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UB»M« S OF THB KATKWAL UND (ftp** COMPANY.
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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Ub»M« S Of Thb Katkwal Und (Ftp** Company.
UB » M « S OF THB KATKWAL UND ( ftp ** COMPANY .
- * -^My Intention To Have Addressed You...
- _* - _^ my intention to have addressed you l _^^ , JUh upon those questions more _mi-^ i _^ ronnec ted with the Land Plan this V hut _* _imperative duty towards the _^ Ac s of Lancashire and Yorkshire comj « Q «* to bestow . that 8 P ace W W _* I had MM for _X our _^ J _^ t tothe enlightenment i _& J ° RusseU _» lest > on another day _, he _? _tlT plea d ignorance of the . source from 7 _, _kZ _. demand
, Tt , ICBN THE PEOPLE TO GRASS ' I call your attention to my letter to I Jq John Russell upon that suhject _, and I _upt up on you , as men , and as fathers , as bus-Is jus and as Chartists , willing to earn your i _hjd by the sweat of your brow , to proclaim ie _\ le world whether or no this degradinp ; fat ; fauiily-slaying , this woman-killing , _childlevering , daughter-prostituting , _son-conagjng proposition , has come from you . I _atjot believe it . I will not believe it from # lips than your own : and if I hear it _tljlhem Ishal / mourn over the tyranny that col compelled the necessity , and if it is your
to , w be turned to grass , I will do all that e \ _i lies , to mitigate yonr sufferings . I have _njt _f _Jijection to ' the cessation of labour if the _taktal ist'disgorges some of his enormous and _gtijst profit to support you during the season Dt ' _jffleness , if the landlord will charge you no £ and if the Government will forego the _rtjrupon every taxed article of consumption . _reaver , if this dreadful alternative is of _r _^ own seekiHg , it is right that I should _unpaid it so , because , in that ease , I shall _tgto revile those upon whom I now saddle
_ijSjSn-\ lt \ lr friends , if I were a prophet capable of _( S _^' ngin the fulfilment ofhis _ownpredic-^ I would have reason t © rejoice in your _^ ent state , as you must admit that , from sj _^ to year , I have predicted the occurrences _Schjcb have taken place and . tie very effects g _$ i were sure to result from those causes ¦ pp which I drew my conclusions . I am now _raving more men with your money than j _$ be fanners within five miles from _Min-^ Lovel , and I was rather amused this _jsyaing by an article in the Nottingham _^ _fUttry . ' . written by some comical coxcomb , _pjyn the Land Planv ; and this blunderbuss , _^ h ad the consistency to vote for Hobhouse M Walter , and yet claims me as his repre-3 5 tative , has the foll y to tread in the steps of _$ ' _fst Carpenter , and to venture upon some
_jii-srative calculations as to the time it will \ \ _e to locate 30 , 000 occupants . However , as . jsmy intention , in the nest number of the _uijsouro - * to give the- whole tribe of scribblers $ ibone to pick , " I shall content myself , this r Lfc . with publishing the admirable , letter & Junius , which appeared in the Nottingham _jfejo « r , as an answer to tbe Mercury man . I Jgpect tbe production to have come from my j _# friend Morrison , of Nottingham , who has _jjjaed the question of title very ably , and _lile mig ht have gone further , and have told _fyUercury roan , that , if I was inclined to turn - £ 36 and sell the estates , that no one wonld _Ipeme a shilling for the whole lot , know-\ % tbat they aretrust-property . These things i [ _ftdescend to mention as a Roland for the gmrjr man ' s Oliver , but they are things that ia would not condescend to talk about , and k 1 would not condescend to argue upon .
But , now , I will state a fact for these gent-men . The person in whose house I am now ujting pays 60 f . a year rent—a high Tent , and h is rated to the poor rate at 15 s . in the moi , that is , from March till August , _induce , he has paid 23 f . 7 s ., and if he pays Si 13 ? - the next half-year , that will be 451 . _gorrate upon 60 / . rent ; but he anticipates k the rate will be even higher , and so do I j this next half year . Now , then , what does ii Mercury man think of the man who has usance for 21 . 12 s . of being made independent g loat rate for ever—even the chance ; and i _& r this fact in mind , that the higher the poor 2 te , the more scanty the pauper ' s fare .
Jly friends , I have now to invite you to a alius perusal of the state of England , writen bv Arthur O'Connor , my uncle , nearly _yfacentury ago . It consists often chapiTi . and 1 will publish a chapter in each numifr of the Northern Star , commencing with _lat week , and then you will have the result E Whig policy and false political economy _ikeed before you , in so clear , simple , and aderstandable " a form , that ' he who runs _nar read . ' At foot follows the admirable _letir of Junius , and , asking you to peruse it at-Mnelj , Z I remain , your faithful representative and willing bailiff , _Feakgps O'Cosxor .
THE JOURNAL , A 5 D THE LANT ) SCHEME . 70 the _emtoss of the Nottingham Review . Cesiiehes . —The * _JTottisghak Joubnal , ' for _se-3 _al weeks past , has _poored forth low , unprincipled , _slcontinnedabnie , in condemnation of Mr O'Connor ' s ' ¦ ' ci Tan- Tbe editor bas become tbe unsolicited _iJcmsn to tbe shareholders of tbe Kational Laud _bspanr , and tbe first blast be sends forth if , not tbat fc O'Connor has run away with the Company ' * money , _: s 5 ih at least as was in his possession , — not that the _rfafcich he has purchased bas been carried away npon 3 _bick , bnt that be is at liberty to do so if he likes 1 ie' _ioznsu . ' endeavonrs to show , that Mr O'Connor
_« , ty purchasing in his own name , and having _conoid to hun _, the several estates which have Veen Bought _SEtcoant of his land Company , a complete masteris over the shareholders , —that he can hold them at in , and presses them to his bosom , promising bis best , 3 most ardent endeavonrs , to ameliorate tbeir _miserai , iheir starving condition . Itis all bombast , anda i 3 _g ! . i ! oqaent compound of Irish sympathy and English _Sstrofiry , with deception at its foundation . lie editor ofthe _'JovaxxL , ' io doing *]] tbis , bas st brought in support ofhis position any paint of law , * iish I had hoped he wonld bave been enabled te de . _Kanuons the shareholders how they trust Mr
_O'Con--J- honesty , and pretends , that now he has become — representative _, it is necessary that he should look _ferllr O'Connor , and prevent his committing one of it most daring and palpable frauds that could be _combed by a human being . If this knight of _Thurland-^ ts : garret had any doHbtof Mr 0 ' Conner ' s honesty , -a ie had a foreboding upon his { _ua ) corrapted mind , _SssMr O'Connor -would criminate himself in a manner a * t would shock , _aay , even petaifj this most wholesome _*&(*; why did he not , when Mr O'Connor ou our _^ _Kings challenged any person to come forward , and _**« anythin _, ; derogatory to his private character , or _fcJitiHg having thetaint of tergiversation in his political _fcrttr , acceptthatchaUenge * The editor of tbe' _Jora-*« _-, ' as an elector , had aright to do so ; he was upon _^ tastingsand why did be not state to the electors
, _3 * a and there assembled his fears as to Mr O'Connor's _kfcaty . He contents himself by being silent , and , at _** Kill , uses his influence by giving his vote for Mr 5 _^ r and Sir J . Hobhouse , to prevent Mr O'Connor _* _% our representative , actuated , I apprehend , by _^•{• nre motive _^ -that honest idea , that he would be ' _•** i _*!! adimn of . British honesty , and prevent the _dis-Sfcte attaching to society if Mr O'Connor became the " -Sue he anticipates . Mr O'Connor bas become our rerr _«* _niatiTe J and the * Jodbkal' undertakes to watch ?*> at a distance . I expect he wiU be like the shepherd 58 _ib fable : create so many false alarms , that when the ' _* 1 * olf « last comes , whethar in the persen of Mr _JCiaajor or _^ other individual , he will not be
be-. _^ e * Journal' says Mr O'Connor should not only be I * *" , but , like Caesar ' s wife , above suspicion . If be _^ catst , why should they be suspicious ! but I wonld _P lanum t 0 _De like Cssat _' _s wife in the eyes of the _^ torof the 'Journal , ' towards whom he has mortal _^ _wiiiro . Has Mr O'Connor ever manifested any 'toy-tans of dishonesty ! Has he , during any part of 5 , or ' even since the promulgation of his Land I *" * , and the establishment of the _National Land J * _fcpanj , ennced tbe Isast disposition to plunder , as the . _Unreal' wonld have ns believe , those whom he has
_**» _strring gratuitously for many years ! The _'Jourfj * _ishes to have the property conveyed to re _* _ponsi-~ e _Pwsons '—ap ' ain insinuation that Mr O'Connor is _" * , and that poverty is an inducement to crime . _Un-^ _rrantsbie assertioa!—with what * ffrontery told 1 At . _* t _hatard is tbat grave insinnation made ! At the _^ _^ of a mau in whom thousands repose _iapewsb-^ _tonfiaence ; a conflaence which they haTe reposed _W _,- ? btfure . and whith he has not hetrayed , —a trust m <* hehM not ahnsed .
_J _^ 'Journal ' complains thattheNational Land _Com-™ Jhas been in existence two years , and is not com-* « _qy _registered . The editor knows well , or ought to _^ _•• _tfiatit cannot be so unta there are attached to in * - ° Eetdemellt tae names , trades , pro ' essions , * _ fl _residences of a definite number of members , whose ta are , ° _heobtainea , and their _sigsingaod sealing _^ . _M' _" _*^ ; _^ a labour too vast to be performed in * _^ _"ttinie ; a time too long for such mighty affairs to
- * -^My Intention To Have Addressed You...
_beentnuted tothe _management ofanv less immaculate and industrious a person than the editor ol the Journal , or to any one with leu patie . ee than a Jo » . The existence of a two years' _tocie _^ , with a capital already subscribed of £ 70 , 080 , unregistered , the Journal baldly _insinuatesasa proof that Mr O'Connor ' s intentions are dishonest . I wiU take it for granted that the editor of theyeurnal was the same honest man two years previous to the publication of bis paper as he was on that day ; It he were not , I congratulate him upon his reclamation from a » ad to a good and honest man . Then why did he not sound his alarm at the beginning , and not when the company has progressed _prosperously , . and when thousands have subscribed their mites . The Journal waits , and allows the industrious artisan to be caught within the meshes ofMr O'Connor ' s net , and then cries ont 'Yo u are in danger ; there is a pit . ' Human feeling requires that hs should have cried oat In the first _iostasce . .
Tke people know the value of having possession of the land : the Journal knows the disadvantage of it . It would prohibit cultivation ef the soil by the humbler classes , and with a safe consdenoe cam state that tbey are only fit to be made , like drones , to cultivate the land , to augment the riches of those already wealthy . It is evidently the Journal ' s delight to create discord where mone is felt . -. _- Even if Mr O'Connor intended to be 'the greatest swindler that ever practised upon the _credulity of mankind , ' let us see how tha estates h _» has purchased would be affected by the laws ofthe land . The law of tbe land is , tbat if Mr O'Connor purchases estates , which are ostensibly known to [ be purchased with the money of a particular company , and for the members of that
particular company , and though the estates _imfj _, in the first instance , be ' _tanreyed to Mr O'ffonnor , both the law and equity would oompel Mr O'Connor to deliver op the possession of those estates , and also compel bim to . execute all neeestary documents yielding np -the fee . to them . This I hold to be the law of the land ; let the editor ofthe _Jobmim , deny it , and pro ~ e that I am wrong . There is one circumstance that would give Mr O ' Connor a good and marketable title to the estates . He has purchased , on the part of the National Land Company ;' if tbe National Lead Company bare ,, by their directors , chosen by : their representative assembly , beea parties to the conveyance to Mr O'Connor , why then the company would be debarred if estoppel , and could not contradict what they
had onee solemnly signed aud sealed . In that ease Mr O'Connor could enjoy the uninterrupted possession of the estates already purchased ; until then , he cannot . Ilis not because a man has money and purchases au estate , that he is entitled to it . The presump _* tioa is that he is ; but all the attendant circumstances must be fairly considered . Can the' Joovul' confute this ? If so , let it ; this position of the law was not more exemplified than at eur late assises , in the case of * Gill e . Wakefield , ' tried before Mr Baron Rolfe , the features of which case must be in the recollection of your readers . Law and equity always take into consideration , not only the acts , but the intentions of the parlies .
I will refer the 'Jodxhai , ' to _Notfs _Jfoxims of the Laws of England : _¦*• ' The law regards the intents ofthe parties , and will apply their words thereunto ; and that which is taken by common intendment shall be taken to be the intent of the parties ; aud common intendment is not an intendment as Btands in different , hut such an intendment as has the most vehement presumption . ' Tbat is the law , as laid down by Sir Edward Coke , the greatest lawyer that ever lived , and will be found written in his famous institutes upon our laws as well as in Koy . Again , _*« Qui per _aUwnfasit , per stipnmfacere videtnr . ' ( He who acts by another is held to act by himself . )
Mr O'Connor , it is well known , is the agent of the Land Company ; he purchases estates as their agent : he describes himself as such ; publishes his balance-shtst as snch ; and in every act describes himself as their agent . If Mr O'Connor intended to act dishonestly , he as 8 lawyer would bave had more wisdom than te lay himself within the meshes of the law . Thus it is quite clear theiaw is with the Company and against Mr O'Connor ; and what is there to fear ! If it were that the law was against the company and with Mr O'Connor ( which it most assuredly is not ) , is the manner of procednre he is adopting , the safest way for a knave successfully fo accomplish his design ! He has placed
portions of two respective lots of allottees in possession of their allotments ; and how is he to get thsm out ! He may serve them with notice to quit , and the allottee may disobey it , for it is not ' imperative . The next course is to eject them ; he must sue each occupier ; they caald drive bim into a conrt of law , and there compel him to prore his right and title to the estate , a title free from fraud , which under the circumstances he would fiad some difficulty ia doing . Thus , there are insurmountable difficulties in the way of Mr O'Connor being dishonest ; difficulties which he himself has created by purchasing the land ; and difficulties , which I am sure , no dishonest man with dishonest intentions would have made . I remain , & c ., Tour obedient servant , Nottingham , August , 1817 . Junius .
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A Nation Turne D O Ut To Gra Ss . To The...
A NATION TURNE D O UT TO GRA SS . TO THE RIGHT HON ., THE L O RD JO HN RUS S ELL . My Lord , It is now nearly eight years since I addressed a letter to you upon the Whig policy of that day , and in _'riiicb . I foretold what the inevitable result of that policy would be . My reason for addressing you just now will be found in the fact that the Free Trade theorists are about to adopt the very means to which I
have often proved they would be driven to save themselves from the fatality of that measure which alone could produce high wages , cheap bread , and plenty to do . No doubt you have learned fromthe newspaper _press , thatthe whole of the manufacturing population ofthe north is to be TURNED OUT TO GRASS during the autumn months , when , according to the said press , the hardships will be mitigated in consequence of the greater clemency of that season , as well as from the fact that vegetable diet may , during that period , be purchased at a low price .
This unchristian , this unnatural , this disgusting and blasted project , is said to emanate from the operatives themselves . I . shall not stop to ask whether this is a fact or not , as far as 1 mean to use it as an argument against your destructive policy , but I may observe , that it strongly resembles the manner in which the economists use the agricultural classes as auxiliaries and volunteers in the battle of Free Trade . In the wars of that
faction against things as they were , the press was enlisted , and the press pompously and slanderously paraded meetings of the agricultural labourers and their wives that never took place '; they published the speeches of women who were never in existence , and , for the first time in the history of this country , they assigned a weight and importance to the most ignorant of all classes which they were not previously in the habit of awarding to the most influential and best informed . I remind you of this notorious fact , to guard you against the supposition that the operatives of the north
have themselves considerately invited their owners to TUftN THEM OUT TO GRASS , until such time as the mitigated casualties of foreign countries may enable the growers of cotton to furnish English slave masters with a sufficient amount of raw material to warrant the employment of the slave-class . Good God ! my Lord , can you , for a moment , look upon yourself in any other light th an as the STUD GEOOM of political economists , whose orders you are obliged to obey , whose stables you are obliged to clear , and whose galled jades you are obliged to fodder until your masters shall again require their service ?
Is this a _positien becoming a minister of England ? Is this a position becoming a nobleman professing popular opinions , and glib in the use of philantrophic expressions ? or is it a position becoming a freeman ? My Lord , in the letter to which I refer above , I recalled your attention from the passing of the Reform Bill till that period , and I ventured to predict what the result of your evil policy would be , and , sorry am I to confess , that each and all of my most melancholy _forebodings have come to pass . At that period , mv lord , Free Trade principles , as advocated by cotton lords , shop-boys , and scribblers , was the one all-absorbing topic , and to question . the
A Nation Turne D O Ut To Gra Ss . To The...
soundness of their views , or to doubt the realisation of their anticipations and promises , was rank sedition , and little short of treason . From that period to the present I have' ' written a portion of" the history of the country , and I have been a critical observer of the acts of public men and their probable influence upon the national weal and the national character . In the year 1839 , in my speech at Middleton , las clearly developed what the inevitable result of yonr one-sided Free Trade policy must be , as if I had been a gifted seer ' of the
future . There was not an interest , from the landlord to the agricultural serf , fromi . tlie cotton lord to the artificial slave , and from the fund lord to the several dependants up on that system , that I did not show how each and all would be affected by your , policy . In 1840 I replied ' to the nonsensical pamphlet of the Hon . and Rev . Baptist Noel , in which I clearly mapped out that state of famine through which Ireland has not yet passed , and that state _ of pauperism to which England is now approaching . Jn 1841 , in my letters to the Irish landlords , written from a condemned cell in . York
Castle , I foretold the confiscation of their estates ' and their desertion by the British minister . These were the words of my prop hecy : — . ' . "Do not deceive yourselves , my lords and gentlemen , by the false notion that the ramparts with which jou have . _enrronnded ypar estates will protect them in the day of popular fury , if you do . you are worse tlianmadmen , for I tell you , thatthe thunder of an enraged populace will break through your privilege ? , and yonr legal fences ; and . that the government , upon whose support you now depend , will CONFISCATE YOUR ESTATES to save themselves from the fury of an enraged people . "
In those letters I predicted every calamity that has befallen Ireland , and I ascribed each to its legitimate source—Whig incompetency —Whig folly—and Whig imbecility . In 1844 I wrote what I shall ever consider my most celebrated arid standard work , entitled , " chambers' Philosophy Refuted , '' in which I also foretold the present and the coming times ; and , from that period to the present , I have not ceased to alarm the nation as to the coming danger .
Now , my lord , however you may affect to despise , or your scribblers may affect to contemn , the predictions of one divested of power wbich was capable of being consolidated and brought to hear upon your deliberations ; you must understand that I have but loaded the musketry , that I have but taught the lessons , and _' that however inapt or disinclined you may be to learn theni , there are millions who have committed them as cherished instruction to their memories , and who do not consider them the less valuable from the source froin which they spring . It is , therefore , to their ' readiness and willingness to learn , and not to my anxiety to teach , that you are to look for the popular mind and the popular power .
My lord , you falsely presume that you have overcome your Irish difficulty , and that you will now be at liberty to deal with your English difficulty single-handed , but you deceive yourself ; you have lost the magician who propounded the doctrine that England ' s difficulty was Ireland ' s opportunity , but who , nevertheless , practised- the policy that England ' s difficulty was Ireland ' s placehunters ' opportunity ; and never , during the jugglery of that magician , did more perfect and . subservient tranquillity reign in Ireland , than in that very season when the Snglish mind evinced a resolution to possess , and to grant to Ireland .
the very rights and privileges for which the magician professed to contend . Yes , my lord , I assure you that the days are fast coming , when more than a mere ideal responsibility will be demanded from the British minister '; when his policy will be unscrupulously canvassed , and when the source from which " he derived his strength , will be vindictively scrutinised . That will be a sad day for Whig policy—that will be a heavy reckoning against the Whig ministry , which has ruled the destinies of this country from the year 1836 to the death of Daniel O'Connell . It will then
appear , as clear as the sun at noon-day , my lord , that if England is a large debtor to Ireland on the score of oppression , Ireland , upon a balance of accounts , is debtor to England to the extent of millions expended in the prostitution of Irish representatives . My lord , as I showed you in my letter of 1839 , your reliance upon the certain subserviency of a set of profligate , place-hunting , patriots , made you indifferent as to English support ; your easy palace-going prime minister of that day , indulged in perfect quiescence , and set national feeling at naught , because he
would calculate uponthe certain purchase of that section of the House of Commons , whimsically denominated the Irish Liberals , who were ever foremost in the crusade against English liberty , and who fostered prejudices in Ireland for no other earthly purpose than to insure the Irish mind as a marketable commodity , of which the necessitous English minister might stand in need , and for which he would be sure to pay the stipulated price , —that price to be measured by England ' s demand for liberty . My lord , no history , no novel , no romance ,
no fancy , not the most fervid imagination , can paint anything at all like the fairy tale of Irish diplomacy from the year 1833 till the death of Daniel O'Connell ; during which period he possessed more power than any monarch in Europe ; and during which period all the atrocious acts of all the atrocious despots of Europe , arte as innocence itself , compared with the manifold sins committed by this man against the cause , not only of his country ' s , but of the world ' s liberty . My lord , your principles of political economy have been adopted upon a chapter of accidents . You have listened to the several spouters , accepting the dogmas of the most popular as your unerring guide : but , believe me , neither
the influence of Mr Villiers in South Lancashire , of Mr Cobden in West Yorkshire , or of Mr Bright in the metropolis of manufactures , will go far to convince a starving people of the soundness of their political economy , or the purity of their motives . My lord , men are hunted as rebels to-day , and are admitted as great authority by posterity ; in short , the folly and the enthusiasm of to-day , may become the wisdom and discretion ofthe morrow , and I shall yet live to see some slight reparation made to departed heroes or to maligned patriots , now in the winter of age , when those principles , for the advocacy of which they were persecuted and banished , have become the accepted principles ofthe universal world .
My lord , I am in possession of a few rare books , —rare because I possess the only copies extant , —and from one of these books , entitled , " THEPKESENT STATEOF GRE . AT
BRITAIN , " written by Arthur O'Connor nearly half a century ago , and who is now in the fiftieth year of his banishment—I shall be able to shew that the false principle of political economy adopted by Mr Pitt , and pursued by subsequent ministers , has led to the necessity of substituting another false principle of political economy ; and I shall show from that book , that the writer foretold the evil consequences that would be sure to result from the system that Great Britain pursues towards others nations . Chap . II . Of the ii stability of the Biit ' _eh-ystem of mercantile _cc-suut
A Nation Turne D O Ut To Gra Ss . To The...
- _¦^ iSiiP sy * ?? «« rop _^ m-dta vast ex . P _? _W , Kener ? . _dissatisfaotionithworeated . C _^ ' _3 J h c ° _^ IInSland has _otttervedS wards Ireland , frnm . the ' oonfeBsi 9 n 8 of _hieaSft late and present Ministers . : _^^ , 1 ° n mJy * : _W tbe stability of the _sygtem bf Great Britain , as far as it can be destroyed by other nations . . _# _»«/ Chap . YIL _, With what justice theBritish Govern . mentcan . be . _Jegftrded as the Champion of Europe . ° _i _^" j ?[ 8 ground 8 Upon which the Sinking Fund stands , b y which itis pretended to lioni . date the debts of Great Britaih . 9 Chap , IX ; That this system , by . ' creating a derangement an tbe naturals direction of the ' capital and industry . of Great Britain , is injurious to the _pesple of England , as . / well- as to the nations of
Europe , _v ; . " . ' :.. ' " , ' ¦ :. _~ v . ;\ ... " :. ' . ' ..:., \ , y ; _i- ' ; Chap . Xi _. What ' obJect could the British _Ministry have had inview ia precipitating Great Britain into this war ; and 'M _'^ _a-ri'i r _.-..-:... ¦ _, / s > . _;^ a . ; ¦ : . _,-. Then foUows conclusion :- <¦ :- ™ _-:-- _~ - No * , m ' _^ lord , Ij . will-submit to " you ajfew paragraphs from this work , the writer of which is now in the fiftieth year of his _exiler- ' ' ¦' ; _^ Chap . _iy _$$ hesyhem ; _tf _* C _6 rruptio _^ peine , andtwgfih _^ aldiidfectimithas er ' tdiid _^ . ' _^ ¦ '• The next § trjedt by which we oan jtadge _^ ofihe , sta-. bility of tae'ByBtem of ; Britain , ia the principle _' _tipon which the _wFe ofi ; her / g 6 vernment _Wrfii : ' _^ Fro _| i « the first forOation of the representative body , . frerii which _wejUitiJafe'the commencement of hef- oonstitutio _^ _# _^^ plutioD _« f-168 S . the _hlatorjof
England _presents a ' _B _^ ady , _uMeW _^ nhiterrnpw 8 progress towards the establishment of liberty and law : By _the-wise employment which the representatives made of their omnipotence over the national purse , they were often oppressed , fined , and imprisoned by the arbitrary acts of despotic princes , out never corrupted ; they held fast by the power of thb purse , and constantly repaired the breaches made at unfavourable moments , and even strengthened the outworks when they found an occasion . It was a constant straggle between representation on tbe side of liberty and law , and despotism against them ; until at length , in thereignot the last of the Stuarts , the contest was brought to a happy conclusion
between the certainty of law and the uncertainty of will . By this victory the great principle was established , that no man should obey a law , or pay a tax , that was not ordered by hia representative . Read the history of England , and you will find with what admirable pertinacity the representatives guarded the national purse throughout this long and glorious struggle ; in no instance abandoning tho right of the people through fear or menace , did they grant the publio money but with tbe most rigid economy ; they felt . that the supplies were the . lever and mainspring by which the liberties , of the people , and the movements of the government , were to be regulated ; hence taxes were
few , and debts there were none ; tbe crown preferred menace and force to corruption . Fromthe revolution of 1688 , all has been reversed ; violence has been abandoned towards the representatives , and influence has been substituted ; this is the great point I would seize , for here is the source of that endless expense which has increased , is increasing , and cannot be diminished . What an herculean work ! What an endless expense flows from the change . In order to render the CrowR independent of the control of Parliament , it must influence , not only the representatives , but it naturally seeks to have a majority of the electors throughout the nation ; to add to the power of the government , you must
augment _tns burdens of the people . In proportion as the people show a disposition to oppose the measures of the ministry , the ministry feel a necessity to load the people when there is an overwhelming patronage , and an imperfect representation . In proportion as the representative ? have SOCS _rsru ' nani of freedom , in proportion will the people be loaded with an expense to corrupt them . Every excess in expense for the purpose of corruption , naturally creates the discontent and opposition of the people , while this increased discontent and opposition calls for an additional expense to allay them . Crown againBf people , and people against Crown , expense accumulates in geometrical measure , whereby the enormous augmentation ofthe influence of the Crown , by the receipt and expenditure of fifty millions * in peace time , and near 100 millionst in war _time _. are
insufficient . The immense patronage of England , Ireland , Wales , and Scotland , in church , in law , in array , in navy , in diplomacy , and in revenue , is insufficient ; the pillage and plunder ofthe East Indies , with five times t \ . fi population of Britain , to satiate the adventurers who pass in succession , are insufficient ; for this plain reason—the increase of influence leads to anincrease of opposition ; and the increase of opposition leads to an increase of influence ; acting , and re-acting , the system is constructed to go forward in expense , upon a principle of increased velo city . In vain the Parliament has declared That the influence of the Crown had increased , was increasing , and ought to be diminished ; ' yet how _insignificant , when this declaration was made by the British Parliament , compared with what it is now ; but effects will follow their causes , nor is it in words or declarations to change them t
Now , my lord , if you have deigned to peruse the above extract from the work of an expatriated rebel , banished from his country nearly half a century ago , you will learn from it the very position to which the free trade party and Daniel O'Connell have brought the government of this country ;—they have forced an excess of taxation in the hope of subduing the growth of mind , and you have preferred the adoption of that apparently more easy policy to the adoption of those principles to which you were pledged , and the ascendancy of which would have materially tended to that peace and retrenchment of which the Reform Bill was to be the
guarantee . But , my lord , I nmst again draw your attention to the one great and vital fact with which I started , namely , the danger to society consequent upon throwing the hand-to-mouth portion of the population upon the chances of a cheap vegetable diet , and the comparative clemency of an autumnal season . When the League was at its highest , I predicted that the people , like Nebuchadnazzar , _wouldjbe one day compelled to perish or live upon grass , and that the manufacturers would stable them like horses and treat them as beasts of burthen . Well , my lord , although the stables constitute no portioi of the out-offices of the mansion of cotton lords , yet the beasts of burden are to be found in the parish union worse treated than horses in whose lives the
proprietor has an interest , and worse fed than horses in whose health and strength the proprietor has a property . These are your national human stables , while now , to avoid famine and be spared the disgrace of location in the bastile , we are insolently told that the horses themselves have petitioned their masters to be turned out to grass for the
season . My lord , will you neverprofit by the past , or haveyou so soon forgotten that the general stoppage of the mills in 1842 was said to be a boon prayed for by tbe operatives themselves ; and yet , as it will be now , so it was then ; those very operatives who , we were told , prayed for the boon , broke into all but open rebellion and took possession of the several manufacturing towns in the kingdom . Mark me , then , and mark me well , that the assertion of the press is
false , which would lead you to the false presumption of willing idleness and tranquillity . I tell you that the people now will not bear a repetition of the same experiment with the same forbearance and good temper that they bore it before the promised measure of free trade had failed to produce the promised results . This will be the second free trade revolution within five years , and I caution yon how you give your sanction to the desperate game now to be played . The motion of Mr Duneombe for entitling paupers to relief in the district where their
A Nation Turne D O Ut To Gra Ss . To The...
_PBICB FIVEPKNCE or Five Shillings and Sixpence pet Quarter M « _NMHH « _MMMMMMMa « an « Mt » _MMMHMMMMMWm ) necessities arose , if passed by the House of Commons , would have been a protection against the violation of public decency and natural faith . But , my lord , as I before stated , your political economy is ' as changeable as the wind , and is ever , based upon the presumptive strength of political parties . , _' . ; In conclusion I warn you in time , that you , and you only , will be answerable for th " e ~ results _^ of this dreadful , this dangerous , tbis cruel expedient , and" 1
tell you thatit shallbeno justification when you rise in your place in ParHamen _^ ' arid with assumed _lgnoi . ranee , protest that it was a boon granted . by the tender-hearted employer , to , _theidissatisfied employed . No , my _lofdj ' such avowal of ignorance shall not be your justification , _bwauseTtell you now that the application has come fronv ' the -masters , their overseers , their spies , and their minions , and not fromthe working men , . whose families are dependent upon wages for support ; nor shall you plead ignorance of the fact ; as _Fhave directed that a copy of this letter shall be delivered into' your bands ., '
u ; 1 Ihave the honour to _femauij My Lord ,. ;¦¦;¦ - ; f r ' _¦¦"'' ¦ ' ' ' 'YOTrbbedierit 8 ervaht , > : ¦ * _t _>' _-t : _, Feabgus O'Connor : ' Mm » terLovei , Oxfordshire . _; _> ¦ _- ' September 9 th , 1847 . ' ¦ " " :, '"
* The Government Taxes At Zl\ Millions, ...
* The government taxes at Zl \ millions , the poorrates at six millions , the clergy and public instruction , six millions , besides tho taxes for the repairs of the highways , bridges , buildings , the lighting , paving , and police of the towns , & c _, tSsc ., & c , _sho _. v tbat 50 millions is a very moderate estimate of a peace establishment , without taking into consideration the _tftVct of tho pre seat ww . _f In 1797 the loans amounted to C 7 millions . J The drowsy apathy which this wide diffusion of corruption bas created in a considerable part of the nation , is the reason why we havo seen the secret cabinet , und almost all the ostensible administrations during this reign , undermine or utterly destroy all the great main pillars , upon whicb the constitution was placed at tbe revolution ofltfSS . Let no man imagino that in a question of stability or industry , the state of immortal liberty is not an essential consideration . To her liberty , Great Britain owed the flourishing state to which her industry has been carried ; liberty and industry must destroy corruption , cr corruption will destroy thtm ,
¦¦Theijdh A&Tiot;;^ \_'!' -. ' -T'L K '\...
_¦¦ _THEiJDH A & _TiOT _;;^ \_ ' !' _-. ' _-t'l ' \ _S-x \ _Sfw _* _ty-T _^ _. _t-Theele _^ _tionofrofl rgua _O'CohnorforNottincbam _, _wmffliwftf & _itpMfcSaiBgi ' ofMf _^ _kWttjaiiW _^ _. cesterahire and Lancashire , have drawn attention to the doings of these renowned agitators . -For a long while the world at large has heard little of them . Wben they were planning and executing physical force rebellions , sacred weeks , tarn-outs , and other schemes of the like hopeless character , they made , of course , noise enough , and were thought to be formidable and endowed with a disastrous vitality . Fu ? two or _thrceyears past they have sunk into * comparative _a . uiet , and , as ordinary newspaper readers suppose , into positive insignificance . This , however ,
is % slight mistake , and the real truth may remind us not a little of the maxim current among nurses , that when children are making least noise they arc doing most—mischief ! - Not that we would by any means insinuate that what the Chartists have been labouring at during the past eighteen months is mischief ; on the contrary , we are strongly inclined to believo that they have been labouring usefully , and we are at least sure that whatever may be the ultimate result they have been striving honourably by peaceable and thrifty means to benefit their own condition , and put anew face on the condition of their class . Eighteen months ago , or little more , Feargus O'Connor began to consider how he might so apply the principle of co-operation , which already in insurance offices has produced suoh surprising and
beneficial effects , to the production of other effects not less surprising and beneficial for the labouring classes . It occurred to him that by clubbing together small periodical subscriptions , thousands of poor labourers might each in their turn become proprietors of small patches of land , with cottage and appurtenances , just large enough to engage the personal superintendance of the proprietor , and free from the obligations of leases and the exactions of landlords . Eighteen months ago , this scheme , says Feargus , ' was undertaken by me , with the assistance ofa few working men , amid the jeers of ail . ' During that Bhort period it has from a small seed grown into a iaige tree , so that a good many town birds lodge in the branches thereof . Without the expense of a guinea in puffing or advertising , Feargus has contrived in a year and a half to collect _sub-Crirtnril _**?* A ft nil An _Tf > _^ _.. i . r _thMAA'AII _fftiiM / in J-a Inn _n * w 1 5 ! piori ouytnree " oi' four estatesand
er : _» enougn : o , to settle on thera three or four batches of labouring men in farms of two , three , and four acres . These farms are the absolute property of thesmall farmers They are , indeed , subject to a redeemable rent ' chargo of five per cent , on the purchase money , but beyond thia they are the absolute property of the tenant , who is thus converted into a landowner , a man with a stake in the country , a person whose interest is by that very position placed ttrongly on the side of order , peace , and rational conservatism . On Monday evening , August 9 , commenced , and on the following Thursday ended , the ballot for the allotments ofa small estate just purchased by the Chartist funds .. The estate appears to have consisted of about three hundred and eighty-three acres , divided into one hundred and fifteen allotments ; thirty of two acres , seventeen of three acres , and
sixty-eight of four acres . On Monday morning ( 16 th August ) the delegates from the different Chartist localities ' assembled on thc People's Second Estate , Lowbands , Worcestershire , in the splendid school-room erected in the centre o ( that beautiful spot . ' This was the Parliament ofthe' National Land Company . ' It met in conference to discuss the extension and continuance of the Land Scheme , the establishment of a Chartist Bank , a Chartist Insurance Company , a Chartist Loan Fund , and man } matters of detail arising out of these comprehensive designs ; it continued its sitting for sevetal days , from eight in the morning , with one hour's intermission , till seven in the evening—each speaker being allowed five minutes wherein to address the Conference . The result has filled Feargus O'Connor with a very legitimate and natural enthusiasm ; but wc must allow him to speak in his own person . —
The representation of the Land Company is splendid ; it is not like any representation that I have ever seen in my life ; tbe Old Guards are there teaching the juveniles , and the juveniles are denoting the progress that has taken place ; in short , the representatives you have sent rejoice my heart and bespeak your improvement . It is tho miniature of that full-length portrait of Liberty and Wisdom which Britain will present to the world ; all set upon one purpose—all aiming to arrive at the desired object . If I have had my full share of anxiety , I have had more than my full share of reward . Nine of ' your delegates , representing Scotland , and the soveral parts of England and part of Ireland , have examined my accoants , from the date of the lust Conference down to Saturday last the 14 th instant ; they have gone over them like men of business , devoting three hours to the task , and I will give you the result .
I produced receipts for every farthing , to tho amount of a pound , disbursed from the funds , and took no credit for small sums which in tbe aggregate would have made a large amount , neither have I charged a single farthing for any expense comequeut npon travelling , examining estates , and attending auctions , amounting to about £ 100 or £ 500 . Siuce our last Conference , in December , I have received closo upon £ 50 , , and for that sum I shelved value for every farthing . We have now in the bank , nnd in deposit paid on estates , and in cash and stock , nearly £ 50 , 000 of available , } capital , after paying for _Herrinjsgato and operations , and Lowbands and operations , and not counting about £ 1 , 500 worth of horses and farming implements , More than that , I produced all bankers' books ; and our agents' account for the purchaso of Exchequer-bills ; and I _showed to ths Finance Committee , that , without a single exception , the monies received up to each Saturday night were deposited on thc following Tuesday , tbe earliest period at wbich _FoBt-office orders could be cashed , and bearing interest from tbat day to the pnsent ,
To this statement Feargus O Connor adds , that the Land Company has in hand more than 300 acres of land not yet ballotted for , ' and that a further ballot for a much larger number than have been ballotted for yet , will take place on the 25 th of October . ' On tho day on wh _' iGh this Chartist Parliament opened its sittings there was to have been a grand demonstration at Lowbands , and the people flocked to it from all parts , but the weather proved unpropitious . Sunday , the day previous , found numerous individuals gratifying themselves with viewing tbis ' Working-man's home . ' ItB tasteful gates , swinging frem stone piers at the several entrances , and beautiful crescents , of forty . _fiveBtane-builtcottageB _, and _out-honses , and the splendid schools , were the theme of unmixed admiration . It was quite refreshing to witness the magni 6 cent crops of wheat , barley , & c , with which the neighbourhood abound . Mr O'Connor has a quantity of cows grazing
on the meadow land , which won the wonder of allwhil 8 thi » specimen monster wheat , and the model potatoes , exeollent in size , quality , and _quantity , as nny we ever saw , proved universally attractive . Mr O'Connor , who is called' tbe Squire , ' appears to bo the ' admired ot all admirers , ' by the poor and shopkeepers for mileB around , whilst the ' small gentry , ' with whom it was onr lot to come in contact , all appeared to have tho greatest dread of Mr O'Connor , the Charter , and the Small Earm System , and sneeringly asked if the Chartists were _comiHg on Monday ' to have a good spree , and get jolly drunk 1 , and appeared quite astounded when we told them that the ChartUts were a sober reflecting people , and that many of thorn were total abstainers of long standing , and were literally petrified when we showed them that the working classes wero the mainstay of the state , and of far mere importance than the aristocracy—nnd that It was the purpose of the Chartists , in building these ' home colonies , ' to obtain a legitimate influence by the exercise of tbe fraaehise . In what we have hitherto said , we have confined ourselves to a mere general statement of results . At
¦¦Theijdh A&Tiot;;^ \_'!' -. ' -T'L K '\...
_*~ U _^ - _ _fs r _* - _- _«• ti . _f a .-- _\ i _.- t _>^ _« _onje future opportunity we _rtity enter " wore minutely into details ; but whatconceras ua at pre * seat , is to draw the attention' of our _rea'ders to the » _mainfact'thafrby this principle of co-operation th © working classes have an immense power Of improving their condition , which has no dependence on the ranking of new laws . Be sober and thoughtful for twelve months , ' says Mr O'Connor , in amomenfc of enthusiasm , ¦ ' and you need not ask for tbe Chartp . r . ' Whether this be or be not a rhetorical _*»» m nltk i _intn A _^ _XU . u . fi _ _L-i _ . ___/ . _ . /_ _"
_iteration , it is at all events certain' that the _example now set _isof immense value for ourreadera on' both sidesjof tbeChaBnel ; " '•' . ';' . . ' -, '" =. . _{ ' In Ireland it furnishes , orraayfurnish , asolutioa of _innumerablesooia ] difficulties . Let the small farmers set about doing what the English working men _are doing , and they need care very , _littlffabout tenant ' tight , compensation _forlimDroyementsj or . aa improved land law . If they wish to . doso , 'they ? may make the land their ' own , ' and emancipate theD > reives for ever from the tyranny of landlords . _^;; ; In England , _amongft the Catholics of large towns ) itis also worthy of consideration thatthe . principle of co-operation is just as' applicable to ithe _^ purchase . of houses , or of rooms even , as : to , the purchase'of '
| laud . Thousands of them- by ths exoroieu . of : * little forethpught , "pruden _(« rand-self-deDiaI , _rhav 0 it iri"tlieir power to- bedome the owners of > th ©\ _houses-or _roonis in whioh they live , and to emancipate themselves and . their children _Rafter , theni trom the tyranny of rent ; . _j We throw '' oiit these hints'by no means at random , but with a : very , definite purpose ; "wbicb , _nbtas we are disappointed ; wo hope ebon to'be ableto lay before our re * der 8 i /; Iri _^ cannot do , ; better ' . than ' . ' . _Mofe' ; f » m . _\ : ' tbe _' _jfc _^(! e « _Sr _/««*^ ra '' _pat « Rraph _^ _wtf proof—that schemes , of this , kind have no necessary connection , with Chartism ; and are forcing themselves into operation by . the ' sheer necessity of the . case . - ¦ - r _.- > _.-.-.-s ¦ ¦ _-,- _,.- * _-i - a ¦ ' ¦ : _> _- . ¦¦ , -.: _- . , ' _--. _' i r ,:-. .
At Kidderminster ( " an ;;; ' Independent . Coroperatlre Land _'Asidcfathm'' has been "formed , and the _raembeirs have purchased the Hooborough Estate , sear that town , and are . about locate , thereon about'twerity ' _-five ' or thirty families on the O'Connor system . The state has not only ' _agjrtcu _^ is In close ' proximity to'i ca » ai and to the line of aa Intended railway , nnd is ; in the immediate vicinage of ft populous Ww ' n _. ' ond . the looatedpartles all belong to the _nelftnbcwrnnoil ,, instead of : being drawn together from opposite and remote districts of the kingdom . It seems , however , that the co-operative plan : was la existence in Kidderminster before Mr O'Connor ' s scheme wan . br oBcne _^ i _^ _aa _^^ a _^ everal _, itreett ' . of good and Imalthy houses ; wlt _£ _i"li'illejarden ' s _; att _«^ d _^ bM ' . ' . beea ¦ erected there on this . plan , much to the advantage of nil the parties concerned . We think this fact well
deserves _encouraging mention and publicity . Whathaf been done at Kidderminster may be done in Gloucester ; and by clubbing together their means the workins _clasw may _bi able tare as there to secure for themselves ' good and healthy houses , with little gardens attached , ' instead of being compelled to reside in the detestable lanes , courts , aud alleys Into whicb many of them tiro at this moment crowded . Let them ' associate together , get some intelligent and trustworthy leaders , and responsible trustees , and they may soon raise shares sufficient to erect a score of comfortable working-men ' s bou . _ies , pleasantly and healthfully situated , and with sufficient garden ground attached to occupy all their leisure hours . When they have done this , they will have benefitted themselves , and will have conferred an advantage upon the poorer classes generally , by _setting up a model which private speculaors must follow , or be content to see their property vacant .
Trades' Movements. Hbtwood Fustian Cutte...
TRADES' MOVEMENTS . Hbtwood Fustian Cutters . —Dear Sir , —As your columns are open for the defence of the working classes against oppression and misrule , I hope that Ifihall not be thought wasting your _spacu for nothing in defending that order . I would draw the attention ofthe working classes , and the public generally , to a trade ot workmen , called the fustian cutters , who are at present suffering the greatest degradation it is _pnssihle to inflict upon working men through class legislation and grievances in their own trade . During the last two months they have undergone three or four reductions in tlieir wages . When their wages are at the very most they don't average about ten shillings per week , and now , since the reductions have taken place , they don't average about seven
shillings . Before I ge so far into the details I wiU mention the different descriptions of werk and the price given for it . Most of the cutting that is done > in HeywonH _(^ 5 is _yery woll knoffS ) is at _" Sssrs . Ashton _' s . There is one description of work called eii-wide , or more commonly amongst the fustian cutters , yard wide , for this ( being about seven days work ) , they pay at the rate of eleven shillings ; for D ' _s , or three-quarters , ( bein » a good week ' s work , ) they give eight shillings ; for E ' s , or five-eighths , they give seven shillings ; and for half ells four shillings and ninepence . Tbis is a correct statement of the prices the fustian cutters are receiving for their work . How is it possible that a man who has three or four children can make a living 1 They must be masters of stone that dare offer their men any such wages . It is well known that fustian cutting is at present mostly done by children . Men
cannot compete against children , it is _impossible , therefore the sooner that children are done away with in the fustian cutting line the better . But how to do _aw-ay with children ? That is the task .. There are so many sneaking , creeping , crouching , mean , and rascally sycophants , who betray their order , that it is not in their power to do away with children . There are to » many like * * and others , who ( too idle to work themselves ) get the children out of parish workhouses , to the number of about one hundred , pay a man a pound a week to _loiik after them , and all that they themselves do is to look after work and pocket their pounds . If cuttors had hut sense , their trade might be tlte richest in existence . The work cannot be done by steam for that has been often tried . The parties I have spoken of must be pulled down if the men intend to obtain their deliverance . — A Fustian Cutter of Hevwood .
_Crayfobd Block-Painters . —There has been a strike for some time past at Evans ' s works . The Lancashire printers are hereby warned against the delusion attempted to be practised upon themthat they may get high wages at the above works ; the truth being that the present strike is against an attempted reduction . Messrs Johnson and Lee , proprietors of the well-known travelling theatre , lately gave an entertainment for the benefit of the men on strike .
Barbaiutt.—Oneof The Hull Newspapers (Th...
Barbaiutt . —Oneof the Hull newspapers ( the Eastern Counties' Herald ) of Thursday , gives the following account of a most revolting case of inhumanity , which , it says , occurred at the vil ' age of Horkstow , near Boston , Lincolnshire , on Saturday morningweek : — ' An itinerant Irishman , with a wife and three or four famishing children , a few days before solicited and obtained employment of a man of the name of Spencer , ftreman for Lady Tufnell , in the harvest field . His wife was far advanced in pregnancy , and on the above mentioned morning : began to show signs of approaching labour . Spencer , who ia the overseer of the parish , and whose duty it was to have provided for such a case , when informed of the circumstance , went immediately to thc woman 8
husband and discharged him , at the same tune telling him he must leave the torn instantly , in order to prevent any expenses and trouble his wife might put him or the parish to . The Irishman of course remonstrated , representing his wife ' B condition and her unfitness to travel . All the poor iellow could urge or say was wholly unheeded , for Spencer threatened , if they refused to go , to have them imprisoned . IIo also declined paying the man his wages until he saw them fairly out of the town . Thus compelled , they commenced their journey to-Ferriby , another village abr _> ut a mile or two off . What the woman suffered on the road it is impossible to describe . They had scarcely arrived at this place , when the hapless creature was _delivered in the open street , surrounded by the unfeeling rabble , who had congregated to witness the sad spectacle . The miserable mother huddled up the dead
childfar dead it was—in her scanty and tattered garments to prevent exposure , until she was removed to a public-house stable , and there deposited on some straw . Mr Walker , guardian of Ferriby , shortly afterwards came to see her , but he never thought ot sending for a doctor until she began to exhibit evident symptons of delirium and a high state oi fever . Mr Morley , of Boston , surgeon , was speedily in attendance , and at once pronounced her in a very dangerous state , in which she now reraainB . Spencer and Walker arc both married men . Lady Tufnell , whose sympathy and benevolence are well known , on heiring of the distressing case , at once intimated her intention , as we are informed , of immediately discharging Spencer from her service . We are further apprised that the proper authorities have since taken the matter Into their hand 3 and commenced proceedings against Spencer . '
West Londok Central _Asti-Esclosure Assooi ation . —At the last weekly meeting ot this association _, at the Princess Royal , Circus-street , New-road , September 6 th ; Mr Johns in the chair : — A vole of thanks was _accordedito William Howitt for an additional gift ot five volumes to the library of this association , and a like compliment was also given to William King , manager ol tho Bauk ot Industry , for the gift ofa volume of the « Cooperative Magazine , ' and various pamphlets , Ac ., for the same purpose . The secretary stated that he had rcccivea pUlUVMVl X U \ J fvvlvnil J _ummvu _»»•» -- — « Pub
a letter tram Richard Oastler offering to 1 _^* - lication in furtherance of the views o this association , and correcting an error into which the as ociation had fallen in supposing tnat be _¦( _MrOwite ) had retired from public life' through the cold inditference and neglect of the working classes , ' who , Mr OaX _ItotiKw ever been his _bestfriends . The Santo _^(' the meeting were given ta Mr Oastler ior his proffered aid , and after a warm debate on the Land question , the meeting was adjourned till Mondar next the 13 th nstant , at eight for _half-patt , at tie So Place , « hen Mr _Oastler _' _s offer will hi farther considered .
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_r-( j ¦ ¦ - / ;; _i - _\ . - _' h i \ . (\ -4 _'N **| _- _| \ M J _-I i J
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Sept. 11, 1847, page 1, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns3_11091847/page/1/
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