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October ih>..l&£ TWNORl^lEM S*TAR* 7
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THE LAND! •W ithin that land was »any a ...
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* In proportion to the number of paupers...
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tewultutre anU horticulture
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FIELD-GARDEN; OPERATIONS; For the Week c...
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# Compost HEAr.-At this time Piper ban a...
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, * _.U V «l t, 'l S « n 5° "ssumption t...
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FLOODS IN THE NORTH. On Thursday evening week most tremendously leavy rain began to fall in the two northern counties
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, «uunight it poured down in perfect tor...
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, , about -eigtojfcs that a / dSSE|5^ fi...
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
Additionally, when viewing full transcripts, extracted text may not be in the same order as the original document.
October Ih>..L&£ Twnorl^Lem S*Tar* 7
October ih _> _.. l _& £ _TWNORl _^ lEM S _* _TAR * 7
The Land! •W Ithin That Land Was »Any A ...
THE LAND ! W ithin that land was » any a _milco-utent , _Ifho enrs'd the tyran _ iy t _« which h _« l _^ _nt j The e _« ll full many a wringing des _^» t saw , "Wh _« worVi Ws wantgnness in f . _» rm of law . Byron . ** A people _artong -whom equality reigned , would _possess everjthing they wanted when they possessed the means of subsistence "Why sliould they pursue additional _irealth or territory ! No man can cultivate moro than a certain _portion-cf land . "— Godwin . "So one is able to produce a charter from heaven , or has any better title to a . particular possession than his neighbour . "—PaUg .
" There « ould be no such tiling as landed property _triginahV . Man did not make the earth , and , though he liad a natural right to _occupy it , he had no right to locate as Ms property in perpetuity any part of it ; neither did the Creator of the earth open a land office , from whence the _first-Jitle deeds should issue . "—TAomai _-Puine . _TJteland shall not lie sold forever . —Moses . "There is no foundation in nature or in natural law yfikj a set of words upon parchment should convey the _dominion of land . "—Blachstone . ' * Thelandisthepeople _* sinheritance ; and kings , princes , peers , nobles , priests , and commoners , who IiaTe stolen . it from them , held it upon the title of popular ignorance , rather than upon any right , human or divine . "—Feargus O'Connor .
"Hy reason teaches me that land cannot he sold . The Great Spirit gave it to his children to live upon , and _cultivate as far as is necessary for their subsistence ; and so long as they occupy and cultivate it , they have tbe right to the soil—but if they voluntarily leave it , then any other people have a rigbt to settle upon it . Xothing can be sold , Snt such things as can be carried away . "—Black Hawk , "Every individual _^ possesses , legitimately , the thing which his labour , his intelligence ( or more generally ) , which his activity has created . " This principle is incontestible , and itis well to remark that it contains expressly an acknowledgment of the right
of all to tbe soil . For as the sail has not been created by man , it follows from the fundamental principle of property , that it cannot " belong to any small portion of the human race , who bave createdit by their activity . Let us then conclude that the true theory of property is founded on the' creation ofthe _Vang possessed . ' "—Fourier . " If man has aright to light , air , and water , which no one will attempt to question , he has a right also to the land , which is just as necessary for tbe maintenance of "his subsistence . If every person had an equal share of the soil , poverty would be unknown in the world , and crime would disappear with want "—Hike IValsh .
" As the nature and wants of all men are alike , the wants of all must be equal ; and as human existence is dependent on thc same contingencies , it follows that the great field for all exertion , and tbe raw material of all wealth , the earth , is the common property of all its inhabitants . "—John Francis Bray . " "What monopoly inflicts evils of such magnitude as that of land ! It is the sole barrier to national prosperity _. The people , ths only creators of wealth , possess knowledge ; they possess industry ; and if they possessed land , tbey could set all otlier monopolies at defiance ; they would then he enabled to employ machinery for their own benefit , and the world would behold with delight and astonishment the beneficial effects of this mighty engine , ¦ when properly directed . "—Author of Via " lleproof of Brutus . " " _vTe take the following articles from the organ of tho _ Sew York National Reformers , Young America . The articles are from the pen of the able and truly patriotic Editor of that excellent paper .
LAM ) MONOPOLY . I have said , and now repeat , that should we re-Solve ourselves back into a state of nature , for the formation of a new constitution of government , as we no doubt shall do at the next election , there is no reason , that I can see , why that constitution should not secure , inalienably , to every human being in this State , every natural right . _ At the foundation of the Republic , a great inequality of condition existed , as the inevitable consequence of an Inequality of rights . The distinctions of rich and poor w _* erc broadly defined ; there were masters and slaves under the names of employersand employed , thc rich being the employere and the poor the employed .
When the government was formed , a great mistrust ofthe poor existed among the rich , and a great ignorance of rights among the poor , that caused the poor still to be subjected to many disqualifications , which , in process of time , were found unnecessary , and in part removed . But a fundamental error , adopted from the monarchical systcm , an error based on usurpation and plunder , has remained untouched in our constitution to this day . This great error is thc monopoly ofthe soil , which , although not so seriously felt in the infancy of the Government , is now more effectually debarring the poor from the right of suffrage nnd eligibility to office than any constitutional restrictions could do .
The monopoly of the soil having " grown witli our growth , " was not looked upon as an evil ; consequently the numerous bad effects flowing from it were attributed to other causes ; and our legislation being thus based upon error , has become complicated and cumbrous . Let any man capable of thinking , follow out , in his own mind , the consequences that would result from securing to every family of the State an inalienable [ freehold , and he will at once see plainly the source from which nearly all the errors of legislation and the ills of society have sprung . Riches and poverty ; debt and Interest ; speculation and privileged monopoly ; complicated and expensive Jaws and legal machineiy _. Jaw-officers , as locusts numerous and ravenous ; poor-houses for men who have produced far more than they have consumed , while men -who never performed useful labour inhabit princely mansions and princely incomes ; gaols and gibbets for necessitous thieves , while wholesale swindlers are among the honored and respected
of the land ; ofthe unpauperised and nnimprisoned poor , one portion doing treble duty while another is begging for work ; the _ rich getting richer and the poor poorer : these are some of the finks in the chain of cause and effect ; some of the results inevitably flowing from the monopoly ofthe soil . These are some ofthe evils which have rapidly grown upon us in this infant Republican State , till the only difference between us and thc totton-ripc English tyranny is , that there one in ten are paupers , * while here it is only one in twenty-six ! Sow , as no one in Ms senses who will take upon himself the trouble to become acquainted with the facts , will deny that the cause « f this downward tendency of our condition ought to be removed , if possible , let us see if this cannot be done . That cause , we see , island monopoly : one man holding in his possession land on which two or more might subsist , while others arc without any , or the means of acquiring any , and therefore dependent on those who hold it or the means which command it .
How came this Land monopoly ? ( To be able to apply a remedy , it is first necessary to ascertain the ¦ exact nature of the disease . ) When the people on the other side of the Atlantic ocean liad discovered that there was a continent here , not so thickly iniiabited as their own , and that the people here did not know as much about the arts and sciences as they did , and nothing at all about pauperism , rum , gunpowder , land-stealing , and other refinements of civilization , their chief robbers issued mandates to their captains and favourites , commanding them to
go and " discover and take possession of" any lands in thenewworld , "not in the possession of any Christian prince . " For variety , in some cases the mandates ran "to discover and conquer" these lands , though the meaning was , in all cases , to take possession , not of as much land as the settlers needed for their subsistence , which was all that they had any right to , and that only when they found it unoccupied , but of entire tracts of the countiy extending from ocean to ocean , even if it became necessary to slaughter the Aborigines to effect it I
That was the origin of Patroonery and all sorts of land monopoly in this and other states , as any one will find who will take the trouble to examine history . It has been a system of plunder and misery from beginning to end . Every citizen of this state who has gone to the grave landless and in poverty , has gone there a plundered man : plundered by society of his right to a home , and his life , in all probability , greatly shortened by the robbery . Every citizen of the state who has now no right to a freehold , is a plundered man ; p lundered of an inestimable right which belongs to him by virtue of his existence . Everv man has an indisputable ri g ht and title to land enoug h to live upon ; and n » one has a just title to a foot more than is _necessary for the subsistence of his family , while another is withoutland . Land is an inalienable right .
Thus stands the ease at present The disease is land monopoly . There is , of course , but one remedy and that is to abolish it . The entire right would be , to put every man in possession of his land , and to compensate him , as far as possible , by a tax on the property of the state , for the time he has been deprived of it , and for the disqualifications he labours under from the vicious circumstances under which he iasbeenedacated or reared . But there is no example in history in which the mass of the people , on a refo . xaa . tlon of government , have asserted more than half tie rights they were entitled to : and , therefore , it is not wisdom in a reformer to propose measures iftat there is _noreasonabte hope of accomplishing . Besides , there is this consideration , that the wrong bas been the work of ages , aad those who are at present profiting by it are only guilty in proportion to tlieir enlightenment on the subject , and their _Opposiilea to the necessary reform .
What , then , is the true measure of practical reform ? It may be a compromise , bnt it must be of such a nature as to afford immediate relief to the injured , and ultimate and not distant radical restoration ofthe right . This , under such a riew ofthe subject , is what I propose : —
PLAN FOR RESTORING THE IAND OFUEWYOBK TO THE PEOPLE . I , That no one Urtafter , shall , under any circumstances , become possessed of more than 160 acres of land in this State . ( l ) J . _HoonehtreofUr , shall , under any eircumstaaces , _beo ome possessed of more than one lot in a city or village , ( _fiie size of which may be regulated hy the city or town authorities . ) ( 2 )
The Land! •W Ithin That Land Was »Any A ...
3 . There shall be a special court or . commission , composed of landholders and ( poor ) lacklanders , proportioned to the numbers of their respective classes in the State , who shall , in all eases _trhtre land is . held by a twenty years ' or more , a life , or a perpetual lease , determine , on principles of equity , ( witfaoutregard to legal wrongs , ) what ( or whether any ) compensation shall be paid to the claimant in full extinguishment of his claim . ( 3 ) 1 . The homestead lot or farm shall be inalienable , except at the will of the occupant , and then only transferable to a landless person . 5 . Every corporation of whatever name or nature , now holding land , shall be allowed five years to dispose of the same , to landless persons , under the above restrictions , excepting the lots and buildings occupied for their business .
6 . Associations of persons may hold their freeholds in common . I . This proposition , let it be noted , would leave in the possession of every man who now holds land all that he holds , no matter how large the quantity or how acquired , that is not used as a means of exacting tribute in thc form of rent , from landless men ; and at thc death of the possessor , his landless heirs , however numerous , could each inherit the possession , of a lot or a farm , and the possession of the remainder
must be sold to landless purchasers , and the proceeds disposed of according to tbe will of the deceased , or divided among his heirs ; and thus the heirs , instead of a large quantity of land , of whicli they might become dispossessed , or which they might use as a means of oppression , would have enough inalienably . On the other hand , _freehqhlswouldgradually cheapen , as they came into the market from the death of the monopolists , till , as none could purchase but landless men or women every one in the State would become a freeholder .
2 . The second proposition would leave to a man who might own 1000 houses in New York , for instance , the full possession of them till his death , though the influx and increase of population , and not any addition of labour , skill , or even capital , might give him the power of exacting more and more every year from an oppressed tenantry . But , on the other hand , the tenants would have some prospect of relief as the number of landlords gradually decreased , and in a generation ali would be freeholders and the landlord breed extinct , except , perhaps , a stuffed specimen or two in the museums . 3 . This is the only possible way I can see of settling the Anti-Rent difficulties , and , at the same time , of making a man of that mischievousspecies ofthe landlord irenus , the Patroon .
Giuxn Result . —The result of the adoption of this most just and reasonable compromise on the part of the landless would be a gradual emigration from , instead of an influx to , the cities , till something like that state of decency and comfort would prevail that would befit a Christian community ; a gradual diminution , instead of a . rapid increase , of folly , misery , and crime ; a great anil progressive improvement of agriculture ; a much better system of internal improvements for the benefit of the people instead of thc capitalists ; and , finally , a rapid settlement of the State and li g htening of State taxes till the adjacent states ( in which land speculation would be at an end ) would be forced , in self-defence , into the adoption of the same measure .
TEXAS AND LAND-STEALING . The Tribune has an article on this subject , in which the view is taken , and I think with good grounds , that " Land-Jobbing and Slavery were the two corner-stones of the Texian revolt from Mexico . " When the revolution was effected , thc Texians ( contrary to the precedent of the United Stated ) , disregarded the Monopoly Grants of thc previous government ; but instead " of establishing an equal right to the soil , they merely substituted Tcxian-for Mexican Patroonery , aud added negro slavery by way of progress . The land-jobbers and slaveholders who profited by this revolution have undoubtedly been the main instigators of annexation , which , according to the Tribune , will cost ten millions , and
may cost twenty or forty . There will be nothing strange in this ; almost every state and city debt projected for the benefit of speculators has ended in two or three times the original estimate . Wc have an example at out * own doors in the Groton Water , that glorious scheme to make the people pay rent for a second clement , and all the while imagine that a great blessing was conferred on them ! The Croton "Water was to cost only five millions ; but , till the people so regulate matters that they can go where land and water are free , the inhabitants of this city will have to pay the interest on twelve millions to the water patroons . So , most likely , it will be with Texas , and who " pockets the stakes ?" On this point , the Tribune takes the words out of one s mouth as follows : —
This isapoiiitof view whiebbasbeen studiously avoided by the Annexationists . They tell us enough of the fertility , the beauty , the magnitude of Texas , but how thoroughly tliis fertility , beauty , and magnificence are monopolised by a few shrewd and scheming land-jobbers , they do not say . Our own conviction is tbat the title of more than half the good land actually within the dominion of Texas is now held by less than a hundred persons , many of whom have heen the most 2 ealous , untiring , unscrupulous champions of Annexation . These will be enriched beyond calculation by transferring tlieir debt , defences , ifcc , to our shoulders , but it is every way unjust . The land-jobbers of Texas should be taxed to pay
the debt , fight out the quarrels , and pay and pension oft the army and navy of Texas . It is not right that the owners , by legerdemain of millions of fertile acres , should put their burthens off upon our people , of whom twothirds at least have not an acre . The way this land has been acquired , and is certain to be used if not broken up into small parcels by stringent taxation , will lead to Feudalism and Anti-Rentism within half a century . Let it be covered atan early day by an ignorant European peasantry , ready to sign any leases which do not exact present payment , and tlieir children will be raising Heidelberg wars and Indian obstruction to legal process bcfore . the century runs out .
This , our constant readers will recollect , is the view I have several times taken of this Texian business . The annexation of the Texian band to our own army of foreign and native land-jobbers , affords a powerful additionalreasonforthe freedom of thepublic lands , which , with the " stringent taxation" proposed by the Tribune , or some more direct measure , can alone avert Heidelberg wars , not only in Texas , but all over the United States ; aye , even in our populous cities . A people entirely ignorant of their rights , like the tenants of theS ( c ) ottish Duke of Sutherland , might be gradually reduced , as he Is now gradually reducing the tenants on his 100 by 70 mile principality , to a skeleton race , or banished , but with a people among whom rights are known and taught there is a point beyond which oppression cannot go ! Note this , all tenants , whose right is to be freeholders .
Again the Tribune saves me the trouble of writing read—The more we reflect on ihe social history and condition of the human family , the stronger grows our conviction tbat there should be some limit to the right of any one human being to monopolize thc soil which God has made for the sustenance of the race . The ui _ equailed miseries of the labouring classes of Great Britain spring primarily from the confiscation of the soil by the Xornian conqueror , and its division among his seven hundred freebooting chieftains , with the similar conquest and confiscation of Ireland , and the laws of primogeniture and entail by which estates accumulate rather than fall in pieces . At present , a Rothschild _orllarquisof Westminster might easily dispossess a hundred thousand human beings of any chance to earn a meal or shelter their heads . We hare lately seen a _Marquis of Londonderry aud a Duke of Sutherland deliberately depopulating , or threatening to depopulate , whole neighbourhoods , if not counties , on
consideration of individual advantage . Tbat the tenants have any rights in the premises , except the right to starve wheu they can get nothing to eat , does not seem xo enter into the brain of a hereditary lordling , Nor is he , in a large view , worse than his neighbours . He is "doing what he likes with his own , " and has never heen taught to do otherwise . The wrong is not in the men but in the system ; and so long as this prevails—so long as the few own everything , and the many are not Secured even a chance to produce anything , save at the pleasure of the men of millions—so long as one may rightfully devote miles square of the best soil to his park and pleasuregrounds , while thousands around him cannot , obtain a bare acre on whicli to grow the potatoes which would ward off starvation—so long as primogeniture and similar institutions are constantly perpetuating and aggravating these monstrous inequalities—we have no faith that any mere administrative Reform , such as free corn , free sugar , or anything else of theiind , caa _essentiaUy mend the matter .
True enough . Free trade ( though in itself a right principle ) is not exactly a remedy for the mass of tbe people whoare robbed of their right to the soil ior the benefit of a few free traders . Nor will abolishing the Jaw of primogeniture effect the object till theju-inciple is extended to all the children of the State . To the mass of our citizens who now , from birth till death , are deprived of their equal right to the earth , it matters little that a few large estates are , in certain contingencies , divided among the children of the fortunate holders . Besides , under our _prestnt system , theland is fast passing again into the hands ofa few , by means of the profits wrung ( from landless labour by legislative privileges . " There should be some limit to the right of one human being to monopolize the soil , " says the Tribune .
( _xAwtox . —The English Free-traders attribute the degradation and misery of the English poor entirely to the restrictions on trade , and some democratic editors of this country are stupid enough to copy and applaud their lucubrations on this subject . The poor of England now understand very well that it is the robbery of the land on which they might raise their own corn , and not merely the duty on foreign corn , that ails them . How long will men here , pretending to be democrats , have the face to saddle the " Protective" system with the evils of land-stealing ?
Dban Swift oh Women . —Dean Swift says , a woman may knit her stockings , but not her brow ; she may darn her hose , but not her eyes ; curl her hair , bnt not her lips ; thread her needle , but not the public { streets .
* In Proportion To The Number Of Paupers...
* In proportion to the number of paupers in any country , will be found , always , the number of petty thieves - and great _swindles and ether criminals large and f mall .
Tewultutre Anu Horticulture
_tewultutre anU _horticulture
Field-Garden; Operations; For The Week C...
_FIELD-GARDEN ; OPERATIONS ; For the Week commencing Monday , Oet . lQtk , lSi 3 . l ExtractedfromaDuB ? of Actual Operations on five small farms on the estates of the late Mrs . D . Gilbert , near Eastbourne , in Sussex ; and on several model farms on the estates ol the Earl of Dartmouth at Slaithwaite , in Yorkshire , published by Mr . Nowell , of Farnley . Tyas , near Huddersfieid , in order to guide other possessors of field gardens , by showing them what labours ought to be undertaken on their own lands . The farms selected as models are—First . Two school farms at Willingdon and : Eastdean , of
five acres each , conducted by G . Cruttenden and John Harris . Second . Two private farms , of five or six acres : one worked by Jesse Piper , the other by John Dumbrell—the former at Eastdean , the latter at Jevington—all of them within a few miles of Eastbourne . Third . An industrial school farm at Slaithwaite . Fourth . Several private model farms near the same place . The consecutive operations in these reports will enable the curious reader to compare the climate and agricultural value of the south with the north of England . The Diart is . aided by "Notes and Observations" from the pen of Mv . Nowell , calculated for the time and season , which we subjoin .
" The joys of these little ones shall be continually in the hoped for success of their labour ; tlieir thoughts shall be turned away from what is evil to that which is good . " Note . —The school farms are cultivated by boys , w / w in return for three hours' teaching in the morning , give three hours of their labour in the afternoon for the master ' s benefit , which renders the schools self-Buppohtisg . We believe that at Farnly Tyas six scvent / is of the produce of the school farm will be assigned ta the boys , ynd one-seventh to the master tvho will receive the usual school-fees , help the boys to cultivute their land , and teach tliem , in addition to reading , writing , die , to convert their produce into bacon , bg attending to pig-keeping , which at Christmas may bc divided , after , paying rent and levy , amongst them in proportion to their services , and be made thus indirectly to reach their parents in a way the most grateful to their feelings , ]
SUSSEX . Mondat— Willingdon School . Boys digging for wheat , carrying manure . Eastdean School . Seventeen hoys digging up potatoes , gathering stones , and gathering haulm for the pigstyes . Piper . Mowing tares and rye , digging up potatoes , turning over and mixing tank liquid with the dung . * Dumbrell . Digging . TuEsnAT— Willingdon School , Boys digging , master and one boy drilling wheat . Eastdean School . Boys sowing tares , digging up potatoes , and storing them . Eper . Digging up and storing carrots , sowing rye as we remove them . Dumbrell .
Digging . _Wednesday— Willingdon School : Boys digging for wheat , and sowing . Eastdean School , Boys emptying pigstye tank , and applying its contents to the wheat . Piper . Sowing rye , till showery weather prevented us . Dumbrcll . Digging , and carrying dung with heifer . Tiitjksdat—Willingdon School . Boys digging for wheat , and sowing . Eastdean School . Boys digging for tares , picking mangel wurzei leaves for the cows . Piper . Sowing wheat . Dumbrell . Digging and drilling tares , carrying dung and liquid manure
to the rye _grass—Si gallons to 2 _J- ' rods , or 15 } square yards . Fbidat— Willingdon School . Boys digging , and sowing wheat . Eastdean School . Boys emptying privy pails , cleaning school room and cowshed . Piper . Sowing wheat , carrying manure with the cow . Dumbrell . Digging , drilling tares , & e .-Saturday— Willingdon School . Boys digging for wheat , and so wing . Eastdean School . Boys digging for wheat , and picking stones and haulm , and drawing manure . Piper . Thc same as yesterday . Dumbrell . Digging .
cow-feeding . Willingdon School . Cows feeding on white turnips , clover , and chaff . Dumbrell's . One cow fed part of the week in the stall with mangel wurzei leaves , carrots , and oat chaff with turnips , occasionally with a few potatoes , and staked out in the wheat stubble one day . One cow and . heifer staked out on wheat stubble four diiys , and fed morn and even with carrots and oat chaff , entirely stall led two days , on the same materials .
NOTES AND OBSERVATIONS . Lime . —In all soils there ought to be a proper quantity of lime . There may be so much more than will do good ; there may be far too little ; and it is a nice point in husbandry exactly to adjust thc quantity ol" it to the wants of the several crops . It appears to act as a kind of flux to certain earthy substances , and to fit them to become , along with itself , a part of the structure of plants . A proper supply ot it , therefore , ought to be kept up in the soil ; the best method of doing which , perhaps , is by using it , in small quantities , and frequently , as a compost . No rubbish about the farm can come amiss to form with it such compost . Peat earth , poor mould , scouring of _ditcher , will all be found of value . Such
a dressing may be requisite for your wheat crop , to increase the strength of * its straw , and to keep the plants erect . It is usual to apply it previous to thc sowing , and to work it well iuto the ground ; but it used in the caustic or quick state , never let it come near to manure , particularly the fluid manure of the farmyard . Small Farms . —Ifc appears from the experience of the Eastbourne tenants , that a farm of four acres is as profitable to an industrious tenant , cultivated on the Belgian plan , as one of seven farmed under the old system . Ten acres appear to be more than one
man can well cultivate with the spade ; and lately ten acre farms there have been reduced to five , in order that by concentrating the labours ofthe tenant he might do better ; and the change has been found advantageous to him . It has been said , by an excellent person , and well may it be said , " that he who leaves his land uncultivated , so that it does not produce , w & half of what it ought to do , may not unaptly be compared to thc dog in the manger , who wiil neither profit by his situation himself , nor let another do so . " Such persons , with perfect justice , may be addressed like the unprofitable tree in the parable , and asked , " why cumber ye the ground ?"
Arguments in favour of Spade Husbandry . — Spade husbandry is not a system of expense or risk . Less capital is necessary tor it than ordinary husbandry . No gardener would think of planting potatoes , carrots , or cabbages in ploughed land , if he could get it dug ; for the difference of produce far more than compensates fov the difference of expense . By turning up or loosening the ground five or six inches deeper than the plough , which does not ordinarily act on more than three or four inches of soil , there is an opportunity afforded for thc descent and diffusion of the roots of plan _* s . If this plan were carried into effect to a moderate extent only , the demand for labour would be augmented at places where
it is exuberant , * while , in case of an insufficiency of hands , the plough would still be used , and the necessity would thus be avoided of sending workpeople abroad . —Dr . Yellowly . Every small farmer ought to use the spade , for many reasons . It costs but little more , even if he had to hire assistance , and does the business better . In all drill crops , also , by using the spade , he may put in a quicker succession of crops , and have one coming forwards as the other is ripening . In wet seasons he can dig when he cannot plough ; and its value , in turning up stiff clay land in autumn , and exposing the soil to the frost and snow , is scarcely to be imagined ; . and in all such lands this plan should be pursued where no winter crop is put in .
Mixed System of Spade and _PLorcn . — In this respect I am quite decided in opinion , that the entire use Of manual labour is in small farms much more beneficial than the entire cultivation by horse-work ; but a mixed system , where a horse can be got in due season , 1 should prefer to either ; but in this lies the difficulty ; for it should be remembered that very often the small occupiers WhO are Obliged to hire horses , are forced to wait , in order to get their labour performed in that way , until the proper period for doing the work has passed over , to the evident injury ef their crops . " Whereas , if they had relied upon the spade , which they had at their own command , however slow the work might have appeared to them , it would have been performed in due season , so that they might have reaped the fruit of their industry . It possesses the additional advantage of employing the poor man , at a season , when it is difficult to get employment elsewhere . —PUeUfs _Prixe Essay ,
DOW TO KEEP A COW AT THE LEAST EXPENSE . To the Editor of the Preston Guardian , SlB , —On reading Cobbett ' Cottage Economy some time ago , I was quite " taken up" with his plan of stallfeeding for cows . After reading it several times oyer , a thought struck me— " How easy many of our hardworking anizans , with large families , might supply themselves with milk and butter at a trifling expense , especiall y now that there are so many patches ol potato land on all sides ofthe town , more particularly on the Moor-park . i _ Cobbett proves ( and satisfactorily so I think ) that
a cow may be kept the year round on a rood of land ( a quarter of an acre ); the rentof this , 1 suppose , will not exceed £ 2 . The labour to cultivate this will not amount to more than 200 hours in the year , which may be easily spared , as it would only be needed at intervals . The manure required in cultivating the land will ( after the first year ) be supplied without expense from the cow itself , and the cost ofthe seed required will be very trifling . Now , Mr . Editor , with your leave I will lay before your readers " how a . cow can be kept on a rood of land .
First procure a rood of land which is in good order and free Irom weeds ; measure o ff four plots , a rod each . About the 26 th of August , manure one rod and sow one-half of it with Early York Cabbage seed ,
Field-Garden; Operations; For The Week C...
and the other half _withiSugar-loaf Cabbage , in little drills , eight inches apart ; if they come up thicker than two i ches asunder , thin them to that standard ; hoethem up as soon as they have grown a little ; and when they have got six l eaves make ready another rod or two , into which you must prick out the plants in driiU eight inches apart , and three inches between each plant ; taking care to hoe them np often . The remaining 36 rods of land we suppose are lying in ridges , 2 feet apart . * Early in Noveiuberlay your manure between the ridges ; you will then turn over the soil on the top ofit , then transplant your plants 15 inches apart , putting in a row of Early York ' s and a row of Sugar-loaves alternately . These must now be kept free from weeds and slugs : the best way of destroying both is by dragging them out bv the hand .
If the ground is dry atthe top in winter , hoe it up ; and in March , when tlie . ground is dry , hoe it up deep and well close to the lower leaves of thc plants . In March or April sow more Early Yorks as before , . which must be planted in the place of the Early Yorlcs you cut out , which you will commence doing in June . Always mind to dig up the ground and manure it previous to planting . You should finish your transplanting about the middle of August . You need not purchsse your cow till next June , by which time the first crop of Early Yovks will be ready for cutting . When ' , you have finished your first crop of Early Yorks , commence with the Sugar-loaves , then follow on with the second crop of Early Yorks , allowing your cow 801 b weight per day : these will last you from June to November . Now we havo to
provide for _lood from December to May Mowing , which is done in the following manner * . — About the last week in May sow Swedish turnips or mangel wmzel ( I should say half of each ); sow it in the sanie way as the cabbage—a quarter ofa rod every three days , till you have sowed two rods—thin them to four inches apart in the row : from these two rods you must draw your plants to transplant where you have , cut out Sugar-loaves ; this should bedone from the middle of July to the middle of August , to be transplanted in the same way as the cabbages .. These turnipsand mangel wurzei will be sufficient for the space of time we name , allowing the same weight—eighty pounds per day . , The leaves will be cut off a short time before you get them up , and can . be given to the cow , whicli will save something else . When you feed
your cow on mangel wurzei , she should have about half astonc of hay per day , which is not necessary if you give her turnips . Mangel wurzei requires more manure , but the leaves are more valuable , and the lower ones can be pulled very early . The benefit to a working man by this plan is very great , added to which there is the pleasure he must feel in having his milk _pturefrom his own cow . The labour in cultivating the cabbages will scarcely be felt , and his wife or daughter will take no small delight in attending upon the cow , wliich is a very healthy employment , its breath being fragrance itself . I should , however , say that I would not advise a very large ( and consequently high-priced ) cow to be bought ; a tight small animal , at a moderate price , will answer best . It would also be as well for some of the family at dinner hour to drive the cow to the nearest pond of water , being better than watering in the stall . The cow should be fed three times a day , taking care that she
is fed at sun-rise and sun-set . The greatest difficulty at thepresent time would be to get suitable sbippons , convenient to the dwelling . house ; but this would soon be overcome , as owners and builders of cottage property would erect them , if they found a demand , so as to yield profit . Most parties are aware that a cow needs only to be kept perfectly dry , without being warm ; so that a shippon might be built for the cow , or ( what would answer equally as well ) a row of shippons would be erected at a less expense than where the building required to be warm and substantial . If this plan of cow-keeping should meet with general adoption ( which I hope it will ) , I would suggest the formation of a " Cow Club , " which is formed on exactly the same principle as a burial society , each party contributing something weekly , and receiving , when he has the misfortune to lose his beast , as much as will purchase another . —Yours , « fec , A Smali . Farmer . TheFylde , August 20 , 1845 .
WHERE IS THE MONEY TO GOME FROM FOR AGRICULTURAL IMPROVEMENT ? " Landlords have it not , and tenants cannot afford it . " This reply generally accompanies a tardy admission , that agricultural perfection is desirable . As theory and practice are always best in combination , I will state how the means are to he found , and illustrate it by my own case , leaving it to the option of others to follow my example or not . At all events the objection of want of means is thereby removed . Having some spare capital , I invested it in land , purchasing 200 acres . Subsequently I reflected on the imperfect condition of one of the farms , and considered I should be doing no moro than a public and private duty by improving it . Well , having already invested , where was the cash to come from ? Why ,
I resolved on selling the other farms , and invested the proceeds in improving the remaining one . This is a ready way of conferring a great national benefit , without injuring ourselves , it takes away the excuse ( the last prop ) of tlie non-improvers , and proves it is a true saying , that , ** where there is a will there is a . vay ; " and where there is not a will , there is an excuse , good , bad , and indifferent . The struggles for tenures are surprising , A tenant will frequently purchase a farm at a high rate , and mortgage it forthwith for less than the purchase-money , 'in order to secure a holding , abstracting thereby a portion of his much required means , and sometimes-do so when his capital is barely adequate to his present tenure . If farmers , . who plead as an excuse for not farming high , that their means arc inadequate , would diminish
their holdings one-half , they would lessen the competition for farms , and benefit themselves and the community . Their capital would thus be doubled in its relative proportion to their acres ; and tlicy would be at liberty to bestow deep and frequent tillage , with abundant stock and manure , where now the land , the landlord , the labourer , and themselves , are in an unsatisfactory and unprofitable condition . Drainage I consider the landlord ' s affair ; but now that an acre of land can be perfectly , deeply , and permanently pipe-drained , for from 40 s . to 70 s . per acre ( see Mr , Parke ' s aud Mr . Pusey ' s statement , Royal Agricultural Society ' s meeting , 18 th of April ) , the neglecting to ' . do so by either landlord or tenant amounts to a positive national and individual disgrace . It is giving to the League the opportunity of saying , " Oh ! you
can if you choose produce for us abundantly and profitably all the food wc require , but you ivill not do so . " I maintain , and am prepared to ' prove , that there is no difficulty whatever in raising profitably and forth _, with more food than we can require for our own consumption ; but then we must " try and grow beans , seven feet high , instead of fences seven feet high : the one exhausts the soil quite as much as the other . Corn and cabbages must displace those Ugly old pollards that mar the landscape , and are worth on an average 2 s . each , to pay for a century ' s growth and cultivation ( for tlieir roots are regularly ploughed , harrowed , manured , and sown over ) . I will venture to assert as truth , that every _villanous stump of this description has been a loss to the nation of sixpence annually : or in the
whole period of its growth from 20 s . to 50 s . —multiply this by forty millions , and calculate the loss . As to hedge-row trees , the loss they occasion to the nation is certainly equivalent to five millions annuallyassuming that there are but two on every acre , and that they cause an annual loss of one shilling each . It must be in the remembrance of many that the protected silk manufacturers , some years since , either could or would not supply our own market with silks , so the smuggler made up the deficiency . Mr . IIuskisson , not liking the loss of revenue thus occasioned , told them , they must study and apply better methods , and not be beat by foreigners , but produce silks cheaper and more abundantly at home . Loud and bitter were their outcries and protests—their pleas of ruin , destruction , and non-employment—wailinir
they bemoaned the anticipated glut ot foreign goods . But the stern President of the Board of Trade said , '' Gentlemen , relying on protection , you have stood still whilst the world has advanced . You aro a century in arrear with your means and appliances . Come , look round you and amend your deficiencies , and put your shoulders to the wheel ; avail yourselves of all recent improvements , either scientific , chemical , or mechanical , and you will have nothing to fear . " Well , the terrible day came , prohibition was exchanged for a moderate duty—they improved their slovenly and clumsy methods , and now not only can they supply our own people abundantly , but tlicy are large exporters . Let us do tlie same in agriculture , and be in advance of Sir Robert Peel , and so render his new tarifi nugatory , doing away with the terrible anticipations of free trade .
'lhe question of what may be profitably produced from aH acre of land , is a very important one . Professor P ayfair ( a first-rate authority ) has , I believe , stated , that £ 250 can be and has been produced from one acre of market- garden in one year , and we all know full well that in all gardens the produce is abundant , compared with field culture . Why it is so needs no reply . At blithsome morn and dewy eve , the crowds of men , women and children issuing from market-gardens , are living solutions of the problem and stand in charming relief to the solitary farm labourer alone in a _twenty-acre field , or scattered here and thereover an extensive district , like plums in a school-pudding . The werage annual return of the arable land of this country being about live pounds ten shillings per acre , stands in miserable comparison with Dr Plavfair ' s £ 250 . v * u _« i . _x- « _y We all know that Lincolnshire is the best cultivated
# Compost Hear.-At This Time Piper Ban A...
# Compost HEAr .-At this time Piper ban about fifty cart loads of _composed manure ( pretty well for a fiveacre farm ) , the fruits of his care and industry . He will empty upon It about 200 gallons of tank liquid two or three times before it is used .
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_, * _ . _U _« _l 'l « _5 ° "ssumption that parties have tbe land to seek at this time . B y Cobbett ' s plan it iB _neeessary _. and no doubt itis the best , that _theSshouid have , b _fn _\ e 1 nVtn " ( ? es 2 feet _¥ _' ia APrfl and Zy and _tep . h , _li _i _^ e over . as often -as the weed got 3 Inches high , by which means the weed would be kept under , and ? _- _^ _ _T _^ _3 _) lan ? ' StiII > _a"y «>• ' _»»» ooKTnil _?! ,. tt _? . forw _, _** _T „ Potatoes have been got up , and f ° / _'Z _» l , fl - _^ _i ° _» ** _£ * ' n ' 9 _"¦*«* ec _^ menee operations , wh ch is better than miting till spring . Thirty _, si * rods of this land should be _laidln ridges , 2 feet apart , as soon as possession is obtained , which should not be later than a week or so from this time ,
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county in tho Lnited Kingdom . The secret of this may be found in the extract from an able paper in the North British Rcvietv , on ; " The Improvement of Land as an investment for Capita ' , " and proves that even leases are secondary to " a valuation of tenants ' improvements , " which iw'K attract capital and intelligence , " There arc many tenants who , in the present state of the money market , would be able to borrow sufficiency of capital to effect those improvements which pertain both to landlord and tenant , if they had tlio security of a lease , or an agreement , that on quitting the farm , they should be repaid their outlay , subject to deductions , _increasing for every year that had elapsed since the expenditure was incurred . Under
such a system , a large portion of the wastes of Lincolnshire have been reclaimed by tenants-at-will ; and few changes have taken place in occupancy , which not unfrcquently descends from father to son without a lease . A Lincolnshire farmer on quitting , receives from his landlord , or the incoming tenant , half the amount of his bill for oikake consumed that year by his sheep and beasts wliich tread his straw into manure , lie receives also the amount of his expenditure for buildings , subject to a deduction of l-21 st for every year he has enjoyed the benefit of it * , for draining , _subject to a deduction of l-14 th ; for claying and chalking of l-7 th ; and for bones of l-5 th , for each year . Such , a system , though not so good as a leasehold tenure , is the best substitute for it . "
I am perfectly convinced from facts every day brought to my notice , that unless this system of valuation is made the uniform law of the United Kingdom there is but little hope of improvements progressing as they should do . Improvements should be encouraged , but they are now discouraged , for I constantly meet with zealous and praiseworthy improvers , whose feelings are embittered , and operations cramped by the uncertainty of tenure occasioned by their own improvements . A non-improver , or bad farmer , has no such fears ; he is quite safe in possession .
for who is anxious to dispossess Am ? Let us hope our legislators will see to this , for there is already too much indisposition to improve . In a recent instance , in Essex , a noble lord has abolished his tilery and sheds , established three years since , because his tenants would not accept of the tiles " gratis , " they finding the labour ; and another landed proprietor in the same county , is precisely in the same position . This is not creditable , but it is a common occurrence in this and other counties , and shows the objection toamendment .
Capital is a most sensitive commodity ; like ourselves , it seeks for security and remuneration , and you cannot have either under the present system of non-valuation _^ capital and intelligence are frequently in co-partnership , 60 that by excluding the one you lose the other , and arc obliged to put up with an inferior tenantry ; uneducated , and consequently bignted and prejudiced , mere practical men , unguided by the light of science , whose aid they ridicule . It is humiliating to the fine manly spirit of tenantsat-will ( without a . valuation ) to feel that they hold their farm tremblingly on tbe balance , atthemevcy ofa capricious or imperious steward , to whom they
must bow with humble submission , or risk the loss of their holdings . It is a fact not generall y known , that at least three-fcurths of all the land in this country is either entailed or settled ; so that the tenant for life must sink any capital he may invest in permanent improvements . This acts as a complete barrier to solid amendment . In Scotland , sundry Acts of Parliament have remedied much of this evil , hy permitting the life-tenant to charge the estate with a large poition ol' the cost of improvements . The Duke of Richmond has introduced a similar measure for England , and it is to be hoped will succeed in getting it passed into a law . No doubt others for Ireland and Wales must soon follow .
These , with the enclosure of waste lands , and the better cultivation of those now imperfectly farmed , would open up a vast and profitable field for the employment of our labour and our capital . I . J . Mecih .
DISEASE IN THE POTATOE CROP . The potatoe crop is suffering much from disease in the south of England , as well as in Flanders and the north of France . The same disease has also shown itself about Lymm , in Cheshire , and in some of the stiff lands in Lancashire , though it has not become general either in Cheshire or Lancashire . At Lymm the destruction of tke crop is almost entire , and what renders this the more remarkable is that the soil in that _neighbourhood is one of the best iu the north of England , and particularly favourable to the growth of the potatje . It will be seen from the following article that the editor of the Gardeners' Chronicle attributes tho disease to the too rapid growth of the plant , and the want of solar heat to carry oil ' the superfluous moisture . This is probably the case
to some extent , but we cannot help suspecting , Irom the frequent appearance of disease amongst the potatoe crops during the last live or six years , as well in wet as in dry seasons , that many of the sorts now in use arc becoming exhausted , and that the only effectual remedy is to raise new varieties from the seed . All that is necessary is to squeeze thc seeds from the pulp , and to sow them inthe spring in small beds like onion seed , transplanting the plants when they are' two or three inches long . Any one who has a garden may do this , and though it is not possible to tell in the case of any single seed what sort of a plant will be produced , yet it will generally happen that abed thus sown will yield one or two good varieties . When it is considered that the tuber of the potatoe is not the seed ofthe plant but merely
arcceptiiclc for nourishment , furnished with buds , it will easily be seen that no new variety is likely to last i ' or many years , and that it is a matter of absolute necessity to return occasionally to the real seed . Therefore , without doubting the correctness of the theory contained in the following extract , we should strongly recommend the growers of this valuable root to raise a few new sorts every year , and thus "to renew the blood : "¦— " The Potatoe Crop . —A fatal malady has broken out among the potatoe crop . On all sides we hear of the destruction that has overtaken this valuable product , except in the north of England . In Belgium the fields are are said to have been entirely desolated . There is hardly a sound sample in _CoYent-garden market . In fact , the murrain seems to have been transferred from catile
to potatoes . The disease consists in a gradual decay ofthe leaves and stem , which become a putrid mass , and the tubers are affected by degrees in a similar way . The first obvious sign is the appearance on tho edge of the leaf of a black spot , whieh gradually spreads ; then gangrene attacks the haulm , " and in a few days the latter is decayed , emitting a peculiar and rather offensive odour . When it is severe the tubers also decay ; in other cases they arc comparatively uninjured . The cause of this calamity is , we think , clearly traceable to the season . During all the first weeks of August the temperature has been cold—from two to three degrees below the average ; we have had incessant rain and no sunshine . It is hardly possible to conceive that such a continuation of circumstances should have produced any other
result , all tilings considered . The potatoe absorbs a very large quantity of water . Its whole construction is framed with a view to its doing so ; and its broad succulent leaves arc provided in order to enable it to part with this water . But a low temperature is unfavourable to the motion of the fluids , or to the action of the cells of the plant ; and , moreover , sunlight is required , in order to enable the water sent into the leaves to be perspired . In feeble light thc amount of perspiration is in exact proportion to thc quantity of light that falls upon the leaf . At sight , or in darkness , there is no appreciable action of this kind . During the present season all this important class of functions has been deranged . The potatoes have
been compelled to absorb an unusual quantity of water ; the lowness of the temperature has prevented tlieir digesting it , and thc absence of sunlight has rendered it impossible for them to get rid of it by perspiration . Under those circumstances it naturally stagnated in their interior ; and the inevitable result of that was rot , for a reason to be presently explained . If the first days of July had not been suddenly hot it would not have happened ; if we had had sunlight with the rain it would not have happened ; and perhaps it would not have happened had the temperature been high instead of low , even although the sun did not shine , and rain fell incessantly . It is the combination of untoward circumstances that has produced the mischief . "
SEED POTATOES FOR 1846 . The following correspondence has just taken place between Lord Portman , President ofthe Royal Agricultural Society , and William Herapath , Esq ., the eminent analytical chemist of this city , in reference to seed potatoes for 1846 . His lordship , in a subsequent letter , requests that the correspondence may be made public , and it has been handed to us by Mr . Herapath for that purpose . The subject is of vital importance , and is worthy of thu deepest attention * . — Bryanston , Sept . 13 , 1815 . Sib , —I observe in tlie newspapers that you have directed your attention to the potato disease , and have advised as to the use of the starch , itc . As I am specially bound , during this year of my holding the office of
President of the Royal Agricultural Society of England , to promote inquiry aud to notify observations on subjects relative to the produce of the soil , I trouble you with this letter , and ask if any method has occurred to you by which the potatoe may be preserved for the planting of 1846 ! I have found thatpotatoes _. apparently sound and free from tho disease , though in a field or garden whicli has been partiaHy diseased , have , after being stored away , shown signs ofthe disease and have rotted off ; and I fear that the greatest quantity of tho potatoes will thus perish , and so continue the distress of the poor into another season . I have directed some potatoes to be stored in slaked lime , in the hope that it may preserve thera , but have , of course , yet bad uo time to judge of the effect . I , therefore ask for your opinion , as one of our most eminent chemists , upon this point , and would ask leave to make known your reply , if you are able to offer an opinion sufficiently explicit to be useful . I remain , your obedient servant , Wni . Herapath , Esq . Poktiuk _,
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Bristol , Sept . 17 , 18 i 5 . My Lord— " m reply to your letter ofthe 13 th inst , I must say that I do not think- it would be either safe or prudent to depend upon the _in-ccted potatoes ofthe present season as seed for the next year ; as , in all instances , I have found the diseased parts to extend wheu the potatoes are kept in a dump situation ; I should therefore expect that if any diseased seed was kept so dry as not to rot before setting time , yet upon being planted and left in thc damp soil , the rotting process would then begin , and the hopes of the husbandman be disappointed . I have no doubt ! that some potatoes , apparently sound , have ( as stated by your lordship ) been found to be affected after stowing away ; but I do not consider this to bave been an origination of it , but merely that which was not noticed whan dug has become ap _»
parent after storing . When a potutoeis lirst affected tbe diseased parts are scarcely visible , but upon keeping it in a dry place the spots soon become dark and consequently more apparent , but tbe spots do not extend ; if , however , the tuber lias been kept in a damp place , the spots not only extend rapidly over tlic surface , but penetrate into the interior , aud in a short time it will be completely rotten . As far as the slacked lime , which you have used in your potatoe stores , as a tendency to prevent the tubers from touching each other , or , by its power of absorbing water , of keeping them dry , it will answer a good end ; but it must not . be CNpcctcd to have any chemical eft ' ect upon the diseased parts or their juices . Anything which , like dry sawdust or saml , would prevent contact , would prevent the propagation from oue tuber to another , and any substance capable of absorbing tho
moisture of the air in which the potatoe is stored , would prevent thc extension of the disease in each diseased root . Our _bestniiei-oscopists and _eryptogamists are divided iu opinion as to whether the cause of tlio calamity is a fungus or not . After all the examination I have _givon to the subject , and a careful review of all the evidence broiiglitbeforcmoon the two sides , I believe that it is ; anil I am daily confirmed in the opinion originally expressed that the only advantageous way of treating the diseased potatoes is to obtain from tlicm , hy rasping and washing , the starch which they contain—by which process all their nutriment can be retained * , and if it is well dried it will keep for any length of time . The operations can be performed in the cottage ov manufactory alike , as no apparatus beyond il till rasp ( a nutmeg , grater ) , a tub , and clean water , arc required ; and I have ascertained that , however far the disease might have extended , even if the
root is rotten , yet the starch can be separated , and in a state fit tobe eaten , if it shall bc well washed , as all the bad parts come away with tlic water , while thc great weight of the starch carries it to the bottom of the vessel . If it is required that the fecula should have all the qualities of the best foreign arrow-root , itis only necessary to wash it last in water containing a little chlorine , when it has unrivalled colour and quality , and this lean speak of practically , having made many tons of the article . I will only add , that an opinion has been circulated that thc disease is owing to the introduction o £ guano as a manure ; this I feel no hesitation in contradicting , as I have seen it in situations where no guano has been used , and in those where every other variety of manure has been resorted to . I am , your lordship ' s most obedient servant , _WlHUJI llERAI'ATn . Lord Portman .
Floods In The North. On Thursday Evening Week Most Tremendously Leavy Rain Began To Fall In The Two Northern Counties
FLOODS IN THE NORTH . On Thursday evening week most tremendously leavy rain began to fall in the two northern counties
, «Uunight It Poured Down In Perfect Tor...
, « uunight it poured down in perfect torrents , and continued all that night , all day on Friday , and thc greater part of Saturday , and the consequence was that all the rivers and streams were swollen and overflowed . More terrific floods have not been known in these counties for many years , and never at this period of the season . The rivers Eden , Lowthcr , Eamont , Lune , and Petteril _, all overflowed their banks , causing great devastation and an immense loss of property . On the J ulian Uo wcr estate ( through wliich the river Eden flows ) , near the village of
Teniplesowerby , Westmoreland , belonging to Hicham Tinkler , lisq ., of Eden Grove , upwards of 2 SU _stooks of excellent _coL'ti were all swept down the stream with thc greatest impetuosity , all attempts to save any part of it being extremely dangerous and of no avail . On the same river , the huge centres and scaffold , . which were erected for thc purpose of repairing the hivgc bridge which spans that river at Appleby , Westmoreland , v . eve taken down the stream early on Friday morning ; and although numbers of workmen were soon at the river ' s side , endeavouring to land thc large Jogs of timber , yet by far thc greater portion of them could not bo caught , and wero rapidly taken down by the flood , and have not been seen or heard of since . This accident will retard the
workings going on at this bridge ior a considerable tunc . On the river Lune , near Borrow Bridge , _teiimassivc centres on which were erected a _stage , for thc purpose of building a bridge on the Lancaster and Carlisle Hail way , were entirely swept away , causing a great inconvenience and loss to the sub-contractors of thc works at that bridge . Messrs . Bird and Ilalph had about one hundred stooks of corn washed _away by the overflowing of ' the _l'ottcril , in the vicinity of l _' enrith , the greater part oi which tlicy _sucaeeded in procuring far down the stream in a sad condition . Large quantities of scaffolding and other materials were swept away , on the rivers Eainwit ami Lowthcr , from the working of the monster bridges at Yew ' s Cragg and Yanwath Hall , on the Lancaster and Carlisle Railway .
It is to be feared that numerous other accidents and loss of property , in various districts of Cumberland and Westmoreland , have taken place . The com crops , a great portion of which in many districts in these counties still remain uncut , are at present in a most deplorable condition , being all laid flat on thc ground , and being likely to grow , wiil render the corn of bad quality . Tlie stooks in the fields arc all entirely soaked through , aud great numbers of them lying scattered on the ground , and amongst the water . The prospects ol" the farmer arc anything but cheering , and unless the weather shortly becomes more favourable , thc worst of consequences for them will ensue .
On Friday and Saturday last all the workings on the Lancaster and Carlisle Hallway were put a stop to , the workmen not being able to stand out , so heavy and continued were thc torrents of rain . Nearly all the corn-mills on the above rivers were stopped by the flood . The rain did not cease till Saturday night , but to-day ( Sunday ) thc weather is fine , but the flood has not abated so much as might have been expected . Newcastle-on-Tyne , Saturday . —A great quantity of rain lias fallen in this district within the last fewdays , which has swollen the rivers , and done much damage to property on their margins . On Thursday the rain fell in torrents all day , and yesterday the Tyne , at high water in the afternoon , overflowed its
hanks lor several miles , covering all the low grounds near Hexham and . Newburn , carrying away the corn produce of several fields in stook , and doing serious injury to the potato and turnip crops . The quay at Newcastle was covered with water , and the cellars ia the neighbourhood completely inundated . During the ebb tide the current was so strong as to carry away several vessels from their moorings , and the damage done among the shipping in the harbour was very extensive . The Ocean brig was driven on the Herd Sand 3 , and thc sea is breaking over her in such a manner that it is feared she will become a total wreck . The Havid , of Yarmouth , had her mainmast carried away , and thc Dove steamer lost her foremast . The mate ofthe Atlantic , of Shields ,
was killed by the breaking of a warp , and the Blossom steamer was driven against thc brig John with such violence as to stave in her quarter , and she was only kept from sinking with the greatest difficulty , her funnel being also carried away . It is impossible at present to enumerate the _casualitics that have occurred , as thc extent of damage is not yet fully ascertained . The harbour was a complete scene of confusion from the vessels adrift ; several wherries were sunk , and , indeed , it was impossible for a small boat "to live . " Tne police boat hi . ( I ft narrow escape , having just got out between two vessels , when . they were driven together with great violence . A .
great number of bowsprits have been broken , and an immense pile of broken warps has been collected in Young ' s dockyard by the police , who ave protect _, ing it till claimed by the owners . The ebb tide today has brought down large quantities oi" hay and corn , a cow , several sheep , and a horse , and from these indications , it is apprehended the damage done in thc west , of which only very partial accounts have been received here , is very great . The Blaydon station ofthe Newcastle and Carlisle Railway was knee-deej ) in water , and the line for several miles was covered The garden grounds about Hexham arc still under water , and it is feared that the entire potatoe crops in these places will be destroyed .
Glasgow . —Owing to the heavy rain which continned to fail during the whole of thc present week , the Clyde has flooded its banks to an extent we have not seen equalled for several years past . The whole of the sheds at the liroomielaw were inundated , and but for the precautions taken to have the property lying under them removed to a place of safety , much valuable stuff might have been destroyed . The water opposite the steam-boat quay was at least twenty feet upon the causeway , and between Washin ? ton-street and M * Al pine-street , Broomielaw-street was covered to within six feet of the pavement . At one _fime , when the tide was full , pavt of the footway of tho wooden bridge was washed by the stream , and latterly became in such an unsafe state , that Lieutenant Reid , of tho Gorbals police , after consulting with
different proprietors on the south side , deemed it his duty , to send a number of police substitutes to prevent passengers risking their lives by crossing the the bridge in its present dilapidated condition _^ The flood in its progress swept many of the fields in the upper districts of the country . A correspondent at Netherfoot , on tho banks of the Clyde , says that Joseph Cabling , baron officer to Lord Douglas , has lost his whole crop of oats , amounting to about 200 stooks , and that the potatoes are covered with water near the Clyde . Mr . James WilkieCraignethan had a rick of wheat carried off , and stooks floating . We likewise learn able quantity of grain was carried off _? on the bank of the Black Cart . *
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Oct. 11, 1845, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns3_11101845/page/7/
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