will not consent , because he is a pupil of Yermoloff . A letter from Odessa , of the 2 nd , _eyen states that Count Woronzow has again set off for the Caucasus , where he will continue to command the expeditionary army . Several officers of the array of the Caucasus have arrived at Odessa , and the causes ofthe defeats experienced by the army of Count Woronzow begin to be seen more- clearly . The easy passage by which the Count reached Dargo was but a scheme of Schamyl , to draw him into the interior of the country . The Russian General was so improvident that he neither secured his communications , nor provided sufficiently for the provisioning of his army . When he had once reached Dargo he saw himself _surrounded on every side by enemies , and he was compelled to think of a prompt retreat : but . he
was unable to retreat to Andy . All the columns acted without concert and without ensemble . Arrived on the plateau _adjoining Agtchai , the Russian army had no means of continuing its march , being . with ? out provisions and ammunition . It was on the point of laying down its arms , when , by an unforseen chance , General Freytag arrived with a detachment of 9 , 000 men and brought the remnants of the troops of Woronzow on the line of the Caucasus . ' They now remain in the forts of the Terek , its it is feared , to make them cross into Georgia . " The Russians themselves admit their losses to amount to 18 , 000 men . Never have the Circassians gained so complete a victory . It is confidently stated tliat Schamyl Bey has sent half of his troops to Hadji Suleyman Effendi to attack the Russians [ on the line of the Kuban . " _u
ALGERIA . \ The Paris papers of Monday report the renewal of the conflict between the French and Arabs . General Lamorieiere left Djemma-Ghazaouat ; at the head of 4 , 000 infantry and 500 cavalry , for the province of Trara , where he hoped to fall in with Abu-el-Kader . On the 12 th of October he fell in with- the Kabyles , with Whom he had a very sharp , but apparently indecisive action , for oh the 13 th the combat was renewed , and the French troops were enabled at length to force the defile occupied by the enemy . Abd-el-Kader was present at the latter action , at the head of 2 , 000 cavalry ; but he took no part in it , and on seeing the defile forced he retired at the head of his cavalry , without being either attacked _^ or pursued . The fighting between General Lamorlciere and the Kabyles continued on the 14 th and 15 th , and a great
number , of lives were lost on both sides ; but at length a portion of the Kabyles being caught between the French columns and the sea , were forced to lay down their arms . The number of the ' prisoners taken is not mentioned , nor is it stated what became of the remainder of the Kabyles ; but -the probability is that they escaped to the mountains . The route taken , by Abd-el-Kader is also unknown . A general defection of the native tribes against the French is taking place . The whole of the district of Ofari , from the sea to the desert , is now in arms against the French . The communications iby land are entirely cut off , and it is only by sea that any communication can be carried on between-the Algerine capital and the provinces . ? - The gravity of the state of affairs in that part of the French possessions is freely admitted , even by the organs ef the French Government .
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To * Vol. Viii. No. 416. , London, Satur...
VOL . VIII . NO . 416 . , LONDON , SATURDAY , NOVEMBER 1 , 1845 . WI _^ _J _^^/ S _?™™" - ' * _w _* i » _wj . _*^ y _* . _** _s 7 _. , _«• Five Shillings and Sixpence per Quarter
Opening Of The Ports. A Most Important R...
OPENING OF THE PORTS . A most important rumour circulates in seleef . ch- - cles in the City , relative te the terms on which foreign grain and flour are to be admitted for home consumption by the Order in Council expected out tomorrow . If we are correctly informed , the following will be the scale lad down : —Wheat , 4 s . ; barley , 2 s . ; oats , Is . ; beans and peas , 2 s . per quarter ; and flour , 2 s . per sack . This order will release about one million quarters of grain and flour in bond inthe United Kingdom , 170 , 000 barrels of flour on the way from the United States , 150 , 000 barrels from Canada , and 60 , 000 quarters of wheat from the Baltic , besides other supplies , which may perhaps reach before the winter sets in . The duty to-day is returned at 16 s . — The Sun , Thursday evening , October 30 th .
Cra0esi , Jhobementsi.
_Cra _0 _esi _jHobementsi .
London Tin-Plate Workers.—At A Numerous ...
London Tin-plate Workers . —At a numerous meeting , held at the Crown Tavern , Clerkenwellgreen , on Tuesday evening , October the 28 th , Messrs . T . Barratt , James , aud Rohson attended as a deputation from the United Trades' Association , to request their amalgamation with the . United Trades , Messrs . Barratt , James ,. and Eobson haying addressed the meeting , several questions were submitted to the deputation , and answered to the satisfaction of the meeting . Mr . Allen then proposed , . " That the tin-plate workers should become a portion of the Association of United Trades for the protection of Industry , ' * whicli was seconded by Mr . Ching , and carried unanimously , amid loud cheers ; after whicli Mr . Robson called the attention of the meeting to the important subject of employment in agriculture and manufactures , and ably showed the great advantages that must flow from such employment , and was listened to with breathless attention , and at the close greeted with great applause .
The Manchester Trades , and the Weekly Half-day Hohdat . —The trades of this town have nearly all adopted the system of leaving off work at noon on the Saturday , and amongst the number we are happy to state is that numerous and respectable body the Carpenters and Joiners , who for the future will leave off work at twelve o ' clock at noon on Saturday ' s , instead of as heretofore at four in the afternoon . This salutary change will , we trust , be equally beneficial to employers and employed , inasmuch as the working hours of this large body have been very irregular , and been the prolific cause of much misun _. derstanding betwixt the masters and men . The journeymen seeing this , came to the determination if possible , to put an end to the cause of
dissatisfaction by adopting some plan by wliich the working hours might be made more equal . To this end they called a general meeting of the whole trade inthe Carpenters' Hall to take this matter into consideration , when they found upon examination , they found that for thirty weeks in the year they worked sixty hours per week ; eleven weeks , fifty-seven _and-a half hours ; and eleven weeks , fifty hours , This irregularit y not only led to differences above spoken of , but likewise tended to make work scarce in those parts of the year when the hours of labour was short , and by this means compelled many of them to be out of employment in the winter season . The result of their deliberations was the adoption of a scale of working hours which would enable them to work a certain number of hours each day all the year round , and likewise the appointing of a deputation to wait upon the whole of the masters in the trade , and lay before them the
new scale ot working , and to solicit their co-operation in carrying the same into effect , the results of which will be seen by the subjoined resolutions , unanimously agreed to by both masters and men , " That the working hours of the Carpenters and Joiners of Manchester and Salford be for the future from seven o ' clock on Monday morning until six in the evening ; and from six to six all other days , except Saturday , on which day they cease work at twelve o ' clock at noon ; making a total of fifty-seven hours per week all the year round . " " This resolution to be binding upon all men working in shops and enclosed buildings . All others to commence work at light and leave off at dark in the winter season , except Saturday , on which day they cease work at twelve o clock at noon . " By these alterations all parties concerned will be benefited . The workmen will have a small abridgment in the hours of labour , The master , at the same time , can calculate upoh'the men working a given number of hours each day which has not been the case heretofore . And those
Pities* Who-Have^D^^^ Have Thesame Numbe...
_pities * _who-have _^ _d _^^^ have thesame number ot * hours'lab , ourjnthe _shortes day of ; wiriter ; that : tiiej _^^ lon ges day in summer . ' ' ' " . . ' *< r . i "it * _m'T _LANWsiuREfWEAyBRs' _^ _rPwWic - <» e _# iD & ofthe operative . . handloom . VYeayers . _^^^ _hasi been-convenedat Lamberhead-green on-Monday , - the 27 th , inst lne meeting was addressed by . - John * Limagin / _ ot Wigan , who , in an able and eloquent manner , pointed out the benefits that how is , arid is likely to be derived , from the working man ' s union ; . and alsothe evil effects that has been the product ; , of disunion . His address _wasfreceiyed . with every mark of respect ; _, after _wUok ' the m _&^ ' ' s _ . _\ _ - _ v _^^ _- _*;^ ___ - _§ _- ; ! _fe--- ' - ' _^ __ _£ _¦* ' _&"¦ ' _* ' , _ _^ v ' ' _ _* ' _* _ i _* _$ ' c " ' ' •'» _'"' m SrAjjonnsmnE _^ MiNERS . _—Thefbllowmg _subsenptions _^ _have-h _^ h-recei _ved-by the -members of the Auiuui ¦ iru
o . auun no . _ jjuuge , _» . u _«~» - tori , for the purpose of aiding and'enabling Mr . WP . Roberts , the Miners' _Attorney- > 6 _^« _ai to- proceed with the _prosecution-tgainst the ! _"Boston _magis- ' trates for illegally committing two Miners to prison : — Mary Pickering , 3 d . ; Jas . Potts , sen . _v' 2 d . ; Jas . Potts , jun ., 2 d . ; Prince of Wales , Cannon-street ,, Wolverhampton , 'is ; ' 6 d . ; afriend _; Cd . ; 'do ., fid . ; - Jas . Green ,- 2 d . ; _DavidThillips ; 3 d . ; a -friend , 3 d . ; . do ., Id . ; do ., 6 d _; ¦ do ., ' 6 d . ; do ., 6 d . . _Thos . Porter , Id . ; J . Martin , 3 d . ; Michael Price , ' 3 d . ; John Burke ; 6 d . ; J ; - Wilson ; 3 d . ; Samuel _Wilks , Id . ; Geo . Trannter , Id . ' ; Jas . Martin , 3 d . ; J . Gittings , 2 d . ; Francis Maiden , 2 d .: Thos , Davis , 3 d . ; Thos . Holmes , 2 d . ; J . Love , 6 d . j Henry Wain , 6 d . ; Jas . Ookley , 3 d . - ; Geo . Hudson , 6 d . ; Charles Burton , Gd . _; Henry Bate , Id . ; William Bower , Id . ; John Fox , 3 d . ; David -Evans , 3 d .: - William Tlanial Qr ) , D ; . U «__ t .... o . l . TIT :. ! . . T > . il ... o , l .
Bower , 3 d . j William Somberland . 3 d . ; George Tudor , 3 d . ; Richard Norton , 3 d . ; Jas . Williams , 3 d . ; George ; Pool , 3 d . ; Thos . Stevens , 3 d . ; . J . Butcher , Id . ; Thos . Davis , 3 d . ; Edward Jones , 3 d . ; Edward lJaYi 3 , 3 d . ; John Davis / 3 d . ; Geo . Arm-Strong , 3 _dJ ; Francis Armatvong _, 3 d . ; _ . Mrs . Williams , 2 d . ; Elizabeth Pitt , 2 d . ; and other subscriptions amounting to £ 3 . —N . B . The above parties wish their names inserted to give general satisfaction to the public—The following sums liave been received at Bilston " : —No . 1 Lodge" ; £ 81 vs . ; by James Blakeney , do ., 12 s . 8 d . ; from Swain ' s pit , os . ; Prince ' _s-end pit , 2 s . 8 id . * , by John Brown , lis . Id . ; No . 2 Lodge , Bilston , £ 1- 2 s . ; by Thos . Brad _, shaw , do ., 6 s . 6 Jd . ; No . 1 Lodge , Wolverhampton , £ 4 : - , No . 2 Lodge , do ., 10 s . ;' No ; ' 1 , Darlaston , £ i ; Thos . ' Walker , Is . - 9 d . ; Joseph Linney , 4 s . lid . ; Mi .-Smith ' s pit , ; 6 Si ' 6 d . ; John Riley , _CiL— John Hammond , Secretary , No . l Lodge , _Wolverhampton , Staffordshire .
The _Louohbobough and Derby Shoemakers . — The men of Loughborough and Derby are still on strike . The employers passed the following resolutions at one of their meetings : —1 st , "In consequence of the arbitrary manner in which the society have treated their employers , we resolve to give no more work to any man who is united with the society , until the society shall have acceded * to more reasonable terms ; at the same time we cheerfully give the wages we have offered to all those who are wDling to accept the same , if they will leave the society . " 2 ndly , " That a copy of the above
resolution be forwarded to the committee ; also that eachemployer read over the same to his men . " Buthave the employers been true to each other ? No ; on the next day after they passed the above resolutions , seven of them went to society men with work , and proffered any wages , if tliey would make them a few pairs , and keep it a secret . But the men spurned the offer , and informed the other employers , which caused another meeting , and one of them was fined for breaking their resolutions . Tho employers are now on their last legs , and must soon give ' ' in to the just demands of the men . .
Tub Carpet . Wravers of Kidderminster , and the United : Trades' Association . —Mri George Flinn , of Bradford , recently delivered a lecture to the Weavers of this town , and such a favourable impression did he create , that the men resolved on holding a Conference of the trade to consider' the propriety of joining the United Trades' Association . Accordingly , on Monday , October 20 th , the Conferference assembled in the Albion-room , -when every firm in the town had a delegate present , and Bridgenorth and _Stonrport were represented by letter . The following resolution was carried by acclamation : — " That an amalgamation with the United Trades ' Association would be beneficial to the Carpet " Weavers . "
United Trades' Association . —A meeting of the central committee was held at the Trades' O ffice , 30 ,. Hyde-street , Bloomsbury , on Monday , October 27 th , T . S . Duncombe , M . P ., in the chair , when the cen * tral committee agreed to act in concert with the board of directors in the appointment and support of lecturers . In accordance with the address issued bythe central committee , and the rules of" both associations , Messrs . James , Young , 'Robson , and Gimblett were appointed a joint committee for the management of the lecturing department . A letter-was read from the Shoemakers of Denbigh , giving in their
adhesion to the society . Letters of a very -cheering description were read from the Miners , Makersup , Block-printers , Dressers , Dyers , and Plasterers of Manchester , the Bricklayers of Liverpool , the Trades of Norwich , the Miners of Holytown and Newcastle , thebuilders of Bury , the Framework-knitters of Sheepshead , the Shoemakers of Oxford , the Building Trades of Birkenhead , the Nailmakers of _Belper , and several Trades in the metropolis . _- Hull . —Public meetings will be held ; oh Sunday evening at C o ' clock , and on Tuesday evening at 8 o ' clock , at the Painters' Arms , Sykes-street , when all working men are earnestly invited to attend .
Liverpool Steam Engine Makers . —On Monday evening last the members of the Liverpool branch of the Steam Engine Makers'Society , together with a number of visiting friends from the surrounding branches , met at the StanleyAims _, _Manchester-street , to hold their anniversary and to present a testimonial to Mr . Joseph Scotson , secretary to the central branch . Mr . Scotson , who is a man of high moral character and superior attainments , has filled the office of secretary in the Liverpool branch , upwards of fifteen years , in addition to which the central branch has been held in Liverpool for the last four years , which has increased his labours very much ; _, however , he has at all times acquitted himself in the most honourable and efficient manner , thereby gainins
the esteem not only of the Liverpool members , but of the society at large . A most excellent dinner was provided by Mr . Harrison , the landlord . After the cloth was removed , the following toasts were given from the chair :-. _"The Queen and the Royal Family ;" song by Mr . Bennet . " Success to the Steam Engine Makers' Society ; " responded to by Mr . Thomas Reynolds , one of the senior members .. Song by Mr . Sharrocks . " Our employers ; and a better understanding between men and masters ; " gong h _yMp , Boyd . The chairman then presented Mr . Scotson with the " Testimonial , " an elegant silver " cup with _, a beautiful stand and glass shade , value ' £ 17 ; a splendid case of mathematical instruments , value seven guineas ; and a purse containing £ 13 , sub .
scribed by the members of the society . Mr . Scotson expressed his acknowledgments in a sensible . address , in which he gave a most cheering account of the progress of the society during the past year . Song by Mr . Wade . " Our absent friends ; " song by Mr . Morris , Manchester . "The health of Thos . Slingsb y Duncombe , Esq ., M . P ., " was next given with musical honours ; song by MivGrandy . "Success to the Northern Star ; " which was received , with acclamation ; respondod to by Mr . Reynolds , duet by Mr . Sharrocks and Mr . Boyd ; song b y Mr . Barnes . " May we speedily have a union of the various branches of the iron trades , and , when accomplished , may we work together like bees in the hive without stinging each other ; " song by Mr . T . Reynolds . " The
mends who nave come so far to visit us this night , responded to by Mr . Sharrocks in a sensible : speeeh , forcibly showing the necessity of union ; song by Mr . Tyerer . " United we stand , divided we fall ; " song by Mr . Grandy . A number of other songs and toasts were given ; and the meeting was kept up until a late hour with the greatest conviviality ; when a vote of thanks was given tothe chairman ,, and the party broke up highly pleased with the evenings entertainment . Manchester Shoemakers . —On Monday the 27 th inst ., the Pack Horse section of lady Shoemakersheld their anniversary dinner in honour of their , patron , St . Crispin . The festivities were kept up until morning , the utmost harmony and good humour prevailed throughout .
The Bilston Miners have issued the following address to the inhabitants of Bilston and it surrounding district : —It is with much pain that we have to make this short appeal to you , but we can assure you sheer necessity has compelled us to do so ; ' we feel confident that you , the inhabitants of Bilston are no strangers to our manifold grievances as a" body of Miners . While our trade was low we suffered our wrongs with patience , but now our _mastershave a great demand m the market , for both Coal aiid Iron , and yet they are not content , but Still _seeridS _Sot , _^ _r- _^^^^ y _. the masters , call a _nSSTT * _W ' - a - _^ d 0 not _^ mit to their wX ; _™ Tver _^ posed t 0 Law or Jwtiee , - _'* ffe , the weaker portion of men , must suffer a _lemrtl , J imrisonm
p ent in- Stafford Gaol ; but we feel confident vou _^ n a _?? v * _5 or _^ a bod « _f'Mlnera , that _sPwf \ , thls _J _ , hel U 8 > if _•«> _wih help ourselves , which we feel determined to do . Gentlemen , _sfJ _^ f _^ _eady two of our feUow slaves lying _iA _Stafford Gaol , simply because one would hot submit tothe . tyranny _ofthebuttiesi who was told to go _xro _ine pit and never come down there anymore ; the other man gave notice for . an advance of _W _es to _whxch his master would not . consent , _teSreC sought work elsewhere and . " for . tins thev « _££ brought before the . Magistrates _ahHrdS tIS hack or suffer fourteen days " _'SwMS _fe-w _9 ford Gaol ; we therefore _hopelSdK '? ? . _? _f he will _assist the _cbmimtfee vrith thl _^ _^ fund / to bring the case'fcfi _^ 3 _^^ . required Subscription _^ Lmnev ' s Whit * w _^_ . _'^^ _P _^ _- ecei _" _ved ! at'Mr . J .
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Nov. 1, 1845, page 1, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns3_01111845/page/1/
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