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LETTERS TO THE WORKING CLASSBb. LVUI «. ...
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JOSEPH MAZZINI. The following letter, ad...
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ITALIAN REFUGEE FUND. Committee. —Tho Ri...
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SYMPATHY WITH ROME AND HUNGARY. MEETING ...
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GREENWICH. On Monday a meeting was held ...
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SYMPATHY -WITH HUNGARY. (From the Spirit...
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LATEST FOKEIGN NEWSi FRANCE. Paris, Fmow...
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Di-urif.—Died yesterday (September 7th,)...
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PARLIAMENTARY AND FINANCIAL REFORM. MEET...
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——«JJg!BMEETING AT SYDENHAM. A district ...
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_——<S5———¦ Tun Hakvkst.—The harvest is p...
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Transcript
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
Additionally, when viewing full transcripts, extracted text may not be in the same order as the original document.
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Letters To The Working Classbb. Lvui «. ...
LETTERS TO THE WORKING _CLASSBb . LVUI _« . „ . _«„« _Mdasinalldropofink ¦ nSf _^^ _Ste . _JUm ** perhaps millions , _% _! » - "a - " " -
" ALL 3 IE _2 v ABE BRETHBEN . " _BKOTHEU _PflOiETAEUSS _, Appended to this letter you will find one from the illustrious JoSEril Mazzixi ;—illustrious not because crown or coronet eucircles his brow , or troops of liveried lacqueys and _soiil-hs 5 slaves salute Win as " prince" or <¦ * peer , " for he does not belong to the "illustrioas by courtesy "—the enslavers of the human race and dcsolators of the world . ! No " he is illustrious because he had breathed the breath , ofa new life into a nation -which ,
despotism ana priestcraft had consi gned to the moral death which nations succumb to when Liberty expires ;—illustrious , because he has laid the foundation of Italian Unity , and assored for Eternal Rome a new age of glory —illustrious , because tried by the double ordeal of persecution and power — triumph and defeat , —he has proved himself to be one ofthe few men who , b y their immense talents and public and private virtues , are fitted to re-cast society , and shape the destinies of nations . Such men are trul y illustrious , and amongst the foremost of such , stands the incorruptible and unconquerable JosEra Mazzini
Joseph Mazzini commences his letter by declaring that the fall of jRome is . a great crime and a great error . "The crime , " he says , "belongs entirely to France ; the error to civilised Europe , and above all , to your England . " I admit the " error , " but Iassert that England has to answer for more , and for ¦ worse , than " error . " "With all respect for Joseph Mazzixi , 1 must say ,. that in my viev of the question , England is a sharer in the crime of France- The error of permitting France to overturn the balance of power;— -the error of allowing Buonaparte . _Fallout and
Oumxot to attempt the suppression of the Protestant princi ple of Free Thought by forcibly restoring the Papal Tyranny;—the error ofrefusiug to take a just advantage of securing the gratitude ofthe Italian people , and ensuring to this country thc leadershi p of liberal Europe , cannot be disputed ; a mighty threefold error is laid to the account of England ' s Government . Would that I could stop here ; would that I could pronounce our rulers only imbeciles ; but I must go further , and must declare the English Government a party to , and sharer in , the crime of France .
"Those who permit Oppression share the crime •" and England—or the English Governmenthas been guilty of that offence against Humanity . Worse still , the English Government connived at , encouraged , and applauded the crime of President Buonaparte and his ministry of assassins . Indeed , Buosaparte , in his "Message , " boasted that the-fratricidal policy of his administration had the perfect concurrence of the British Government ; and the subsequent admissions of Russell and Palmerston proved the truth of Buonaparte ' s flssortion .
A question arises , whether this view of the conduct ofthe British Government is not too lenient . On reflection , I am more than inclined to acquit the Whigs of everything like a charge of "error ; ' * bat I can only do so b y charging upon them a vast addition to the " crime " already laid to their account . I am strongl y of opinion that treason to tbe interests of England has been combined with treachery aud secret hostility towards the Italians . The conviction is impressed upon my mind , that it was no } iliiii < k * r which allowed the French to
overturn the balance of power ; no mistake which led to England's abandonment of thc Protestant cause ; no error which forfeited for this nation thc opportunity of seizing upon the leadership of the peoples of Europe ; No ! I feel persuaded that the interests of England , both political and religious , were deliberately and treasonably betrayed by rulers who cared not what price they paid , so that they only accomplished their secretly cherished desire for the overthrow of Democracy .
Joseph Mazzini may assure himself tiiat our statesmen , although none ofthe brightest , are not exactly fools . They knew very well what they were about , when they connived at the ruffianism ofthe French Government , aud betrayed the interests of this country . They desired the desiruction ofthe Roman Republic , and therefore they secretly conspired with _BuoNAP-iiiTfi -aid Barrot , Falloux and Q _umxor , to commit aa act of injustice which will rank in history with the atrocious dismemberment of Poland . Thc policy of the English Government in tho Roman affair was no short-sighted " error ; " it was , on the _contrary a foreseen and deliberately concocted " •• f : ivr .. "
Brother Proletarians , read Joseph _"NLimNfs account—his true and faithful account—of ihe state of Rome during his Sflorious triumvership , and its state at this tunc under the rule of French brigands aud Papal inquisitors ; read , and then blush crimson i ' e . v our poor country , that she is ruled by men who have wickedly connived nt this foul overthrow of Freedom * and Right—tbis infamous establishment of Foreign aud Priestly terror over a people who had " not furnished the slightest pretext for such violence , or made the slightest attempt against the peace of _m-b'hbauriu-2 countries . "
Following thc Letter of Joseph _Mazusi vou will read au Address from a Committee formed to _establish an "Italian Refugee Fund . ' I trust that address will elicit a response ou thc p art of the people of this country , worthy of Englishmen , and OT & portioiuitc to the _auqucfctionsvble merits and holy claims of those heroes and p atriots in whose behalf the members ofthe Committee address their countrymen . "You may , " writes Joseph Mazzini , " console the exile of our
combatants whom the hrendi Government tears from their homes to cast them oat—poor mistaken souls , avIio dreamed ofthe fraternity of France—in utter physical destitution , and despair of mind . " We must do so . To sustain , protect , and console the Italian exiles is , at tliis moment , perhaps , all we can do , towards redeeming our country from the disgrace ofthe Government ' s criminal conspiracy Avith the brigand-rulers ef Frame . Protection of the defenders of Rome , and of all who have strugg led aud suffered for Italian Freedom , is an imperative duty , which every man worthy ol the name Avill hasten to fulfil .
Xot quarrelling with the terms ofthe Committee ' s address , I will merely observe that _Eniriaud is not exactly the " free country it is asserted to be bv the Committee . England mav be a free country for Lord _Beaumont , and Charles Pickens , Esq .-for Richard C 015-DEN , M . P ., and Douglas Jerrold , _i _. sq . —but it is not a " free country "' for you , the working classes . I make this observation principally for the sake of the good cause represented by thc Committee . At tlie recent meetings for Hungary , the speakers ot the
" noble , " " parliamentary , " and . " respectable" classes , did some harm to the cause they espoused , b y their eternal laudations ot our free institutions , " and by" picturing the _Hungarians as fighting for mere British Constitutionalism—by no means a faithful picture ot that struggle . The said speakers , however , must have observed , that their expressed admiration of onr g lorious institutions Avas anything hut shared by the working men who fonned fhe great majority at each and all of those _« _££ « . _WereEngland a " free country , ' 2 ? Brother Proletarians , would be much _-Stternrenarcd than you are , to subscribe to _gTiSSi Fund _r bnt , indeed England "free " " ihe necessity for that fond would not
Letters To The Working Classbb. Lvui «. ...
have existed . Were the _Parliament „ k lyt _^ erS aUaEra e _, oft _^^ S the Ministry , consequentl y , the reflex of Z people ' s will , Rome wouIduot havSen . he English Government , instead of comS' 5 _theFreuchmva-siou _ofltaly , would _CX bade that invasion ; andif wor da had _proved jam , deeds-would have compelled _subSon to England ' s will . Had the Chart 7 b _™ uTe law of the land , the Roman Republic would 2 * * W _7 ' f ° rema _^ _wassailedand the freedom of entire Italy would have been triumphantly won , and securel y
_estab-England " free , " indeed , and represented by such a slave and tool of Jesuitism as that brute . More O'Ferral ! The impotence of the English people , Avith regard to their own _governments most strikingly proved by the fact , that that priest-led persecutor of the Italian patriots is yet permitted to tyrannise over Malta , instead of being recalled , and brought homem irons , to answer , at the bar of Public Justice , for hiscrimesagainsthumanity , aud the scandal he has inflicted upon this country—the honour of which it was his first duty to cherish and uphold .
While earnestly urging you to support the Italian Refugee Fund , I must remind you that the unfortunate patriots of many other lands claim your philanthropic aid . First , a Avord for Hungary . There can be no doubt that , for the time being , tbe Hungarian cause is lost . I regret to add , that there is as little doubt that the ruin of that cause has been brought about by foul , unnatural treachery . At Nottingham and other places , I was questioned as to my opinion of Georgey ' s honesty , aud my answer -was— " That while I Avould
pursue a knoAvn traitor to the gates of perdi tion , I AA * ould not condemn any man upon mere suspicion ; " but from the evidence that has since then reached this country , I can no longer hesitate in coming to the painful conclusion , that Georget * is a traitor ; aud that , when he surrendered to the Russians , he sold his country , his cause , and his comrades for Russian gold , or some equivalent equally vile . And see , already , the fruits of his treason . Not only is his country enslaved , and her liberties of eight centuries destroyed , but even the comrades who shared with him the dangers and glories of manv a well-fought field , and who ,
unfortunately , escaped the bullet and thc sabre , are , now that they are disarmed and _poAverless , falling victims to that bloodthirst y ferocity for Avhich the Austrian despotism is so infamousl y famed . A few days ago , the English public Avere assured by tbe " Times , " and other vile journals ofthe same stamp , that Austria would pursue the path of clemency in relation to the discomfited Hungarians ; but alread y the hypocritical mask has been cast away , aud the work of vengeance has begun . General Aulich , and several other leaders of the Hungarians , have been butchered in cold blood—a frightful foretoken of the bloody enormities that -will shortly be heard of .
There is a report that Bem has been arrested ; but I venture to hope tbat it has no better foundation than the false rumours , of a similar kind , alluded to in my last loiter . I fear , however , that Kossu _* rn "* s children , his Avife , and his mother—and the Avife and children of General Guyon—have fallen into the hands of the Austrians . To wh ? t a volume of misery are these few words the index !
Ifnot already arrived , the immediate arrival of a large number of Hungarian refugees may be anticipated . They -will land in a destitute condition ; even the noble aud wealthy avi' _11 step on these shores penniless . A fund for the Hungarians will , therefore , be as necessary , as one for thc Italians . I Avould suggest , that any surplus that may remain , after defraying the cost attending the sending of the Hussars from _Folkstone to
Constantinople , should be made the basis of a refugee fund . And if any persons who intended to have subscribed to the Hungarian cause , have been induced to withhold their subscriptions under the impression that it was too late to subscribe , they -will do well to reflect that more than ever their subscriptions are _noiv required . Those Avho applauded the Hungarians Avill surely not see those braA * c men wanting bread ; but I cannot doubt , that if Lord Dudley Stuart , Lord _Nugest , and other influential friends of Hungary , Avill appeal to the English
people , thoso who so recently cheered the heroes ofthat country , Avill succour and protect them from those miseries Avhich too often afflict the unfortunate exile . 1 baA * e sanguine hopes that both the Italian and Hungarian patriots Avill find many friends , and very general support ; but there aro others , to say the least , equally worthy of your esteem , aud equally unfortunate , who , I fear , "will not share the patronage of thc liberal section of the aristocracy and middle class . Thc Red Republicans of France and Germany , who
have escaped the tender mercies ofthe traitor Buonaparte , and the butcheries of which Baden has been the daily theatre for the last two months—tliese our brothers are likely to find no friend in this country , save and except in your ranks , I am acquainted with several who are , at this moment , in a state of absolute destitution . Amongst other good men there are some who , incited by a zeal as fervent as that which inspired thc crusaders , and animated by a still holier _pui-pose , quitted their homes , their friends , and their means oi
liA * ing in America , to risk their lives to free the old world from the tyranny of usurers , priests and kings . The European movement crushed for tho moment , these men find themselves destitute and friendless in this country—they have not thc moans necessary to enabic _thew to return to America , aud you know how difficult it is for the unemployed to find work . These men have claims upon your sympathy . Now that the reaction is everywhere triumphant a blow Aviil be struck at the independence cf Switzerland . Within a ray few Aveeks the Swiss Government will be forced cither to expel the French , German , and
Italian refugees , or the Confederation _avuI be _iiiA-adedby the troops of France , Prussia , Austria , and Russia—as a matter of course , the English Government Avilllook on and connive at this new atrocity . Perhaps a meaningless " protest , " or a remonstrance , by _Ava-y of saving appearances , may emanate from Lord Palmerston . Parliament not sitting at this time , Ave ' shall lose the flashy speech his Lordship mig ht otherwise favour us Avith— -no great loss to the poor _Svriss , who , whether Lord Falmehstox speaks or holds his tongue , will be sacrificed , unless they can defend themselves against tho leagued brigands of the
Continent . It may be fully anticipated that thc Swiss Avill succunib , and in that case hundreds more of French , German , and Italian Democrats will be thrown upon this country - their too probable fate is appalling to think of ; I Avarn you in time ; you must be prepared to aid your brothers , otherwise they Avill perish . In addition to the Italian and Hungarian
funds , let there bo established a testimonial fund for the relief of all pure Democrats , without distinction of country . A body already in existence , the Fraternal Democrats , should take the initiative in establishing this fund . About to leave London , and pressed for time , I cannot pursue this subject further this Aveek ; but , . 1 trust I have already supplied you Avith a . few materials for _thinking . Let action follow
thought . While the tyrants of Europe are deluging thc nations Avith the blood of Liberty ' s defenders , and filling the homes of innumerable families with misery and despair , do you record the best protest your position Avill admit of , that of succouring the persecuted and the oppressed . By so doing you Avill annoy the despots , secure for yourselves the gratitude of your fellow-creatures , and win that true glorv which kings and conquerors
Letters To The Working Classbb. Lvui «. ...
never achieve ; for true it is , as the poet has written , that" J _* le drying up one tear has more Whonest fame , than shedding seas of gore . * ** L'AMI DU PEUPLE , September 4 th , 18-19 .
Joseph Mazzini. The Following Letter, Ad...
JOSEPH MAZZINI . The following letter , addressed by Mazzini ton friend iu this country , is now of rather an old date ( the Oth ult . ); but , as a picture of tiie man , a historical interest attaches to it , and we foel , therefore , no hesitation as to giving it a place in our columns : — " Rome has fallen ! It is a great crime and a great error . The crime belongs entirely to France thc error to civilised Europe , and _abc-A _* e aU to yonr England . I say to your England , for in the three questions Avhich are now at issue in Rome , ami which it is vain to attempt to stifle by brute force , England appears to me , and did appear to us all , to be especially concerned . Three questions—the question of principle , of international rightof
Eu-, ropean morality—the political question , properly so called , the balance of power in Europe , influence to be preserved or obtained—and the religious question —all were , in fact , raised already in Rome before the entrance of tho French . Thc question of principle is , thank God , sufficiently clear . A population of moro than two millions of men having peacefully , solemnly , and legally chosen , through a constitutional assembl y , regularly elected , a form of government , is deprived of it by foreign violence , and forced again to submit to the power which had been abolished ; and that without tliat population having furnished the slightest pretext for such violence , or mado thc slightest attempt against the peace of _neighbouring countries . The calumnies which have
been for months _systematically circulated against our republic , are of little importance ; it was necessary to defame those whom it had been determined to destroy . But I affirm that the republic , voted _aWwoat ¦ nnnnunousYy by the assembly , had the general and spontaneous approbation of * the country ; and of this the explicit declaration of almost all tlie municipalities of the Roman States , voluntarily renewed at the time ofthe French invasion , without any initiative on the part of the Roman government , is a decisive proof . I affirm that with the exception of Ancona , where the triumvirate were _obliged energetically to repress certain criminal acts , of yotttical vengeance , the republican cause _av . _is never sullied by the slightest excess ; that never was there
any censorship assumed over the press before the siege , never did the occasion arise for exercising it during the siege ; not a single condemnation to death or exile bore witness to a severity which it would ha vobeen onrrighttohaveexercised _. but whicli the perfect unanimity Avhich reigned amongst all the elements of the State rendered useless . 1 affirm that , except in the case of three or four priests , who had been guilty of *& v \ ng _v-pon out combatants , and who were killed by the people during the last days ofthe siege , not a single act of _porsonalviolenee was committed by any fraction ofthe population against another , and that if ever there was a town presenting the spectacle of a band of brothers pursuing a common end , and bound together by the same faith it
, was Rome under the republican rule . Thc city was inhabited by foreigners from all parts of thc world , by the consular agents , by many of your countrymen ; let any ono of them arise and uiidor thc guarantee of his own signature deny , if he can , the truth of what I say . Terror now reigns in Rome ; thc prisons aro choked with men who liave beon arrested and detained without trial ; fifty priests arc confined in the castle of St . Angelo , whose only crime consists in their having lent tlieir services in our hospitals ; the citizens tho best known for their moderation are exiled ; the army is almost entirely dissolved , the city disarmed , and the ' factious' sent away even to the last man : and yet France dares nnt consult in a legal manner the will of the populations , but re-establishes the papal authority by military decree . I do not _lieliovc that since the dismemberment of Poland there has been committed a moro atrocious injustice , a more gross
violation of tho eternal right which God has implanted in tho people , that of appreciating and defining for themselves their own life , and governing themselves in accordance with their own appreciation of it . And I cannot believe that it is well for you or for Europe that such things can bc accomplished in the eyes of the world without one nation _uisin- ** oat of its immobility to protest in the Lame of -universal justice ! TI 113 is to enthrone brute force where , by the power of reason , God alone should reign ; it is to substitute the sword and poniayd for " law—to decree a ferocious war without limit of time or means between oppressors rendered supicious by tlieir fears , and tho oppressed abandoned to the instincts of reaction and isolation . Let Europe ponder upon tliese things . For if the light of human morality becomes but a little more obscured , in that darkness there Avill arise a strife that will make those who come after us shudder with dread .
" 2 he balance of power in Europe is destroyed . It consisted formerly in the support given to the smaller states by the great powers : now tliey are abandoned . France in Italy , Russia in Hungary , Prussia in Germany , a little later perhaps in Switzerland : these arc now the masters of the Continent . England is thus made a nullity ; the ' cclsd sedet Bolus in arce , ' which Canning delighted to quote , to express thc moderating function which hc wished to reserve for his country , is now a meaningless phrase . Let not your preachers of the theory of material interests , your speculators upon extended markets , deceive themselves ; there is history to teach them that political influence and commercial influence are closely bound together . Political
sympathies hold the key of the markets ; thc tariff of the Roman republic will appear to you , if you study it , to be a declaration of spmpathy towards Engiand to which your government has not thought it necessary to respond . " And yet , above thc question of right , above the question of political interest , both of which were of a nature to excite early the attention of England , there is , as I have said , another question being . ? gitated at Rome of a very different kind of importance , and which ought to have aroused all those who believe in the vital principle of religious reformation—it is tliat of liberty of conscience . The religious question which broods at the root of ail political questions showed itself there great and
visible in all its European importance . The Pope at Gaeta was the theory of absolute infallible authority exiled from Rome for ever ; and exiled from Home was to bc exiled from thc world . The abolition of the temporal power evidently drew with it , in the minds of all those who understood the secret of thc . Papal authority , the emancipation of men ' s minds from tho spiritual authority . Tlie principle of liberty and of free consent , elevated by the constituent assembly into a living active right , tended rapidly to destroy the absolutist dogma wliich from Home aims more than ever to enchain the universe . The high aristocracy of the Roman Catholic clergy well know the impossibility of re ' aining the soulu ' i darkness , iu the midst of light inundating the
intelligence of men ; for this reason they carried oft ' their Pope to Gaeta ; for this reason they now refuse all compromise . They know that any compromise would be fittal to them ; that they must reenter as conquerors , or not at all . And in the same way that the aristocracy of thc clergy felt this _insopaivibility of thc two powers , the French government , in its present reactionary march , has felt that the keystone of despotism is at Rome—that thc ruin of tbespiritnal authority of the middle ages was the ruin of its own projects—and that the only method of securing to it a few more years of existence was to rebuild for it a temporal domination . " "England has understood nothing of this . She has _i-ot _' _iinderstood what there was of sublime and
prophetic in this cry of emancipation , m this protestation in Ta vour of human liberty , issuing from the very heart 0 ancient Rome , in the face of the Vatican . She has not felt that the struggle in Rome was to cut the Goniian knot of moral servitude , n' _-viiiisfc which she has long and vainly opposed her biblical societies , her christian and evangelical alliances ; and that there was being opened , had she but extended a sisterly hand to tho movement , a _mb-lity pathway for tlie human mind . She has not understood that one bold word , ' respect for the libertv of thought , ' opposed to the hypocritical _laii"uagcof the French _irovcrnment , would have been sufficient to inaugurate the era of a new religious policy , and to conquer for herself , a decisive ascendenev upon the Continent .
, " Is England beginning to understand these things , you answer me , yes . I doubt it . Political and religious indifference appears to inc to have taken too deep root with you to bo conquered by aiivthing short of those internal crises which b _'* come more and more inevitable . Uut if it be true that the nnci-ual struggle which has been maintained lor two months in Rome has borne fruits—if it be true that vou begin to understand all that there is ot brutal in the league of four Powers against the _awakciing of the F _. tcrnal City-all that there is ot grand and fruitful for humanity in this cry of cpun-• tv and libertv , vising from among the ruins ol tlie capital-all that tliere would bc of noble , ot gener-< ms . « f _wftfifavWe for Enstoml in rcsnouamg lo __ tins
cry , as to that of a sister towards whom a ttcot gratitude is awed—you can still do us a great good . Yon mav console—this you have always done—tne exile of ' our combatants , whom the French government _, terns from their homes to cast them out , poor mistaken * " souls , who dreamed of tlio fraternity ot France , in utter physical destitution , and in despair of mind ! You cansave for us these spirits , by preserving them irom tho attacks of doubt , and ot unmeasured reaction . You can , by your press , by thc voice of yonr meetings , fix npon the forehead of the French Republic tliG mark of Cain ; upon the front of Rome the glovy of a martyrdom which contains the -promise of victory ; you can give to "Europe thc consciousness that Italy _isbciug l _* Qi _* a
Joseph Mazzini. The Following Letter, Ad...
anew , and to Ital y a redoubled faith in herself . You may do more . The Roman question is far from being resolved . France finds herself _jjlaced between the necessity of givin" way to a new insurrection , and that of prolonging indefinitely the occup ation by her troop 3 _, thus changing intervention into conquest . Assemble yourselves , associate yourselves , organise a vast agitation for the political and religious independence of the peoples ; and say to your government , that honour , duty , and tho future of England demand that her _fla-y shall not hang idly m atheistic immobility , amidst the contin _iie-l violation oftho principle which it represents ; that _France has not the right to dispose ofthe Koman States as she pleases ; that the will of the Roman people ought to be expressed , and that it cannot be freel y expressed while four hostile armies are encamped upon its territories . Call upon
r ranee to lulhl her promises . AVe could not admit -we , the elected of the people-that thev should bo called upon to express a second time what they had already peacefully , completely , and in the most unlettered manner declared . We could not commit suicide upon ourselves in our most sacred right _, nut since violence has annihilated the consequences of its exercise , it is for you now to recall Franco to its engagements , and to say to her : " All that you a « e about to do is null and illegal , if the will of the _popu ation is not consulted . " And if your government remains silent—if France pursues her career of violence-then it is for you , the poople , to aid us you men of justice and liberty , in the 0
Birugjr . witli or without the aid of the peoples we wi 1 re-commence this struggle . Wo cannot , we will not , sacrifice our future andthe destinies towards which wo are called by God , to the caprices of egotism and of blind force . Uut the assistance of the peoples may spare us many bloody sacrifices , much reactionary violence , that wc men of order and peace , have striven to avoid , but which , in the powerlessncss of exile , we may not bo able to prcvent' Joseph Mazzim .
Italian Refugee Fund. Committee. —Tho Ri...
ITALIAN REFUGEE FUND . Committee . —Tho Right Honourable lord Beaumont , The Right Honourable Lord Dudley Coutts Stuart , M . P ., The Right Honourable T . Milner Gibson , M . P ., Sir C . D . 0 . Jephson Korreys , Uavt . M . P ., Chisholni Anstey , Esq . M . P ., W . II . Ashurst , Jun . Esq ., F . Carnac Brown , Esq ., Richard Cobden , Esq . M . P ., Charles Dickens , Esq ., T . S . Duncombe , Esq . M . P , John Fovstor , Esq ., W . J . Fox , Esq . M . P ., Sidney M . _Hawkes , Esq ., T . K . Hervcy , Esq ., Joseph Ifume , Esq . M . P _., Douglas Jerrold , Esq ., Walter Savage Landor , Esq ., IV . A . Mackinnon , Esq . M . P ., Thomas Prout , Esq ., William Shaen , Esq ., J _. _-inies Stnnsfeld , Esq ., Frank Stone , Esq ., Richard Taylor , Esq ., P . A . Taylor , Esq ., W . M . Thackery , Esq ., Colonel Thompson , M . P . Honorary Secretaries . —Sydney Milnes llawkcs , Esq ., James Stanfield , Esq ., Tavistock House , Tavistock-snuare , London .
Tl \ c generosity _aiul love 0 ? -justice Avhich distinguish the English people among all the nations of the earth arc appealed to , on behalf of the Italian Refugees in England , under circumstances unparalleled in history . The exiles—to a generous relief of whose distresses the English heart is sought to be awakened —were engaged in the defence of Home . They are the _grod citizens who , when Rome was abandoned by lier Monarch and Executive , answered to the general voice , and arose togive her law , tranquillity and order ; Avho built upon the ruins ofa monstrous system which had fallen of its own rottenness and corruption , one of moderation and truth ; wbe established and maintained a government , administcved umtev thc -pressure of groat difficulties , Avith a veneration for the sacred rights of life , liberty , and
property , new u * . Rome—administered with an honesty , forbearance , and singleness of purpose , that won the respect of dispassionate observers , of all principles and parties . They are the soldiers who defended that _s-overnment against the united arms of bigotry and despotism , and defended it successfully . They aro the brave besieged who held Rome with a courage and devotion worthy of her ancient glories , but with the magnanimity and clemency of Christian men . They are the dignified capitulators , who , when all means of defence were exhausted , opened her gates to a foreign army forty thousand strong , assembled round them by a _* i act of such stupendous baseness that it will remain an ineffaceable stain upon the honour and tho name ofthe French government , through all tbe coming ages of tho world .
It is not the only sorrow of the Italian exiles that a noble cause is , for tho time being , lost . Proscribed , and driven from their watch over the boauiiful country of their birth and thoir affections , they seek a refuge here in England , almost the only free land where they may set foot . And if their claim 011 our hospitality and sympathy need . ' * any strengthening , it must not be forgotten that 01 * representative ofthe English nation has deen found in thc person of Mr . More O'Ferral , Governor of Malta , avIio , having received with open arms the Jesuits and friends of absolutism , did not think it shame to cast these wanderers forth from that inhospitable shore , as if the ships that bore them Avere infected with the plague .
Hunted by their , awl the worlds , enemies ; _fovlorn and penniless , reduced to indigence , bereft of almost all that makes life dear , and ' bringing nothing from the wreck beyond thc Mediterranean Sea but Hope in the eternal might of tho principles they have upheld ; thc Committee named above appeals in their behalf to Englishmen , for present help . That they may not die of want , where they have found a home ; that their _noWe spirits may not sink into despair ; that they may connect with this free country in their future—be it what it may—such associations as such men should connect with it , and ever love and honour it with grateful hearts , as worthy of its freedom and its high renown ; thc Committee issues this address , earnestly soliciting subscriptions for their aid .
The funds raised are proposed to be applied to the relief of the more immediate and urgent wants of the exiles , to the provision of the means of enabling tlicin to reach other countries as they may desire , and generally to their assistance and protection . Subscriptions will bc gratefully received by any of the members of tho Committee , or by the Honorary Secretaries , Sidney Mi ! nc 3 llawkcs and James Stansfcld , Esqrs ., Tavistock Ilouse , _Tavistock-sqiiarc , London ; or may be paid into the following lhinkers : —Messrs . Smith , Payne , and Smitlis , 1 , Lombard-street ; and Ifossrs . Coutts , Strand .
Sympathy With Rome And Hungary. Meeting ...
SYMPATHY WITH ROME AND HUNGARY . MEETING AT HALIFAX . In compliance wilh a respectable and very numerously signed requisition , his worship tlie Mayoi convened a public meeting of the borough of Halifax , which was held at the Odd Fellow's Hall on the 29 th ult ., lo express sympathy with Homo ami _Hungary in the noblo efforts sustained by the one , and " the ' heroic struggle still carrying on by thc other , to secure independent self-government . At the hour of meeting tho room was about half filled , but ere long every uart became crowded , and throughout listened ' to the speakers with great attention . J . Baidwij * , Esq . ( the Mayor ) , took the chair , and several resolutions were unanimously adopted , The meeting was addressed by Mr . _Ib-nry Martin , Mr . Joseph Jennings , Mr . F . . Maude , ' Mr . li . Sloano _, Mr . T . Moorhouse , Mr . E . J . Morton , and Mr . S , Kvdd .
Mr . Ktd » _saiil : The question on which thoy liad met -as neither local nor sectional , but was opposed to despotism and feudalism . It had both an internal and an international bearing . "What did the Roman peoplo demand ? They did " not ask Pope Pius tho Ninth to leave Rome , to abandon his temporal and ecclesiastical jurisdiction ; but hc chose ' to leave Homo himself . ' The Romans wisely elected a provisional government , wliich tliey termed a junta , and this junta desired tho people to elect a parliament—a course which Avas perfectly right , as all political economy writers of moment acknowledge tho people to be ' thc source of government . " Tho Romans resolved to dispense with the Pope , and elected a governor from among themselves . The
Pope appealed to the Catholics to reinstate him , and I think that , in spiritual matters , any appeal to arms is absurd . In tho present state of ' Europe , itmay be asked whether it is advisable to interfere in tlie affiiirs of other nations ? International libertyis maintained by non-interference , and if civilisation is to progress it must be done by this . Now , in France , tliere was a declaration comprised in the code drawn np by the republic , that Franco was to go to war with no power in Europe , and Louis Napoleon swore to maintain it . When Louis sent armed troops to tho gates of Home he violated this principle , and broke his oath . Who and what was he 1 Tho greater part of his time had been spent in debauchery , and ho went to France withoiita policy and without a programme . Ho sought an interview with M . Proudhon , and professed sympathy with socialism , both in its democratic and in its social
aspect . Finding that thc Socialists would not supply him with a majority , hc turned his attention to the Catholics , and by supporting the Pope , knew that he should gain their sympathy . But Louis Napoleon is no Catholic , he ' has no religion . He published a book remarkable fov its plagiarisms , for its absence of thought and of logic , and which added nothing to the literature of his country . Why docs ho attend fetes in the different m ayoralties but because he wants to cease to bo president , and to become Napoleon the Second . Mr . Kydd then alluded to thc positions recently occupied by Louis Napoleon and Joseph Mazzini in this country , and declared that , thc latter would rank with " Rienzi , tho last of the Tribunes , " when Napoleon and Nicholas had perished with thc last remains of tyranny and oppression . In 1520 , Hungary ranked the second nation in Europe , and _cycyy nation Vino * _tidicn an oath to ' maintain its
Sympathy With Rome And Hungary. Meeting ...
nationality . Only about a year ago , Francis Joseph , the present Emperor , took this oath , and yet he has alread y tried to * r . nt down the _llivngavian independence , for Russia aud Austria have united to put down liberty there . Mr . Kydd concluded by declaring that the day was not far distant when Louis Napoleon would seek an asylum in England , or he would be without a head ; and the hope that Mazzini and Kossuth would have English sympathy , and their countries realise that liberty which was worth the sacrifico of both life and treasure . Mr . Ostler moved , and Mr . T . Brook , seconded , a resolution that a memorial embodving the resolutions bc forwarded to Lord J . Russell and to Lord Palmerston , which was carried unanimously . Thanks were given tothe Mayor for his impartial conduct in the chair , and the meeting dispersed .
Greenwich. On Monday A Meeting Was Held ...
GREENWICH . On Monday a meeting was held at the Institution , Greenwich , in order to sympathise with the Hungarians in thoir present reverses . T . Giuium in the chair . Lord D . Stuart said they were met thore to consider the state of Hungary and to pay a tribute to the glorious patriots . The Hungarians had played a part the memory of wliich woiild be handed down to the latest posterity . "When we look at what they have done thc last two years every kind of sympathy is called into play . Thc Hungarians had been a free people longer than unrselves , although they lived under tho _seopivc * of a despot—tbey never would consent to be treated as slaves . No sovereign had ever ruled over them without swearing to observe their constitution . Their constitution was
not perfect ; but was the English constitution a perfect one ? The Hungarian constitution was like ours—a constitution _wfiich was capable of reform without being overthrown . Ho then entered more at length into a description of the country , and concluded an excellent speech by proposing tlie first veBohition : — " That the destruction of Hungarian independence by tho combined army of a sovereign not legally entitled to tho ciown , and of a foreign foe , only venders it more imperative on Englishmen to express thoir sympathy with the oppressed patriots , who have , in common with all mankind , an indefeasible right to a government of their own choice , * and whose liberties are , moreover , confirmed by positive compact , and are consecrated by time and historical records . "
Seconded by Mr , George Thompson , and carried unanimously . Lord _NuoE . vr then proposed tho second resolution : — " That an address be presented to Lord Palmerston , in the hope that English diplomacy may successfully interfere to secure for the Hungarian nation its own liberties , instead of mere fusion with the remainder of the Austrian territories . ' - ' Seconded by Mr , Thomas _-M'En'teer , and carried unanimmsly . —The thanks of the meeting were then _A'oted to Lord D . Stuart , Lord Nugent , and the Chairman , after which thc meeting separated .
Sympathy -With Hungary. (From The Spirit...
SYMPATHY -WITH HUNGARY . ( From the Spirit of thc Timet . ) Some difference of opinion seems to prevail as to the mode in whicli we should express our sympathies on behalf of Hungary . At the great public meetings that havo lately boen hold in London disagreements have arisen between the prudent and the impetuous . One party asks for friendly diplomacy , tbe other asks for war ; one wants to assist the Hungarians by protocols , the other would do it , if need be , by cannon-balls : and hereupon thc antiwar party become frightened , thinking , no doubt , that Mr . Julian Harney , who seems to be at thc head of the war party , will entangle the nation in a series of most expensive and bloouy campaigns . Several even of the Radical writers share iu these childish apprehensions , and Mr . Lushington , who
presided at the great meeting m thc _Haiioversquaro Ilooms , reminded the lighting men of the impolicy of increasing tho national debt—a reminder which was met by an unanimous shout for war on the part of thc meeting . I think the prudent may safely be informed that the country need not bc apprehensive of being dragged into an expensive war by Mr . Harney . It is perhaps fortunate that the power of declaring war does not lie with public meetings . There is only one thing which public meetings can do in this matter , and that is , as p ; irt of tlio _' gcncral public , to express in the host manner their detestation of the odious proceedings of Austria and Russia . If any part of thc nation is to be heard , let the whole of the nation bc heard . If the Times represents us as Cossack , why sliould not Mr . Hartley give thc
other and more generous side ; no doubt , there are many in England who share the infamous sei . iimeiits of the Times ; but , it should be also understood thai there are hundreds of thousands who would sanction a Aval ' , anil share in it , rather than see the heroic people of Hungary crushed beneath the brutal power of Austria and I _' . _ussin . Likely enough tho great mass would prefer a more prudent course ; nevertheless , I say again , if tlie world has seen the scoundrel sentiments ' of the Times on this subject , let it also know that we have a generosity on the other side , Avhich is more than a counterbalance for the vilencss that shows itself through the _disgraceful columns of the Times newspaper . For myself * , I must say that J am thankful to Mr . Harney for proving at our metropolitan meetings , that the ' feelings of large numbers of our countrymen go beyond prudently worded resolutions .
Latest Fokeign Newsi France. Paris, Fmow...
LATEST FOKEIGN _NEWSi FRANCE . Paris , Fmow . —The President has written a lettor to Elgard Ney , his aide-de-camp at Rome , which has been published there . In this letter the President Napoleon says the French Republic has not sent troops to Rome to stiffo Italian liberty , lie considers the temporal power of the Pope to be possible only on tho following conditions—general amnesty , secularisation of government , Code Napoleon , and liberal government . The government states that an aide-de-camp' of the President of the Republic had set out for Rome with instructions to General _llostolau to _t'A'o from tho cardinals an administration of which they have made such a dangerous use . GERMANY .
Yii'Xna , Skpt . 1 . —Tho latest news respecting Kossuth andthe companions of his flight appears in letters of tlio 23 th ult . from Somhn , butAvants official confirmation . According to these the destination of the fugitives was Constantinople . From Orsowa Kossuth went to Calafat , the rendezvous of the dispersed Magyars . The list of fugitives sent from Calafat , includes Hem , Dembinski , aud sixteen Polish officers . Among the Magyars are Kossuth , Messaros , both Pcrczcls , Czevmiit , Syary , Karoly , Madams , Guyon , and 12
deputies . There was a steamer at Gallatz placed at the disposal of thc refugees , to convey them to Constantinople . In the weantiino Oiner Pasha , commander of thc Turkish forces in Wallaehia , having heard iii Bucharest of tho arrival of Koshutli and his friends at Calafat , contrived to have thein brought to Widdin , where they now reiuahi closely guarded . A Turkish coinniissio _' _iic-r , with Austrian consular functionaries , came and searched their baggage , among whicli , apparently , they cxpeuted to find the crown of St . Stephen , and other regal insignia of lluiif- _'arv .
Thc correspondent of the Lulependance Lclge . dated the 1 st inst ., writes from Vienna , thai the Emperor of Austria has granted it full pardon to Georgey , avIio will take up his temporary residence in Styrli , to which province he is now proceeding . Ba _' dkx . —The prisoners iu Rastadt are forced to work at the improvements in the fortress . The general impression is , that in a short time it Avill bo garrisoned by Austrians . Meantime some 13 , 0 ** 0 Prussians are still quartered on thc inhabitants of Baden , a burthen which , if it long continues , will bring thousands of citizens to ruin .
_TUH-KEF . Co . \*> TA . A _* ri . A _* oPi . "c , Aug vst 20 . —Seventy Hungarian soldiers arrived hero on tho loihu _!* :., by the Peninsular and Oriental Company ' s steamer the Sultan . Tlieir passage to Turkey hail been paid iu England , and they were each provided with a sufficient sum to continue their journey to their native country . They all looked ' very well , and were cleanly and comfortably dressed . Count _Andrass-y , the Hungarian envoy " here , found them quarters on shore . Some were lodged in a largo charitable institution a little _Aviiy outside Pcra , and tho others
wore placed in a kind of asylum belonging to the Sardinian legation . These poor fellows , whose story is well known in England , had no passports , and ' though tho Turkish government was willing enough to permit them io return to Hungary , yet the minister *; of the Porte hesitated to do so , lest such a _proceedin-r -. Jiould bc objected to by Russia and Austria . Tl ' tiough tho exertions and personal influence of Sir Stratford Cunning , the Porte lias _coiisi'iitcd to give _teskeres , or passports , for the free passage of tliese seventy Hungarians through the Ottoman dominions .
Di-Urif.—Died Yesterday (September 7th,)...
_Di-urif . —Died yesterday ( September 7 th , ) iu the New Ilouse of Correction Totthill Fields , Joseph William , one of the political prisoners , leaving a wife and six children in very distressed circumstances . Merthyu 'fYDva . —The miners of Abernman Iron Works have , wc are glad to learn , commenced work again , having been obliged to cease for the last ten weeks for want of water . During this time , however , Crawshaw Bailey , Esq ., has paid each man ten-pence . halfpemiy per day ior repairing th ' works for which they am very thankful . The Losdo ' s and North-Western Railway Company charge the _IhickinL-hatnshiro Company no less than £ 22 , 000 a * - their share oi the expenses incurred in tho celebrated battle ol' the _ev . _vses .
Parliamentary And Financial Reform. Meet...
PARLIAMENTARY AND FINANCIAL REFORM . MEETING AT _KING'SOROSS , ST . PANCRAS . A public meeting ofthe inhabitants oftho King ' s Cross district took place on Tuesday evening , atthe Prince Albert Tavern , Wharf-road , for the purpose of forming a district society in support of the objects and principles of the National _PavliamentarJ and Financial Reform Association . Mr . T . Hatiigatk presided , and was supported by several of the leading inhabitants of the district . Thc Chairman having briclly introduced tbo business ,
Mr . J . W . Ham , a member of the council of tho Association , stated its leading objects . He contended that the Reform Bill was a failure , for tha members ofthe House of Commons were not representatives ofthe people , but nominees of tho upper house , 350 of them being directly ov indirectly connected with the aristocracy . ( Hear , hear . ) The great object now was to remedy this state of things , not by exciting a Avar of classes , but by uniting the middle and vrorking classes in an effort to carry out the existing law , as settled by the Reform Bill . Sir It . Peel had not . into power by attending to tha registration ; let others do the same , not only in London , but throughout the kingdom . For this purpose a powerful ieaguc of the middle and lower
classes was necessary . Thoy would thus reclaim their own house , and recover control over tbo national purpose . ( Cheers . ) The cost of the army and nary might be reduced with advantage ; and the sooner tlTo church was severed from the state , and an cquitablo distribution of its revenues made amongst its _mini-iter _* . , the bettor . ( Cl « v ? r « . ) Another _snb-ject _Avorihy the consideration of a reformed parliament was the national debt . It . was preposterous to say it couhl not bo paid off , * for recently -100 millions had been raised for railways . ( Hear , hear . ) The debt has been incurred on security of the pronevty of the country . I _^ et , then , the property pay it . Let a bold property tax , to produce about twenty-five millions , bc levied , whereby the debt might be defrayed or greatly reduced * without burdening tho working classes . ( Cheers . ) Wore the duty on tea reduced to ls . a _n-iund , the import might be raised from forty to one hundred
millions , and thus an immensely increased demand would bc created for our manufactures . ( Hear . * Other taxes were equally prejudicial to tho real interests of the country , * but till the people Avere fairly represented it was impossible that _thesd things should be remedied . To effect this , ths general support ofthe people was needed . It wag their cause , and they ought to make it their own . ( Hear , hear . ) E very man felt thc annoyance of tho tax-gatherer ; they were willing to pay the taxes , but not more than was necessary . ( Cheers . ) Let the officers of the army and navy be generously paid by all means , when they were wanted , but not afc other times , and not " more than Avere wanted . ( Hear , hear . ) In the same way he would have the working clergy paid , but would do away with the drones . ( Hear , hear . ) In this populous neighbourhood hc hoped to see a branch association of 1 , 500 members formed , for already there were 300 such associations in and near London .
Mr . II . T . Atkinson * , oue of the honorary secretaries oftho association , observed that this was not a class question , but one concerning the great body of tho people , affecting not only the present but future generations—not ouly government in this country , bui all over Europe . ( Hear , hear . ) In the continental changes of tho last three years our country had not participated , because tlie democratic germ of thc constitution had not been called into exercise . After noticing the _ell ' ects of the law of primogeniture , in throwing the maintenance of tho younger sons of thc aristocracy on the country , and pointing out the _gross inequalities of die land tax , he observed that " the principle of our present legislation was lhe greatest happiness ofthe smallest
number , and this could only be altered by the cooperation of the working men . Would tliey assist iu such an object ? ( Cries of " Yes , yes . " ) " It was said Lord J , Russell would offer au extension of the suffrage next year , aud that neither Conservatives nor _Protootiouisls would oppose it ; but let the people work out a reform of their own , and noc he humbugged . ( Cheers . ) Wore the metropolis but unanimous in its demand for this reform , its proximity would enable it to bear most powerfully on the government . Meetings similar to that of Drury-lane would shortly be held all over the
country ; there would then be a national conference in the metropolis ; and it would be seen whethi r tho people would bc gulled by the coquetting of Lord John Russell . ( Cheers . ) The aristocracy owed a long debt to the peoplo of this country , which they would soon bo made to pay , by being compelled to support their own families . ( Cheers . ) Mr . _K-ebves moved : — " That this meeting , highly approving of the principles ami objects of the National Parliamentary and Financial Reform Association , do form itself into a district society , to be called the King's Cross Branch Reform Association . "
Mr . _Bkxuow _, m seconding the resolution , said he had been an advocate for reform more than fifty years , and had acted in conjunction with Major Cartwright aud all thc great men of the day , who had advocated the reforms supported by this association . ( Cheers . ) He rejoiced in the union likely to bo formed between the middle and lower classes , by Avhich only real reform couid be secured . ( Hear , hear . ) For years past the utmost efforts had been used to sosv divisions between these classes ; but this was now at an end . Sir James Graham , in his re / bntiinir days , had shown that 11 "J privy
councillors received £ 050 , 000 per annum ot the public money . It would he well for the association to remember this . Let the people take pattern from tho people of Jamaica , who had stopped the supplies and brought the governor to submission . ( Cheers . ) The resolution was then unanimously agreed to . Mr . P . vrnici * moved , and Mr . Lasostox seconded , this appointment of a committee to carry out tho foregoing resolution . The _yvocecdinga terminated with a vote of thanks to the chairman A number of _gentlcme afterwards enrolled _ikeuiselres as members of the branch association .
——«Jjg!Bmeeting At Sydenham. A District ...
_——« _JJg ! BMEETING AT SYDENHAM . A district meeting of thc National Parliamentary and Financial Reform _Association was held on Monday , at Sydenham ; Mr . Miller in thc chair . Speeches , expbiiiiing and enforcing the principles of the association , and recommending it as tho only available means of obtaining any considerable and permanent extension of political rights , were delivered by the Chairman , Mr . West , liev . W . Linwood , nnd some influential gentlemen ofthe neighbourhood . Mr . Sangstcr , who , at the preliminary meeting held a week or two since opposed , the movement , again objected to it , hut on somewhat different and more conservative grounds . He was answered by thc Rev . Mr . Linwood , who afterwards addressed the meeting , and urged the nccc .- - . sity of affording every possible assistance to the efforts of the parent association . Thc usual resolutions wero passed .
_——<S5———¦ Tun Hakvkst.—The Harvest Is P...
_——< S 5———¦ Tun _Hakvkst . —The harvest is proceeding favourably , and tho largest part of tho wheat crop in the south of England ' lias by this time been carried , and in remarkable good condition . Though the wheat ripened slowly , " it has ripened well , aiid ample time in the field has generally been given so tliat tho new ' wheat is everywhere admitted to present a lino sample . A fall in price , which occurred in Marklane on Monday last , of some 2 s . per quarter , shows tho impression of the . trade that the crop will be iar' -c . Tiiat it will yield well there is little doubt , thai ; being always the case with wheat in a dry , warm summer . Oats seem to bc generally n poor crop , but the foreign supply of oats is perhaps more constantly abundant than that of any other grain . For the hist time we seem likely to have a fair trial of maize , or Indian corn , for feeding imriioses .
Hitherto the scarcity of potatoes has caused Indian coin to be used in Ireland as the substitute , so that tho price has been too high for nock iecding . Some persons who have uscd ' it for pig feeding , do not speak highly of its feeding properties ; but at a certain price wc have no doubt that will prove most valuable to thc British farmer . We have recently iiiod both rye meal and rice meal to some extent in feeding pigs ' , but we iind both far inferior to barley , peas , or damaged wheat for that purpose . One et the most remarkable circumstances of the season is the universal and great abundance of peas ; a crop usually considered ' precarious , but whieh , when productive , proves most valuable for all sorts of feeding stock . Tlie general _success , too , which haa this _yi'iir attended the growers of winter beans and winter oats , especially " on strong land , should bc a hint to the _occupies i . f clay soils t _^> extend the cultivation of these safe crops . — Economist ,
Hoktici-lt-j' -al Snow . —On Saturday ( he first inst ., tho _cottagers in the employ of . Messrs . Walker's and Co . " , of Clayton West , near Iluddersfieid , worsted spinners , ( whoso laudable and praiseworthy exertions on behalf of thc factory children of this country will bc handed down to the latest _posU'i'itv ) held their first annual meeting in th _/ 9 Wesleyan school , kindly lent by the trustees . The school wis tastoiidly « ieeo _** _att-d v _. itb iiowers and evergreens , and the productions of the cottager * consisted of kidney and round potatoes of first-rat « fluidity ; the vegetables did credit to the producers .
After the prizes were awarded to the best competitors , several interesting addresses _aycic delivered by Mr . J . Child , Mr . Joseph _Bottomley , Mr . Ed . Green , and the Rev . Mr . Smith , and the meeting separated , highly delighted with the evening ' s entertainment _,, it is to be hoped thc manufacturers of this country will imitate tho example of Messrs . Walker ' s , by allowing their respective work-people plots of land for garden cultivation . A _Hoxia-orATiiic Hospital has been established in Dublin , on a large scale , and it will be si O . _'tiy opened for patients .
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Sept. 8, 1849, page 5, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns3_08091849/page/5/
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