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"' V' ' "' ' " ' ' to the'fixed price of...
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¦ * ^ ^^?*a The extensive f^S fc_.-i x.-r-..j- .^.AK9n&»l * jU# ' ' «nTCa.T*n »r**vnP DUtl-
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Alarming Fire at Bath.—This city wag on Saturday afternoon the scene of one of the most alarming
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conflagrations mat nas occurred nere tor...
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^Comspti^iw*
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THE CURRENCY QUESTION . REFORM. NATIONAL...
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A WORD OB TWO FROM A 'SPECIAL.' TO THB E...
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IRELAND'S WRONGS. TO THE EDI-TOE OF TUE ...
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ON THE ORIGIN AND NATURE OF RIGHTS AND W...
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Murder and Highway Robbery in Ayrshire. ...
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
Additionally, when viewing full transcripts, extracted text may not be in the same order as the original document.
"' V' ' "' ' " ' ' To The'fixed Price Of...
-v . ' ' V _" ' " ' * ' _" ' ' THE NORTHERN STAR . __ = _g == June 10 , i 84 a ** _, _rv- '" — _-- . i-. - ¦ " _•¦ f . - '"' ' - _^~ - ~< _- _•— . - ¦ ¦ - _¦¦ " ¦— " ¦ . : V j
¦ * ^ ^^?*A The Extensive F^S Fc_.-I X.-R-..J- .^.Ak9n&»L * Ju# ' ' «Ntca.T*N »R**Vnp Dutl-
¦ * _^ _^^?* a The _extensive f _^ _S fc _ _.-i _x _.-r-.. _j- . _^ . _AK _9 n &» l * ' ' _« _nTCa . T _* n » r ** vnP _DUtl-
Ad00212
fcir work , entitled , tne = _- ; ' * : of wbich have pee" feed and twenty-five thousand ¦ _W 1 _£° repate of their eo i rj _) , and the extensive _sai = j _^„ rincip led perrons to _as-Hedicines have inducedi M _^^ y _Liite the title of _£ me the name of PERE _1 *»* _$ _&&* . The public » the Work and names of « " on 8 are not m any wayhereby _cwitionrf tbat snebi P _£ L pERBY and Co ., _^ rited witb *« _^ of _£ Provinces , and are only to _London , who d 0 J ; 'Ti ll 0 r bv letter , at their Estabhshb- _exulted _pettonaliy , or f _^ . gtreet > London . in postage stamps . THE SILENT FRIEND ; ii _2 giS _^ 5 ? _ap _E- _^ _Jss _^ Effift _Argyll-street , Glasgow ; J . Pr . e _»« y , _^ " ™* fewton , Charch-street , Liverpool ; R . U- m . raiu , Harket . _pIace . _Manchef-ter _^^^ _israssssaisa byYix coloured engravings . * Part the Second t _tSwi _^^^^^^^ _r _^ n _^ _eus fnd sexual debility and " . capacity , wttt t _~ _companvir-i : train of symptoms and disorders are traced bv the Jhain of connectiuc results to their cause . This Son concludes with an explicit d _. tail of _tfcejaean . physical decay . _^ _^ _^ Contains an accurate description of the diseases caused _^ _iSLtion , _W hy the abuse of mercury ; primary and _KCOlldarj _symptom * , eruption , of tte ... » . . «« _**» infiamaation of tbe eyes , disease ol fheOOneS , SO "'* ' * Sees , gleet , stricure . ic , arc shown to depend oni _* w _eauw . Their treatment is fully described in this section . The effects of _neglect , either in the _recognition or _disease X _ttif Se . tn . ear . are _shora to be tke prevalence of the _rusm the system , which sooner or later « u » ° " !* " 5 f n one of the _foims already _mentioned , ent _^ Ja _^ AH _SSTinost frurhtful shape , not ou y _?« _^ e _"idividaal himself , but also on the oSsprmp . . Advice for tie treatment of aU these diseases and their consequences is tentend in this _sectios , which , if duly followed up , cannot . ail in efiicting a cure . This _pjart is illustrated by seventeen coloured engravings . Part the Fourth Treats of the Prevention of Disease by a simple application bv which the danger of _infeetion is obviated . Its action is simple , but sure . It acts with the rinus _chemicallv and destrovs its power on the system . This impor . tant part of the " Work should be read by every 1 oung Man entering into life . Part the Fifth Is devoted to the consideratioa ofthe Duties and Obligations of the Married state , and of the causes which lead to the happiness or misery of those who haveenterettinto the bOIldS Of matrimony . Disquietudes and jaw pet-ween named couples are traced to depend , ia the majority et instances , oa causes _resultins from physical imperfections _and _' _errors , acd the means for their removal are shown fobs within reach , and effectual . The operation of certain _disqnaliScstions is fully _examined , and infeucitous and unproductive unions shown to be the neces . BBXy _con'eauence . The causes and remedies ior this state form an important consideration in this section of the work . THE CORDIAL BALM OF SYRIACCM _expressly _empIOTcd tc . renovate the impaired powers of life , when exhausted by the influence exerted by solitary _indulgence on tae system . Its action is purely balsamic . its power in _reinvigorating the frame in all cases of ner . ons and sexual debility , obstinate gleets , mpotency , barrenness , ana aebiiiiies arising from venereal excesses , has been _demonstrated _br its unvarying success in thou . Eands cf eases To those persons who are prevented enering the married state by the consequences of early rrors , it is _oivalaable . Price lis . per bottle , or feur _quantities in one for 33 s . THS _CONCENTRATED DETERSIVE ESSENCE An anti-syphilitic remedy , for purifying the system from venereal c _^ _ataminatioa , and is recommended for any of the varied f « rms of secon- ' arysymptdms , such aseruptions on the skin , blotches oa the head and face , enlargement Of the throat , tonsils , and uvula ; threatened destruction of the nose , palate , ic . Its action is purely detersive , and its beneficial influence on the system is undeniable . Priee l !» . and 33 s . per bottle . The 51 . cases of Syriacum or Concentrated Detersive Essence can only be had at 19 , Berners-street , Oxford . street , London ; whereby there is a saving of U . _lss _., and the patient is entitled to receive advice without a fee , which advantage is _explicable only to those who remit 51 . for a packet . PERRY'S _PtJKrFTISG SPECIFIC PILLS Constitute an effectual remedy _in'all cases of _gonorrhoea , gleet , stricture , and diseases of the urinary organs . Price 2 s . 3 d ., 4 s . 6 d ., aad lis . per box . Consultation fee , if by letter , lL—Patients are requested to be as minute as possible in the description of tteir eases . Attendance daily , at 19 , Berners-street , Oxford-street , Loadon , from eleven to two , and from five to eight ; en Ssndavs from eleven to one . Sold _' bj Sutton and Co ., 10 , Bow Church Yard ; W . Ed-Wards , 67 , St Paul ' s Church Yard ; Barclay and Sons , Parrinsion-street ; Butler and Harding , i , Cheapside ; 8 . Johnson , 6 _' 3 , Cornhill ; L . Hill , New Cross ; V 7 . _ B . Jenes , Eingiron ; W . J . Taaner , _Egham ; S . Smith , Windsor ; J B . _Shillooelr , Bromley ; T . Riches , London _, street , Greenwich ; Thos . Parkes , Woolwich ; Ede and Co ., Dorking ; and John Thurlev , _Hleh-street , Romford of whom may be had the 'SILENT FRIEND .
Ad00214
ARE _ACSNOWLEDSED TO SE THE BEST MEDICINE IS THE WORLD . _— . This medicine has been before the British pubh'c only a _J few years , and perhaps in the annals of the world was never seen success tqusl to their progress ; the virtues of this Medicine were at once acknowledged wherever tried , and recommendation followed recommendation ; hundreds had soon to acknowledge that Pabe ' s Life Pills had saved them , and were loud in their praise . The startling factsthat were continually brought before t * _-: e public at c once rem oved any prejn lice which some may bave felt ; the continual g"od which resulted from their use spread their l fame far 3 nd wide , at this moment there is scarcely a country on the face of the globe which has not heard of I their benefits , and have seught for supplies , whatever _tnight be the cost of _transmiEsion . The Cnited States , Canada , India , and even China , have had immense quan . _tities shipped to their respective _countrr s , and with the Same _re-u : t as in England—Umvebsal Good . The s : deof _Pass ' s Life Pills amounts to upwards of 39 , 000 boxes weekly , more than allother patent medicines put _together . This simple fact needs no further comment ; it telU plainly that the pills of Old Parr is The Best Medicine in the World . The following , witb many others , have been recently received : — Communicated hy ilr W . WHITE , Agent for Ciren . cester . Gentleman , _—Enclosed is a statement made to me in person , by a female who _requests that her case maybe made known , that others similarly afflicted may receive benefit as she has done , through the use of Pass ' s Life Fills . ' I hadbeen afflicted with a severe _weakness , bo much as to ultimately prevent me walking across the _fljar of the house . I applied to a medical man f . jrhis advice , but his skill proved to be nil in vain . At last I was recommended by a person who had taken Paf . _s ' s Life Pills to give tbem _' a trial . I did so , and _before I took the whole oi'the first box , found myself greatly improved ; I continned the use of them for six weeks , and am now stronger and fee ! better than I have been for years past ; and while I live I shall bless the name of you and your Pass ' s Life I ' ills . ' By applying to me , I have the liberty to refer any one to her at her residence . I remain , _Gentlemjin , vour obadient servant , W . White . — Circa _, cester , May 9 th , 1 S 47 . From Mr Biees , A ; ent for Devonport . The _foUowing letter , just received by the respected Proprietor of tbe Devo . npoet I . vdepexdent newspaper , clearly demonstrates the general utility of this muchprized medicine . Similar letters are constantly received from all parts of the United Kingdom . Some of these Testimonials are printed and may be had , gratis , of all _Agents : — " Gentlemen , —You will doubtless be glad to hear ofthe ODularity of Pass ' s Life Fills in this _neighbourhood , and also of toe _consequent _dn ly increasing demand for them . We hear of their great efficacy from all classes , and from _persons of all ages ; from officers in the Naval and Military Service , artisans , gentlemen in the government establishments , agriculturists , miners , _labourers , domestic servants , ic . The best proof of thtir success s that we have issued from our establishment here 1752 oses , various sizes , during the past quarter ; and every post brings fresh ordersfrom the neighbouring towns and _Tillajjes . We are _obliged ta keep several gross on hand to meet the extraordinary demand . Many persons have expressed their gratitude after recovery , hut lor some reasons they feel a delicacy in having their cases and names _published . Should this letter be deemed useful , it is at your service for the public good—lam , gentlemeu , yours , ic , W . _Bvzzs . Vone nre genuine , _unless the words 'parr's life BIL *"• ' are in Whits Letters on a Red Ground , on the Government Stamp , pasted round each box ; also on the f _„ -i ~ M _* of the Signature efthe Proprietors , T . iiyBEK'f ' Sand Co ., Crane-court , Fleet-street , London , ' bn _^ M Fn r boxes as Is lid , 2 s 9 d . and family packets at ,, J _^ . , _bvaU re _' _pectlblc _mcdl- _'ine venders throughout III _^ _Lu _^ _iIU _^ ionS are given with eaeh box .
Ad00215
PnysicAi . ««»» Mo _^ _-VSt _? -5 * _? W _-r 1 £ hou : d be remed . cd throug hAbe _^ n ° [ vhleh h c . _tumagalhepjjsical , lias peen a j hi ! anttiropists cu _icd _^^ l _^^^^ _X _'^^ e _1 _- % _;^ V _\ , h ' e _^ o _do ubT _^ t _' when thephysical eon-& i . _i-paired it demands the _^ attent on _Jg instance , a person _Tlulst suffering _lroci au aL u . of GVw _& f be unable to _^ _" _^ _£ _^ lessons of p hilosophy , even ih _^ _uyh _J- _™ ri _£ i _ffiKW _'ffi Go ° _unnd Th _enmatic Pills , so 3 _cadow ii _aftdicaftrS tW » _distress malady .
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| FRAMPTON _' _j FILL OF HEALTH . THE manifold adv . " . ntages to the heads of families frem the possession of a medicine of known efiicacy _^ that may be resorted to wjth confidence , and used with _succesB in cases of _terni-or _^ y sickness , _occuring in familieS , _' more or less , every da j , are so obvious to all , that no question can be raised o _^ _ita importance to every householder in the kingdom . From among numerous testimonials , the following is respectfully submitted : — * To Mr Thomas Prout , 229 , Strand , London . 'No . 5 , David-street , Regent-road , Mancheater , March 12 , 1842 . ' Sir , —I have much satisfaction in communicating to you the result of my experience after repeated trials of I _Fzluttox _' s Pili . or llEAiTa ; and I feel it but justice to state , that in the course of manv years' trial of various i Aperient _Mediciaes , I have never found results at once so salutary and efficient in the relief of the system from redundant bile , _< fcc , ic , with so little inconvenience ; 1 am . therefore , warranted in declaring that they supply to me a means iong wanting of being able to recommend to families , schools , and especially mercantile men , whether at the dest or on the road , a most valuable resource in an occasional medicine . And I shall take credit to myself if , in giving this testimony , I am the means of making Frampton ' s Tills more generally known and appreciated . I am , Sir , respectfully , yours , William Smith . The unprecedented sale of these pills , arising from the earnest recommendations of the many thousauds who have derived benefit fremtheir use , renders any lengthened comment unnecessary . They are not put forth as a cure for all diseases to which mankind is liable , but for Bilious and Liver Complaints , many with their well-known attendants , Billious and Sick _Head-ache , Pain and Op . pression after meals , Giddiness , Dizziness , Singing Noise in the Head and Ears , _Drowsinets , Heartburn , Loss of Appetite , Wind , Spasms , & c . Two or three doses will convince the afflicted of their salutary effects . The stomach will speedily regain its strength ; a healthy action of the Liver , Bowels , and Kidneys will rapidly take place ; and instead _oflistlersness , heat , pains , and jaundiced appearance , strength , activitv , _; . nd renewed health , extending to good old age , will be " the result of taking this medicine , according to the directions accompanying each box . Sold by T . Prout , 229 , Strand , London . Price If , l _^ d . and 2 s . 3 d . per box ; and by Heaton , Land , Hay , Haijh _, Baines and _Newtome , Smeeton , Bernhardt , Horner , Rushworth , Stavelly , and Brown , Leeds ; Brooke , Dewsbnry ; Bolton and Co ., Shackleton , Burdekin , Butterfield , Clark , Fall , and Hargrove , York ; Brooke and Co ., Walker and Co ., Hartley and Dunhill , Doncaster ; Judson _, Ripon ; Foggitt , Coatee , and Thompson , Thirsk ; Wiley , Easingwold ; Spivey , Huddersfield ; Ward , Richmond ; Sweeting . _Knaresborough ; Harson . and Wilson , Darlington ; Dixon , Metcalfe , and Langdale , Northallerton ; Rhodes , Snaith ; Spinks and Paunett , Tadcastcr ; Rogerson , Hick , 6 h : irp , Stick , Bradford ; Arnall and Co ., _Waimvright , Brice , and Priestley ; Pontefract ; Cordwell and Smith , Wakefield ; Sutter , i . _eyland , Hartley , _Deitfon , Dyer , and Loftliouse , Halifax ; Booth , Rochdale ; Lambert , _Boroughbridge ; Dalby , _HUd Swales , Wetherby ; Waite , _Harrowgate ; Wall , Barnsley , Atkinson , _Brig house ; and all respectible Medicine Venders _throughout the United Kingdom . Price 2 s . 9 d . per box . and by the Venders of Medicines generaUy throughout the kingdom . Ask for' Feaspton _' s Put of _Heiltb , ' and observe the name and address of 'Thomas Prout , 229 , Sfrand , London , ' ou the Government Stamp .
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} ¦ _J ' . ' I i j ' ' 1 PERFECT FREEDOM FROM COUGH IN TES MINUTES AFTER _U _8 E , And a rapid Cure of Asthma and Consumption , and a Disorders of the Breast and Lungs , is insured by DR LOCOCK'S PULMONIC WAFERS . CDSE 3 IN NEWCASTLE . Read the following _TestimonialB from Mr Mawson , 13 , Hosier-street , Newcastle : — Gentlemen , —I find aa extraordinary demand for Dr Lococii ' _t Wafers , whieh is the best proof of their real utility . I can _tpeak of them with confidence , as I bave recommended them in many cases with astonishing success . To asthmatic s , _ad consumptive patients , who ara generally nauseated with medicine , they are invaluable , not only on account uf the relief they afford , but from the pleasantness ol their taste , Yours , etc ., ( Signed ) J . M . Mawson . —Dec . 5 , IS 44 . The following ha _» also boen received ;—CURE OP COCGII , SORENESS OF TIIE CIIEST , Ac . Dear Sir , —I think it due to the proprietor and yourself to state thai I have recfived tbe greatest benefit during Ue short time I have taken Dr Locock's Wafers , so much so that I would not be without them oa any account . Their wonderful efficacy in immediately allaying thc irritability and tickling of the throat , together with cough and Bareness of the chest , makes them truly valuable to any one affected like myself with that painful disorder , ( Signed ) Hihtos Williahs . —So . 4 , Ridley Villas , Newcastle , Dec . 8 , 184 * . CURES IK SUSDERLAKD . From Mr G . Yellowly , Bookseller , 67 , High . street , Bithopwearmoutb . Gentlemen , — I have an abundant mass of oral testimony in favour ofyour invaluable medicine . The following particulars I send at the request ofthe party , and though he does not wish his name to be published , I can refer any one to him , aud also many others who have boea cured by the wafers , ( Signed ) John Yellowlt . — Oct . 15 , 1 S * 5 . CURE OF COUGHS , PAINS IK THE CHEST , & c _. Communicated by Ur Yellowly , Bookseller , hi , Highstreet , Bishopwearmouth . Gentlemen , —I bave a son who was afflicted with pains in the chest , difficulty of breathing , and distressing cough—and having had one of your handbills presented to me by jour agent , Mr Yellowly , j » n ., induced me to try two _BKiall boxes of Locock ' s Wafers , which have produced an almost immediate and substantial cure . Under similar symptoms , I , myself , tound almost instant relief from takin ? & oly two wafers . I do not wish my name to be made public ; but if you think proper to pubUsh this , your agent has my permission to refer all inquirers teme * Sunderland , Oct . 13 , 1815 . CURES IN DARLINGTON . Extract of a letter from Mr W . Oliver , BookseBer , _Blaekwellgate , Darlington . Gentlemen , —I never sold a medicine for asthma , cough , wheezing , ic . that has been so much inquired after , and se well spoken of as Locock's Wafers , many parties who have been cured by them kave recommended them to others , but are unwilling to publish thoir Barnes . I ean , however , hear tho strictest testimony ef their _excslleace . & c . ( Signed ) W . Oliveb . —Oct . 10 , 1815 . IMPORTANT TO ALL WHO SING . From S . P-. arsall , Esq ., of her Majesty ' s Concerts , and Vicar Choral of Lichfield Cathedral . Gentlemen , —A lady of distinction having pointed out to me tbe qualities of Dr Locock ' s Wafers , I was induced to make a trial of a box , and from this trial I am happy to give my testimonial in their favour . I find by allew . ing a few ofthe wafers ( taken in the course of the day ) to' gradually dissolve in my mouth , my voice becomes _bright and clear , and the tone full and distinct They are decidedly the most efficacious of any I have ever _esed . ( Signed ) Samuel _Peaisall . —Lichfield , July 10 . IS' * -, The particulars of many hundred cures may be had from every agent throughout tba Kingdom , and on the Continent . Dr Locock ' s Wafers give instant relief , and a rapid cure of asthmas , consumptions , coughs , colds , and all disorders ofthe breath and lungs . To singers and puUic speakers they are invalnable , as in afew hours they _rcmere ail hoarseness , and inorease the power and flexibility of the voice . They have a most pleasant taste . Pric * lid , 2 s 9 d , and lis per box ; or sent free by pest for Is 3 d , 3 s , or lis 6 d , by Da . ¦ Silva ii Co ., X , Bride-lane , Fleet-street , London . Sold by all Medicine Venders . Wholesale and retail agent , Mr J . Mawson , 13 , Mosley . 6 treet , Newcastle . _Agonts for Sunderland , R . Vint and Carr , Herald Office . IMPORTANT CAUTION . Unprineipled persons , tempted by the extraordinarj success uf Dr LOCOCK'S _PULMONIC WAFERS , prepare spurious imitations of that remedy . The public should , _therefors , be on their guard against such coun . terfeits , and not _purchase any ' Wafers , ' unless the words ' Da Lococx's Wafees' apptar in White Letters on a Red Ground , on the Government Stamp outside each Box .
Alarming Fire At Bath.—This City Wag On Saturday Afternoon The Scene Of One Of The Most Alarming
Alarming Fire at Bath . —This city wag on Saturday afternoon the scene of one of the most alarming
Conflagrations Mat Nas Occurred Nere Tor...
conflagrations mat nas occurred nere tor a great length of time ; and , as the flames threatened at one time to destroy a pettion of the Great Western Railway terminus , and placed in considerable peril the magoificent and cosily skew bridge upon which the railway is carried from the viaduct across the Avob to its south-eastern side , and [ which is considered by scientific persons as one of the mest ingenious and beautiful specimens of bridge architecture in the king . _doBi , the utmost fear and consternation prevailed . The cotifligration had originated in , and was still
confined to , an extensive range of flour millB , which are built in almost immediate junction with the GreatWestem Railway Company ' s goods-sheds , and at an inconsiderable distance from the skew bridge before referred to . The river being immediately at hand , there was an abundant supply ef water ; but the fire raged with greac _SerceneaB , and atone time the window frames of the _goods-ghedshad caught , and the danger of that building was most imminent . The extraordinary efforts used , however , preserved it , although the conflagration could not be got under till the greater part of the mill was destroyed . The damage done is considerable .
Extraordinary Occurrkxcb . —The following extraordinary scene , we are informed , took place the other day at the Clarence Dock : —A deserter , in charge of two armed _soldiers , had just disembarked from Ireland , and waB being marched into town , when , taking advantage of the crowded thoroughfare , he separated himself from his guardians , and as they _advanced to enclose bim , he rushed on one of them , whom he struck in the face with hi 3 whole force ; being _handcuffed , the blow was giving with the united force of both arms . The unfortunate soldier WI to tbe ground , and it was afterwards found his jaw bane was broken . ITs comrade immediatel y ran his bayonet into tbe body of the deserter . A policeman interfered , and waa about taking the soldier into custody , when he received a hint that if ho did not keep his distance he would also ba treated to several inches of cold steel—a treat which he appreciated . — Liverpool Chronicle .
Aberdeen . —The combmakers of Messrs Stewart and Bowe . ll , at the call of Mr O'Connor on behalf of Mrs Mitchel , and in honour of her noble and patriotic husband , have ordered fifty-one copies of the Star for their own works . They have adopted this method to show confidence in Mr O'Connor , ahd that they _eati-eiy approve of every step Mr O'Connor has taken to obtain the Charter . Decidkdlt Not . — ' To believe practically that the poor and luckless are only a _nuiaanca , to be abated andin some manner made away with , and wept out of sight , is not aa amiable faith . ' -Cariyk ,
^Comspti^Iw*
_^ _Comspti _^ _iw *
The Currency Question . Reform. National...
THE CURRENCY QUESTION . REFORM . NATIONAL BANKRUPTCY , OR REVOLUTION ,
This question Is emphatically the nation ' s _queBtion , and bb ono man , therefore , the nation ought to look to it . Our peculiarly sad condition hss resolved itself into a significant phrase , contained In the words ' Condition ot England Question '—a question which , though pronounced istricate , seems , to my mind , to admit of an easy solution , when the nature of our present monotary system is reflected upon— a _sjstem as absurd , unwise , and delusive , as it is ruinous , unjust , aBd uncalled for ; and , unless It Is placed upon a more honest , straightforward , consistent , clear , and intelligible basis , we must
not only remain ia that lamentable condition , bat be prepared to encounter increased and steadily increasing miseries , nntil the people , driven to despair and _recklessHesB—a point to whioh they are rapidly tendingbreak forth iato open rebellion , aBd roll the tide of revolution from one end of tha country to the other . May heaven avert such a fearful alternative ! A social convulsion , wbich might spread ruin and desolation for a long period of time over these islands , is a sad event to contemplate ; but It is too much to be feared that the blinded selfishness of tbo few is goading us on to that catastrophe .
_Whsu recently electee at Tamworth _, Sir Robert Poel expressed his anxiety to stay tbe progress of democracy , and yet he is the great revolutionist of the age ! He has just deprived Louis Philippe of a throne , and may yet cause England to become a _Republic . ' Out of this plant— ' muery '— tho bill of 1818 , ' jaid _Cobbott , ' we sball yet pluck liberty . ' _England is the centre of the commercial world . Whatever depresses her affects all nations and all lands , and consequently , in the miserable ' condition of the sensitive Parisian population , the practical effects ef tha terrible disasters that bave been inflicted upon England during the past twelve months may easily be traced—disasters _aggravated to the last degree , and all bnt solely caused by tbe hideous enactment ef 181 '—an enactment which has put its veto upon anything approaching to the absence of uncalled for mistry from the human race .
Why is England , so redundantwi ' . b resources of every kind , not contented and happy ? Merrie England' no more , bow docs it happen that her children are being gradual y reduced to a state rapidly approaching to slavery ! industrious and full of energy—the most enterprising and ingenious—tbe bravest and noblest of this world ' s sons and daughters are- —oh ! name it not in Tamworth , tell it not In the halls of Netherby—a _nalloB of slaves ! Work—work—work ! Till the brain begins to swim , Work—work—work ! Till tho eyes are heavy and dim ! "Work—work—work ! My labour never flags ; And what are its wages ?—a bad of straw , A crust of bread—and rags !
How is it ? Let the bill of 1819 answer . Its bus nre many—thtir name is legion , and its author has much to atone for . Oh Bob ! oh Bob ! ye'll get ye _' r fiiirin ' , In h _, they'll roast jou like a herrin !' A day of retribution will surely come , and may even now be at hand , when the name ef this _decisionless _, vacillating , monetary tinker , with all bis farcical solemnities , will be justly despised by aB injured nation , and handed down for execration to all posterity . His bill of 2519 fill jet bi known to the hard-working labourers of England as tbe disgraceful and villanous cause of that iniquity which has reduced them to misery , wretchedness , and crime—as a bill which has handed over to the drones ef society tbe products of our mother earth , tobe squandered away in luxury and idleness , and , _coasequently , left the producer and his infant ones deprived not only of food and clothing , but almost of tbe very air of heaven—a prey to famine ,
diset . se , and death , Shall it longer be borne ? Shall such an obscene system of corruption , by _vrhich alone it "as originated and is supported , be permitted to continue Something tells me—no ; and whispers that the day is at hand when the sons of Britain , rising in their might , will , and shall , and must be tree-free to demand , and ready to claim their rights so long denied—when Ibis unjust , wicked , and improvident measure will be swept into oblivion , and Britain be herself again—not the spectacle which she now presents to the world of bloated wealth and squalid poverty , but a comparatively happy , united , and contented people—all the sons and daughter * of l * bour sbarlDg , according te their deserts , fa the well-earned rewards of industry and toil , and not as bow , each one running tho demoralising race of cheetery and vile competition with his neighbour—the natural consequence ol that unjust distribution of wealth whicb the measure referred to haB caused , countenanced , aud sanctioned .
To the _labourersof England , teen , this question ofthe currency ie important beyond all others , Its proper adjustment being essential to tbeir nearest interests—let them therefore understand that Peel ' s Bill of 1819 is the basis of that currency—at least tbat it is the basis upon which tbe currency of this country has been attempted to be placed since 1819 . It was enacted witb tbe view of restoring gold to its natural price—via ., £ 3 17 s . lOjd , per oz , at which it was accordingly fired , and at which consequently it is always obtainable .
Nominally we had maintained a currency , payable at this standard price , up to the year 1797 , but owing to the increase of the National _Debt—thea amounting to between three and four hundred millions—we were compelled openly to abandon it . Openly , I say , beeause we had . from the moment that that debt was introduced , _laid the foundation of the ultimate disruption that was sure to occur between the two . The debt was a departure from the laws of nature , and as it could only be supported by artificial means , a resort was had to paper _money—beoco from the gradual increase ofthe debt and of paper money , It gradually beoama more aad more difficult , while the prices of all commodities were being conquently artificially increased too , te keep gold alone , and in circulation , at its ancient price ; and after subjecting us to many difficulties , tbe unnatural struggle ended , as might bave boen anticipated , in tbe abandonment ofthe ancient standard , bb above noticed , after wbich gold participated is the artificial rise of prices with all other commodities .
Now what was there in our position in 1819 , let us inquire , to give even the shadow of an appearance of justice to a return to the ancient standard ! When I say that tbe National Debt bad increased to moro tban eight hundred million ; , metblnks I say enough to send conviction home to the mind of any reasonable man , that we were less able than ever to return to that standard , and that it cannot be otherwise tban too apparent tbat tho act of 1819 was passed in woeful ignorance of its _vnst Im . portance , under the peculiar circumstances in which the country was placed , as our subsequent history _abundantly proves . The bill of 1819 , however , was passed , but it _n-iis
pissed in vain , at least , in one all important sense , since it has proved to be absolutely powerless for any good , but omnipotent for securing periodically recurring evils , of the most ruinous nature , to almost theentlre community . The truth is the ancient standard hasnolbecn restored ! Pee ! might as well have attempted to make the shadow go bark upon the dial , as attempt , with the present amount of our enormous fictitious debt , and consequent swollen engagements of all kiuda , ta foroa back gold to its natural price . The thing was a palpable impossibility—an absurdity beyond all other absurdities—and henc 6 the difficulties thit have surrounded us ever since the Insane
experiment commenced ; and yet to this system Peel is joyfully , irrevocably , and eternally wedded and devoted ! So Bays the late Dr Arnold , who was not incapable of judging . ' The man has no religion , ' so says Dr Arnold . ' The God of his Idolatry Is the standard of Elizabeth ; the Church , Pcseylsm , Catholicism , or any other 'ism , ' he cares not for , but on this point at least hia slippery mind is to all appearance firmly fixed . He rejoices tbat gold is fixed at £ 3 17 s . 10 _^ d . per ounce ; and at another moment , apparently with an air of triumph , asserts—what ? Thatthe price of gold Is not fiied ! Passing Btrange—then surely tho bill of 1810 ia a dead letter ! For wbat , is it _neces » Bry to roiteratc , waa the HU of 1819 passed , but to _securo the price of gold at £ 'J 17 * . lOid . per ounce , and at which price it Is
accordingly , neither more nor less , _alwajB obtainable ? Ilcre at the outset , Ib a dilommu ! It must be it evidently is a quibble ( somewhat akin to that other stale prop of the bill oi 1819 , ' What Is a pound ?• What desperate attempts to mystify a subject which with ( success unequalled , has been eo much _Faystifiud already 1 Indeed mystery is Its only prop ! Once toar ths veil asunder , and this hideous enactment will stand forth In all itp naked deformity . Arguments to support it thore are none , and therefore none to confute ! If tho prico of _^• un , . , fi ' "" i _' 1 8 ay 8 - * is _^ t-then , I repeat , the bill of 1819 must of necessity be a dead letter I fear however , that It is but too true that ths price of gold is fixed . It Is fixed to secure , as r have said above , periodically recurring evils of a nature the most disastrous
, especially to tho labouring portion of tho community ; it is therefore fixed for evil , and not for good ' Whim our necessities revolt from this fixed price of gold , and ronder it a dead letter , as they periodicall y do , prosperity is triumphant—the people are compirativel y oontented and happy , and with an air of native independence , wMlo smoking their pipes , jocularly renew thoinquirv ofthe witty _draymsn of un ; ' Taxes ; Jim , I any , vat ' s taxes V Give the _people of England a sufficient currency and plenty to do , wbioh are synonymous , nnd what care they for taxes ! Daring such periods the bill of 1819 in n certain _scneo , is null and void ( it only exists where H should the
notj- standard of value has been despised and neglected , a _« d were it not for that standard , which does good to no one save the drones , tho prosperity would continue , bat then it unncceaBurily , though most unfor . tonately , still exists , to recall us back to misery ! Everything , let ma tell you , in this country la artificial , will ' two important _exceptisns , which are gold and misery . Tho fatal enactment _respecticg the ono , _enusca tin other ! Ojr National Debt Is pre-eminently artificial * and the prices of all commodities , within our own country , are _necessarily so too—theso artificial prlces can only be supported by au extended currency—that extension , In spite of the act of 1819 , we are forced , to arr { ve at , and .
wben arrived at , tho nation is prosperous , end the other nations with whom we trade are so too ; but , at such periods of prosperity , we have revolted from , and for-
The Currency Question . Reform. National...
felted our allegiance to _the'fixed price of gold , cr , in Other words , tho purchasing power of tho carroncy in cold as well as bank notes , ha 9 beeomo diminished , and we consequently no _soonrr arrive at this condition ( ond mark me this is where all the evil lies under this stupid system ) than the gold , naturally disliking that association with paper money , which has thus entailed upon it merely an artificial value , revolts from the depreciation , and gradually disappears from our hands , being , by the Bame natural action attracted to other lands , where its intrinsic value or purchasing power is not pulled dewn , depreciated nor diminished by any artificial or fictitiouo _Brramreai « ntB , like our National Ve . ht _. . _« , ) _iioh la _rj-ithtr more nor less than a Natienal Delusion ! And ( thatgold _bsln g the basis , as well as tho regulator of the quantity
of our circulation ) hence the periodical panics , with which we have been so often visited since the roturn to the ancient standard was attempted , commencing Immediately after the war was ended in 1810 , and which havo entailed upon us from time to time such immense lossespanics which ought to be deplored by all , and looked upon indeed an a sort of silent confession that tbere Is som ething radically wrong in our whole system . In my opinion that wrong is self-evident , and the remedy equally clear . The bill of 1819 is the root ot all the mischief and its Immediate abrogation therefore , and that alone , is the remedy . Do sway with it , and you will render our whole system , artificial in reality—that is , you will make it tbe same as it is now , with the all essential difference however , tbat gold alone will not be exempted
from that artificiality , as the law of 1819 now stupidly attempts to make it ; this _abrogation _therefore could do no harm—BO injury whatever to existing interests , unless YOU look upon periods of depression as favourable to the moneyocraoy , and they no doubt temporarily are so—these thoy would consequently be deprived of , but who would regret it ! And , indeed , what right have they to the unholy gains attendant upon such _miaery . _creatlve periods to all else besides 1 The bill of 1819 , however , is desperately clung to , in fatal ignoranco , I grant you , but still it is a creed , if you may so call it , to wbich many , oy ' thousands , "ho imagine themselves interested in its preservation , have firmly and resolutely pinned their
faith . Never could there be a greater mistake—a more fatal error . Tho _fundholders , especially , und beyond all others ( and yet I cannot say that altog . ther , f lHce the value of all oilier property in the country _raBgcs by tb > public funds ) are interested in the adoption of a policy the very reverse , vii ,, that which I am now strenuously advocating . Repeal the bill of 1819 , and the Nationul Debt remains secure . Continue that act , and we will continue to be drifted about until we split upon the rocks of revolution ! They ought to know that ' nature disowns the visionary basis upon whioh the funding _system is built . ' TheBe ore the words of Thomas Paine , one of the ablest and most renowned political economists of
hia age ; and though uttered more than half a centorv ago , when tho funding system had not reached half Ita present magnitude sa far as numbers go , their truth an <' justice have become more apparent than ever . Sineo we have got into eur present deplorable state , however , our best plan of action l « to endeavour to get out of it iu the beBt way we can , without plunging the whole nation into anarchy and ruin—inextricable for years . Now , what I am ar _xions to point out is simply thisthat we would be a much moro sensible people if wc would at once abandon this needless system , and allow gold to find its price in our markets , in the same manner as we now allow it to find its purchasing power—a power which , ns I have endeavoured to show , must always remain greatly diminished so long as we are
compelled to seep such large quantities of paper money id circulation—In short , the reduction of the debt alone will ever enable ub to reduco the latter , and consequently so long as that debt is not reduced , we cannot keep gold at Its ancient price . This is clear and simple ; but it is not comprehended by the enlightened people of this empire . _Mysiification , conjuring up all sorts of teirorB to those who imagine themselves interested , has done its work so well ! We have solemn and earnest entreaties from men of all parties , not to meddle with thc sacred _atandard—a thing which I re _« peat , exists nowhero , Bave in their own _PceUtnislcd Imaginations , except for securing those evils which are equally deplored by all . '—they take ft for _grantd *
however , that there is a _stimdord—thatthe currency qu _s tion was settled in 1819—that all engagements entered into since then , would consequently be unsettled by a change—and contented , therefore , in this blind belief , not only deprecate any attempt at change , _butinstantly , nno voce—with a singular _unaniml'y , denounce _andstigmatiao such attempts as dishonest , fraudulent , wicked , and delus' . ve !! How , in the name of nil thnt is sacred , I demand to know , could a return to common sense on tho part oftho British nation , rob any portion of tbe community ? Repeal the actof 1819—and what follows * The re % n of absurdity and error will cease , and a _consisted , humane , straightforward , and intelltgibh—bocause a _natural—pystem will be restored !
In conclusion , let mo tell the Political _Eiouomists to beware ! They loudly deny that any chanpe is re quired , but the men of England laugh thsm to scorn . — No change nquired ! What en insult to common _ssnse !! With Ireland before their eyes , and hundreds of thousands of the starving industrious at their own doorsthey shut their eyes , and recklessly assert that there is no cause for complaint—no need for change ! And such words are _addreatsod to tho men of England , who are even willing to allow themselvcB to be degraded to a condition Httle better , if not worse , than that of slavery , if tbey can only secure bread to preserve them from starvation 1 !
If a change of any kind was needod In France , ond o revolution was justifiable to accomplish it , ss even our corrupt _PreBS unanimously , though with a curious grace , admit ; how much more , may it not be asked , Is a sweeping chango required here , where hunger by inches —tbat cunningly dtvlsed mode of starvation—is the order ofthe day ! The French accomplished a revolution in 1830 . —So did we wben the Reform Bill was carried . _- The French found themselves grievously deceived , and were resolved to make no mistake another time . How much more bave we been deceived ? What have the Whigs , liberal In name , but utterly tyrannical at heart , done for us ? Let us make no mistake this time , ought to be the earnest prayer of all ! ! There la no hope for . Eng ' ans ? _, but through the _Char ter . I confess myself a convert to its doctrines , wishing all success to tbe hard working men of England , who are . in every reBpeet , deserving oftho suffrage ,
I beg to subscribe myself , Their fellow-labourer and friend , A , Z ., junior
A Word Ob Two From A 'Special.' To Thb E...
A WORD OB TWO FROM A 'SPECIAL . ' TO THB EDITOB OF THE N 0 RTHEBN STAE , Sia , —The ' specials' ( sinco the secrets of tho Blace Book bave been exposed , ) havo naturally enough becora * very much disgusted at having been so plausibly hooked in by government to support gross abuses and not _tht-ir own property , or a just government . When thtir ' tbre .-months ' have expired , seo If one fourth will re-enlist Ne , no , they naturally enough say , we will stick by our own home aud properly with red hot pokers , If necessary , and not bo obliged to shut up shop at all houri and In all weathers , to parade the _stroots to support the
Black List , and an over . _luxurious _aristroracy living out of the _pockots oftho poor and starving ! And if wo do not turn out to do policeman ' s duty wo aro subject to a penalty of £ 20 ! Subject to a penalty of £ 20 because we will not support such on iniquitous church and aristocracy ! John Bull , verily you are a great fool to have allowed things to ko on thus so long . Tho Marquis of Worcester , and other _ari-. _tocrats , havo lately been sworn in as ' _spouinls ; ' they think that after tho 10 th of April specials' have served their time tho aristocracy will have to take caro of themsolvts , —very probable , I should think .
It is very certain that whilo there is such an iniquitous Black List the country will over be poor and in trouble _. It io not amongst tho aristocracy that thore is the greatest wisdom , and It is not tho aristocraey who now work tho wheels of government and improve every science , therefore tho aristocracy aro not indispensably necessary . But thero is no objection to an aristocracy , so long as they keep themsolves , and havo only tbeir proper amount of power . But as long as there is om law fer the rich and smother for the poor , and as long as the poor are mado to pay taxes to support the luxuries and many vices of the aristocracy and their founds , eo long will thero bo poverty and discontent , and , of course , rioting _. Remove the cause , ( the Black List and unjust laws , ) and tho effect ( discontent and rioting , ) will cease . _Yjurs , A 'Special '
Ireland's Wrongs. To The Edi-Toe Of Tue ...
IRELAND'S WRONGS . TO THE _EDI-TOE OF TUE NORTHERN STAR . Sib —Oh , Ireland ! who _cau think upoa thy wrongs without a bitter pang . In the faco of the bright sun , thv children perish for lack of bread . Seo there a poor mother passing through tho streets of Tuam ; hor cries rend the air for two of her little ones fall—they Ho upot tho bare ground in the hard trodden street and immediately expire . Turn from thu saddening _soene , and your eyes light upon another equally distressing . Four women carry upon a hurdlo a boy , followed by its _cisconeolate mother , Tho corpse is _wrappod in straw—the mother could procure mo coffin , and thus they are benr log It to tho grave . You turn with sickening heart away , but only to behold a sight , if passible , still more distressing . A _wretched , eumcioted labourer , nearly naked , foot _soro with travelling , and marly dend wltli hunger , enters a dwelling to solicit permission to remain
for the night . L ? nvo to tarry is _abiainod , and the cbarj . table inmates off r him food . llo oats and retires to rest , Rest ! Tho Q icon has her couch of down , bo have _thonssnds more of tbo Idlo and prill gate , who never yet knew what was meant by toil ; but he , the wearied child of labour , had been searching for en . pl . y _. ment in vain , had slept for _several nights under _hedges , and but for the kindness of these poor inmates , must bavo d no so this ni _^ ht . But they _enn afford him no bed ; he mutt lie on thn _flior , with Milling 6 avo the rags he wears for a _covering . At livo in the _morning ho tries to sally forth , but Lis limbs refuse to bear him and doath end 3 his miserable existence . You are _m-st iu tUo vicinity of _Skibbanen , where famino hath slain its thousands . Thera aro messes of milite . ry and police conveying the famine stricken culprits to Olid from the courthouse , You enter it , and sto tho prisoners when called on , oae by ono , aro unablo to stand at tho bar , but are held up b y a policeman ; whilst on tho bench , a
Ireland's Wrongs. To The Edi-Toe Of Tue ...
semblance of humanity proceeds to try the unfortunate being before him . One is charged with having stolen two weights of potatoes ; the jury consults for a moment after hearing the evidence ; guilty is pronounced by tne foreman , and the heartless recorder proceeds to aentenco ; a fearful shriek from tho prisoner ' s wife _ihrllls through . very heart , for the felon Is sentenced to seven _yeors transportation . These are no _tal'e of fintion . Sea the _Csbk Examinee , the Galwa * _MuBOimT , the TUAM _IIebald . an _4 the Mayo Constitution , and where are the Englishman ' s joys ? What amount of pleasure is list _„„ „„ „ f _hnm-nliv _nroceeds to try the unfortunate
shared amongst the 15 , 080 persons on the poor ' s , in Bradford ; or the 22 , 000 in _Manchester ; or the thousands lo _Nottinj-hsm , or Leicester . The gruel diet of the parish poor in England Is not a whit more _nutritioas than tha heavy lumpers or Indian meal of Ireland . Ought this state of things to be borne , when by moderate exertion ten times moro can be producod than the population _eanconsume ? but the labourers are not permitted to live , whilst the few who would fancy _thems-slves degraded if obliged to use the _mtchan _' sm of the artisan , or the tool of the husbandman , aro revelling in luxury , wrenched from the famished workman . It not one
man ' s life as dear to him bb another ' s f Yet one of tbe bravest of men must bo _banished—t'srn from bis wife and children—his hair crapped , and wearing tbe garb of a felon , for asserting that the life of a poor man was equal to that of a rich man ; or will you allow your minds to be diverted to the pursuit of any other object , however dear , till that bravo man is restored to his family ? What Is thc £ 400 , whioh was said to bave been collected , worth to tho bereaved wife and children 1 With what indignation would that uobl « _-minded woman view tbe offer , when told that this » UU 1 WAS What a nation of elgbt millions had to give In return for her husband ' s services .
Englishmen ,. —you have a twofold reason for bestirring yourselves In behalf of the exiled patriot , Ireland ' s miscry is owing to English rule , and you can only prove your sympathy by your _devotedness in _bihalf of Ireland's frlood . The second reason is , your misery will equal that of Ireland in four years time , if you struggle not to avert it . _Nine-tenths of our population live by labour of ona kind or another , but that labour Ib daily being di « plncod by new improvements ia machinery , I told j ou the other day , through the Natienal Assembly , that hero , in Blackburn , the shuttle had been made to increase in speed from 120 to 170 picks a minute within
the Ust three years , and thai ; owing to this increased speed one-third more work could be performed in t . _*? e same timo ; but within the last fortnight , a loom has been made to _ivira in one of our mills at the rate of 220 picks a minute . When railroads were laid , and horses displaced by machinery , a ready road was found of getting rid of redundant horseflesh . There is only one road to get rid « f yoa , tho _working clauses , and tbat la by stabbing jou through the _atOmftell , and the heartless _wretchtB who govern will not hesitate to do this , as it is accessary to preserve the present st stem fir tbeir own sake . _Richabd Mabbdin .
On The Origin And Nature Of Rights And W...
ON THE ORIGIN AND NATURE OF RIGHTS AND WRONGS . TO THE EDITOR OF THB NORTHE 1 M STAR . Sia , —Fervently <* eBiringthe most complete success in conquering your rights and liberty , let us reason together and Bee whether we know what they are . Though arms are very essential in removing the agents of oppression , yet , without a true knowledge of the nature of rights and wrong " , we can neither restore them thoroughly , nor shape measures » o os to ultimately attain them . Think not that the settling of fundamental principles , in the abstract , is lose important tban the exercise of the sword in tho practical _estnbllshment of liberty .
Nor should we heedlessly neglect to consider any new position in political scienco , when the history of reform shows that every really new idea has always leavened the sentiments of mankind . Let , then , both the most theoretical and practical thinkers am ing us strain ever } _thought , and , so far as the light of the age will admit , develops the thorough principle of our rights and _wronp . Tho many _liberty-rf-ii-. g nations of Europe , establishing constitutional governments , demand the united intellect of reformers in working out a true political science . The lab luring millions , for ages , have been sufficiently sacrificed hy the aristocracy to the God of Mammon for tbeir future redemption _.
If the people of Europe can advance no further than thc establishment of representative governments , like those of the United States , by copying our servile imita . tion of your _K'nj , Lords , and Commons , by a Presidtnt _, senate , and _representatives , _Ins'ead of _establishing the right of each man to the soil , to arms and to sovereignty , so that ha can employ himself , instead of _becoaiitig a hireling , and , in proper person , partake in prescribing law Bnd govern _, ment by means of township prlnnry assemblies , the working millions will still have to piss through another eraef damnation . But if you cannot _passibly carry out this thorough principle of a perfect right—if you cannot yet directly restore each man his natural share ofthe soil—If jou cannot yet dispense with ? overeignty-r / . _onopoliilng _offloers , as well as landlords , by tbe people acting
in proper person in township assemblies , by all means moke It a part ofthe constitution that the right ef esch one to a share in the soil is _inalieaable , subject only to be exchanged for each other , & c _., nnd that tho overplus of the present monopolisers of the soil shall bo sold to tbe landless only in t qu & l shares , ascertained by dividing the whole of the good soil by the population ; that the whole male population shall be always armed as a standing army , and the duty of those of the locality invaded , to repel _tbeassaiUnts while constantly reinforced and their places supplied from the neighbouring quarters ; and tbat there shall be but one un-brancbed legislative assembly , with its speaker and secretaries , acting aUo :. B the exeoutive , with a veto upon their enactments by their people In the primary _ssiemblles _, and who also with universal suffrage , shall elect everv officer .
But , oh , how can we hope that mankind will yet thoroughly attain their rights , wh n the koowledge ef their nature and origin Ib yet clouded by the dogmas of ages , and but partially developed by the reformers of tho age . Though the Intimate and Inseparable con . neslon of man ' s organs with each other and the surrounding elements is most palpably tbe origin of his right to life , to sovereignty , to soil , and the whole product of his labour ; yet , beheld what a circle tha human mlad has been _rovolvmt ; in for threa thousand years , aB tothe origin of rights , property , and government . In pagan Greece , it seems , the sovereign power was supposed to proceed ( rom sages aud kings . The people assembled for advice around the philosophers in their gardens , and the orator statesmen in the forum _.
and decided as a jury upon the _Iuwb ond measures ot government . But the Jewish literature arose , charged with a now but improved religion , but which thickened the cloud of man's ignornnco , as to the origin of rights , by Inculcating the doctrine that God invested tbe allodial title to the earth and thc sovereign power of government in Adam and his lineal descendants . Hence , all tho kings of Christendom traced tbeir genealogy to Noah ' s three sons , and , for a round of age _» , the highest title to the soil and to sovereignty was claimed b y tbem , and that the rest of mankind held by various forms of tenuro _* nd vicegerency . But the _ecclesiasticul power , in tbe meantime , claimed , as tbe vice-gcrents of heaven , the divine right to transmit the temporal titles and [ lowers to kings , At this crisis Locke , with the
inductive philosophy of Bacon , showed tho absurdity of supposing the origin of rights , of government , and property , to Vmve originated in Alara , in kings , or _popos , But . though he removed somo rubbish , ho only substituted the dogma , that the origin of government was founded in a conventional compact between the king , on tbe one part , promising protection , and tho peopio , on tho other , promising obedience , Blackstone mado no _ndvanco by cupposiog that the people , finding a government hanging over them , give their tacit consent _. Then Rousseau , still retaining the dogma of a ' social compact , ' supposed the contract to bo made by the whole _bddy of the people , on thc ono part , and each individual on tho other , leaving a king out cf the bargain . This cut off another excrescence of
the dogma ; but it is hy bis declaration tbat the right to sovereignty Is inalienable , and , therefore , can ouly bo represented by itself , that he made the first advance in applying ono of tho true principles of every right to that of sovereignty , but whie'd he did not _generalito to the other rights . Nor did ho apply the other two principleswhich constitute a perfeot right—that of equality and individuality- but predicated that the _aovcruignty was one and Indivisible . This dogma that makes sovereignty an abstract unity In tho majority of the people , denies it to tho minority . But by assuming that each man's right to sovereignty aod every other right is _i qual , individual and inalienable , no majority , with all thc powers of earth and heaven combined , can
alienate that oftho minority or oven a single individual _. Thus he failed to apply even bis correct principle of the _ioalienableness of sovereignty in tho right way and to trace it to its proper origin . Instead of tracing rights to the indissoluble connexion of man ' s organs and wants with the surrounding elemeutB , he Btopped at the compacts of Int' rrenlug legislative bodies , who can ouly make ex parte attempts at defining what tho lawsofthU connexion are . According to tho doctrine that rights aro equal , Isolated and Inalienable , the real compact is between each man ' s body and the Burroundlug worlJ _, so that though lawB should be tnscted by tho majority of tho people In person , yet they can bo of no validity it contrary to the natural rotations of _inana ' _s wants with thc _extci-nnl worM .
Rousseau , then , having predicated tho dogma , that tho right of _sovereignty is one and indivisible , _Uabeuf , Fourier , and Owen have generalised thc principle to the other ri ghts of life , person , labour , and property , as al 60 ono , indivisible aud common . The two latter , under different modifijr : tiun 9 of tho principlo , in tho form of _phalunxes and communities , urgo that capitalists should associate thoir capital and » ivo permanent employment to the producer , not seeming to prrcoivo tho uamnnblc presumption of ono portion of society giving thc other _employment , when all are entitled to an equal sharo of tho soil , and should give _themselvestuiploy-Miil _. What a poor advanco it is In the knowledge of a p _.-rfect right , to contend only that a man Ins oii :: ht to euip . ovmi . ut , instead of to the whula
product oi his _1-ibour , ond to his equal share of tho soil . Strange that men cun _eee that they have a natural right t _> labour , _tvitl . out seeing that ihey must also have a imtiml ri _K'ht to thc materials of labour—the soil nud apimrtonact _chinirs . I find that the _t-. _ttremo reform sentiment io the present _struggle in Prance , goes no farther than that capital
On The Origin And Nature Of Rights And W...
should be so organised as to give employojen . — _*" greater share of profits to the hireling . ai 98 , l _" " _* a ignorant drudge 1 Oh that yon could think a k Po ° ai you can fi _^ ht ! How will you be dlsan _^ _^ i continuing to labour upon tho degrading _rfri h hire and _wageB . How will you continu e to be " ' ' of by poverty and famine , until you learn that _il _" _^ cspttal , and labour must be united in the sam _'' "• in the form of self-employment _eqm _* _, _md | v ( e . _"on ' inalienable homesteads , Capital Is merely » h ail ( J of your labour , after supporting the non . pr ! , _n _^ 11 _" ' In luxury , and yourselves with the smallest - _^ _k _^ Sat were you to reclaim your natural ri ght _toM . " " 1116 ' tbe whole product of your labour would be Tm e * "' there could be no such an evil as that of prone t _^ _mulatlng property . y _^ 'i . " " Yet can we _wondar at the slow advance of tha In knowledge , when we _sse , as stated above th 018 very fow who c _« h originate truth , only _advance"' uiuer _otten _^ " should be so organised as to give emploTIapn ( ? ~ _-
_eacu oy _usserung no more th fractional part of a principle , each time " _^ often accompanied with false position ? , which a- _^^ rally caught up more rapidly than the true _8 _en _" The Communists of France are , no doubt th ° _^' radical of tbe revolutionists . Tbey see farthest L _^ li rights of labour ; but assuming tba impracticable ° _^ olple of communitiBinif property and other _nebta _^" " steed of _individualizing them still more , I fear . h _" will effect _nothln _? , I shall be pained to find that i years discussion will not establish what tbe sir ere p publieans of' 92 struggled for , that of Universal Suffr .
ano tnat of having the enactments of a Bingk . UR \ S \ _,. .- ' body submitted to the people in their primary _assem _bllos for their final decision . A _sovereidin . wen every other right being inalienable , it must be _ix-rds !! by each man for hfras If in proper person . For ofti 0 o , will no moro wield the sovereignty for the ben-fit _m constituents , than landlords will hold the soil for Z profit of tenants . This direct _discu « Bion and voting _tjnJ the law itself , is the only principle ever yet _attempt to be established , thst Is In accordance with the t » n _« exercise of any political right . I tsko the position , tbat every right to bo perfect must bo eqml , _indivMiwl , and inalienable They are eqmi h » cause each man's organs , natural waats and powers I production are equally connected ; they are individual
because they are individually connected ; and t j , ' inalienable , because they are inseparably connected with the surrounding earth and appurtenant elements , a _cording to this constitution of rights , no man e ' m ' b " made the property of another without _committing th greatest outrage upon humanity , The _rig-ht to life _beic equal , all must equally _dsfend themselves ; _itbeing'indivl dual , each muBt individually dofend himself - , and i ' _t bein Inalienable , it cannot ba alienated in tbe form of _capital punishment , aggressive war , or any way whatever ei OBpttngQlf . _defencoaoddeferiiirewar . Itirj ' tlieduty ti ' fore , of every man tsbe always armed in eelf _^ ' _feT ' and become a part of the standing army , without anyp , » becomin ; a hired soldiery aod separate interest from . _u rest of the citizens With this
. _improred form of _tbs military it will be the duty of those of _th- > locality iQ vaded to repel the invaders In self-defence , while con ' tlnually reinforced ; thus soon ending the warfare with ' o _« t creating a labour-taxing national debt . The right of each man to sovereignty being equal , ' he cannot exercise It equally unle . j for himself In pr 9 per per 6 ( m , it being individual , It must not be beld as one and in ' _divisable in any collective boiy , party , _majority , clique ' or king . For this takes it away from those who do not join the body that has _communitised it . The right of sovereignty , thin , must be held as individ ual and _eonclu _sive , at well as property . It must not be held in com ! men for the U 6 e of party , but for ihe use of one ' s self ' And what is held properly for one ' s self will not be _detrimental to the interest of the rest of mankind . The
right of each man to sovereignty being inalienable i ; cannot properly be exercised by a substitute , deputy or representative . No mon or class can ever represent another , they can only represent themselves . It is the officers of every government who exercise tha sovereign power , which is vested in them by the con . _mltuiion and laws , while the _peopls _hava no ot her power than that of selecting wbo shall wield th _« ir already alienated _sovereigntf . The boasted priri / ega » f Universal Suffrage is nothing more than the universal participation of all in _stleoiing from among the mono . _poliaers of their sovereignty . That constitution , there . fore , that provides that legislation shall be _exercised by what is called representatives , Instead of tho people in preper person , by that very provision alienates their sovereignty and other rights .
The right of each man to the soil , and to the _whols product of labour , being equal , he must ba entitled to aa equal share of the _soi 1 . As his right to them is also in . dividual , they Bhould be held in an isolated state—it being impossible to ei joy perfectly the same identical things . And as tbe right to the soil is inalienable , it should never be held in the form ef tenure by any portion of mankind _frim the _reBt . For that class which holds tha soil of the country , monopolises also every other rii ? ht and reduces all who have no property to mere goods and chattel * , and to the most productive kind of prop . rty .
It seems that though all nroperty , all rights , are monopollsed by a class of non-producers , yet evea they may lose their equal share out of tbeir _uijuat accumulations ; because rights have never yet been declared and established upon the triune principle of their _ejttu'iiy , individuality asd iwrh _' _oia &' _ow . **; aided by an organisation into townships , where the _propsrtionate number ot farmersand mechanics , in proper person , on their home _, _steads , can produce an assortment of tha necessaries of life , equitably _exchango thtir _surplus productB , and legislate by township j rimary assemblies . Yours ia thorough reform , Lewis _Masqoebieub . _TCilliamsburgh , near New York , May 10 th , 1848 .
Murder And Highway Robbery In Ayrshire. ...
Murder and Highway Robbery in Ayrshire . — As two young men from Kilmarnock were out , it is thought on a poaching excursion , early on the morning of Saturday , they found lying on a road , between the parishes of Dundonald and Riccarton , the body of a youth , who bore distinct traces that he had been foully murdered . The tea- urea of tbe iJIfated youth were covered with clotted blood , and his body was cold and stiff . A bundle , which belonged to the deceased , was on the road near him ; but with the exception of im cap , which was gone , tbere waa no evidence of external spoliation . The neighbouring larmers and their servants were immediately in _« formed of tho _occurrence ; while , at the g ame time , information was forwarded to the authorities . Mr
Gross , _procurator-fiscal , and Superintendent Penny , of the constabulary , were early on the spot . In the course of their icquiries , it transpired that the young man who had thus come to ao violent and untimely a death was James Youn ? , seventeen years of age , son of John Young , farmer , in GatesiJe , near Riccartoii . lie waa a farm _eeryant to Mr Smith , in Fortacres _, lie lift hia employer ' s residence on Friday , which was ' term day' in Kilmarnock , and having received his half-year ' s fee , amounting to about £ 3 , he had purchased with this sum several articles ef wearing apparel , lie visited bis parents at Gateside in the course of the afternoon , and after _havicg spent a few hours with them and other relations , he left his father ' s house about half-past ten o'clock , on
his return to _Fortacres , which could only have occu > pied him an hour ' s walk , and which he was destined never to reach . From the manner in which tha body was found , it is conjectured that the murderer had either hin in wait or overtaken his victim fothe purpose of _effecting a robbery ; and that he had felled hira to the ground by a blow with a stone oa the back part of tho head . The youth , peril qis , having identified the robber , and given alarmthough no one heard a cry in that neighbour * hood on the evening in question—the ruffian , the mure effectually to accomplish his purpose , sod to disconnect any chain of identity , accomplished the terrible crime by driving or forcing a large chisel into the neck of the unfortunate youtb , beneath tbe left ear , dividing the carotid artery , and thereby
causing instantaneous dealh . The murderer milsC then , unmolested , have robbed his victim , taking awav a silver watch , a few shillings of money—Cor , considering tho purchases of the lad , he could have had only a few shillings in iis pocket — aud lha _bonnnt which he wore . Tho chisel with whicii tl ) 9 daed wa 9 committed was found about ten _yaith off * in an _ailjtuning pasture field . It hid been thrown over by the murderer ; and wben found , on Super * intondent Penny ' s arrival , was still wet with blood . It is a large aud deadly-looking instrument , ami does not seem to have been u « ed fjr carpenters' purf 0 sf 3 f but chiefly for occasional jobs . The _authorities havo been assiduous in the performance of their duties . Drfl llahlano , of Ayr , and Paxton , of Kilmarnock , _msafl a posl mortem _examinati ui of the body on _SatuidaF and Mr Sheriif Robieson and Mr J . F . Alurdock *
_prccurator-bscal , renowed their investigatioB _* _- _; it Fortacres yesterday . From the vigilance oi Superintendent Penny ' s force , we havo no doubt that ihorc will speedily be a cluo by which the per * pertrator of the bloody deed will be brought _tojustice . Since tho above was in type , we ( _Ai'R _Ob-SKiu-iiR - are happy * to state that an Irishman , against whom strong suspicions exist as being the murderer , has been taken into custody , and securely lodged 111 Ayr jail . It appears tha v , the prisoner arrived iB
Beith in the course of Saturday ; and haring _& tained tho assistance of an _acquaintance , _whopaff _* _^ a watch corresponding with tbe one worn by t- murdered youth , receiving i'l for it , he took hii _^' partnre by an afternoon train for Johnstone . hO however , went out at Lockwinuock , and _comniittefl j it is _reported , another depredation by breaking 0 V 5 a chest in one of the toll-houses in that district ' The police afterwards got upon his trail , a _** sU f ' ceeded in apprehending hira iu Paisley , from wheat " he was brought , by the railway train , to the coun ty
prison , The Cholera —The cholera is makin g sad h _^ again in Russia . According to tho _Brrlim _^ _Nachbichtkr , there were in one week 153 cases ' Moscow , fifty seven of whieh tcrraina _' . cd t . _i'W _' The epidemic ia also raging in Wludimir am ! _Tscfl _' _uiiorod , ami in the government of _Podolia . The guardians of tho poor of Sheffield . _^ _„„ , menced an _interesting experiment by taking _atii _" _miiialrcnt of thc Duke of Norfolk about sixty a _«^ of waste land , on which to employ the paupe rs , thus avjid the unprofitable _was ' . e of _lahour and t * gradation ot the stone heap .
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), June 10, 1848, page 2, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns3_10061848/page/2/
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