On this page
- Departments (1)
-
Text (22)
-
ThE CHARTISTS AND LAND MEMBERS.
-
My Friends, This has been a bus}', week ...
-
TO THE CHARTISTS OF GREAT BRITAIN. Broth...
-
Arp. - 'EHESsiox or ins Cuastist Pike Ve...
-
f^^^ j Jk?^$ ^ "/ jf * ^ ^^ J 1 ^^^Vw i ...
-
PLAN OF ORGANISATION IOR THB RATIONAL CH...
-
I—CONDITIONS OF MEMBERSHIP. Acquiescing ...
-
EXPLANATORY DETAILS. I. —ORGANISATIOS. T...
-
The above Plan and Datailu arc to 6* sol...
-
CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN THE EXECUTIVE OF ...
-
Whitehall, June-1,1848. Sir,—I am direct...
-
Literary Institute, John-street, Tottenh...
-
TO LORD JOHN RUSSELL. Literary Institute...
-
EXECUTIVE NOTICE. METROPOLITAN ~ DEMON 5...
-
Heckmondwike, keak Lkh.d3. -A leciuvci w...
-
ClisrtQm which was' put down,' and; acco...
-
TO THE MEMBERS OF THE. NATIONAL CHARTER ...
-
TO THE PEOPLE. The rvffianly Press-Gang....
-
1 Let ruffianism meet with its appropria...
-
Friends, Countrymen, and Brothers, The s...
-
Cl'MMITTAL M* ' Uli.Tl!R3 ' FROM MANCnK'...
-
S c I \ i
Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
-
-
Transcript
-
Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
Additionally, when viewing full transcripts, extracted text may not be in the same order as the original document.
The Chartists And Land Members.
ThE CHARTISTS AND LAND MEMBERS .
My Friends, This Has Been A Bus}', Week ...
My Friends , This has been a bus }' , week with me , and , therefore , you will not expect a long I am preparing to receive the fortunate fWupants to be located here on Monday- next , when I expect to be honoured with the com . _oanr of a _few' _^ Ders of Parliament , to % bom I have promised such a treat arid surprise as they have never had ; and when I tope- to see not a few of your order to come and judge for yourselves , from a peep at the miniature , as to what the full-length picture of _gnyland ' s g lory mi f bt be made .
The Committee on our Company met yesterday ( Tuesday , ) and meets _jig ain on Friday ; but very properly that Committee has _prohibited the publication of garbled reports , until the inquiry is concluded , and then all will be published in the shape of a Report , and you shall have all , and then the poor will be able to _iudsre as to the mode in which their affairs have been transacted . On Monday , after a very busy day , I leave by mail train for Birmingham , in order to be iii good time on Tuesday to meet my Sheffield friend s .
I promise all who come here on Monday such a treat as they have never had . They may also see Lowbands , which is close by , and then they caa judge ofthe effect of Labour upon the Laud . Your faithful Friend , Feaugtjs O'Connor . Thursday _Nigkt . P . S . —At half-past eleven o ' clock this morning I received a letter from Mr Jones , -announcing his arrest , and asking me to -become one of his Bail ; and considering the liberty oi out members—even such as they _enjoyed—of more importance than my presence at Snig ' s End , I arrived in town shortl y _^ ftei four o ' clock , savr the solicitor , and made arrangements for the liberation of Mr Jone _** .
Now , my friends , I have often reminded you -of the necessity of being prepared with the means of defending our part }' , an omission upon yonr part which has , upon several occasions , put me to great inconvenience and expense ; and now that the oppressors have sgain resorted to the terrors of the law , under the certainty of conviction , let my appeal upon this occasion not be in vain . I have given direction that the best Counsel shall be engaged for all , as it is a novelty in our movement , and my p ride to boast of it , that no Chartist in my time has ever gone to trial without being defended by the ablest men at the Bar .
You may rest assured that this precaution , of itself , has converted many to our princip les . Let us not , theu , allow the Government or the country to suppose that we are less protective of our friends now , than we were when Chartism was but in its infancy , and the expense of sustaining and defending it devolved upon a small minority of the poorest ef the poor . You are aware that in Lancashire , in
Yorkshire , and in London , many Chartists have to be tried : and that those trials come oa instantaneously . Mr Jones , and those who have been apprehended for offences . said to be committed in London , will be tried next week , and , therefore , my application is , that every man will send his mite by Post-office order , payable to me . and addressed to the _Iforfneni Star Office , London .
I have to remind you , that time presses , and that the work must be done ; and , in conclusion , I ask the Attorney-General , or any black-letter lawyer in England , to point me out one word of sedition in the speech for which Air Jones has been committed . But , Chartists , I told you in 1839 , that , if wearing red ni g ht-caps , fasting and praying , would secure Labour ' s rights , that these acts would be looked upon as seditious .
But , Chartists , fear not ; for neither the power o the tyrant nor the terror of the law shall turn us from our course , but , on the contrary , wed us to our principles . F . O'C .
To The Chartists Of Great Britain. Broth...
TO THE CHARTISTS OF GREAT BRITAIN . Brother Democrats , Another proscription and persecution of the advocates of the Charter has begun . Whilst I write , Ernest Jones and many other _geod men are languishing in the prison-cells to which alarmed oppression has consigned them . I appeal to you to do your duty hy forwarding your contributions to the NATIONAL DEFENCE AND VICTIM FUND . to the care of Mr O'Connor , immediately .
The Times has avowed that your enemies mean to make short work with your friends . You , therefore , will see the necessity of wasting no time in throwing the shield of your protection over the persecuted patriots and their greatly-wronged families . As editor of the Northern Star , as ( although a young man ) an old Chartist , and as one prepared to do to the utmost extent of my humble means what I ash you to do , I feel myself justified in adding my voice to the appeals of Mr O'Connor and the Chartist Executive . For the sake _' of our holy ' cause , I conjure you to rush to the assistance of the martyrs .
Tens of thousands of you know the talents and burning patrietism of the man whom I am proud to caJl my friend—Ernest Jones . Many a time you have rent the skies with your enthusiastic p laudits of his eloquent , soul-stirring outpourings in vindication ofyour rights and denunciation of y our oppressors . You *" vho cheered him prove your sincerity by rallying around him now . Let his persecutors see that he has thousands and tens of thousands of friends—real friends , who will stand by both him and his
family-And Williams , Sharp , FusselL Vernon , and the brave men of Bradford , Bingley , and Manchester—these , too , demand your aid . Let there he no favouritism . Remember that an injur } - done to the humblest in our ranks is a blow to us all . Let , then , all the persecuted patriots experience your sympathies and enjoy your protection . Let not the indiscreet words or deeds of any of our unfortunate brothers debar them from your aid j over-zeal , with all its faults , is preferable—infinitel y preferable—io its opposite failing . U p , then , and be _doine . Remember that
_ihosiTfto _psrisii oppression staro the crime . " G . JULIAN HARNEY _Northern Star Office , June Sth , 1848 .
Arp. - 'Ehessiox Or Ins Cuastist Pike Ve...
Arp . _- _'EHESsiox or ins _Cuastist Pike _Vej-dor . — Jehu Downey , a _shotmaker _residing at No . 90 , Ptoch cii _? - ? _ohd . It appears that Downey waa one oi the leaders of the precession of _^ he Mitchel and Brian _Borwhcje ' clafcs , on _Wednfsssy last , by some _iudividusU of which Mr John Henry v _. _n _viounded , aud with which tbe police had a collision at the Newton _toii-bir at a subsequent part of the day . _Dowaey Eiad ; - bis escape on that da ; , but on Monday _cveuing hs :, _tvijreea " ten aad _ilXrtn o ' clock , Mr Beswick , accom panied by Mr _Super ' _aieedaat Leary , several if tho detective _ofScura , asd between forty and fifty poij & _min of the B division , proceeded to his house , 3 rd _apwebended him ther ? . Ilis house h the _hssd
_q-iir . _iT- _: of the Brian Boroihise club , snd atthe t-. mc : ,, _f his ar . prcLensi _' - _^ n tbere were fourteen men in a roo m up stairs , apparently reading the nevrspaperF , The greater part ot ( hcie _teem- _"d to fce Irish , * their ramc- _.- acd _addaszes were laken down . None ot these r , en attempted to interfere with tie proceeding * of the police . Dovmsv was q * _iretlj * _conveyed to _itie Oldharu-road police station , and _subsequently to tfe Town Hall . In the lower room of ihe house : --re ~ tre found _bstwcea twenty asd thirty _swords , a b _' m _. _derbuss , two muskets , and several pikes . ¦ _"OffUeT was brought np at the New Bailey _c-a f uesda :, on a charge ef being nee of the riotous _assemfoge , and was committed for trial at the _assizes . _Netcastie . —A public meeting will take place on tha Town Moor on Whit-Monday .
F^^^ J Jk?^$ ^ "/ Jf * ^ ^^ J 1 ^^^Vw I ...
y AND NATIONAL TRADES' JOURNAL . VOL XI . No 555- LONDO _?* , SATURDAY , JUNE 10 , 1848 . , » . _JffJSgg- _^ W . __ _ _ ' _""^* ' _^ _M _"'" , _^ _' _*'"''""^*« _WMWWM _^ , _MWW _, cw _, _, _pWtWWMW _*«»»^ _*' _*^ _''' _' _' _««^^^ !¦¦ - I IM . I _¦¦!! m ¦¦¦ III I ——I .. - ¦ ¦ ¦! ¦ 111 . . !—¦ — — I I I II— - _!¦ _¦ ¦ ¦¦¦ | , _. ——— , _^————»—^——
Plan Of Organisation Ior Thb Rational Ch...
PLAN OF ORGANISATION IOR THB RATIONAL CHARTER _ASSOClATIOxV or GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND , _ADl'PTlD BT THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY , MAY , 1848 , TO OBTAIN THE SPIEDT _INACTMENI OF THE PEOPLE'S CHARTER .
I—Conditions Of Membership. Acquiescing ...
I—CONDITIONS OF _MEMBERSHIP . Acquiescing in the objects , and being enrolled in the books ol tho Association . II . —DISTRICT AND LOCAL ORGANISATION . The country to ba dirtied into districts and localities . A district to be _formsd by the union of contiguous localities . A locality to ba sub-divided into wards—a ward into classes . A ward to consist of one hundred , a class of ten Bembers .
III . —OFFICERS . 1 . —An Executive Committee , consisting of fire persons , to be elected for the current year , by the members of the Association , in accordance with instructions to be issued , ens month prior to tbe date of the election , b f the _Executive Committee then in ogee . 2 . —Financial Officers— A treasurer , three trustees , and two auditors , co bs elected in accordance witb instructions _wsutd bj tb * Executive Committee . 3 _—ComrroVjionere . —Twenty commissioners to he elected at tht same time , sad in the same manner aa the Executive ; and , in the eTent of any vacancy or _va cancies occurring in the latter body , the _coumissioner or _comaissioners receiving the greatest namberof rotes shall fill np the place or places so vacated .
4 —Local Officers . —Consisting ef a council , treasurer , _secretary , w & rdmin , and _olau leaders , to be elected by the localities . 5 . —District Ojpcers . —To _cosiist of delegates from the localities in tne district ; such delegates , at their firat meeting , to appoint from their body a treasurer and gecretary for the current yew .
IT— FUNIS . I . —Association Fund . —A . 'Liberty Fund' of £ 10 , 000 to ba raiged by voluntary subscription . 2 . —Locel a _« d Distriet Funds . —To be raised and contrelleu by the localities and districts . T . —BANK . The National Land and Labour Bank . YI , —BUTIE 3 OF OFFICERS . I . _—ixscuriTx . To superintend the movement , perfect the organisation , and direct its powers ; to publish frequent reports of their proceedings , and of the state of the movement ; to issue weekly financial statements ; and a quarterly balance sheet ; to publish tracts aBd addresses when necessary ; to convene an Assembly of the people ' s representatives in case of emergericv , and te appoint & secretary or secretaries out of their own body .
2 . _—IISAKCIAL _OFFICKBK . Treasurer . —To keep an account of all menies received on behalf of the Association , to invest the same in ths names ofthe trustees , retaining a sum aot _exceeding £ 100 , to meet tha current expenditure ; to honour no draft unless previously signed by three of the Executive , asd to withdraw no money from the bank unless on an order thus signed , and countersigned by the trustee * . Trustees . —To invest , in conjunction with tne treasurer , tbe monies ofthe Association , and to sign no document for the withdrawal ot any such monies unless previously signed by three of the Executive . _Auditor * . —To audit the _quarterly baianaa sheets , and report thereon to the members ef the _ASSO * _ciatisn .
S . —C 0 _KJCISS 10 MS 3 , To carry into practical _operation the Instructions of the Executive , and to ba under the control of that body . i . — toe it _omctss . Council , Treasurer , and Secretary . —The council to keep , through their _secretary , a register of the names of the members in thsir respective localities ; to furnish a weekly statement of the increase or decrease of members to the district secretary , and to report as to the general and financial state of their localities . Wardmen . — To have the superintendence of their respective wards , under the direction of the local council . Class Leaders . —To make themselves acquainted with the residences of the members composing their respective classes , and to communicate to them the instructions received from the wardeien .
O — _DISTXICT _071 ICEES . To keep up an active superintendence over the localities forming their district ; their secretary to famish a weekly report to the Executive , stating the number of members in each locality , and the total in each district ; likewise the state of trade , the general feeling of the people , and the movement of all publio bodies . Local and _distriotsecrctaries and treasurers to furnish a certification of their election , together with their respective residences , to tee Executive , and to use , in _conjunction with the other ofiicera , their best endeavours to carry out the instructions of that body .
TO . —SALABrES . Executive . — £ 2 per week ; when travelling , second _class tare and 2 n . 6 d . per day for expenses . Commissioners . _—Tohe paid , only when employed at the same rate as the Executive .
Explanatory Details. I. —Organisatios. T...
EXPLANATORY DETAILS . I . —ORGANISATIOS . The Executive committee beg to impress on all localities the paramount _newasi'j for adhering strictly and uniformly to the above Plan of Organisation , aDd to remind distriot asd local efficew , th 3 t the only test ot membership ef the Association is acquiescence in its principles , and enrolment of the individual member's name in the books of the local secretary . It is not requisite tbat the residence _shonld be entered also . The secretary and treasurer of every district and locality are required to acquaint the Esecut ' 170 with their respective names and residences , asd particularly requested to correspond with them _regularly , as specified in the above plan The secretary ofa district is required to know the respective nam « aud residence * of the secretaries of eiery locality in h _* 3 district .
The secretary of _alocaUty is required to know the _rtgpective names and residences of every wardmat 9 in his locality . A vrardmate is required to know the respective names and residences of every class-leader in his A class leader is required to know the respective names and residences of every man in hia clasa .
IE . _—TRANSMISSION OP INFORMATION . Id case of the sudden _transmissioa of any information requisite te b _« _3 known by all the members of one or more districts , the Executive shall write , or send , to the secretaries of thoFe districts the ? deem it _ncc-ssary to _eimmumcate with . Ou receiving snch me 3 sa . ee , the district secretary BH' . Bt immediately convey the same to the secretaries of the localities forming his distriet ; thelocal seer tirv , to the wardmates ofthe wards forming his locality ; tte wardmate to the cla = a- ! eader 3 ia his ward ; the _dass-leader to tha men forming hia clas 3 .
III .-FUNDS . 1— Liberty Fund— Collecting books are to ba issued by the district and heal councils for the pur pose of tbis fond , and the money thus raised is to be _transmitted to JOES _M'Crms _, Financial Secretary , Literary Institution , _Jcho-street , Tottenham-courtroad , London . When Po _? t-office orders ara sent , _thr-y are to be forwarded as above , but to ba made payable to Jons Sewell , Esq ., at tbe Soathwark t'O _^ _t-oinee , London . A weekly acknowledgment ol the monies thus received will appear in the Northern * Sta _" _, under the names of the respective localities . 2 . —Local Funds —Tbe districts and localities have foil oower to regulate their local affairs as they think bist _' _, and to impose any conditions of local member shio . _cr-nsisttnt with the principles of Democracy , or to m ' ake any arrangements for the raising cf local levins that may he requiied .
_No port ' un of the Liberty Fund is te be applied to district or local Expenses .
The Executive submit the above Plan cf _Organisati . n in the belief that it is one easy of execution , and _efficient when in operation . A short time only ia required for tne _COUHtry to be completely organised ; a short time only is needed _toraisathe reo-mite , funds ; and thus a short time enly need elapse , if the people will it , before the attainment ot the Charter .
The Above Plan And Datailu Arc To 6* Sol...
The above Plan and _Datailu arc to 6 * sold at 2 * . 6 d . per hundred , and may be had on application to the Executive , and on receipt of the money .
Correspondence Between The Executive Of ...
CORRESPONDENCE BETWEEN THE EXECUTIVE OF THE NATIONAL CHARTER ASSOCIATION AND THE GOVERNMENT .
Whitehall, June-1,1848. Sir,—I Am Direct...
Whitehall , _June-1 , 1848 . Sir , —I am directed by Secretary Sir George Grey to inform you , that lie bas laid before the Queen the Address transmitted to him for that purpose in your letter of the 30 th ult . I am , Sir , Your obedient servant , G . C . Lewis . Mr P . M . M'Douall .
Literary Institute, John-Street, Tottenh...
Literary Institute , John-street , _Tottenham-court-road , June 5 th , 1848 . Sir , —I have to acknowledge the receipt of yours of the 1 st instant , informing * us that our Address to tbe Queen had been laid before her Majesty . 1 am instructed to inquire whether her Majesty was graciousl y pleased to receive that Address—whether any commands have been issued regarding it—and whether it is the
intention pf her Ministers to advise the Queen to consider the same , with tbe view of complying with the prayer of Her Majesty ' s faithful subjects . ' . _^ 1 am directed to adopt this course , Mn consequence of having read an account of the gracious reception of a deputation from Dublin , having for its object a political change greater ( if possible ) , than that which we have sought to effect , and which political deputation you , no doubt , advised her Majesty to
receive . Your obedient servant , P . M . M'Douall . The Right Honourable Sir George Grey .
To Lord John Russell. Literary Institute...
TO LORD JOHN RUSSELL . Literary Institute , John-street , Tottenham-court-road , June 6 , 1848-My Lord , We , as members of the Executive Committee of the National Charter Association , feel it to be our duty now to address you . We read with much astonishment a report of your declaration in tbe House of Commons , " That you did not believe the people desired the Charter , " and having seen no contradiction given to that statement by you , we consider it to be correct . We have accordingl y made arrangements to convince you , on Whit-Monday , that your supposition is utterly unfounded .
You have thrown down the gauntlet—we accept the challenge . Our intentions are to hold peaceful demonstrations . Our efforts shall be , as they have been , earnestly employed in the preservation , of life and property . We have deprecated all rioting . We have repudiated the violent language used at Clerkenwell meeting . We wish to ascertain your intentionswe have reason to do so , after the experience the people have had in this metropolis of the murderous acts of your police .
They and their associates have been the aggressoTS , the disturbers of the peace , and the destroyers of property . We are fully informed of the atrocious system adopted by the police . They are accompanied night aud day by idle boys , who infest all meetings and break windows oh a signal given by the police , so as to justify an attach upon a portion of a peaceful meeting , discussing in small groups the merits and demerits ofthe speaker . We are glad to perceive that you admit the right of public meetings at seasonable hours to discuss griev ances , and very much doubt whether Sir George Grey has been correctly reported , when he is represented to say last nig ht in the House of Commons , that it is the intention of Government to put a stop to all meetings .
If such report is true , it would imply that you were afraid ofa public denial being given to the public challenge of the Prime Minister of Great'Britain . We deepl y regret that several meetings have not been allowed to disperse without being partially involved in a conflict with the police , who were kept in ambush until the greater portion of the people had dispersed—who where then let loose , half drunk and completely mad , upon the people , and who in their ferocious onslaught at Bonner ' s Fields , paid no regard , and shewed no mercy , either to age , sex , or condition .
We trust that no such disgraceful assaults will be sanctioned by you on Monday , whilst we are peacefull y and constitutionally assembled , to report the reception of our Memorial to the Queen ; and to prove or disprove your statement in the House of Commons . If such are made , the people will hold you responsible , according to the constitution . We respectfull y but firmly inform you , tbat the peop le of this country are not beasts of burthen , and must not be blud geoned out of their right of meeting . Misgovernment , loss
of trade , and consequent starvation , have already sapped , in a great measure submission to the law , and obedience to the magistrate . We beg you to pause before you drive the people any further . We call upon ' you at once to abolish the right of public complaintthe necessity for public meetings—by granting to aU men of a sane mind , unconvicted of crime , and above twenty-one—such persons having a settled residence—the power , through the Suffrage , of abolishing their grievances in a peaceful and constitutional manner .
We beg to impress upon your mind , that the Chartists , as a body , have not taken part in the riots which have occurred , but have heard with abhorrence and indignation of the treatment which the peop le—the toiling producers and tax payers—have received at the hands of the police , who are not only , as you well know , obnoxious and expensive , but unconstitutional , as every armed Government p laced beyond the control of Parliament , must be .
Trusting that you will not force us to defend ourri » ht of public meeting , and perfectly satisfied that all the Chartists will assemble and disperse peacefully , if unmolested , We remain , Your Lordship ' s obedient Servants , P . M . M'DOUALL , J . M'CRAE , ERNEST JONES , SAMUEL KYDD , JAMES LEACH .
Executive Notice. Metropolitan ~ Demon 5...
EXECUTIVE NOTICE . METROPOLITAN _~ DEMON 5 T RATION . The Executive having summoned the secretaries of all localities in London , it was unanimously determined to hold a great meeting on Whit Monday , at Bishop Conner Fields , at half-past Two o ' clock , and to disperse before Six _o'clock ° r earlier if possible . The chairman and speakers were likewise appointed , and every necessary arrangement made to ensure the greatest order and regularity . Men of _Lundon ! gather in your tens of thousands . N . B . —Collections are to be made at all tic Demonstrations throughout the country for the Liberty Fund .
Heckmondwike, Keak Lkh.D3. -A Leciuvci W...
Heckmondwike , keak Lkh . d 3 . -A _leciuvci will be delivered by the Rev . Josepa Barker , oi Wortley , near Leeds , in the Market place , ( weather permitting ) , if not , at the Red dispel , top ot Heclimondwike , on Wednesday , June llth . Chair to be taken at half-past seven o ' clock in the evening . A _collcc tion will be nude to defray expenses ,
Clisrtqm Which Was' Put Down,' And; Acco...
* f _^^^ j Jk _?^ _$ _^ "/ _jf _* _^ _^^ J which _^^^ _Vw i i _^ Q / _L jl v _^ _jll _^' _ilrAA _. / _^^ _a _^ _^^^ _SmC _^^^ A A / A 4 * ) ffl _/^/ | _^ _W _^ "' _^ _J _^^^^^^ l ill viliiMli ' Nr W If ill _^^ _. _^^ _^^^^§ _W \ $ S / _fr _^ lm Vffl sit . II H / _- —X _^ _^& _Rgtlr IrH M lUl \ ffl j _^
To The Members Of The. National Charter ...
TO THE MEMBERS OF THE . NATIONAL CHARTER ASSOCIATION . Fellow Countrymen , The Ministry have p laced a barrier between the people and the throne . There is no hope whatever of your Memorial being presented b y a deputation of yoar body to the Queen . We have alread y declined sending your Memorials to the Home Secretary , a course which we think would be humiliating to us , and insulting to you .
We have decided upon holding a great demonstration in London , which we hope to be allowed to conduct in a peaceable and orderly manner . For the sake of our political prisoners _wesball use our utmost endeavours to secure a satisfactory termination to the proceedings on Bonner ' s Fields . We have seen Ernest Jones in Newgate , and have great satisfaction in announcing to you that we found bim firm , cheerful , and unflinching . FusseU , Sharp , and Williams , we were not permitted to see .
We have been busil y engaged to-day , and sball be constantl y employed until a late hour in the night , preparing bail , arranging a Defence Committee for the Metropolis , and pretr jng for the trials . Nothing shall be negited on our part , and we call upon the country to strengthen our hands , in this crisis , b y every means in their power , to maintain our sacred cause and save our friends from the felon ' s kite . Organise ! organise !! organise . ' . ' ! Collect money for the Victim and Defence Fund .
Defend the holy and time-honoured right of pubiie meetings to discuss grievances , as we shall do . Respect property . Be not aggressors . Let not our cause be disgraced by riots , nor thrown back for years by partial outbreaks . Defend your liberties and lives like men , and whilst you keep the law on your side , do not allow it to be broken over your heads . So long as we are at liberty , we shall advise you prudently , firmly , " and with that determination which a righteous cause alone can fiive . Faithfully yours , P . M . M'DOU ALL , JOHN M'CRAE . On behalf of the Executive .
To The People. The Rvffianly Press-Gang....
TO THE PEOPLE . The rvffianly Press-Gang . Mr Charles Knight and his ' Voice of the Profitmongers '—The Patriot Mitchel—The ' Times '' Dispatch , ' and ' Examiner . ' The Chartists—the 10 th of April , and the 29 / A of May— The calumnies _. forgeries , and incitements to despotism and terror by the Press-Gang .
1 Let Ruffianism Meet With Its Appropria...
1 Let ruffianism meet with its appropriate punishment . ' I Tihe 8 , Jone Gth , 1818 .
Friends, Countrymen, And Brothers, The S...
Friends , Countrymen , and Brothers , The sentence I have culled from the columns of the Times to stand as the text for this letter , will , I am sure , command your approbation . Yes , in the name of Humanity , let ruffianism meet with its appropriate punishment . To such a wish what honest man would hesitate to say 'Amen ? ' Not , at any rate , the men of the people . They have too long suffered from ruffianism , particularly the ruffianism of the Press-gang .
When the discovery of printing called the Press into existence , good men imagined that , at last , the means had been found to lift up the prostrated victims of oppression , and put an end to the reign of fraud and force . Events have proved the reverse ef this . I acknowledge that the Press has done good service in promoting public enlightenment on some subjects ; but , on the other hand , I assert that the Press , as a whole , has done more to prolong the reign of error than to hasten the advent of truth ; and , at this moment , is the great , the principal ,
barrier in the path of popular progression , oi course , I am fully sensible of the immeasurable worth of the journal , through the columns of which I am permitted to address you ; but , in spite of the earnest labours of the conductors bf the Star , how little , after all , can they accomplish towards counteracting the evils engendered by the prostituted and partisan papers ; for what can one honest _journal effect against the daily and weekly lies , calumnies , and plotiings of the vile sheets whose name is ' Legion ?'
A few weeks ago , I addressed to you a letter on 'The Press-Gang Conspiracy against Liberty , abroad and at home . ' In that letter I exposed the infamous plottings of the ' respectable' journals to keep down Chartism , even at the cost of blood , and every vestige of liberty hitherto permitted to the people of this country . The recent pranks of the Press-gang demand a few additional comments . The name of Charles Knight , the publisher of the works of ' The Society for the confusion of Useful Knowled ge , ' is pretty generally known . He is also , I believe , publisher of the reports , & c , issued by the Poor Law Commissioners . It has been the fashion , wiih a certain class of knaves and fools called ' Liberals , ' to trumpet forth this ' Knight ' as a great public benefactor—the conqueror of
ignorance and prejudice , hy means of cheap publications . In fact , however , like the _Chambers' of Edinburgh , he has done a great deal more to poison the stream of knowledge than he ever did to diffuse its life-giving draughts in their natural untainted state . A political economist and Malthusian , he has hardly issued a solitary publication in which he has not done his best to promulgate the damnable doctrines of the heartless political school to which he belongs . With all his canting about ' the diffusion of useful knowledge , ' he has ever been the bitter foe of cheap political information , as promulgated through the medium of Radical and Chartist stamped and unstamped publications . Of course , he has been not the less violently opposed to the political enfranchisement of the people , as provided for in the Charter .
Recently , the Malthusian bookseller started anew publication , entitled ' The Voice of the People . A Supp lement to all Newspapers . ' Supplementary , that publication certainly was , and something more . The readers of ' all newspapers' seem to have regarded it as superfluous , and , therefore , refused to buy it ; consequently , ' a little month' saw this wretched abortion both commence and terminate its miserable existence . Thc lamentations of its parent announce , in sufficiently explicit terms , that ihe untimely end of his mis-shapen bantling has left him a sadder , if not a wiser man !
Mr Knight s new _venture—commenced a week or two after ' the 10 th of April '— . was started avowedly for the purpose of putting down Chartism , and succeeded in putting down—itself . Tho matchless impudence of its publisher _nainfd it' The Voice of the People . ' Had it beon called ' The Voice of the Profitnionyers , ' or ' The Voice of the Plunderers , ' o _* ' The Vo ce of thc Pettiest Prig of the Tress'Gang , ' the character of the publication would have been much clearer indicated . The first number contained , besides other delicacies , a furious attack upon Mr O'Connor and thc Laud Plan ; but , as the Lion of Chartism did not think the brayincs of his asinine assailant worthy of notice , I may pass tlum by . The second number had an a ; tick on ' thc Movement , ' the principal features of ivhich
were _ahtise of Mr Feargus O'Connor and Julian Harney , and _praiseof ' the honest and abk' William Lovett and John Collins , and ' that able , courageous , manly Reformer , ' the 'Whistler !' Luvett , _'Coi . i . ins , _and Somerville ; sublime trinity in unity ! The third number professed to contain an * Analysis of Chartism ; ' perhaps the most barefaced attempt to ' make the worse appear the better reason' that I ever read . Imagine lhe sublime impudence of the . assertion that ' Trades Unions and Chartist oppressions are now the only mvaders of the freedom of industry ! ' But this is nothing compared with what follows . The ruffian , mouthing through the medium of Mr Knight ' s ' _uoice , ' denies the abstract rig ht of the Suffrage . He maintains that the majority have no right to rule the minority ; and-tlien with an amount of un-
Friends, Countrymen, And Brothers, The S...
blushing hardihood , wbich certainly doer * the _ruf fian some credit on the score of ' pluck , ' he boldly announces that' the minority always do govern— - always must govern—often , it is true , through the means and under the cloak of the majority , but always really and _substantially ! ' After this exhibition , the reader will not be surprised to learn tbat Knight ' s ' hired' ruffian strongly counsels the government not to make any concession to Chartist
demands . The Chartist leaders he describes m self-elected ; paid , turbulent , idle , and illconducted , and too frequently Celtic ! The fourth number contains an article on ' What the _Chattuts want , and how to get it , ' and is every way worthy of being associated with the rich effusion in number three . The ruffian announces that hundreds of thousands of the middle classes will join the Tories to ' fight with determined resolution against the Charter , '
Take it for all iu all , the pretended ' Voice of the People' was a most shameless and malignant concoction of ignorance and fraud ; every way worthy , however , of the labour-grinding school of which it avowed itself the champion . But it overdid it » work . ' The People' repudiated it , and the bourgeoisie were afraid of it . To use its own _wgrds , it possessed' the serpent ' s venom , but not the shining Skin . ' ' Its unspeakable vulgarity was disgusting even to its dupes . ' "Whilst * exceeding the devu iu point of malignity , ' it had not the art to conceal tbe cloven foot , or attempt to cover tbe horns . Hence
its pitiful wind-up at the fourth number , killed by public contempt . In its last dying speech the wretched culprit avowed that its grand design had been to put down the Chartist leaders , whom it called 'bull-frogs of the darkness , ' but , alas , it added , Our publication has not been successful , ' ami ' we cannot persevere against coldness and _neglect . ' Of course this very pretty speculation will have bred the not too plethoric pocket of Mr Knight . Verdict , ' Sarved him right ! ' Public contempt h _» 3 decreed tbe epitaph for his bantling' The Voice , ' » Here lies a liar ' . '
The heroic patriot John Mitchei , is now on his way to that far-off shore where his , and his country ' s oppressors , hope to break his heart by the slow tor . _tures of felon ' s chains , and the anguish of banishment from all he holds dear . The ruffians of the Press-gang may congratulate themselves that they did their best to cause the destruction of the man whose honesty and nobleness ot soul was their shame and humiliation . In the transports of its fiendish exultation at the conviction and sentence of the patriot , the' bloody old Times exclaimed—* We Slope that no mawkish and mistaken tenderness will be allowed to interfere with his deserts . He has courted
his ( ate . Let him have it . ' If ever the people of this country acquire power , I trust ' that no mawkish and mistaken tenderness will be allowed to interfere' with the execution of that stern justice which these bloodhounds of the Press most richly deserve . For months past the bully of Fleet-street , commonly known by ' the style and title' of the Weekly Dispatch , has been amongst the foremost in hounding on the government to destroy John Mitchel . That having been accomplished , the Fleet-street bully turns round and affects sympathy for the doomed patriot . This disgusting hypocrisy is even more revolting than the bloodthirsty howlings of the truculent Times .
I might extend the list of Press-gang assassins to the entire Press of England , with one exception ; for , so far as I can learn , the Northern Star is the only journal published in this country which has had the honesty and courage to defend and vindicate John Mitchel . I must , however , single out one journal for notice , which , by a perfection of villany not often attained , ha 3 managed to exhibit its malice towards the proscribed patriot in a form so revolt _, ing as almost to defy belief . But there shall be no mistake . 1 will quote the infernal concoction word for word . The Examiner of Saturday , June 3 rd , in an article entitled-- ' The new scheme of the Confederates' has the following paragraph : —
But one mistake should ba guarded _againit . Mr Dobcucy raves about Mrs Mi-. chel ; but , conceding to that lady every merit that can ba claimed tor her , and every sympathy too , we beg to suggest tbat there moy be other _wivts wbo mny be as _inpatient ef tbe yoke of matri mony a « of tbe yoke of England—eager for tho _Repeal of the Union in _mera respects thaa one , and who may bs transported with joy at tbe transportation of tbeir _hutbauds , Irish husbands must tako care how tbey yield too readily to the ' Go where glory waits thee ' from their wives . A man should make quite cure tbat his removal from his country will be a _blessing to It , and that it is not his wife alone rrbo will be the gainer by being quit of bim . Though , to be sure , tbe chances are that the foe of union in oue instance ts tbe carso of i it iu another ,
Tnere is no necessity for engaging in the loathsome task of dissecting this horrible specimen of rotten-hearted depravity . The damnable meaning of tbe ruffianly scribe's calumny is too plain to be mistaken . Thank God , as John Mitchel is not likely to see many newspapers , it is very unlikely that he will see the Examiner . I , therefore , venture to hope that he will be spared the maddening misery of knowing of this foul wrong , and being unable to glut the thirst for vengeance which would naturally take possession of him . It was cowardly—unmanly enough—to strike at the chained patriot incapable of striking again ; but how infinitely more foul and
unnatural is the attempt of this miscreant of the Examiner to injure tiie fair fame of the _defenceless , suffering wife , whose virtues , public aud private , are the theme of popular admiration frora one end of Ireland to the other . By all means , 'let ruffianism meet with its appropriate punishment , ' and let the ruffian of the Examiner have ' his deserts . ' Shame upon this anonymous beast ' . Masked by the convenient ' we' he is safe ; but' the curses of hate illld the hisses of scorn , ' from millions who honour John _Micthel , will reward the filthy Examiner . I am only sorry that the individual writer cannot be singled out ; if tbat could be
' His name—hie human _nama—to every eye Tbo climas of all scorn , should hang on high , Exalted , o ' er ' _uia le 89 abborr ' d compters—And _feBtoihg in the infamy of years . ' Great was the joy of our ' best possible instructors * after the ' 10 th of April . ' ' We have put down Chartism' roared the _Puddledock Thunderer , and every vile and venomous creature ' after its kind ' in the ranks of the press-gang , echoed and reechoed the cry . I have seen Chartism ' put down * before to day , and , therefore , could _measu-e tbe folly of the frantic fools , and howling knaves , who proposed to celebrate ' the triumph of order' b y gorging the ' special * bludgeoners , and erecting
public monuments , to commemorate their own cowardly fri ght ov hypocritical villany . The monument maniacism was laughed down . After co'lecting some thousands of pounds tbe committee dissolved . Cut I beg the working men of England to remember two facts : —1 st . That' Her Map-sty and the members of the Royal Family' gave a thousand pounds towards a subscription for the purpose of _iawng a monument or monuments , to record' the defeat of the Chartists on the 10 / A of April ; 2 nd . That the Committee for getting up this public difigvace included the following persons : — Ms Grace the Archbishop of Sir !!" m . Clay , Bail . M . P ,, Canterbury Sir _Wnlter It . _Farquhor , The Most Noblo tho Mar- _B-. rt .
q'i q _'it ' Lausdotyne , KG , _SirMoacsMotitcfioro _, B _* rt . The Right Hon . Lord John _Rear-Admiral Bowlts Rassell , M P . Charles Bailer , Esq , The Right Hon , Sir George Chairman oj the roor Law Owj . Bart , M . P . Commission The lard BUhop af Loudon , lf'i ' l _' _-am Cubitt , £ _>¦/ . Thc Lotd Bishop of Win- V . V . A . _Di-Uu _* , E q , Chester Gco ; c Carr Oljn , E q . I / _leutODflnt-GeneraltboVia- _Georga Hudson , E q , M . P , ennnt HnrnlngQ _, O . C . B . Henry K . n { fJ « Tte , _K-q . The Right lion air Robert Richard Muyno . _l-: sq „ Peel . Bart ., M . P . Commissioner of Folke The Right / fm . the Viseov . _v . l Charles i ' eirson , Esq ., M . P , Morpeth , if . P . S . _h . rc . o . _Eso . MP . Tfc « _Eji-I of Arundel anj G . _Indinavir . ' , E-q ,
Sjrrcy _, M I \ David Salmons , Lsq . Lord Ashley , M P . Alderman Thc Ri ght Ron , ford R . Jl . Seeley , E .-q . Robert _Grosvcnor , M . P . _Lird Stanley The 'liberals' and ' p hilanthropists' include d in the above list , will , of course , be gratefully remembered at the next general election ! As to the aristocrats and ' oily men of God' they of course but 1 followed after their U »\ d .
Friends, Countrymen, And Brothers, The S...
_ClisrtQm which was' put down , ' and ; _according to the _Preu-gang , utterly extinguished , on tbe 10 ft of April , appears to be endowed with phoenix-IB * potters for on the 29 th ef May , the extinguished im wa » found to ba all alive again , and —if you nay Credit their journals—frig htening the _lourgeoisis 'from their propriety . ' Poor fellows 1 Tte measured tretd ot marching thousands and the heaven-Splitting Shouts for 'Mitchel * and ths 'Chabtbb' _suite obfuscated tbe _potbellyocraeyi Of course such an ' indecent disturbance of pubKe v »« _wuisc _aut , u au _mut _^ u . _^« . «»« . _««••— -. r ~ _ClisrtQm was' put down , ' and ; _according f 0 tne _Preu-g » n _& utterly extinguished on tbe 10 ft of April , appears to be endowed with phoenix-IB * powers for on the 29 th of May , the extinguished tat _ffa found to be all alive again , and —if you nay _Crsilit their Journals—friahtenincr the _hnnm /> nbig
order' was not to be tolerated , and so the rascal * cf the Pres _8- _(? ang were set on to write t > p anothee panic . The Times suddenly changed its tone _aai proclaimed itself a liar ; here is a sample;—* ' _Chartiim is neither dead nor sleeping . The snate was scotched not killed on the 10 th of April . Again 'The nuisance ( of Chartist processions should be put a atop to . Nip it in the bud , or , ts use a more appropriate figure crack tbe dragon ie his shell . ' Still true to its old character , COffi * biniug the buffoon' with the ' villain' of the _poli _* tical stage , the Times made a desperate _effbrfft to be facetious at the expense ofthe Chartists . * 1 $ _^ laid the
Times—If tbft _Cbcrtitts would assume a more plcturecqwt exterior — If tbey could wear soma _euah CQilume ftt ) that of her Ms _' _estj ' e ' Beefeaters , ' or slashed _troUHSf * and red _Morocco boot * , and if tbey would _relieve ths monotony of tht _proceiiion wiih an occasional _tranfe _parsoey or firework , perhaps tbey might be borne . Bnt » * set of grim , ditty , ud discontented men , trudging with a h & ng . dog air through tbe streets , witb a _bideoot sort Of _mytttry at to wbat may * » e in their heads «* their pockets , _comtitute a scene perfectly abhorrent to the taste of a _genuine , _baslnsaj-llke _Londoner , oivldtog bit time botween bit couoter and bia fireside .
The repeal of the soap tax , and labour for tha unwilling idlers , would dispel grirnness , dirt , and di 6 « content ; and it is precisely because the Chartists desire to look more like Beefeaters , ' that they demand the one thing needful—political equality . Th * delicate hint of the Times , that fireworks might make Chartist processions more endurable , appear * to me to savour strongly of' Swing . ' In the _daysof the Reform Bill agitation , the Times advocated brick-bats and bludgeons as the means necessary to effect the conversion of the Tories , _iately tht Times has again turned 'Reformer , ' and _perhapa this call for ' fireworks' to enlighten anti-Reformers
is only its old tactics revived in a new and r _aort striking shape . But that there may be no mistake , I would suggest to the Times to put its preachings into practice . When the liberators of Switzerland saw that the hour bad come t _<> s . ummon tlieir con _« federates to action against Austria , they created their signal fires by _applying the torch to their own dwellings . Everybody knows that in the disgraceful sense of the term , the limes is ' Swiss * enough for anything , but is it sufficiently Swiss to imitate the compatriots of William Tell , and make of Printing House-square a burnt sacrifice ( a ' firework' on 8 large scale ) at the shrine of freedom ?
You will remember how mercilessly the Timet ridiculed the Chartists for not fighting on ' tie 10 th of April '—how in every form the English language admits of , it slandered the working men of England as cowards and poltroons ; it is , therefore , worth while to quote from tbe Times on the Bradford affair : — Let US do _IbeChartisti justice . _IfBghting with ' p _' uok against special constables and police _cnuM male , a * . i _« a » lut ' _on _, thoso wbo fought at tir . _adiord _cujht to bave . succeeded _. It de 9 perat _<« _resi * tn » ca and _deBptiato oa _» slaughte could overturn t ie established state of thingi , the men of Bradford might have _figured now BB _L-idTtt * _R-. _illias and _AJberti _{ _ouvritrs ) . But tiny forgot tbe odd * _ftgainit whicb ther bail to contend .
The Times then goes on to explain that the prin _« cipal of the ' odds' against the working men of thia country is the hostility of the middle classes , and avows that were the English bourgeoisie like those of the continent , the ouvriers of Bradford ' might have stood up longer—perhaps successfully -against the body of soldiers which was _opppoaed to thera . ' Here is confirmation of what I have so often asserted that the middle classes are the great criminals of society , and responsible for all the oppression and misery under which the people groan .
The Times , of June 6 th , furiousl y demands ' the full execution of the law' to put down ' tumultuous meetings ; ' announces that ' any measures' of repression ' will' receive the sanction of public opinion . ' [ by which it means the sanction of the bourgeoisie ] provided the said measures ' be sufficiently energe * tic , ' that is , sufficiently bloody and brutal . The Times then goes on to threaten the " rioters" with the vengeance of the exasperated military and police , backed by thousands of the . sbopocracy , who , ' come what will , ' are determined to prevent the working classes playing the part performed by the ouvriers of Paris , Berlin , and Vienna .
The Times then goes on to quote the dicta of judges of the times of Sidmouth and _Castlereagh , as to what constitutes unlawful meetings , and the liability of joining in them . The article concludes by advising the dispersion of open-air meetings by force , and the arrest of Ernest Jones , and other Chartist speakers , promising , tbat if arrested , there will be no difficulty of obtaining a verdict of guilty from a jury of London merchants and tradesmen . Tne Tory Morning Post , and the Radical Morning
Advertiser , are equally liberal in advising the government to ' put down' the meetings of the people by force , and punish the' leaders ' under judge-made law . The' liberal' Examiner abuses the magistrates for dealing too leniently with the ' rioters , ' and the ' philosophical' Spectator' wonders why any such meetings as those held on Clerkenwell Green and Bishop _B-mner ' s Fields are ' tolerated ' by the' authorities !' You see they are all alike ,
' _Tsnta-ra-rara , rogues all !' The dodge , too , that was worked so arduously be . fore the ' Uith of April , ' is again in _course of operation . Letters manufactured in _Downing-sireet , or Printing House-square , but signed ' A Special , ' ' Six Specials , '' A Barrister , ' & c , & c , are non- appearing daily in the Times , demanding in terms of assiuaed indignation , to know why the police _dua ' t break more heads ; why the soldiers have not orders to fire upon ' the mob -, ' why the speakers are not arrested , and means taken to transport them , _&« ., & c . Thus is the pretended ' public opinion ' manufactured to justify the forthcoming ' vigorous measures , ' which , in addition to the _Gagging Bi ' r , the Vt'hi _gs Will no doubt inflict upon this country .
But these ' measures of repression , ' that is , measures of tyranny and brutality , blood and _vengeance , the Whigs would never dare of themselves to propose ; they are hounded on to their infamous work by the ruffians of the Press . How long is ' ruffianism ' to walk the earth triumphant , fearless of its ' appropriate punishment ? ' ' llow long ? oh God ! how long ' . ' L'Ami du _Peui'le . June gth , 1848 .
P . S . _ The ruffianly Press-gang have not worked in vain . As two days ago f foresaw , persecution has followed immediately upon denunciation . The Times , which announced the arrest of Ernest Jones before he was arrested , was , from the be . ginning of the week , fully aware that the gover nment intended to arrest him . _Let every _Dem _i-ratevery true man , rally to the defence of Ernest Jones and the other victims of Whig tyranny . June Sth .
Cl'mmittal M* ' Uli.Tl!R3 ' From Mancnk'...
_Cl'MMITTAL M * ' Uli . Tl ! R 3 ' FROM _MANCnK'iTKK . — 'i 1 : 6 examination of the parties _chared -aiv . i bX . i ) : ; i : _uplicuodin the _Mitehdnots iu Mane : : ¦;• < : _, _t-rmiaatcd _absut six o ' clock on TiiP . _^ day _m-jvn :. _' . ia ihe _OOnimiual Of five oi them—Flynn , D . _wmy , M -uticy , Birch , and Gun , for trial at the _it-xt l _^ _w-poil _Assiz » s . Four othova were held to bail t k tv t ! i _» penc . From what waB said by thc _chajiuiiu of the _magistrates , it is _probabta that tbey wii , ! : o indicted , among other _things , tor a _consiiln-or to 'ori _: _;; about a breach of tha peace by tVui _<¦{ y . r « _t « . It was swot a by a policeman _th . _vt _Fynri ii : _>< i fnld _,-j meeting on the i ' . ' n ult , that tho time \; :. i \ c mo when _soraethius must bo d _» . nc , and he : viv _-. » i t " . o people to _prooure and uso _armv , aiid _reconsuujjj-cd r
proc 3 _« ioii to be formed to -, c . \ -. p-iiu ';< . ' _-.- 'h- 'f ' ¦ _* ' _* •' , and seek assistance from lhe _shuplict-i _' _- _-. " _- -, _mI _^ ' _!"' _= , ' tmm where nothing waa _givtn _, to t _:-U- _» . h the policeman interrupted them he n- ! v :-* f' -l _^ : m __ to h \ ht . Fiynu and _Downey who c ' u iv . _, < im : < i urn , ' the leaders of persons bearinii arms i _* c the rir . _t-ms demonstration on Yt * odne » d : i >* _wetfc , _r-nd tlw othvc three _connoted with th m _wpre _c- _^ X'" _wnh _^ _i-iiringarms on that occasion . ' a *) : " _.- ¦ ... rs :. \ _ptoftesional _assignee , aad : h * _lannui-r-. s w . ic a = kcd if bail would ba tuk «? _ii . ih <\ V _icr-lur _-j _'„« f in _sprc tiVs _ofi' 25 ' / ach 'vouid ba taken tor tho -y- yarro of either Fhrin or _D-iwney ut th-.: a _^ _a- _--- . ' _, ? wl Uv \ t three _sureties of £ 20 each * oul . ; b : -i . L-. tplc ' . ; . r the _oihri-pi-isosers . Tho b . ' . il - _'W ' _'• _•'• ( 0 _'t' _-- _^ _-. - < ¦ _- . _' , _-md tho pri _.-0 'iera were _rem-m-d bv _nv . ' . v , t > Ki uhda
prison the same c _vx-nu . g . 0 'Ci'SsoRvn . iE —A Chartist _nice-in _^ viil ' _-e held _« m _VVuir . Monday , at halt-past two o _' cl -: M , oa tho Scho «] Cr ! _-Ol !! ld . BlaCKiTONB Edge . —A camp nietii-e w ' u '; V ¦ . ¦ le'd on B . _ackBtOuc Ed _fce , next Sunday , _Jum-lhii . _iv-vest _Jcn-is , _Leq ., will attend . _Chuir ; .. > be t _.- ' . ui at twelve o ' clock . The t ' elega ' ca will uss _.-nb ' e ; _-,:. tha , VS bite Ilouse , at tou o ' clock _.
S C I \ I
S _c I
-
-
Citation
-
Northern Star (1837-1852), June 10, 1848, page 1, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns3_10061848/page/1/
-