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jfortign i-aobtmems* fl sBiroAwr 6, 1647. THE NORTHERN STAR. „
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ii Ab4 1 vnA war, a.t least in wards ,.^...
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„ i think I hrar a little bird , who sin...
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RE V ELATIONS OF AUSTRIA.* SO. IB.. (Ccn...
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* " lle relations of Austria,'* hy M. Ko...
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CMom 'al antr fornix intelligrntt*
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INDIA. A rapid express via Alexandria an...
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TOT. S. DUNCOMBE , M.P. 8, Princess Stre...
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An Insatiable Boo.—Thc railway between S...
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Cra&ea' jNtircmnu*
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THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF UNITED TRADE...
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Iiusu ruoDucE.—A very curious document h...
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
Additionally, when viewing full transcripts, extracted text may not be in the same order as the original document.
Jfortign I-Aobtmems* Fl Sbiroawr 6, 1647. The Northern Star. „
_jfortign _i-aobtmems _* fl sBiroAwr 6 , 1647 . THE NORTHERN STAR . „
Ii Ab4 1 Vna War, A.T Least In Wards ,.^...
ii Ab 4 1 vnA war , a . t least in wards , . _^ _j—shoald my chance so happen—deeds , ) With all who war with Thought !"
„ I Think I Hrar A Little Bird , Who Sin...
„ i think I hrar a little bird , who sings The people b / and by will be the stronger . " —Brsow .
Re V Elations Of Austria.* So. Ib.. (Ccn...
RE V ELATIONS OF AUSTRIA . SO . IB .. ( _Ccnti-voed from the Northern Star of January 23 rd . ) The following extracts illustrate the state of
EDUCATION IS AUSTRIA . The Austrian schools are divided into three branches . firsllv _, the German _schools , subdivided into Trivial and y _^ _nn-sl . Secondly , Classical _schools called _GymnasiunK in _el thirdly , Univei sities . ' The German schools , called Trivial , are found established in nearly alt the Gallician towns , and are gra-{ ait _» J « . The scholars pay _nothin-j . The cour-e of instruction at tlie German Trivial schools kits fou * " " _* ears * jn the German Xonnal Schools , which are only establ ished » the principal towns , geography and iineary _ft » _wing is taught . The professors of all three branches belong to the i jitv exceptin g the professor * of catechism , who is . ' ways the parish priest or his vicar .
They are appointed and paid by the government at the _^ .. _e of out hu ndred , two hundred , and three hundred florins a year . All priests and professors of public _inac tion are obliged to teach from their pulpits , confeit-* _- , als or _thairs , that it ii the holiest duty , tbe Catholic * _V _d tholic virtues , to obey the most sublime Kaiser , his tefeV . ts and agents , and to denounce either to tbe priests , _& 0 _fessors "T magistrates , all _evil-dispose-d persons , their _* _" . : ecis _acdi'leg-il _proceedinge , and finally to he discreet . Inst ruct . on keeps pace with the betehl of the Kaiser Francis , _- * ' _** " _- •* i ' s— " 1 _io not want prating _fonc-L nariesbat executors of my befehls— submissive , obe-» « t and silent with regard to public affairs . " Cleu * , _^ _^ _q £ The course fallowed at the gymnasium lasts six years . latin Greet ** , German , Arithmetic , the elements of "" . metre a little Algebra , geography , the history of * n - tria " . ind Mligion are taught there In Austria , ' T xm _-Wna » ttms exUt ' two of W _"" _" ch are at Le ° " The c ourse of p hilosophy is separate frora the
gymnasium , and takes tiv . » years . The firi * t _*¦¦ _" •*•" . _P- _*)"* _: * _--'"? ' , S * _Anthm-. tic , Geo-„ Algebra , Universal History , _Re-ligion , and the Greek ' language are _taucht . The _see-ond year , Natural phileisopby . Mechanics , Experimental Chemistry , Univer sal _nistor _* _- , and Religion . " _jo one is admitted to the gymnasium without a ceitifica te of success at the German school , or to philosophy _Tj-b-ut a certificate of success at the gymnasium . Ex--epting history and mathematics , which are taught inthe German _language , all the other branches are taught in * latin ; np to 1630 mathematics were also taught in Latin . The following " artful dodge" is too telling to need eom _tnent : — The Polish villages are without any kind of school .
la 1617 the Austrian government invited the noblemen _t-i establishin * -a _* -h riilige a _trivitl school , to raise funds jot that _object , and to advise the government of their bavin" _comp lied with its wishes . Three * ears after came another befehl , ordering that tie _fnn-ls collected should be . secured and deposited in tie treasury of the Circles . As soon as tbis deposit was - _*> cted , taere came another secret befthl to prevent the _^ _abliihcu-ntof rur al schools and to retain the collected frails in payment of the taxes tbat were in arrear , and as in Gallic ' * there is not a village without arrears , ( _be-« _o ! e the tax absorbs more than three-fourths ofthe net re « nne , ) all the fundcollected devolved to government . It is fo bidden to teach the French language in the An-trian public schools . The spy system is so well developed that children denounce their parents and prents their children . As retards
RELIGIO _*** I ** * AUSTRIA , Christianitv is professed in Gallicia by the following nets - the Catholic ; the Greek ( called Orthodox ); and the Protestant ( called Evangelical ) . The Catholic is _subdivided into three branches : —1 st , the Roman Catholic , or Latin ; 2 nd , the United Greek Catholic ; 3 rd , the Armenian Catholic . We cannot follow our author in his review of the creeds and ceremonies of these sects . He says , " The Austrian priests are , like all the other officials , inhuman and hau '' htv towards the people , servile and truckling to
tie Kai = er and his government , to whom they denounce all generous and Tirtuous ? . _ien . " Itis only ia-tice to add to this , tbat the events of last year proved that , however corrupt the hig her orders ot thecler ° y of all sects in Gallicia may be , yet _greit nnmbers of the bulk of the priesthood are _largely imbaed with patriotic principles . This is _pre-cmi-Etntly true of the _ck-rgy of the now absorbed state of Cracow . A considerable number of priests were massacred bv the Austrian agents , and a large num-* o » r are at this moment in Austrian dungeons .
M . Koubrakiewicz is particularly bitter towards the Jesuits , whom he regards as the agents of the Kaiser rather than the Pope , and to whom he traces manv of the nisforoncs of Poland . We come nest to some revelations of
_At-SfEUX LAW ASD jrtlCIAL ADM 1 SISTEATIOS . As relates to civil ' ustic _^ , the Austrian subjects are divided iato three distinct classes ; nobles , burghers , and peasants ; each of these three classes has its particular tribunal , When the defendant is noble , the case must he earned before the tribunal called Forum _Nobilieim . There are in Gallicia three courts for the noble *; at Leopol , _Tarnow , and _Stanislaw - , about fifty or sixty _leasues instant from each other . f bey ere each composed ofa president , vice president , from five to eleven judges , and a certain number of subaltern officials to copy and expedite tha business as _well as t > preserve and _enregister the documents .
To _ja-jpe causes arising between Barghers there is in _tvtry _tovro a curt called magistracy . The magistracy ot _Leopc-lis composed ofa _Bargomsster as president , of a _r-ffe-Bar _^ . _niaster , and from nine to thirteen judges called council ' . « of the magistracy , end o ! a _uamber of subaltern em ; byes AU the other _magistracies ofthe G . _iUici-n towns arecomposedof a single Burgomaster who judge ? , subject _t-3 _appeal , the causes of the _citizen . The _cuutes of the peasants are ju * ged by dominical _j-ir-sdicUon , that is to say , by the lord himself , or by his _t-s- _'lore * _. called justiciaries or mandataries . The _' se seiguorial employes are hired and paid by the lore ' s , but tbe Gubernium makes them undergo an _exsm-Qitkc , and grants them certificates of qualification .
The appeal from the judgments of these three courts i ; carried before the court of appeal sitting at _leoj-ol . and which determines the affairs of all _clawes of subjects of the 1 ' olish provinces . When tlie _judgments of _iht court appealed from , and that to which the appeal is made , are not in conformity , it is thea allowable to resort to the supreme tribunal sittin ; at Vienna , which is the last court of appeal . Every complaint , request , or defence , must be written in Latin or German , and signed by a _lawyer . Thc PoUh is expressly' forbidden . of
_^ c are compelled to omit the account the forms which fcave to be pursued in civil action ? . A simple action f » r debt may last two years , occasionally even _longer , when the defendant proffers the _judye a becoming present , and the plaintiff will not give any , or even refuses to pay more than hia adversary , in suck cases , the affair often lasts , live , ten , or fifteen years and even longer , when thc plaintiff is poor , and the defendant wealthy . Ou this subject our author says : — The parties are not to know either legally or officially the _u-UDe of the judge , bat they always do ascertain it _.
because the judge has his Jew , called factor , who pre . sents himself to the parties or tneir lawyers , anil secretly informs them that their case is in tbe bands of such a One . Then the parties think over the means of _gaining their cause , as it is forbidden both sides uader criminal penalties to attempt to corrupt the judges , who , nevertheless , _? et paid by both _. and are sure not to be _bttraved : Fr-. ll } -, l # _ecause the corrupting party , who shonld first inf , rm , would be condemned to Careercm durum , or _dttrieiiBuB ; and secondly , because the deposition ofa Jen against a _Cacholic judge would prove nothing in an Austrian court of justice .
1 'hetivil code of 1811 , compulsory for all thc hereditary states , excepting Hungary , is modelled on the code _Xapoleon . Passing over our author ' s abstract of this code , we come to his revelations of
ACSTBIAS PENAL JUSTICE (?) The Penal Code of 1803 compulsory for all the Austrian States , _rx ; _epting Hungary , is divided into two parts : ' he first part treats ot crimes , the second of serious Police _tianfgressions , Schwere pjlizei _nhertrelungeii . The p _misliment of death is awarded fov several crimes , aad U practistd by the gallows . Tie punishment of imprisonment is divided into three degrees , namely _career , < Mi-ctr duriu , career _efurisf ' _* ' « . Those condemned to the third degree are subject to corporal punishment , which is executed with a ca * _* e , called slock , for men , and with a rod for woman , tne punishment is _administered once or twice a week ° a the naked back during tbe whole period of imprisonaf ; nt , or until death . Generally the persons condemned totMslaiia of punishment die after a few months _suffcring .
Tlie persons condemned for political ofienccs are sent to Spielberg or Kufstein where they are condemned to weed Ubour under ground . Tbcic tims who groan in tbe dungeons of Spielberg or _Kufttrin are more to be pitied than the Siberian _ttiles . Penal procedure is very expeditious in Austria . The process of investigation is called inquisition . This in quisition is made by a copyist and a judge who dictates to the former the interrogatories put to the accused , and his answers : the inquisitor exercises here we functions of accuser . _defeiidcr , and judge of the accused . After the complete inquisition and instruction of the
* " Lle Relations Of Austria,'* Hy M. Ko...
* " lle relations of Austria , ' * hy M . _Koabrakiewicc , ex Austrian func tionary . London : T . C . Xswby _, i 2 , Mor _Hoer-ttrtet _, _Cavendish-square .
* " Lle Relations Of Austria,'* Hy M. Ko...
case Vie judge-inquisitor makes his report in session composed of three , Ste , or seven judge * , and the accused is either condemned , acquitted , or liberated for want of legitimate proof : the judgment ii thereupon read to the accused aud executed if he declares himself satisfied , or sent to the court of appeal for approbation if he desires it . AU intervention of a third party , all communication with a lawyer or with the father , mother or child ofthe accused , is severely forbidden . Torture is abolished , but the judge is authorized to administer to the accused , during the inquiry , blowa of the stock , and every time that tho accused refuses to answer , and that he does not answer the questions clearly and in a direct manner , or tbat he denies having committed the crime without-being able to do away with the suspicion of _semi-proof which the _inquisitorconsiders to exist againsthim . More tban twenty five blows ofthe stock may not be administered at o _« e lime .
Tbis mode of extorting a sincere confession from the accused , is applied in the enquiries of all crimes aud serious poliee transgressions , and against all persons without di'Unction of birth , station , age or sex . All the Austrian nobility , M . Metternich and Rothschild included , aU bishops and priests , all general and military officers , all Austrian Ambassadors , ( Count Apponyas a Hungarian excepted , ) are subject , they their children and their wives , to the punishment of the stock or rod . M . Koubrakiewicz sarcastically adds " All Austrian subjects are equal before the law—of the stock I " The circle and police magistrates have tbe power to
administer blows of the stock to all servants , workmen , burghers , or peasants , without any written judgment . The police and civil soldiery ca _< TF _» effect this object , canes attached to Iheir cross-belts . Persons' suspected of patriotism , or agents of the government possessed ot secrets which the government would fear the _disclosore of , are summarily dispatched , usually by poison . The victims sent to Spielberg for a term of years usually die there , fhe sudden and mysterious deaths of enemies and dangerous friends ofthe Kaiser , are called by tbat potentate ' s subjects , "AustrianAccidents !" Englishmen I dont forget that the English Government is the ally of tlie Austrian Kaiser !
Cmom 'Al Antr Fornix Intelligrntt*
_CMom al antr _fornix _intelligrntt *
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INDIA . A rapid express via Alexandria and Trieste reached London on Thursday in anticipation ofthe Marseilles mail . By this arrival we learn that the Punjaub Vuzeer . Lall Singh , having been suspected of what the British call " a treasonable correspondence" with the Cashmere insurgents , and proofs having been supplied to the British , the latter commanded his deposition . Lall Singh was accordingly deposed , and removed under British " protection' * ta _Hindostan . The Punjaub government had asked for an army often thousand British to remain at Lahore during the minority of tbe Maharajah—the British commissioner v ' rtually to exercise the
functions of Vuzeer . This was assented to , the Sikhs agreeing to defray all expenses . The Maharajah is now a child of seven years old ; and for the next ten years at least the Punjaub is in the hands of the British Government , and controlled by a British Army . It is idle to speculate on the events which may occur before the yearlS 57 . Just as the army on the Indus was about to be reduced from 2 * 2 . 000 to 14 , 000 men , a foray of the Booghtie tribe from the mountains has driven in our outposts and compelled a whole cavalry regiment to retire . Tbe enemy were computed at 2 , 000 on their first appearance in the field . They succeeded in ravaging numerous villages , carrying off the sheep and cattle ; in tbe face of our troops .
Thc districts around Gwalior are said _to"be in a sad state ; murders and robberies being of frequent occurrence . FRANCE .
MORE _niSTUHBAXCES . A royal ordinance has been published prohibiting tlieexpottof meal of every description , and chestmts , whether whole or ground , until the 31 st July next . The importations of various kinds of food from foreign countries bas been immense within the last ten days . Disorders , however , have continued in various quarter ? . The price of bread in Paris was advanced on Monday ; fears were entertained ofan outbreak in consequence , but no violence was attempted . In the _departments several riots have occurred , and in some places bands of armed _medicants scour the country demanding bread and money . The Paris
journals of Monday contain intelligence of ententes nt _Poit _l'Abbe ( FinbteiTe _) , Guildo , Merdrignac , Guemene . Peufao , and various other towns in the centre and west of France . The issue of thc proceedings in these cases is generally a compulsory sale of the provisions at low prices , named by the people . The gendarmerie occasionally interpose , but are often defeated , owing to their comparatively small numbers . Disturbances are also detailed in the provincial journals , attended by similar circumstances at Fontenay , La Vendee , at Courcy , Pethievcrs , and Orleans , in the Loiret , at Yvetot , in the department of _Seif-e-Inferieure and at Rouen .
The journals of Tuesday contains further accounts of riots in thc provinces . Serious apprehensions continued to be entertained that a rising would take place in the Faubourg St . Antoine ( Paris . ) In the midst of this state of things thc Deputies are amusing themselves _discussins the " Address !" Tbe _Co' . onne and tbe Gazette do France have been condemned , the former for publishing and thc latter for copying , an article affecting thc validity cf oaths , which contained the following sentence , " None is bound , save to his country ; none owes obedience , save to his own conscience as a citizen . " The court condemned M . Carpentier , responsible editor of the Cohnne , to imprisonment for three months , and a fineof l _. OOOf ., and M . Aubry-Faucault , responsible editor of the Gazette , to six months' imprisonment , and a fine of ] , 000 fr .
SPAIN . The ministerial cricis still continued without solution . A succession of expedients had been resorted to , and different individuals had been commissioned by the queen te form a cabinet , who successively failed in accomplishing that object . Letters from Bayonne of the 29 th ult . announce thatthe _Qoeen of Spain ' s troops hid been defeated at Lleyda by the Carlists , under the command of the celebrated partisan chief , Tristany . General Breton , the Captain-General of Catalonia , had shot four Carlist prisoners ; and Tristany had informed hie that he would make reprisals , by shotting all the prisoners who fell into his hands . Thus a war of mutual extermination has recommenced in Spain .
BELGIUM . A royal decree has been issued authorising thc im portation , duty free , of flour , from whatsoever coun try it may come . _ .
GERMANY . The scarcity of corn is daily increasing in the Prussian provinces . The distress ef the poor of Berlin is Tery severe , the city magistrates nave , therefore , ordered that the fifty-two district superintendents of thc poor shall sell daily ( 5 . 000 bread tickets , at four _groscbens . Rye is now worth 7-3 rix dollars per bushel ; a price which it did not reach even in thc year of scarcity , 1 SI 0 . This benevolence will , however , be scarcely felt by the poor , for their four groschen loaves will be much smaller than those they have had in form & r days for three _groschens . Yiesxa , Jas . 21 . _—Tysowski , the late Dictator of Cracow , lately passed through this city , accompanied by an escort . " His destination is Trieste ; by direction of the Government , he will embark for America for life .
POLAND . A letter from Berlin , of the 23 rd , says : — ' Thc preliminary investigation iato the affair of thc Polish insurrection is drawing to its close . Already fifty-two indictments have been drawn up and forwarded wiih thc corroborative documents to tho supreme court of Berlin , which is always charged to take eo _^ niiance of all cases relative to the safety of the State and to high treason . The number of persons fo be tried is not yet known , but it will not , it is thought , exceed 2-50 . This trial will be tbe longest that has ever come before the Prussian tribunals . It will commence probably in the beginning of February , and will last three or four months . " On the 19 th ult ,, one of the most dirtinguished Polish landowners in Posen , Searrin Von _Ostrouski , wasarrcsted and conveyed to Berlin .
The _TiiiKs of Monday , February lst . contained a lengthy anonymous document , purporting to be an " autbentic protest of many of the inhabitants of Cracow , _jigainst the recent act of bad faith and arbitrary power by which the independence of their Republic had been destroyed . " This " protest" concludes a statement of the perfidious and atrocious act of the Austrian government in these words : — " We await until time and the aid of generous nations shall avenge our wrongs , and call into action that spirit within us which seems to acquire new strength in proportion to the efforts mad . * to extinguish it . " TURKEY .
_Peoghess m ? _Rcssias _Aooniissiox . —In the existing treaty between Russia and Persia it is a _weffknownfact that the harbours of the Caspian Sea are to be visited only by Russian men-of-war , but not by Persian . Asurabad only was exempted in favour of Persia . Russia , however , now demands that even this exception shall cease . Persia withstood for some time , but as Russia at last threatened war , the Russian fleet is now absolute master of the whole Caspian Sea .
UNITED STATES AND MEXICO . MEXICAN * _HESOLVE— " _WAU TO TIIE KMPK ' . ' _' The Northumberland packet-ship , of the Londou line bas brought dates from New York to the 13 th ult * The intelligence received by this arrival is imnoriant . The Mexican Congress , on its meeting , vs stated to have refased all negociations for peace , except on the condition preliminary of the evacuation of the Mexican territory and the abandonment of the coasts , by the United States sea and land forces .
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It remains to be seen how far Mexico is prepared to _snppirt _tfiis courageous resolve . THE LASD MOVEMENT . We have received copies of Young America ol Dec . 26 th and January 2 nd . The former of these contains a reprint from the _Abrtnern Star of November 21 st , of the first of a series of articles on "The American Agrarian Reformers , " which lately appeared in successive numbers of this paper . _iVr . Evans " endorse V our comments by saying that " Tlie article is ably written and extraordinarily correct in its facts . " The Free Soil movement is advancing gloriously . Weare compelled to defer extracts .
Tot. S. Duncombe , M.P. 8, Princess Stre...
TOT . S . DUNCOMBE , M . P . 8 , Princess Street , Manchester , 29 th January , 1847 . Mr Dear Sir , I am desired , by the parties interested , to bring under your notice the following circumstances , in the hope that Parliament may be induced to interfere in behalf of tho persons complaining . On Sunday last , at some place in Derbyshire , about nine miles frora Sheffield , four poor persons ,
JAMES GERRARD JAMES IRELAND , JOHN DOBSON , and THOMAS WYKE , were , with two others , all File Cutters , taken into custody , on warrants granted by a Lancashire Magistrate at Warrington , at the instance of a Mr . JOSEPH BAXTER EDLESTON a File _Manufacturer of Warrington . The three first named were contract servants _^ of Mr . _Edleston ; Wyke was one of his apprentices . They were taken at between Five and Six in the Morning , and conveyed to Sheffield ; there tbey remained from Twelve till Five . They were then token by train to Manchester , and at half-past Eight at Night were lodged in the New Bailey there . At a quarter-past Seven the following Morning they were again in the train , and arrived at Warrington at a little before Nine .
Daring the time they were in custody , they had seen a friend cither in or near Sheffield , and had said they should like at their approaching trial to have as an advocate some Attorney at Sheffield . After this they saw no one but the police . You will bear in mind that the day was Sunday ; that part of the hardshi p of this case is , that from its circumstances the prisoners had no opportunity of obtaining legal advice . It [ so happened , that by somo accident , an acquaintance of one of the prisoners _wtts informed of tbeir being in Manchester ; he set off at three in the morning of Monday , and walked to Warrington , eighteen miles , and informed their friends . A messenger was immediately sent to mc at Manchester , and saw me at my residence at about half-past nine . There was no train for Warrington till eleven , and fearintr . that by waiting for that , all the prisoners
would be committed before eur arrival , we took a Pest Chaise ; there was some delay , but I arrived at the Court _by'twenty minutes to twelve . On going into the Court I found that two of the prisoners , Wyke and Gerrard , had been tried since eleven o ' clock , —in their summary cases tho Justices are very quick , —and each sentenced to three months ' imprisonment and hard labour ; a third trial , Ireland ' s , was nearly finished , —two witnesses had been examined , and he was about to be committed when I entered . I applied for a re-hearing of thc two cases tried , stating the facts , the shortness of time , & 2 ,, but the magistrates were inexorable ; I then applied for a postponement of Ireland ' s ease for an hour or two , and was at length allowed ten minutes . During this very short time I ook such instructions a 31 could , and was then sent for into Court .
I called the Magistrate ' s attention to the fact that a few years ago an Act , 6 ifc 7 | W . IV . c . 114 , had been passed , allowing to prisoners , in cases where the Magistrates had a summary jurisdiction , the benefit ofan Advocate , the same as at the Assizes and ( _Quarter Sessions . By the second section of that Act , it was declared , " that in all cases of summary conviction , persons accused sh & ll be admitted to make their full defence and answer , and to have all witnesses examined and cross-examined by Counsel or Attorney , " but that this privilege was altogether useless , unless the accused had some little time allowed them : the prisoners had been but two hours in Warrington , and during that time , though application had been made for the purpose , none of their friends had been permitted to see them : all applications had been met with " You cannot see them till after the tri tl . " I dwelt at considerable length upon this , and you will see its great importance ; what follows is equally important .
On Ireland's case being called on again , and after a witness had been examined , I asked for thc " Information . " By referring to the Act under whieh they were charged , 4 G . IV . c . 34 , you will see that an INFORMATION is absolutely requisite in these cases : itis the Indictment n < rninst the accused , and is the only legal record of the charge he is to meet . It came out , however , that the Information was not in Court , nor the Information in the other two cases , which had been already tried ! it was said that they were with the magistrate before whom they had been laid .
However , thc Information against Ireland was sent for and brought , and the trial proceeded . I had it in my hand , but was busy taking down the evidence : it was not read . In replying , I relied on some points arising out ofthe Information itself , and asked whether I might have a copy . No . Then I requested to be allowed to copy it myself ; then that it might be read ( it had not been read before , though I had read particular portions , as I commented on thera , ) so slowly that I might copy it : —bof h requests were refused .
In the mean time , the Magistrates hadfgot the Information before them . I requested—my request for a copy , & c , having been refused—to hold it , that I might proceed in my argument : the Magistrates assented nt first , but , on tho application of the Solicitor against me , refused . I ashed again , but was refused . I was literally unable to proceed in my argument without it . After waiting a minute or two , without replying to mv request , —having consulted his Clerk , —the Chairman faid ' * T 11 UEE MONTHS AND HARD LABOUR , " and . Ireland was removed .
It is a rule at the Sessions and Assizes that in cases where tbe prisoner is refused a copy of the in . dictment , it should be read so slowly that it may be taken down in writing ; it was objected , that I ought to have made the application before , at the commencement ; but the information was not in the Court at the commencement ; and when it came I was busy in the case : when refused the privilege of holding ' it in my liand _^ while I argued from it , the Clerk said , ' * the Magistrates _woild read ne any nart I _thoiiiihtproner _, " . but I declined this . There
remained many legal points for observation , —but argument after this would have been idleness . DOBSON'S case was next called on , —I applied for the Information , —it was not in the Court , but was sent for ; and I was allowed fifteen minutes to see the prisoner and his friends . In this case , the Magistrates , ( and they will rely on the fact in answer to tbis statement ) , offered to adjourn the case fur a week if I wanted time to prepare , but they refused my request that they would accept bail for the _appearance ofthe accused—Dobson was to remain the week
in prison—so I declined the offer . On returning into Court , the Information was uot arrived , and soon after wards a clerk who had been sent for it , returned , nnd said " it could not be found . " I immediately got up , and asked for the prisoner ' s discharge , there _beiag no case against him . "Ono . " _saiel the clerk , " wc can make another , " and forthwith they did " make another , " charging the same offence as the one tbat was lost ; and then the trial began . On the commencement of the trial , I required that the Information—the new one—be read ; this was done , but so hurriedly that I could not copy it down . 1 requested the clerk to read it more slowly , but the Magistrate desired him to "read it in the usual ¦ _"""¦ » -
way , " and so he did . The first evidence was the " contract ofscrvice . " This I requested might be read slowly , but the Magistrates decided on its being read "in the usual way . " 1 made a few observations in rep ly , —but it was up-hill work . As soon as the case was closed , the master made an application to the Magistrates . The prisoner had not been guilty of any previous offence , and he , the master , wns willing that he should be discharged from the charge , and also from his contract , provided he would pay the costs . The Magistrates assented to this proposal , and asked the constable the amount ot the costs . £ i . ls . 8 id . was the reply ; this was the prisoner ' s share ofthe expenses of bringing the parties in custody from Derbyshire .
Dobson however was without money , and was therefore obliged to refuse the offer ; he was thereupon immediately sentenced to _«• three months' imprisonment and hard labour . " Passing by for the moment all observation on this system ot giving aprisoner an alternative of going to _prison , or _paying a sum of money to thc prosecutor , you will observe , that on the Information actually tried against Dobson , no costs whatever had been _incurred except perhaps a shilling or two—the Information on which he had been brought from Derbyshire was lost ; that on which he was tried was prepared while he stood in the dock . All the four convicted , WYKE . -GERRARD ,-IRELAND , —and DOBSON , —were sent off at four yesterday morning ( Thursday , 28 th ) , to Liverpool ; tbe trial took place on Monday ; and we presume that the delay has been occasioned by the consulting counsel as to the form ofthe commitments , & c .
All this is a long « tory , but I must so far intrude as to ask you to make yourself master ot the facts . Petitions arc now being prepared , tobe signed by the wives oftlie three contract servants , and by the mother of the apprentice Wyke , in order to bring the subject before Parliament . The subject is a most important one . and is , to a great extent , beyond the cognizance of the law courts , —and therefore a lit matter for the Secretary of State ' s interference . The great point , and which applies to all tbe
Tot. S. Duncombe , M.P. 8, Princess Stre...
cases , is the practice of trying persons iramediatel _* that they are taken into custody ; this is the general custom in Lancashire . In the case of the children committed at Ashton , in July last , and which was brought before the House of Lords by the Duke of Buckingham , the children were summoned in the morning , and kept at their work until the Magistrates were ready to try them the same afternoon , — and they wcreali in gaol before night . A few weeks ago , a working man at Rochdale was taken under the Intimidation Act , and tried within an hour , and _sentenced to three months' imprisonment .
Ihe shortness of time not only prevents the accused from obtaining legal advice , but from enquiring as to witnesses , & c . In the present cases , it was merely by accident that their friends heard of tbeir being in custody . 1 have known a boy taken from bis parents' house , and tried and convicted , without his parents knowing anything about it : for no notice is ever giren . Tho frequent reply to this is—that the _accus-ed do not apply for a postponement _; but this is nonsense : the accused are ignorant , —sometimes merely children , —and on being brought up they are frequently cenfused , and hardly capable of
speaking . The next point , appl _yinu to all the cases , is the refusal to adow any of _tfo friends to see the prisoners till after the trial . Thi * also is a general custom . It has probably arisen from the Magistrates confounding together the cases for their summary _iurisdiction . and those where they commit for trial at the Sessions and Assizes . In the latter case it may be advisable to prevent any intercourse till the _commitmcntis perfected , but in the cases of summary jurisdiction the necessity for previous communication with their friends to procure witnesses , legal advice . & c is obvious .
A third point , which applies to the cases of Wyke and Gerrard ( and partially to the other two ) is , that the Informations against them were not in the court at the time of their tri-. il . It will be said that this ia a mere matter of form and that tho Information was repeated m the warrant . But this reply is altogether insufficient : to a certain extent the whole trial is " a matter of form . " If the doctrine is admitted in these cases a man might be tried for murder without an Indictment . The Information is material—it is required by the Act—must be on oath ofa particular person-if its statements are false , the Informant may be indicted for perjury—and in several other respects it is important .
The 4 Geo . IV . c . 34 is the Act relating to masters and servants ; the third section enacts that , when a servant shall have absented himself , < kc ., it shall be lawful for a justice , & e " and such justice is hereby authorised and empowered upon complaint thereof , made _upon oath to him , by thc person or persons , or any of them with whom such servant , & c , shall have so contracted '' to issue his warrant for the apprchending . Ac , and to examine into the nature of the complaint . " it may be important to recollect , that many persons have been released from prison by the judges , on the ground thatthe Informations against them « ere defective in some particularssuch as not shewing that the offence or thc parties were within the scope of the Act ,
A fourth point relates to th © case of Ireland ; he was half tried before my arrival without an Information , but this it will bo said was cured by beginning the trial over _ajjain , the Information , however was not brought till after the first witness had been examined on the second trial . In explaining this case it will be important te recollect that the rule , at the Assizes and Quarter Sessions , in favour of the prisoner , that the Indictment should be read slowly so that he might take a copy , was departed from , and also that his advocate was not allowed to hold the Information while commenting on it ; one of the Magistrates observed that the Information wa ? repeated ( recited ) in the warrant—but this i 3 no reply either in law br common sense .
A sixth point relates to the case of Dobson . The information on which he had been taken into custody in Derbyshire , was lost : 'it was said to be lost , but it really is questionable , whether there ever was any information at all . ) There being no Information in Court—no charge against him—Dobson , oueht at once to have been liberated ; instead of which he was kept in tho Prisoner ' s Dock , while another Information was prepared and sworn to . In this case too , the rule as to " slow" reading was departed from . The Magistrates observed that both the Information and the contract should be " read in the usual way . "
And the other point with regard to Dobson must not be lost sight of . He was in reality committed " not for violating bis contract , " but because be refused to pay the £ i ls . 8 _Jd , costs on the lost _Infnr . mation . Some other circumstances will probably be noticed in the petitions—but these are the principal . Whether the law affords any remedy for these variations from established rule may be questionable : but the friends of the prisoners are very poor ; any legal remedy would be too expensive for them and would involve considerable delay ; and , what is more to the present purpose , bave little or no effect in restraining the practices complained of .
The subjects of complaint are better suited for the interference of the Secretary of State , than of tbe Queen ' s Bench . An exposure in Parliament , will do far more srood than a motion for the Certiorari , and the whole matter is more within the scope of thc common sense than of law . With regard to thc first point it cannot be denied , ( hat the prisoners wove debarred of a fair and reasonable opportunity of preparing for their defence . The facts arc indisputable , and will be admitted by the Magistrates themselves , though they may endeavour lo palliate the inference from them . As to the second point it admits of no question , that the trials
of Wyke and Gerrard , in the absence of the Informations , were _illecal . If Informations arc not to be produced why need they be laid . With regard to Ireland it is notorious that in cases of misdemeanour the prisoner is infilled to a copy of the indictment and that when he takes no office copy , he is allowed as a matter of right that it should be read so slowly that it may be copied . And as to Dobson , the further pointin his favour , tho absence of the original Information and the making his sentence a punishment for not paying the £ i Is . 8 Jd . are plain inferences of eminion sense . If , therefore , the Secretary of State , can be induced to enquire into the matter , there is a fair piobability ofthe four being discharged from
prison . The principle evil , however , which the parties are desirous of bringing before Parliament , is the unjust and indecent hast with which these " summary jurisdiction" cases are disposed of . In ninety-nine cases out of a hundred , thc accused is tried and convicted within an hour or two after he is in custody . It may be admitted , that in many instanees the accused are proceeded against by summons , —not by warrant , —and in such cases , the hardship referred to does not exist .
In the present cases , thc accused were arrested in bed ; two policemen stood over them with cutlasses ; they were handcuffed . It may be well to recollect , thatthe Act i 9 very harsh and unequal in its operation ; it professes to be for thc protection of servants as well as master * , but there are no warrants against the latter , —nor imprisonment . With-. he master the violation of the contract is a mere civil offence , — with the servant , it is a crime . The Act gives no appeal . In each ofthe cases , I had a good defence . The master had not performed his part of the contract ; he had contracted to pay the same wages as the
other masters in Warrington , and had , in fact , paid considerably less . But in reply to thiB the magistrates said , perhaps correctly , that the servants ou _« ht to have summoned the masters . I mention this , lest it should be thought that I merely relied on what will possibly be ealled technical points . A moment ' s reflection , however , will shew that these points aro not technical , —on the contrary , they are most substantial . If tho prisoneris to be deprived of tbeir benefit , he might almost as well be without a trial . In ' cases of summary jurisdiction—deprived of the protection of TRIAL BY JURY—one might be tempted to contend that tho accused was entitled to an even more stringent application in his favour of thc rules of law and usage .
I Jmost earnestly hope that 3 'ou will be able to bring these facts before Parliament , on presenting the petitions -which the friends of the prisoners are preparing , and which will be forwarded , I presume , in a d _iy or two . At the same time , I will forward you some printed copies of this letter , that you may give to the circumstances as much publicity as vou consider desirable . Probably , MR . WAKLKY , MR . ROEBUCK , MR . FERRAND , and others , may support the prayer of the petitions ; thoy will pray for enquiry as to the truth ot their statements , and that the men may be liberated , if it appears that they have not had fair trials .
In the full confidence tbat you will do your utmost for us , 1 remain , my deai _\ Sir , Yours very faithfully , W . P . Roberts . P . S . —Thc magistrates who heard the forcoine _were-THOS . LYON and WILLIAM STUBBS , Esquires . Mr . LYON was the Chairman , and the most active . Mr . STUBBS would , I think , have allowed us copies of tho informations and contracts Mr . STUBBS is , or rather was , —the celebrated file manufacturer;—ho says that he has now retired from business .
An Insatiable Boo.—Thc Railway Between S...
An Insatiable Boo . —Thc railway between Shipley and Keighley is progressing rapidly , with thc exception of that part near _Bingley church called the Bing lcy-bog . Sixty tons of earth and stones are cast into this bos every hour of the day . The earth and stones on the east end are conveyed by steam from the Nobwood , and from the west by horses . Notwithstanding tbis immense quantity being dropped into tho gulf at both ends by three lines of rails , all is swallowed up every morning ; tho heavy matter sinking thus forces the lighter up , and _makesa black spongy embankment on both sides . It is a question at what time it will be compactly filled up .
Cra&Ea' Jntircmnu*
_Cra & _ea' _jNtircmnu _*
The National Association Of United Trade...
THE NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF UNITED TRADES .
* ' USITKD WE STAND , DIVU ) Bn WE TALL !" - _* _™ - ! r j " _£ - ] - above heading will be f ound in The Labourer for _I-ebruary ( just published ) , from which we select the extracts given below . The writer m f _?«?& Ti tak _? fi r h text t , ie admirable speech of Mr . Robson to the London boiler makers , which appeared in tins paper of January 3 rd i "We have read the speeches of ministers and states-men , and have heard them " lauded for whit they did NOT say , and extolled for their caution but it appears that Mr . Robson , at least , has come to the conclusion that his qlass are now prepared to receive the language of sterling truth , while tho fact of his
speech , well worthy a place in our pages to the exclusion of much valuable matter , not being circulated in the form of a handbill throughout the length and the breadth of the land , leads us to the melancholy conclusion that his nervous and natural eloquence was lost upon his audience : while in an oration , occupying less than half a column ofa newspaper , we find the subject treated under no fewe" than ten _dit--tincfc heads , all of vital importance , all indispensable parts of one great whole , and magically dovetailed into apiece of perfect mechanism , presenting labour ' s question " at a view , " and each furnishing ample materials for distinct and elaborate comment . The speaker treats of his subject under the following heads . : —
FinsTLv . —The necessity of union . Secondly . —The fact of union giving to sectional movements , when rendered necessary , greater strength . Thirdly . —The inefneacy of useless strikes as a means of meeting the appliances at the disposal of thc master class . _Fourtiii-t . —The indispensable necessity of taking thc management of their own affairs into their own hands . Fifthly , — -The profit made by masters , in consequence of the non-existence of co-operative action . Sixthly . —The STRIKING difference between the old system that set men on STRIKE and the new that sets them to WORK . Seventhly . — _SELF-EMPLOYMENT the only means of securing a FAIR DAY'S WAGE FOR A
FAIR DAY'S WORK . _Eiohthly . —The value of expeBing the state of tlieir funds . Ninthly . —The _necessity of employing those hands not required in the artificial labour market in the CULTIVATION OF THE LAND FOR THEMSELVES . And Temtuxy . —De wove his nine threads into a piece
of RECIPROCITY . __ g To canvasss each of those distinct heads ? rould require more space than we can possibly bestow , even upon the consideration of so important a subject , while we trust that the dissection of it will enable those interested in its success to analyse it for themselves , when all must come to the inevitable conclusion that the non-observance of a single point would lead to the defeat of the principle , while tbe critical observance of each would place the principle and its
advocates beyond the POWER of the law , the MALIGNITY st the masters , the CONTEMPT ot the press , and thc SPORT of faction . TO BE FOREWARNED IS TO BE FOREARMED , and it is riglit that those engaged in the struggle for labour ' s emancipation , should be mindful of old USAGE and ANCIENT precedent . Protected capital will not allow defenceless labour the unopposed possession of its own inalienably , though tamely surrendered , right , nnd therefore recollection of past errors should now serve as future warnings . There is no one thins on this earth more certain than that
CAPITAL _, the CHILD , will resist all attempts . of LABOUR , the PARENT , to rid itself of unnatural controul , and , though not observed by the sleepy eye of industry , the ever-watchful and jealous glance of greedy gain is now fastened upon the result of its first assault against the movement of the associated trades , and those of Warrington , because sectionalized , have been selected for the masters ' experiment . The main body , however , should bear in mind that , although unassociated , the victims were nevertheless a portion of labour ' s sentinels , and that they cannot be shot down or destroyed without detriment to tho
camp , and [ hence we wero not a littlo . mortified at finding a partv , contending for co-operation and universalit y , attempting to sectionalizc the WARRINGTON CONSPIRACY with the maudlin expression of regret thatthe persecuted videtshad not joined the grand army . We tell the parent , however , that it cannot disinherit ONE of its children , without the risk of inculcating disobedience in all ; that , while despots would frighten into subservience , it becomes the duty of labour to win to obedience , and that of all classes that of labour cannot violate the great principle-that WHEN ONE OF SOCIETY IS OPPRESSED ALL SOCIETY IS INJURED
—without _lttelf being the first victim to the violation _. It has been too much the practice of the leaders of a popular movement to seek a cowardly exemption from the responsibility of thc acts ofthe spirited but misguided , the enthusiastic but indiscreet , while the professors of love of order , who themselves live on confusion , have gained many triumphs by holding morality ' s mirror up to the weak and prejudiced , who could else find no feasible pretext for desertion and betrayal . . Every working man must confess , that the opponents of Chartism have relied for its destruction upon the bad name stamped by a venal press upon its advocates , rather than upon their power to overthrow tho principle by argument , and what has been tried , but unsuccessfully , in the case
of Chartism , will be attempted in the case of TRADES UNIONS . The masters and their press will profess a sanguine desire for all FAIR PROTECTION to labour , but will recoil with feelings of injured pride at the UNJUST and DESPERATE means resorted to for its accomplishment , all means being " unjust" and "desperate" that promisesuccessi and "just" and " praiseworthy" that are certain of defeat . It has ever been the practice ofthe trades to exhaust upon the cure an amount of _strentith , ono quarter of which would have insured PREVENTION ; hence the posthumous SPLUTTER that was made for the DORCHESTER LABOURERS and the post mortem SPLUTTER that was made for the Glasgow Cotton Spinners would , if directed to insuring the LAW'S PROTECTION ,
instead of being foolishly wasted in the attempt to muster a mawkish and evanescent sympathy—have saved the victims , and secured a triumph well calculated to inspire labour with confidence and its oppressors with dismay . It matters then not a single straw , whether the Warrington mechanics were or were not of the ASSOCIATION FOR TIIE PROTECTION OF LABOUR , they were , fighting Jahour ' s battle and cannot be deserted without injury to labour ' s cause . It is therefore the paramount duty of the Directory to take tlieir ense out of its sectional limits , and , if needed , to DRAIN THE EXCHEQUER , to the very dregs to [ secure their ACQUITTAL , resting satisfied that every farthing expended will be cheerfully repaid TENFOLD . In speaking of this subject Mr . Robson
says" They were now making a further attempt through the side's of their sister Association , tho Operative Engineer ? , by means of a " Monster Indictment , " at Warrington . What crimo had the men committed 1 Oh , tbey had ' walked up and down , and t ilked . ' Well , out of this the liAwyers had concocted an indictment of seventy yards in length , and the masters'counsel positively pleaded aggravation , on the ground that the men still continued to ' _wnllt up nnd down , " and tnlk , ' but he had no doubt their excellent and talented friend and advocate , W . P . Roberts , would do as he had done many times before , bring tho men through . "
Yes , we too have every reliance upon the sagacity , talent , energy , and integrity of Mr . Roberts , but tne Trades must see the impossibility of tho best general fighting a battle without the means , and the impolicy of allowing themselves to be stripped of all the glory of triumph . Warrington LOST , and the national union CRUMBLES into ruin , Warrington WON , and tyrants will dread its name . The great advantage of the national over the sectional movements of the trades , is the fact that it takes from the masters the destructive power of constituting the satisfied few a band of spies over tho dissastisfied many , invariably holding the spirit of the
body in subjection to the treachery of tho artful and therefore favoured few , who were rewarded with places of trust and profit in exact proportion to their subservience . Until this sectional blight was dispelled by the generous warmth of the associated mind it was hopeless to expect any move in the proper direction . We cannot conclude without tendering onr best thanks to Mr . Robson for supplying the means of elucidating an extremely complicated subject . The directors need but socuro such " talent to place thc cause of the Trades beyond the power of their enemies , by recommending its practice to the _unentranimelled mind of an improving age . " Labour ' s battle onco begun
Bequeathed by bleeding sire to son Though baffled oft is ever iron- "
STATE OF TiiE NOTTINGHAM TRADES , Mabcii of Machinery . —The A ' _olliiii / ' iaiii J ournal soys the plain net and plain quilling trades are j ' . ist now under serious depression , and this wo attribute to the Germans , in Moravia , llohemia , and Austria , having _extended their machinery , nud that by their own native industry . On all _htinds it is agreed by the English mechanics , that the Germnn smiths and mechanics arc a _ve-ry Buperior race of men to tho Picards , the "Vormuus , the _Champagaols , and the Lyonnois ; and even Evans himself , the most able of our _matshine-sraiths , admits that the Germans havo a wonderful facility iu making wooden machinery , which he has repeatedly declared will out . wear iron , for many purposes connected with the hosiery and lace trades . The making of muslin laces still continues , and this has extended to tho warp frames _, but many of the machine-owners would do well to avoid theirpresent method of making patterns , which have too
The National Association Of United Trade...
strong a resemblance to what is termed _Jfuns' lae _;* , nn article which ie extensively prodvieed in th » vic ' mitv of Amiens . Great care should be taken to show thnt it Is muslin laco , and not muslin . _Evun iu Nottingham lace is made by an wdmdual from the weaver ' s loom ( the only obo » ve bolieve , in the vicinitj ) , which imitates tha wire-ground mash so completely as oveH to deceivo tha best judges . But it has a great clog : the loom is too narrow ; and if wider , the speed would lessen , and the difficulty increase . We are glad to observe that in some quarUvs _improvejinents aro making in that wonderful machine the warp frame , and that some new _raauufac _* tures are produced , respecting the nature of which we
are prevented by prudence from being more explicit . Upou the whole , however , the laco trade is considered to beina hid state ; and what is worse , machinery , that up to November kept up its price , hag rapidly f alien , though not to the extent it did in 1830-31-32 , when a general opinion prevailed that hand would be superseded by power bobbin-net machinery . As we have before ob . served , _although cotton yam has advanced very seriously in price , yet it has bad but little effect on the hosiery manufactures , as upou the whole , both wrought and cutup stockings moy be considered a shade better , though in many cases the hands ure suffering a species of mar . tyrdom frem low wages .
LABOUR IN NEW YORK . ITS CIRCUMSTANCES , CONDITIONS , 4 ND _BEWAafS . ( From the New York Tribune . ) HAIR SEATING AND CURLED-HAIR MANOFACTDRB . This branch of manufacture is carried on pretty _.-xten . sively in New Y „ ik , but not near so much as it would be under a different _regulation of the Tariff . Under the present regulation , owing to the extremely low price o
labour in Europe , ( one would think it was low enough here , ) European Hair Seating can pay a duty of twenty _, five per cent , and then be sold cheaper tban the American made . But foreign hair-cloth is by no means of so good a quality as the Americnn ; and it is here that our manufacturers have tlieir only chance for reimbursing their outlay . The processes of this manufacture are carried to as high perfection in this uity as in any part of the world ; and the only reason for the difference iu price is in tho lower wages of labout and the inferior quality of tbe European article .
Nearly the whole of the raw hair used in the _manu-, facture of hair seating and curled hair is imported—some frora Russia , but mostly from Buenos Ayres . The very best article comes from the Rio Grande , A small supply ofa tolerable second-rate article comes from Cincinnati . It is composed of bristlcsand the inner hair or wool of hogs , mixed in equal proportions . This is only used for curled hair . The hair after it comes into the hands of the manufacturer is first sorted , —that is , the long bair which will auswer for weaving is separated from the other , which _KOCS in t 0 be curled . It is then hackled , and becomes naiy for being spun . These two processes aro per . t ' ormed by men and boys . It is very dirty and _disa-jreeable work—the hair containing a large quantity of dust ¦ tud dirt , _tvhich renders it almost impossible for _oru ; not
_accustomed to it to breathe Jn the apartmeut where thia is going on . This work is principally done by boys , who gut all prices , from one dollar and fifty cents to four or five dollars per week . Tho general range is not more than two dollars and fifty cents and three dollars . A few men are engaged by the day at one dollar and one dollar und fifty cents . The hair for weaving now goes into tbo more delicate fingers of the hair-drawers , who sort it into different lengths , each length corresponding to tbe width of tha cloth to be woven . Tho girls engaged in this work make from three dollars to three dollars and fifty cents , and sometimes four dollars per week . After it is drawn , it is dyed in bunches about one-third as thick as a horse ' s tail , and is then read y for the looms . The dyeing is done on a large scale , and the head d yer and engineer gets nine dollars per week .
The weaving is done by hand-looms , each worked by two girls—one to handle the _liook , ( answering tho purpose of a shuttle ) aud the other to serve the hair . The warp for the best seatimj is of linen , but most usually it is cotton , and each hair is as long as the cloth is wide . The server has two _buuules , one with tbe largo ends up and tbe other with the small ends . Serving from each alternately , the cloth is smooth and even . We have seldom seen any mechanical operation requiring more dexterity or constant attention than this . The prices paid for weaving varying from twenty to _thirty-tivo cents per yard . The average , including plain and figured c ' otfts , is _twenty-four cents . A fair average diiy ' s work is four or five yards . But this requires two hands , you must remember—so that , perhaps , a fair estimate of the wages of haircloth would be from fifty to sinty . twoand a half cents per diiy . The labouris severe and we should think it impossible or very _injurious for _joung women to work at it more than two-thirds of the time .
The manu _, acture of curled hair is carried on in the same establishments as that of hair seating . That por . tion of tbe hair wliich is rejected as being unsuitable for weaving is spun into a coarse throe or four stranded rope . This work is done by men and boys , who receive about the same average compensation as those who sort and hackle . After being spun it is backed up ( the twist put into it ) and then boiled aud thoroughly elcaused . It is then baked and confirmed in its kinkiness . All these processes are performed by men and boys . It is now read y for the pickers . These arc almost en . _tire-ly Irish women , who come and carry offlarge bun . dies of the rope , which they take to their homes where
mother and children fall to picking it to pieces . A smart woman can pick twenty-five or thirty pounds per day ; and some of them with the help of the children , ( of which thtre nre generally plenty ) , open l ' jrty or fifty pounds per day . They receive for this work two cents per pound . After they _lfave finished what they brought home they tie the loose hair , now ready for the upholsterer , into a large blanket , mount it on their heads , and stagger off under it to the manufacturers- _. Every person will at once recollect having often met these women and wondered how they are able to walk under such enormous loads , or where they were carrying them .
These wemen all , or nearl y all , have husbands , who wjrk at various employments—any that they can getor at none at all . They live for the most part in quite a wretched manner—squei zed into hot and suffocating garrets or crushed into dark and deadly cellars . Hun . dreds of families rent a single room eaeh in the shanties and sheds which the cupidity of landlords lias caused to be orected in thc rear of small poor buildings , whose ten . ants sadly need and ought to have every _sqnare fo _« t of ground and every mouthful of unbreathed air that they can any way lay hold of . When one goes about these miserable and crowded sheds and shanties , and sees how much itiuifcfssury sufferings and privation is _occasioned to the _poorly the ' avarice or thoughtlessness of landlords , he is ready to conclude that the right to thus build and overbuild every inch of ground a man owns by titledeed ought to hare some restriction , founded upon the general health and sanity ot * thc community .
TOBACCO _PIPE-MAKERS OF EDINBURGH AND LEITH . To tue Public Yv ' e , tlie Operative _Tobacco-Pipe Makers of Edinburgh and Leith having addressed our employers for nn advance of wages , the Leith employers have , on an average , given an advance of three shillings per werk : the Edinburgh employers one shilling and sixpence on an average .
NOTTINGHAM . United Trades . —Tho committeo of this district hold a most important public meeting of all branches of framework knitters , at their Assembly-rooms , the King George on Horseback , Gregory ' s Buildings , oa Monday , February the lst . Mr . Winters , a veteran in tho ranks oi Trades Unionists , was unanimously called to the chair . There were present deputations from Radford , _Uystm Green , Basford , Arnold , Doir . break , Coulton , and varions other places . The room was literally crammed with members anxious to learn the result of the deliberations on the many grievances that had been frora time to time
sub-Hiitted to the district committee , and which affected every branch of the framework knitters trade . Mr . Winters opened the meeting by explaining its objects , and then called on Mr . Wolley , the district secretary , to read over the several plans which had been adopted by the committee , after wliich Mr . Dean , one of the executive body , addressed the meeting in a powerful , eloquent , and business-like speech , and sat down loudly applauded . At the close of Mr . Dean ' s address , many questions were asked and satisfactorily answered . After which several resolutions were unanimously adopted , including the _following : —
"That this meeting hereby recommend the district committee to enlist the manufactures with them in their endeavours to destroy competition . " That if any workman shall at any time be unjustly imposed on , he is hereb y requested to make such imposition known to the Nottingham district committee , whose duty it is to uphold the just rights of labour . " The other resolutions pledged tho meeting to support tho National Association of the United Trades , and the committee in carrying out an active agitation . A vote of thanks to the chairman concluded tho proceedings . All communications for this body must be acdiessod to Mark Wolley , district secretary .
Iiusu Ruoduce.—A Very Curious Document H...
Iiusu ruoDucE . —A very curious document hns just been issued by order of the " House of Commons , consisting of " an account of tlio quantities of wheat , barley , oats , wheat-flour , oatmeal , butter , cheese , and meat ; of the numbor of cattle , sheep , and swine , imported into Great Britain frora Ireland , ia each month in the year 181 G . " From this it appearB that the total quantity of corn of Irish growth imported into this country , was—wheat , 180 , 730 ; barley , 1 ) 2 , 851 ; oats , 953 , 851 ; wheat-flour , 723 . 526 qrs . ; and oatmeal , 553 , 117 cwt . The number of cattle exported into England from the sister country in 1840 , was—oxen , bulls , and cow 9 , ] S 0 _,-1 S 3 ; calveg _, 0 , 363 ; sheep _s _* . nd lambs , 259 , 257 ; swine , 480 , 827 . No information is possessed by Government of the shipments of butter , cheese , and meat , though they are , doubtless , in equal proportion .
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Feb. 6, 1847, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns3_06021847/page/7/
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