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Tank 7 » 1845. ¦ ' •' " - .,•!_• J THE N...
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fottm iHobementSi
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..^ml I wiU war, at least in words, ¦ An...
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AMERICAN AFFAIRS. , Ve had inteDded to L...
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RELIGIOUS MOVEMENT IN GERMAN. (From the ...
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*.*Av Gin! -»-Catholic Chcbch.—PnnceMett...
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. -konas Ar«raALus NinvE. —ThereB now li...
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THE LAND! "Within flat land was many a m...
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THE PROPOSED "AMENDMENT" OF THE SCOTTISH...
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TO MR. PROUT, 229, STRAND, LONDON.
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ffinvM hxttUimm.
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London Corn Exciiascb, MosnAV, June 2.—T...
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Transcript
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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Tank 7 » 1845. ¦ ' •' " - .,•!_• J The N...
Tank 7 _» 1845 . ¦ ' •' " - ., •!_• J THE NORTHERN STAR . 7
Fottm Ihobementsi
fottm _iHobementSi
..^Ml I Wiu War, At Least In Words, ¦ An...
.. _^ ml I wiU war , at least in words , ¦ _And—should my chance so happen—needs ) , With all who war with Thought !'' . ti flunk I hear a little bird , who sings riu > _-Df-onle brand by will be ihe _strou-rer . "—Rvno
American Affairs. , Ve Had Intedded To L...
AMERICAN AFFAIRS . , Ve had inteDded to Lave this week given the first ; series of articles , en the Texas Annexation and % . _# * Territory questions , but the great length of _^ ' Land" article compels us to postpcne this for a J-. " \ _- _* e aare recclred _copies of Young America of _i-prilSfj-a * and May 3 rii . The first of these papers I ts one of our articles on the recent events in _ynt 2 erjjaid 1 _. _-with a promise to give the rest . The _^ eond contains a report of the npoceedings of the jndes _C-onfetence recently held in London , also _tieafiuin the Star . We give a few extracts from rmag America-:
—Ge 7 £ » s <» Do * - * . —The legislature of Maine has passed _iicrfes of lesolufious in relation to the case of Governor _D _^ to he traiisnatted to other states and to the _Preg _& st , among which is the -following : — "Thatthe state ef _Jfatni * , by her legislature , hereby inters her solemn « ,- » _ifit against the imprisonment of Thomas W . Dorr , in _£ _if flats prison , in the state of Rhode Island , by the _^ _thorities thereof , as unjust , illegal , malignant , and _tyrjanical , nnbeconung fhe age in whicli we live , and dejer . ing ihe marked disapprobation of the American peop le ; and in the opinion of this legislature it is the _imgeatire duty of the general _jjuvernment to adopt any and jq legal and constitutional measures for sis immediate _jeJease . "
Owsos . —I think there ivill be no fighting about Oregon soon ; bnt should things be so managed as to bring _jboatafight , let the landlords , tliis lime , do the fighting The landless men peif » nned moist part of ( he fighting of fas £ evolnt > on , and of the last war . Those who have profited most should now take their torn . "Noted-lander should ever fight unless on condition that he and his children shall have an equal share ofthe countiy after the _"ihtiiig is over . Isn't that right t The Old _Cocstst . —The British ministry say they can da nothing to relieve the poor , as their sufferings arise from natural causes ; they may naturally teach the aristocracy a new lesson soon .
The _Anti-hest troubles continue , and many of the Sew York papers are ca * yin | - out for coercive measures to pat down the tree soil farmers . Two of tie _profitmongers ' papers , the Courier and Enquirer end Caamerdal Advertiser , are actually attacking trial by jury—so that the march of the aristocrats -toward worse even than English despotism , is _beforainglieanti' _^ yaeeeleiatea . So much the better ; iac Americans will the sooner be brought to that _strnjjglefor social justice -which is indispensable to c _^ csmmnate their political revolution . Tee Co _* svEs * no _* > o ? ihe _iKDra-moua Classes was : _o assemble in New York onthe 5 th of May . We _•• aii-with much interest -fhe nest arrival .
Religious Movement In German. (From The ...
RELIGIOUS MOVEMENT IN _GERMAN . ( From the Paris _CoxtstitKtiomxel . J Whilst _Pnseyism and the debate on Maynooth agitsie England , an analogous movement isnianifested _maU Gennaay . A priest , discontent and uneasy H Honge , is trying to walk in _ftefootsteps of Luther ad Caftin . Above all , he wages war with the Latin _liDgnaee , and , like Abbe * Chatel , he wants mass to he said in the language of the country . But M . _{ _- _" _ei-go goes mueh former , _asdvantetoestendhuireftamtoother things liesides Latin . First of all , he demands the complete abolition , of confession ; next , tkinarriage of priests , and the unopposed marriage cf individuals of different religions ; and , finally , the
complete independence , with -respect to the Court of Rome , of the German clergy , or , to speak more properly , of the German Gathofics . M . Ronge has explained h _' u principles , defended them , and showed * hat he hoped for , in - various discourses pronounced at _Breshtw and other towns in Germany . A series of pamphlets has heen published in support of these fctdeelarations , and , at the present time , all the Confederation is engaged in the quarrel . Several celebrated professors have taken part for M . Ronge , -sho has proclaimed himself provisionally chief of the Getman Catholic Church . Professor Binrickh , of Halle , amongst others , has published a manifesto , _Tduebhas produced the most lively sensation throughoat Germany . At Friburg , in the Duchy of Baden , a
distinguished professor , M . Schreiber , has placed himself atthe head of the movement M . Ronge has _suffrag-mi-everywhere , -whom the bishops of the different dioceses -where they preach hasten to excommunicate As a matter of course , that step has heen had recourse tolosg since against M . Ronge himself , and that act has not a little contributed to give mm a celebrity ? hich he undoubtedly would not have acquired if left to his own _reseurces . As in the time of Lather , tiie sovereigns intervene in the quarrel , and sore than one prince is disposed to recognise the new doctrine of M . Ronge , Primate of Germany . This dormer appeals at the same time to Catholics and Protestants . To the former he offers a religion , ia ids opinion , more easy , freed & vm auricular conies-& _af wiesfsandre
_sjon _^ animentedhy the _mMJaag , - SCTed of many other _j-egdafiona . To the Protestants , M . Ronge presents a form of worship more _apsarent than their own , and appealing more to the _keses ; he offers them in addition , he says , a certain unity which vould nut an end to tiie differences now _ghing birth to the innumerable sects that at present t-alit Protestantism into pieces . Thus recruits are wani in both camps . Protestants and Catholics _•^ _t-e-fhemselvcsunder the "bannerofM . Ronge ; and Ms standard-bearer , M . Czersky , another fugitive inna the Catholic Church , serves hhn - with effect in & conquests . The inferior clergy are more particiilarl y appealed to , and in "various districts they akeen the opportunity of escaping from the yoke of
aalhority and -discipline . The movement is propagated thronghont all Germany , and it is even penetatins into Austria , nohrithstondingthe precautions tsientry-the government to arrest ite progress . The _Austria journals are forbidden to mention the name e'M . Ronge ami ofhis adherents ; tiie police and the _eiBoiship aid each other to crash tiie new doctrine ia the bud . The King of Hanover prosecutes it aB ratwnonarchical _, andthe King of Bavaria as _commuost . The German CatbolicsofSaxony haveaddressed aprotestto the Minister of "Worship , and call on the Saxon Government to ask Bavariafor explanations on _ikmeasares which sheproposes taking ; and they defy tbe Bavarian Government to find a trace of comanmismin their doctrines . In his last discourse ,
_titmky has given Lis partisans notice to prepare for _seisecntion . It appears , in fact , that Austria _inknds proposing to the Diet severe measures . In liber _nJa-ses , the temporal power has shown itself _iadulgent . In Prussia , Saxony , and oiher States of - _^ Gennanic _{^ nf _«^ ration , theauthorities , without aecisely approving of the -reforms proposed by M . awige , throw no obstacle in the way of their discusm , and the Rongists or Separatists are making _nj-idpnii-Tessin Breslaw , Leipsic , Berlin , _Madgel-argh , Bildesheim _, _F-rai _& fort _, Mentz , Offcmbach , _« . _' The German press , in seizing on the question , * % lays a prodigious activity ; and special _publicaoas , destined to propagate the new doctrine , are _Khibnted in considerable numbers in every part of
_fomaBy . The Rejorme , the organ of the German _Ca-dwlic body , which ia published at Berlin , has , it : _i sail , nearlv 6000 subscribers . The last catalogue yihefair of Leipsic contains the names of upwards « 250 pamphlets and works approving of , or con-« ammg , thenew German Catholic Church ; andrarely _issa question so powerfully ag itated both the minds « " -diinking men , and of those persons who are least - _^• ustomed to meddle with matters of the ology . _& t simple diseusidons are not the only things , _3 » ugiit of . Evervwhere , the matenai means of _t _& brating the worship of the new church are being _annented ; and atarecentmeeting , not only the _dog-Sas andthedoctrine were canvassed , but the temporal " _aferesteof the church , and they did not . separate _STst -i _^^ _rrf liiniT was arranged to the satefaction ot
_'ieilksenters . Dr . Wigard presided over the meet-: *« At Mentz , Frankfort , and the towns of the _i-achj of Hesse , manifestations of the same fund We taken place ; they are in general faronrcd by _"die-oniucinal powers , and several Governments seem _aefcitd to enter into the views of the Reformer of _S _^ w . Tbe archbishops and bishops eniplov spi-- 'niulaniisto oppose the movement , but , as always ' * cure in aieu circumstances , the _thnnoers ot tne _GmnA remain without effcct , or , to speak more «> r-- '• wh / , thev onlv serve to extend the schism , and _be-«® e a deUnnining motive for all that Kinained _« _"itfuL Bnt , on the other hand , the importance tf tins movement must not be exaggerated . Gerd
_f-aj _. _shit-e the Reformation , has always oeen _gi-^• _Ibyi-elicious questions . _The ?? ver me _^ , ?„ _* _£ * mceabk _* for . iu placeof _pohtes , _& _& $ ** _J _* eiMom « to theology ; G ermany is , u _» n _«^ _^ _dnae laud of _xeEsiottS sects . - AU 1 kinds of _fen-Hwafl bodies _pi-osper there : the _BaPP-s _^ . F ? S 5 « * . « t , the _PirtisfaTand a thousand other varieties , "" Had for the _reKgions domain of Germany , ihe _^ _ntistsate not an absolutely new phenomenon , _S % form an additional chapter in the curious _St-S rf " _*&» a transformations injGermany : £ l ¥ - _&* . ge will not be the least celebrated of the _oulutudc of Reformers , who demand a p « _m the _w-nsttiti _^ i annals of their country .
*.*Av Gin! -»-Catholic Chcbch.—Pnncemett...
* . _* Av Gin ! _- » -Catholic Chcbch . —PnnceMetter-. _"rS- _^ _JiM addressed the Austrian representatives _« _yoman Courts to recommend thediscouragement , ¦ _£ . ! as lies in their power , of the "schism lately ¦ - _' - _enoitin _-iheCh-arch .
. -Konas Ar«Raalus Ninve. —Thereb Now Li...
. _-konas Ar « raALus NinvE . —ThereB now living _« _^ M _«* head one of the aboriginal _iiihabitante of _ES ? « ratiuent , an ( Hphan boy , _Iroufsht to to C ? •* -Mr . _Forster , of Gateshead , who went out Mr p V , * 1 , _al _> a , MHnejfai ? igo ,, asthe agent of _ta _- C : V _Al'fas . The lad ban arphan _, and _^ as vaji * o _*" _*** "biish .- ' liei-neafebroken English , _l-a " a « n _wTite , andisas intelligent as the or-™ _^ n id _tcysof his age . — Newcastle JtnamaL _^ _m
The Land! "Within Flat Land Was Many A M...
THE LAND ! "Within flat land was many a malcontent , Who cursd _Qie _^ ranny to which he bent ; The soil full many a _wrihghxg despot saw , Yi ho work'd Hs wantonness in form of law . Byron . A people among whom equality reigned , would _pos-^ _ST-S _^ _S _?* _- _** _- * _¥ _*** _Posted the msansof _subs _^ c _* W hy should they pursue additional wealth or territory f No mau can _cultwate more than a certam portion of land . "— Godwin . « tu «» *
" > o one is able to produce a charter from heaven , or _r- _£ jf _H"e _£ tJU 6 t 0 a _Vnteaku possession than his neighbour . *' --Patty . * «• There could be no such thing as lauded property onginally . Man did not make the earth , and , ftougb he had a _nataralnghtto occupy it , he had no right to loedte as Aw property m perpetuity auy part of it ; neither did the Creator of the earth open a land office , from whence thc first title deeds should issue . "— Thomas Paine Theland shall not be sold _foreuer . _—Jl / oses . "There is no foundati on in nature or in natural law why a set of words upon parchment should convey the dominion of land . " _—Btacl-stoxie .
«• The land or earth , in any eountry or neighbourhood , with everything in or on the same , or pertaining thereto , belongs at ail tones to the living inhabitants of the said country or neighbourhood in au equal manner . Por thereisnohvingbut _onlandandits productions : consequently , what we cannot Uve without , we have the same property in as in our lives . "—* rao 5 jias Spence . " The _kndu the people ' s inheritance ; and kings , princes , peers , nobles , priests , and commoners , who have stolen it from them , held it upon the title of popular ignorance , rather than upon any right , haman or divine . "—Fearaus O'Connor .
" My reason teaches me that land cannot be sold . The Great Spirit gave it to bis children to live upon , and cultivate , as far as is necessary for their subsistence and so long as they occupy aud cultivate it , they have the right to the soil—but if they voluntarily leave it , then any other people hare a right to settle upon it . Nothing can be sold , but such things as can be carried away . "—Btacfc Hawk . " Every individua l possesses , legitimatel y , •**¦<• thing which Ins labour , his intelligence { or more generally ) , which his activity has created . " This principle is incontestable , and itis well to remark that it contains expressly an acknowledgment of the right of all to the soil For as the soil has not been created bj man , it follows from the fundamental principle of property , that it cannot belong to any small _nortaon of the
_huinaa race , who have createdit by their actirity . let us then conclude that the true theory of property is founded on the ' creation of the thing possessed . '" —Fourier . " If man has ' aright to light , air , and water , which uo one will attempt to question , he has a right also to the laud , which is just as necessary for the maintenance of his subsistence . If every person had an equal share of the soil , poverty would be unknown in the world , aud crime would disappear with want . _"—ilU-e iy _* ul « Ji . "As the nature and wants of all men are alike , the wants ef all must be equal ; and as human existence is dependent on the same contingencies , it follows that tin great field for all exertion , and the raw material of all wealth , the earth , is the common property of all its inhabitants , "—John Francis Bray .
" it hat monopoly inflicts evils of such magnitude as that of land ? It is the sole barrier to national prosperity . Thepeople , the onl y creators of wealth , possess knowledge ; they possess industry ; and if they possessed land , they could set all other monopolies at defiance ; they would then be enabled to employ machinery for their own benefit , and the world would behold with delight and astonishment the beneficial effects of this might * . - engine , when properly directed . " —Author of the " Beproof of Brutus . "
The Proposed "Amendment" Of The Scottish...
THE PROPOSED "AMENDMENT" OF THE SCOTTISH POOR LAW . —THE LAST ACT OF THE GLEN CALVIE "WEEDING . " The statements we have already published from the Times , furnished by that journal ' s very able " assistant commissioner / ' will hare made known to our English readers something ofthe deplorable condition of their northern brethren—a condition which exceeds anything , however appalling , yet -witnessed in this part of the island . Oar readers will have seen _Umt human beings , __ destitute , aged , and friendless , are left to subsist in what way they may upon such sums as six shillings and three halfpence , hve shillings and elevenpence , and even four shillings , ayear (!) , which , reduced to weekl y items , give about three half-pence , one penny farthing , and something
less than a penny a-week ! Many onl y get half-aerown a-year , or a halfpenny a-week , to live on ! But even these miserable sums are mostly subscribed , not by the landlords , bnt by the poor themselves for their still poorer neighbours . In nearly all the parochial districts the principal source ofthe relief fund is the collections made at the church doors , the heritors or landlords in some places contributing a miserable sum in addition . But in many parishes the heritors contribute nothing , leaving the entire burden ofthe support of tiie poor upon those who , many of them , are but one step above the recipients of the relief . Thus , in the district of Croick , in which there are
twentyseven " paupers . " How many " poor" there are , not recognised " paupers , " we are not told . For their support the seven heritors , who divide the district between them , and derive [ plunder ] a total rental of - £ 2000 , give—nothing . Thet _sbveb gave ose farthixg 1 In the parish of Assynt , of which the Du ke of Sutherland is sole heritor or landlord , there are fifteen hundred people ; they arenearly all poor—ven poor ; but the veiy poorest , " the feeble and the aged who can do nothing , " are seventy in number . There is collected in Kirk Session for these poor people from £ 11 to £ 18 ; to this the Duke adds the sum of £ C amiuallu ; while from that parish alone ho collects a rental of £ 3000 a-year !
In the third letter of . the correspondent ot the T _* W «( LetterI . in last Saturday's Star ) is given a list of different individuals the writer visited in _Sutherlanilsliire , with theparticukrsof their wretched condition . They were mostly women , and we beg the reader to mark the names of the poor creatures ; we give them just in the order in which they will be found in the writer's letter -. —Ann Campbell , Elles Cambeoh , _Fakkt Murray , Jaset Monro , Cathkbike _Gob-dos _, Eliza Rosa , Akdbew & u . Mackie , Kate M'Leod , Margaret Grey . The reader , who is familiar with the writings of Scott , and the lyrics of Bcba-3 and other Scotch poets , would , were he unacquainted with the painfnl circumstances connected with the persons who bear the above names , most likely conjure up in his imagination visions of plaided
lasses treading the mountain heather , bare-footed but not bare-clad , health and beauty their attendants , and love and joy their companions . Alas 2 what a difference is there between the romance and the reality of Highland life . The Tery reverse of this imaginary picture is the real state of the women whose names are given above . Instead of buoyant youth , we see enfeebled , decrepid , sightless , and imbecile age—age made seven-fold wretched by the dreadful destitution in which the last lingering days of these poor creatures are permitted to be spent . The writer in the Kmes avere that he never saw human beluga in a lower state of degradation and wretchedness . We have called attention to then * names . "What ' s in a name ? " it may be asked . Much sometimes . The noble names of these poor
Highland women lead the memory hack to tales of Highland chivalry and Highland devotion ; of what the clansman did and suffered for his chief , and the glory and safety ef the house whose name he bore . But thev remind us also of the black ingratitude of the chiefs , the persecution and extermination they have waged against the children of the soil , the dark deeds which , for the last fifty years , render infamous the records of Highland landlordism . The tyranny charged to the account of these Highland landlords equals anything , however atrocious , imputed to the Emperor of all the _Raffa ' ans , _KicHOL * _£ " _nimself . Wepass _byjustnow , the atrocities charged against the Duke of Sutherland . Of him and his deeds we shall speak hereafter . __ Not only at times are entire families , numbering , in the
aggregrate , hundreds of individuals , swept from the face of the earth—" weeded out , " as in the Glen Calvie case , but the most fiendish and remorseless persecution is also waged against individuals who exhibit anything like independence of spirit or humane feelings . Witness the case of the miller who , on applying to his landlord to do something for a poor woman who had been driven from ner holding , was himself beat with a stick from his tyrant ' s door ; and this brutality was followed up by the poor man and Ms aged mother being suddenly turned out of their house and mill , in the midst of a winter ' s night , with the snow upon the ground . This man , and his father and grandfather before him , had for a great number of years , rented the mill of the heritor . When unfortunate creatures are starving
to death , and , to save their lives , desire to be placed on the pauper-roll , they cannot , in many cases , get their neighbours to sign the petition , the poor people ( who are tenants at will ) being afraid , if they append their names , of being driven from their own homes . Well may the correspondent of the Times exclaim , " here is a kind of slavery ten times worse than that which for so long a period disgraced Britain . The persecution waged against tbe " Free Church Lis been also most infamous . Not only have the Free Church congregations—comprising , we believe , in the Highlands , not less than three-fourths of the population—been refused sites of ground on which to build churches—which is the case wherever the autocratical Duke of Sutherland roles-but in many nlaces the adherents to tbat Church have been pityfesslv persecuted for clinging . to their ministers . One heritor alone has turned away from houses and lands , less than between
and service and employment , no fiftv and sixty persons , because they would not renounce the Free Church . We are no admirers ol the Free Church ministers—a gloomy , dogmatic , _blotted theocracy : but with their smgle-hearted , _conscientious , suffering congregations we have every svmpathy . They are the assertors of what they behereto be a righteous principle . They demandjne simple right of being allowed to worship the _« aOd oi their fathers after the manner that their own convictions dictate—and despots of the blackest dye are those who interfere with their sacred fig ht so to ao . Yet , for doiog this , men , women , and children have been driven from _tbeirhomes . One pregnant woman , turned out of her house when at the point ot labour , brought forth her child on the bare , cold earth ; ana a woman of seventy years of age , a widow , who wa _fixnelled from her cottage , and had taken refuge in a ine
bans , was driven from that refuge by order or heritor—" weeded ont" ona cold , rainy night , witn no place of rest left her but the hill-side I Such are the hellish crimes of Highland _landloi-ds !
The Proposed "Amendment" Of The Scottish...
• _JSLYlSf i _™ _*^ _^ _ta-ent ofthe poor must suffice for the present : come we now to the _'SC S _^ _reM ' iyimi _> _* ' * » _<** _" «*< anything , . will sometimes , as we have seen , _minifi-2 L aff 0 rd r th _? m the _P _^ fi _^ nt _su _? of _E 3 _fTi * _J _^*™* _- _" «> f this law were _exphcitly stated in one of the letters given from the Dmesm last week ' s Star ; a reference to that letter will show : — . J ' _. ' _- _^* by an Aot passed in the reiim of . _Ttu-en vi
. ol bcptland , the magistrates and justices were _authorised to tax the inhabitants of parishes _accordme to their substance , to such amount as might be sufficient to sustain the poor . 2 nd . That by a proclamation of William and Mary the ministers and elders ( the Kirk Session ) were to meet twice a year to levy an assessment for the proper support of the poor , one-half to be paid bythe heritors , and the other half bv thehouseholdere ofthe parish ; the relief to be distributed to the poor by two overseers .
3 rd . A subsequent proclamation of the same reign makes the magistrates a party to tho assessing oi the heritors and inhabitants generally for the support of the poor , and the sheriff is ordered to fine all defaulters double the sum thev neglect to pay . 4 th . It has been settled ' in practice that heritors , although not inhabitants of the parish where their property lies , may be assessed for the support of the poor ofthe parish . 5 th . It has been decided in the highest court in Scotland—the Court of Session—that refusal of relief , or adequate relief to a proper object is illegal , and the wrong done may be redressed by the Supreme Court commanding the heritors and Kirk Session to grant adequate relief . Our Scottish readers will do well to turn to the case of Elizabeth Duscan v . the
Heritors and Kirk Session of Ceres , given in our last , from the Times . In giving judgment in this case , Lord JjEFPRsr _, one of tha judges of the court , said : — If anything is clear in law , nothing seems to me so clear as that the poor of this country "have a legal title to needful sustenance . Indeed , at common law , if a man has not forfeited his rights , I should think he has a good right to needful sustenance , which is only , in other words , a right to live . This right , I suspect , lies a little deeper than the right of property itself ; but I don't go into that . We agree with Lord _Jeffh-st that the natural rights of man—the first of wliich is the right to liveis even better founded than the right of property ; but his _Lonfehip says , "Idon't go into that / ' Of
course not : such an mquiry would not be a very safe one for Lord Jeffrey ' s " order . " We thank him , however , for the admission he has made ; and we beg to tell him that the inquiry he declines going into , we will , before we have done with this subject , go into for him . On the 2 nd of April last the Lord Advocate introduced tiie Government measure for the amendment of the existing law . We have not seen the bill , nor any abstract of it , except what appeared in the report of the Lord Advocate ' s speech ; that report we here reprint . We do so that our Scottish readers may have all the information we can afford them on asubjectso materially connected with their well-being . The following is the abstract of the Act as reported in the Lord Advocate ' s address : —
The lord Advocate described the present state of the law in Scotland _relative to the relief of thepoor , showing that the two statutes—one passed in 1579 , an d the oth er in the reign of William and Mary—on which that law rested , made provision for the infirm and debilitated poor only , and uot for the able-bodied pauper , whom want of employment or other causes might have plunged into distress . In explaining to thehouse the Scotch law of settlement , he stated that iu Scotland settlement arose from four causes only—namely , from birth , from parentage , from residence , aud from marriage ; and tbat , when once acquired , it could not be lost until another settlement was acquired in another parish . He explained that the funds for the relief of the _jsoor were obtained from contributions made every Sabbath at the door of every parish church in
Scotland , from voluntary contributions made at other times , from sums mortified for the use of the poor , and from assessments on landward parishes , and on large towns , levied at stated times , and under various conditions . The law did not prescribe that the re . lief given to tbe poor should be given in any particular form : it only declared that it should be given for iheir needful sustentation . The poor had a statutory right to relief in some parish . In every parish there was au administrative body armed with power to afford relief ; and if that body did not perform its duty in a satisfactory manner , the courts of law were armed with power sufficient to compel them . There existed , therefore , under the present law a right to relief , funds to administer relief , obligation to provide relief , and power to
enforce that obligation . In Scotland no parish was bound to relieve a pauper except that where he had a settlement . It might be very distant from the parish in which he was suffering under destitution , and if he went to it he might on his arrival find his right to relief resisted . Supposing that to be the case , he had no mode of redress , except by an appeal to the supreme courts of Scotland . He ( the Lord Advocate ) proposed that iu future the pauper should be relieved -from these difficulties , and thathe should obtain relief in the first instance in the parish where he happened to be when the necessity for relief fell upon him . He further proposed that the _paO-jJjwhlcQ sought tA rch « Ve itself from tbat burden Should be liable to afford bim relief until it had established the right of another parish to relieve him .
By this arrangement the pauper would obtain relief immediately . He further proposed , that if thc parish in which the pauper was refused to relieve him , he should not have occasion to apply to the supreme courts , hut that the sheriff of the county in which the parish was should have the power to decide on the right of the pauper to be admitted to relief . If the sheriff decided in favour of the pauper , and if the parish appealed against his decision , he proposed that in that case the parish should relieve him until an adjudication was made on the appeal . The pauper having thus obtained his admission on the roll for relief , the next thing was to provide for his . obtaining relief adequate to his necessity . To secure this object he proposed tbat there should be in each parish a party to attend to the wants of the poor ,
who should keep a list of all applicants to him for relief , and a reeord of the manner in which the application was met , and relief administered . He also proposed that there should be a central authority , to whom all those lists and records should be sent . That would keep public attention alive to the subject ; and that consideration brought him to the question , what was to be done in case the local authorities neglected their duty ? It was quite evident that it was for the interest of all parties that the right of appealing to the supreme courts should be placed under regulation and control . For that purpose he proposed to constitute a board ot supervision , consisting of nine persons . Three of its members should "be appointed hy the Crown , and one of them should be . paid for the performance of his duties . The other six members
should be ex officio members of the board . He proposed that one of them should be the Lord Provost of Edinburgh another the Lord Provost of Glasgow , and a third the Solicitor-General for Scotland for the time being . The three other members should be the sheriffs of three important counties in Scotland—namely , of Perth , of Ross , and of Renfrew ; and to each of them he would make a small annual allowance in addition to their present salaries . Having a board of this mixed character , he would new state how he would make it useful in controlling the right of appeal to the courts of session , wliich he considered to be injurious at present both to parishes aud to paupers . Ifthe parochial board should give to any pauper aliment which he deemed insufficient , the pauper _shttuld state it to the board of supervision . If the board of supervision
should concur with the parochial board in considering it sufficient , then he proposed that that judgment should bu held conclusive ; but if the board of supervision should think that injustice had been done the pauper , then he proposed that their opinion should be sufficient to enable him to plead hi forma pauperis before the court of session , aud the board of supervision should determine what amount of relief the pauper should receive , and that amount he should be entitled to receive until his litigation with the parish was determined . Considering the constitution of the board of supervision , in which there must always be some eminent lawyers , he thought it most probable tbat tbe parishes would generally acquiesce in
its decisions ; but if they did not , he left them at liberty to litigate the matter in the ordinary courts of judication in Scotland . He then proceeded to describe the construction of the local boards of relief . He proposed to extend the period which gave a legal settlement from three years to seven years ; and in cases of removal , he provided tbat the parish alimenting the pauper should , when his right parish was ascertained , give notice ofthe fact to that parish , and should be at liberty , after a given time , to send him to his proper parish at the cost of that parish . With respect to providing funds for the poor , he did not think it necessary to make it compulsory on the locid boards to assess the inhabitants . If the funds were
sufficient , the parties might raise them among themselves , us they deemed most fitting ; but if they were insufficient , power should be given to raise them by assessment He then proceeded to describe the powers which he gave to the different boards in order to provide education for the children of thepoor , medical relief for sueh of thepoor as were sick aud infirm , and refuge in asylums for such of them as were lunatic and distract . He also gave power to the tonus to erect workhouses and to assess the inhabitants for the money necessary to erect them ; but he did not make it compulsory upon the towns to erect such buildings .
The above abstract is very imperfect , but it i » the only one we have at hand . The proposition to relieve the " pauper" without regard to whether , when wanting relief , he might be in his own parish , would be a good one provided it were made absolute : but the parish board may refuse relief ; in which case the ' pauper" will have to apply to the sheriff of the county , who may decide in favour of the pauper , and then if the parish board appeals against the sheriffs decision , the board must , until the dispute is
adjudicated on , supply relief to the applicant . But consider the situation of the pauper while waiting the decision of the sheriff . Suppose the poor man in the county of Ayr , suppose him to be at Kew Cumnook , or Muirkirk , when requiring relief * , suppose his appeal to be rejected , and that he is compelled to : appiy to the sheriff , if the sheriff resides in the town of Ayr or its neighbourhood : in that case the " pauper " - . vould have to walk from the former place above twenty miles , and from the latter nearly tbirty miles ; or ifthe appeal to the sheriff be permitted in writing
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he _may-not be able to write ; but even if he can lvnte , time must be allowed for his appeal to reach the sheriff , and _fqrthc return of an answer , in the meantime the poor creature , while tramping to Ayr , or waiting an answer to his appeal , may die of starvation . One of the most obj ectionable features of the bill is tho virtual abrogation of the right of appeal to the Supreme Court oi Session . On this portion of the bill we quote the following comment from the Times . with every word of which we concur : —
The construction ofthe Board of Supereision , or , in other words , another batch of Poor Law Commissioners , with their powers and authorities , occupies the ' first fourteen clauses in thc bill . The powers of this irresponsible body are ample for' inquiry aud deliberation , but utterly worthlessfor action or redress . They are , " indeed , directed to make aii annual report to " one ofher Majestv ' s principal Secretaries of State on the condition of the poor , " and this comprises nearly the whole of their active and positive duty ; but they have another duty assigned to them , of an anomalous character—the duty of acting
as turnkeys on the Supreme Court of Appeal , the Court of Sessions . At present the poor have a right of appeal ( which is just beginning to operate equitably ) against the mockery of relief awarded by heritors and Kirk Sessions ; the Lord advocate ' s Board of Supervision is to be vested with power to lock the aoors of the Court of Sessions against such intruding claimants , and entirely shut them out from any chance of obtaining redress on appeal . This audacious attempt to procure the authority of Parliament for such a fraudulent and unconstitutional proceeding is set forth in the bill as follows . _*—
Be it enacted , that it shall not be competent for any court of law to entertain or decide any action relative to the amount of relief granted by parochial boards , unless the Board of Supervision shall previously have declared that there is a just cause of action . This contemplated outrage on the established right of thc poor is one of the Lord Advocate's contrivances for _improtntu * the administration of relief under a Poor Law which imperatively directs that the poor are to be _supphedyxith " needful sustentation . '" ' The construction ofthe local board is not stated . _in the abstract ofthe Lord Advocate's speech ; we find it , however , set forth in the Times , and here give it , together with the comments of that paper , with which we entirely agree : —
" In every landward parish in which the funds requisite for the relief of the poor shall be provided without assessment , the parochial board shall consist of the heritors and Kirk Session ofsxwhparish ; and in every landward parish in which it shall have been resolved , as hereinafter provided , to raise the funds requisite for the relief of thepoor by assessment , there shall be added to the heritors and Kirk Session of such parish , in manner hereinafter mentioned , such number of elected members as shall be fixed by the "Board of Supervision ; and such elected members , together ivith the heritors and . Kit * Session , shall constitute the parochial board of such parish : provided always , that it shall be competent for any heritor to appoint , as heretofore , by a writinguuder his hand , any other persoxx to be his agent or mandatory to act aud vote for him . "
Thus , where there is no assessment for the relief of the poor , tha heritors and Kirk Session are to retain their power , under tbe appellation of a ? ' Paroobial Board ;" and where there is an assessment , their authority is to be shared with some persons elected by themselves aud the other ratepayers . Now , as the Lord Advocate ' s bill does not provide for a compulsory assessment , and as it rests with the heritors and Kirk Session to determine whether there shall be an assessment or not , it follows that they are to have the power of retaining and perpetuating that administrative authority which they have generally so grievously abused . Even in cases where there is an assessment , the only change would be , that a few persons elected by the ratepayers would be incorporated in the " Parochial Board , " where they would not only be power .
less against the resident hevitc-vs and Kirk Session , but would be liable to be utterly swamped at any time by the proxies of a body of absent heritors . ' The main defect of the present law—the want of . a compulsory assessment for the poor—is not " amended" in the Lord Advocate ' s bill . In intro ducing that measure , he is reported to hare said , " He did not think it requisite to make it compulsory upon all parishes to assess themselves . If the funds were provided—if thepoor did receive sufficient relief it was a matter of no general importance in what manner they were so provided . The _naTtics
interested ought to be allowed to raise the necessary funds in the manner most agreeable to themselves . " Now , the manner of raising the necessary funds " mostagreeable" to the heritors has hitherto been not to raise them at all ; and the Times well remarks , "What they did give muBt have been the measure of . their liberality , and of their sense of justice , too . And if we are still to trust to that liberality and sense of justice , what authority have we for assuming that it will be more operative for the future than it has hitherto been , especially as there is a premeditated design to close the Court of Appeal against starving claimants ? " The Times adds . —
But the Lord Advocate declared in Parliament , in support ofhis proposition , " that there was in many parts of Scotland a great reluctance to the assessment . " A great reluctance to the assessment ! To be sure there is ; but what , in the name of common sense , has that tO do with the . _tintier _? Lei the _Legisiuture once admit the prln . ciple that such reluctance is to be considered a valid reason for relinquishing compulsory payments , and who would give one per cent , for Consols ? What would be the market price of a rent-charge of £ 500 per annum , or a rent-roll of £ 50 , 000 a-year , payable on that voluntary system which thc Lord Advocate would adopt for the relief of thepoor ? Reluctance to submit to an equitable apportionment of a just demand urged as a plea by a lawyer ! "Why , if it were not for such reluctance , laws
would be little better than speculative impertinence . If men can be safely left to the promptings of their own will to do that which is strictly just , the statutes may be made a bonfire of . But the very object for which laws were framed is to oppose authority to reluctance—to banish mere self-will from the agency of human affairs , and to place all , both rich and poor , equally under the restraint of a sovereign justice , paramount to all will , and armed with authority to coerce reluctance _. It will be seen that power is given to towns toerect workhouses , and to assess the inhabitants for the money necessary to erect them . Against the workhouse system we protest in toto : and we hope that the people of Scotland will also protest against it universally . Let them declare in a voice of thunder that they will have no Poor Law bastiles in Scotland . We fear very much that unless the people of Scotland bestir themselves , this bill will only make bad worse . The _assessmentof the working classes , which
trill be nearly sure to follow m all towns ivuera rents are high , and the institution of the abominable workhouse system , will make this bill a measure of oppression instead of redress , and but add to . the misery ahd discontent at present existing . Our own notion of a Poor Law for Scotland would be—in its main features—no workhouses ; the right of relief to the aged , infirm , and destitute made absolute ; relief to be apportioned with regard to age , sex , number of family , and where located * , _acompulsory assessment , payable mainly by the . heritors , and partly by all others ( not beiug landlords ) subjected to the income tax , rates to be levied in proportion to income . The poor have too long kept the poor ; it is only right that the rich should now have a spell . Turn-about ' s fair We hope the people of Scotland will consider this bill , hold public meetings to discuss its provisions , and use every means at their command to procure , if possible , the " amendment" of the Lord Advocate ' s " amended" Poor Law .
We now come to the last act of the Glen Calvie " weeding . " The following appeared in the Times ol Monday last : —
THE CLEABANCE AT GLEN CALVIE . Ardgay , near Tain , Rossshire , May 27 . I returned to this place for the purpose of witnessing the sequel of tbe clearance of tho poor Highlanders out of Glen Calvie , an account of which I sent you some days ago ! It will be remembered that eighteen poor cottiers living in Glen Calvie , near here , the legal process for turning them out of their homes having been completed , gave bond peaceably to leave on the 24 th , after which the value of their stock was to be . given to them , and they might go where they listed . It will also be remembered that these eighteen families , consisting o ' t ninety-two individuals , supported themselves iu comparative comfort , without a pauper amongst them ; that tliey owed no rent , and wire ready to pay as much as any one would give for the laud , which they and their forefathers had occup ied for centuries , but which it seems is now to be turned into a sheep-walk .
Were any such clearance , attempted in England , I leave you to conceive the excitement which it would be certain to create—the mob processions , the _effiify burnings , and the window _smasbings , with which every instigator and instrument in so heartless a scene would be reminded that there are principles of action which ave thought more honourable , more worthy , aud which make living amongst our fellows more pleasant , than iDBie money-grubbing . These poor Highlanders , however , apart from their naturally mild and passive nature , have been so broken in spirit by many such scenes , that not a murmur , not a remonstrance , escaped them in the completion of this jnost heartless wholesale ejectment .
I drove over on Sunday to the parish church of Croick , which is near Glen Calvie . Close by the bridge leading to tbe glen the whole of _thi-se poor people , and the inhabitants of one or two neighbouring straths , were assembled to hear one of their elders read the Psalms to them . They numbered about 250 persons . They were all seated in the Gaelic fashion , ou the hill side , in a circle , facing the officiating elder ; the women all neatly dressed iu net taps , and wearing scarlet or plaid Bhawls ; the men wearing their blue bonnets , and having their shepherd ' s plaids
wrapped round them . This was their only covering , aud this was the Free Church , There was a simplicity extremely touching in this group on the bare hill side , listening M the psr . iras of David in tlieir native tongue , and assembled to .. orslup God—many of _thum without a home . 1 _•»• . e on , and went to the Established Church . The service was partly in Gaelic nnd partly in English , but the _congregation was miserably thin . There wcre but ten persons besides the minister in the church . Behind the church , in the churchyard , a long kind of booth was erected , the roof formed of tnrpawling stretched
The Proposed "Amendment" Of The Scottish...
over- poles , the sides closed in with horse-cloths ,- ru _ge _^ blankets , and plaids . On inquiry I found tbat tbis was tbe refuge of the Glen Calvie people . They had kept tlieir word , and'saved tlieir . bondsmen . The old pensioner bf 82 years of age , whom I mentioned in my last account , had special permission to remain in the glen , it being believed that his removal would kill him . Another family also , engaged on the Duke of Sutherland ' s fisheries , had permission to continue occupants of their cottage . With these exceptions the whole of the people left
the glen on Saturday afternoon , about eighty iu number , and took refuge in this tent erected in their churchyard . Their furniture , excepting their bedding , they got distributed amongst the cottages of their neighbours ; and with their bedding and thoir children , they all removed late on Saturday afternoon to this place of temporary shelter . In my last letter I informed you that they had been round to every heritor in the neighbourhood , and twelve out of tho eighteen families had been unable to find places of shelter . With the new Scotch Poor-Law in prospect , cottages were everywhere refused to them .
I am told it was a most wretched spectacle to see these poor people march out of the glen in a body , with two or three carts filled with children , many of them mere infants ; and other carts containing their beddiug and other requisites . The whole country side was up on the hills watching them as they silently took possession of their tent . A fire was kindled in the churchyard , round which the poor children clustered . Two cradle 3 , with infants in them , were placed close to the fire , and sheltered round by the dejected-looking mothers . Others busied themselves in dividing the tent into compartments , by means
of blankets , for the different families . Contrasted witli the gloomy dejection of the grown-up and the aged was the , perhaps , not less * melancholy picture of the poor children thoughtlessly playing round the fire , pleased with the novelty of all around them . Of the eighty people who paused the night in the churchyard with most insufficient shelter , twcnty . three were children , uuder ten years ol age , seven persons were sickly and in bad health , and ten are about sixty years of age * , about eight are young married men . There are a few grown-up children , and the rest are persons in middle life , from forty to fifty years of age . They are still remaining there ,
Yesterday was the day appointed for settling with them , according to the arrangement previously made , and for _payingthem the value of their stock . The young men walked over to Ardgay for . the purpose of receiving it , where tliey were met by Mr . _M'Kenzie , writer , of Tain , the law agent employed to settle with them . This painful duty , so far as this gentleman was concerned , was executed with much kindness and consideration for thc poor people . Amongst the dozen men and women that I saw , there was not the least noise or disturbance ; and cruel as was their position , not a murmur escaped them . Bach family had on nn average about £ 18 to receive , as the appraised value of their stock , and as their distributive share of £ 72 10 s ., agreed to be given to them to emigrate on going out peaceably . To go out , however , thc people were compelled uuder any circumstances .
The sum they had to receive is sufficient evidence that they were respectably supporting themselves . This sum , however , will soon he spent , and in the search for places aud employment in the south , it is a moral certainty that most of these unskilled men aud their families will be reduced to pauperism . This is the benefit the countryderives from such proprietors and factors as have owned and managed this glen . This cruel and unfeeling act is , however , now completed . When the men had settled with the law agent last night , they sent word to me that they wished to bid mo good-bye . Great as have been your exertions in the
cause of the poor and friendless , and large as are the sums which for years you have expended in advocating their cause , that meeting was more than repayment for all , As representing here your great establishment , the poor people crowded round me , aud held out their hard , _labour . worn hands to shake bauds with me as tlieir friend , who had spoken for them . Their Gaelic I could not understand , but their eyes beamed with gratitude . This _unbought spontaneous , and grateful expression of feeling to you for being their friend is what their natural protector—their chieftain—never saw , and what his factor need -awes hope for .
If any man can , without emotion , read the above ; if the tears start not from his eyes , and his heart throb not well nigh to bursting , we envy not his philosophy . We have all heard of the " Social Contract , " according to which each member of the community entered into an agreement of mutual and ei * ual protection , binding on all only so long as all wcre protected . What protection has society afforded to the " weeded out" cottiers of Glen Calvie ? And why should they acknowledge any obligation to society ? Evei _*^ subject of these realms owes allegiance to the sovereign ; but only so long as the sovereign guarantees protection to the subject . What allegiance do the cottiers of Glen Calvie owe to Victoria ? The Parliament and Government should
be the protectors of the weak against the tyranny of the strong , but both have regarded with brutal indifference the perpetration of this abominable atrocity . Could the cottiers of Glen Calvie be worse off , though neither Government nor Parliament existed ? A social system which permits a piece of wholesale spoliation like this at Glen Calvie is a system of brigandism : a Government which pretends to _rule equally and do justly , and at the same time allows so monstrous a wrong , is indeed an " organised hypocrisy . " We cannot trust ourselves to comment on the particulars of the last act of the Glen Calvie tragedy , our blood boils too furiously to permit us giving vent to onr indignation in words . But " last act" this clearance will not , cannot be ! O , no , a day of retribution will surely come .
We had written thus far when we encountered the following paragraph from the rimes ;—The Harlestone Association for the Protection of Pro . perty regularly keeps bloodhounds for the purpose of detecting sheep-stealers . What next ? How long will it be before the outraged people keep bloodhounds to detect the landrobbers ?
To Mr. Prout, 229, Strand, London.
TO MR . PROUT , 229 , STRAND , LONDON .
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Wednesbury _, Sept . 2 , 1844 . SIK , —I have been an agent for BLAIR'S GOUT and RHEUMATIC PILLS upwards of four years ; during that period very many cases of cure by their use have been effected and come under my notice in this town and neighbourhood , which has secured to them a celebrity unequalled by any other medicine , I , therefore , in justice feel bound to state to you tho following instance of their efficacy : — A person ofthe name of Turner applied to mc in August , 1840 , for a box of Blair's Pills . lie had been subject to violent attacks of Rheumatic flout for ten years , and compelled to give up work for weeks at a time . He had tried medical aid , and everything hecould hear of , or that his friends had recommended , He was then labouring under one of thoso attacks , but by taking Blair ' s Pills according to the directions , he was quite restored . Since then , whenever he feels an attack approaching , by taking only a few doses it speedily vanishes . Ho wishes me to state tliese facts to you for the benefit of others . You are at liberty to publish the above if you think fit . I am , sir , your obedient servant , FREDERICK C . LADBURY , Chemist . Thc decided superiority of this medicine over every other hitherto offered to the public for tho cure of those dreadfully painful diseases , gout , rheumatic gout , rheumatism , lumbago , sciatica , & c , is so fully manifested by the increasing sale , and the testimony of thousands in every rank oflife , that those who are aware ofthe existence of such a remedy , and have not availed themselves of trying its efficacy , cannot truly be objects of sympathy . The testimonials of the astonishing effects of this medicine are universally accompanied by the fact that no inconvenience of any sort attends its administration , but that the patient , without feeling the operation of the medicine , is universally left in a stronger and better state of health than experienced previous to being afflicted with this disease ; and in all cases of acute suffering , great relief is experienced in a few hours , and a cure is generally effected in two or three days . Sold by Thomas Prout , 229 , Strand , London , price 2 s . !> d . per box ; and , by his appointment , by Heaton , Hay , AUen , Laud , Haigh , Smith , Bell , Townsend , Baines and Neivsonie , Smeeton , Reinhardt , Tarbqttom , and Horner , Leeds ; Brooke , Dewsbury ; Dennis and Son , Burdekin , Moxon , Little , Hardman _, Linney , and Hargrove , York ; Brooke and Co ., Walker and Co ., Stafford , Faulkner , Doneaster ; Judspn , Harrison , Linney , Ripon ; _Foggitt , Coates , Thompson , Thirsk ; Wiley , Easingwold ; England , Fell , Spivey , Huddersfield ; Ward , Richmond ; Sweeting , Knaresborough ; Pease , Oliver , Darlington : Dixon , Metcalfe , Langdale , Northallerton ; Rhodes , Snaith ; Ooldthorpe , Tadcaster ; Rogerson , Cooper , Newby , Kay , Bradford ; Brice , Priestley , Ponfefract ; Cord-veil , Gill , Lawton _, Dawson , Smith , Wakefield ; Berry , Denton ; Suter , Leyland , Hartley , Parker , Dunn , Halifax ; Booth , Kociidale ; Lambert , Boroughbridgo ; Dalby , Wetherby ; "tt ' aite _, Harrogate ' . Wall , Barnsley ; and all respectable medicine venders throughout tho kingdom . Ask for BLAIR'S GOUT and RHEUMATIC PILLS , and observe the name and address of " Thomas Prout , 229 , Strand , London , " impressed upon the Government stamp affixed to each part of the Genuine Medicine .
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2 s . 9 d _., 4 s . Gd ., and lis . each box ; or , post free , 3 s ., os ., and 12 s . COPAIBA AND CUBEBS ENTIRELY SUPERSEDED . WRAY'S _"BALSAMC PILLS , a catain , safe , aud the most speedy remedy ever discovered for the permanent and effectual cure of strictures , seminal weakness , pains iu thc loins , affections of the kidneys , gravel , rheumatism , lumbago , gonorrhoea , gleets , local debility , irnta . tion of the bladder or urethra , and other diseases ofthe urinary passages . The unprecedented success that has _Uteried tte _wtotahhatlott of these V iUs . « nco they were made public , has acquired for them a sale more extensive than any other proprietary medicine extant , and the circumstance of their entirely obviating the necessity of having recourse to those disgusting , nauseous , and m manv cases highly injurious medicines ( as copaiba , cubelis , Ac . ) * has obtained for tliem a reputation unequalled in
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the annals , of medicine . Prior to _beinjadvertiaen , these pills were employed in private practice in upwards . of 1 , 800 eases , many of them most _inveteratein'rijaiyy ' thousand cases since , and in no _ons instance known to fail , ' or to produce those unpleasant symptoms so often experienced while taking copaiba , and that class of medicines _asually resortcd to in these complaints . The proprietor pledges himself that not one particle of copaiba ; either resin or balsam , cubebs , or any deleterious ingredient , enters their composition . Copaiba and cubebs have long been the most commonly employed medicines in the above com . plaints ; but , from the uncertainty in their effects , together with their utter incflicacy in many cases , are fast declining in reputation ; and , from th » unpleasant symptoms Invariably produced from taking copaiba , especially in thi ) early stage of the complaint , many of the most ablo modern practitioners condemn it as dangerous , and a medicine not to be depended upon . Many persons , after having suffered more from the effects of the remedy than the virulence of the disease , and , after a patient but pain- * ful perseverance ; have been compelled to relinquish its use , the whole system hariug bec _» me more or leas affected , and the disease as bad , if not worse , than at the commencement . As regards cubebs , it i true tbat thos * _violentcffectsareuotc-cperiencedasw . iw mking copaiba , but they seldom effect a cure , unless _mue active medi . cines are administered . . The Balsamic Pills are free from any of the above objections ; they act specifically on _the-urluarv v _asiagfesi and ; from their tonic properties ; tend to strengthen the system aud improve the general health . They require neither confinement nor alteration of diet ( except abstinonce from stimulants , where considerable inflammation exists ) , and , as experience has amply proved , they will effect a cure sooner than copaiba ( the dangerous results of wluch , in the inflammatory stages , arc too well known to need comment ) , or any other medicine in present use , and may be justly considered the only safe and efficacious remedy in all stages of those disorders . In addition to these advantages , the very convenient form in which this invaluable preparation is offered to th * public , must also a desideratum . Prepared only by if . O . "IVray , and sold , wholesale and retail , at 118 , Holborn-hill ; and at the _Wcst-end Depo _^ 344 , Strand , London . May also be had of all _respectabls medicine venders in town and country . Patients iu the remotest parts of the country can b _» treated successfully , on describing minutely their case , and inclosing a remittance for medicine , which can be for . warded to any part of the world , securely packed , and carefully protected from observation .
Ffinvm Hxttuimm.
ffinvM _hxttUimm _.
London Corn Exciiascb, Mosnav, June 2.—T...
London Corn Exciiascb , _MosnAV , June 2 . —The supply of English wheat was tolerably good during thc past week , and the arrivals of flour rather large ; but of barley , oats , beans , and peas , the receipts coastwise were small . From Scotland a few hundred quarters of barley and a moderate quantity of oats came to hand ; ofthe latter grain the supplies frem Ireland and abroad were to a fair extent . This morning the show of wheat by land-carriage samples from tho home counties was moderate ; there was very little barley fresh up , nor were the _rceipts of oats or beans large , whilst the arrival of peas was scanty in the extreme . The foreign wheat and barley received during last-week wasnot generally offered free . The weather remained cold up to Friday last , but since then it has been very fine . There was much
less inclination to buy wheat to-day ; in the early part factors insisted on the rates of this day se'nnight , but before a clearance could be effected a reduction of ( mite ls . per qr . had to be submitted to . Foreign free wheat also moved off slowly , and to have made sates to any extent less money must have been accepted . In bond there was little passing , and the rates recently current were not obtainable . Flour sold tardily at previous rates , the attempt to put up the top price of town made having been abandoned . Barley , though not much enquired for was held firmly , and the value of this grain had rather an upward tendency . Malt was likewise quite as dear . For oats a good demand was experienced , and fine corn , whether of British or foreign growth , commanded fully as high rates as on Monday last . Beans were not so saleable as of late , but no decline wassubmitted to . Peas , being exceedingly scarce , brought previous prices . Seeds of all descriptions hung heavily on
hand , and canary-seed was certainly somewhat easier to buy . CURRENT PRICES OP GRAIN , PER IMPERIAL O . UARTER . _—Britisn . as s s Wheat , Essex , & Kent , new Si old red 43 49 White 50 85 Norfolk and Lincoln . ... do 44 48 Ditto 4 ? 32 Nortlmm . and Scotch white 43 48 Fini 49 6 S Irish red old 0 0 Red 43 40 White 47 « Rye Old 30 31 New 28 30 Brank 34 SS Bailey Grinding . . 24 26 Distil . 27 39 Malt . 30 35 Malt Brown .... 52 54 Pale 55 59 Ware 60 62 Beans Ticks old 4 s new 34 37 Harrow 36 39 Pigeon 40 42 Peas Grey 35 38 Maple 37 38 Whito 88 89 Oats Lincolns Si Yorkshire Feed 22 23 Poland 24 26 Scotch Angus 22 24 Potato 25 28 Irish White 20 23 Black 20 21 Per 2801 b . net . » s | Per 280 lb . net . s i Town-made Flour ... 42 441 Norfolk & Stockton 83 34 Essex and Kent 35 86 I Irish 85 36
Fret . Bond * _Fevttir Xx . » • ¦ Wheat , Dantsic , _Konigiburg , & c 63 67 38 39 Marks , Mecklenburg 51 82 38 86 Danish , Holstein , and Friesland red 43 45 28 30 Russian , Hard 44 46 Soft ... 44 46 28 29 Italian , Red . . 47 48 White ... 51 52 32 35 Spanish , Hard . 46 48 Soft .... 48 52 31 34 Rve . Baltic , Dried , ... 28 30 Undried . . 28 30 22 24 Barlev , Grinding . 24 26 Malting . . 28 32 19 24 Beans , Ticks . . 34 35 Egyptian . 34 35 27 _3 t Peas , White . . 37 39 Maple . . 36 37 28 34 Oats , Dutch , Brew and Thick 24 26 19 21 Russian feed .. ' . 21 22 15 IS —Danish , Friesland feed 21 23 15 17 Flour , _wvbMsel 24 25 19 2-
London _Smiihtibi-d Cattle Makkkt _, Monday Junk 2 . —Since this day se'nnight the imports of live stock for our market from abroad have been liberalviz ., 116 oxen and cows from Rotterdam , and 4 oxen from Hamburgh ; while from the former quarter , 30 sheep and 4 calves have come to hand . At the outpovts . 150 beasts and 90 sheep have been received from Holland . The number here to-day consisted of 50 beasts and 10 sheep . Amongst the former we observed some remarkably well-made-upi animals , which were held by the salesmen for very nigh prices ; bnfc the sheep were in very middling condition , and as such commanded scarcely any attention , though a clearance of them was effected previous to the close of business . In consequence , we presume , of the late enhancement in the quotations , the bullock droves i
fresh up to this morning ' s market were on the increase ! and large for the time of year , while we may observe ; —notwithstanding the epidemic was much complained 1 of—the condition of the beasts , as to wei g ht , was s good ; indeed , we have not had a better display of i beef on any market day during nearly the whole off the present season . These circumstances , together r with the arrivals of slaughtered meat from the north ii being on the increase , had a depressing influence upon a the beef trade , and the quotations suffered an abate- <• mentofquite 2 d . per 81 b—the very highest figure real-1-ised for the best Scots not exceeding 4 s . -id . per 8 lb . i . From Norfolk , Suffolk , Essex , and Cambridgeshire we e received 1800 Scots , homebreds , and shorthorns ; while ie from the northean counties , the receipts comprised id 200 shorthorns : from thc western and midland id
districts , 200 llercfords , runts , Devons , & c . ; fromm other parts of Englaud , 100 of various breeds ; andud from Scotland , 500 horned and polled Scots . As wem have anticipated , thc numbers ofsheep for our raarket : et contiuue small—there being hero to-day ten tnouscoidnd less than were brought forward at the corrcspondingng period in 1844 . For nearly every breed—but moreore particularly the prime old Downs—the demand wasvas somewhat active , at fully , but at nothing quotablebk beyond , last week ' s currencies . From the Jsle ol ol Wight 200 lambs came ircsh to hand , but the _generalra ] supply of that description of stock was small . Thd'hc Jamb trade was steady , and previous rates were wcLvcl supported . Calves and pigs , the supplies of _whichicl were moderate , moved off slowly , at unaltered _figuresres By the quantities of 81 b ,, sinking the offal .
s . d , s . d . d . Inferior coarse beasts . . . 2 10 3 2 2 Second quality ,,.. 34366 Prime large oxen .... 3 8 4 0 0 Prime Scots , < fcc 4 . 2 4 4 4 Coarse inferior sheep . . . 3 8 4 0 0 Second quality .... 4 2 4 4 4 Prime coarse woolled ... 46488 Prime Southdown . . . 4 19 S • Lambs _H ) ( II Large coarse calves .... 3 10 4 0 0 Prime small 4 8 5 0 0 1 Suckling calves , each . . . 18 0 30 •' _Largehogs 3 0 3 8 81 Neat small porkers . . . 3 10 4 3 3 ! Quarter-old store pigs , each . . 1 G 20 tl
HEAD Of CATTI . E ON SAW . ( From thc Books of the Clerk of the Market . ) Beasts , 2 , 835-Sheen and Lambs , 28 , 590-Calves , 164-164-Pigs , 300 . LivERrooL Cattle Market , Monday , Jcne 2 . 5 2 .,, Our market remains much the same as of late , the , the ; being a fair average of stoekfor this time of the yes yet ; The market was a brisk one , a numerous attendamdarof buyers being present , and higli prices were ere ii tained . Beef Od . to 6 Jd ., mutton Od . to 7 * d ., _lamti ' imh " to 7-Jd . Liverpool Corn Makket , Monday , June 2 .-: 2 .--favourable change of wind has _. within the last two _twes three days , brought up a numerous fleet of vessvessi both from abroad and our own coasts , nnd these base ha supplied us witli a good show of samples of _grsf _grsi flour , and oatmeal . Thero is an advance , of ls . _: " la .:
quarter in the duty on foreigh barley , wliich _foih fou the only alteration * this week . The principal bial bin ness in wheat during the week- has been ih . bondbondl five or six cargoes of Baltic red have been _takettakeno on speculation , at prices equal to 4 s . Gd . to 4 s , 9 d . , _9 d . _TOlbs . for Wisraar , Rostock , and Stettin . In Brh Brii wheat or duty-paid foreign the town ' s and _ncighbeighbiH ing millers have bought rather ' sparingly , at simt sin *** prices to those quoted last Tuesday , sack flour flour r met only a moderate demand , without anv _matcmatiii change as to value . A few hundred barrels of TJiof Un States sweet , in bond , have been disposed _olsed _olil export at 19 s . per barrel . The demand for oats * oats ; s oatmeal has been limited , and , except for ther thes qual ' . ty of each , scarcely so good prices have bee _* e beee tained . Barley , beans , and peas Ime met 0 mv ; onlv f tail sale , at late rates . ...
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), June 7, 1845, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns3_07061845/page/7/
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