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April m, 1850. . g , T^flflMfil^i^AR , '...
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jO THE ' ifGBXnSG?. CLASSES. ' 7 7-7LsMn...
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TO THE DEMOCRATS OF GREAT BRITAIN, (From...
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Fatai, Gun Event.—A dreadful accident be...
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- i The 'Provisional- Committee --of ; t...
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TO PHILIP M'GRATH, THOMAS CLARK,.WILLIAM...
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-¦* TO THE EDITOR OF THE NORTHERN STAR, ...
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j&atfaital fUnu trom-diuu).
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Bosford.—At a meeting of members' branch...
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DISSOLUTION OF THE LAND SOCIETY. TO TnE ...
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¦***•¦ — THE MINERS OF THE NORTH. TO THE...
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
Additionally, when viewing full transcripts, extracted text may not be in the same order as the original document.
April M, 1850. . G , T^Flflmfil^I^Ar , '...
April _m _, 1850 . _. _, T _^ _flflMfil _^ i _^ AR , ' . _^
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jO THE ' ifGBXnSG ? . CLASSES . ' 7 _7-7 LsMnL .- "¦' .. "' :-.: ¦ - : ' / _«*• Words are fM" > gs ;' ahrl a small drop of inlc _jjlling—like _dew—^ upon a thought , - produces That which makes thousands , perhaps millions flunk . " . ... : btuos . _twftAN'D'S _ATPEAL TO THE BRITISH B ? _BIiA -DEMOCRACY . _TnTTtcj _XAPOLEON AND THE "QUIET Si i MODERATE" MEN OF "GIsDER . " Beo theb Proletahiaxs , The darkest hour is nearest to the dawn ; _V-xxdW a" * _Testilence wrrapt Ireland iri a I _^ _ril pall . The apath y which permitted
* _T sacrifice of Mitchel and his compatriots , aWoA * o the g loom of death the darkness of ftair * Bnt , behold ! " a bri ght particular Si .. " the Aurora of a happier day _ishursting _iSous-h th * s ° * re ni _S ht of _desolation . A _fav months ag o the heart sunk in hopelessness , _^' c ontemp lating the fallen and degraded state _S Ireland- Sow hope is rapidly taking the nlace of despondency . That bri ght _luminarj-+ ] i * ' Ilislunan has arisen , and is shedding li g ht ad life around . It is at once the reflex and £ he reviver of Irish Democracy ; the mom-• 4 al- ( let us hope ) of Ireland ' s day of
redemp tion * * _To the _uennine lover of Jbrcedom , no duty is more p leasing than that of acknowledging and extolling the fraternal services of other of her devotees . As one , -whose mission it is to speak for as well as to , the British democracy , I roDSider it incumbent io take notice of the admirable addresses from the Irishman to thc democrats of Britain , reprinted , the first in last Saturday ' s Northern Star , and the second in the current numb _«* r . * Those addresses prove , firstly—that the
spirit of veritable democracy is obtaining _possession of onr Irish brethren ; and , secondlythat all the efforts of English tyrants on the one hand , and Irish impostors , like the _O'Cox-SELLS , on the other—have failed to prevent the g rowth of that sentiment whicli must ever spring from true democracy—Fraternity . Until now , a main feature in Irish agitation , has been ihe inculcation of hatred of the English without distinction . It was the boast of the Irish _Afolcanna that Irish soldiers shot down English Chartists at Newport ; and it -irashis vaunt that "five hundred thousand
Tipperary bnys" were read y , if needed , to put down the Radical-revolutionists of England . Erery attempt on the part of the English democrats to unite the suflering millions of the tiro nations , encountered from O'Coxxell aud his satellites the fiercest hostility , and most virulent denunciation . On his trial , the great , impostor even made it matter for boasting that Be had prevented the fraternisation of the " loval Irish" with flie English Chartists . * ' _^ How different is the course pursued hy the men
who at present are devoting their services to , and perilling so much in , Ireland ' s cause They draw a just distinction between the British people and the tyrants who plunder and oppress the millions of hoth countries . They deplore that the p hysical strength of the two peoples has been arrayed agaiust each other , or when combined has heen so , to promote tbe aggrandisement ofthe common enemy . They desire to unite the two nations , that each aiding the other may succeed in hreaking the chains of Saxon and of Celt .
Surely , the soul-stirring addresses of the Irishman will not have been made in vain . It is the dnty of the British Democracy to _respond , less hy words than by deeds . If the toiling millions of Britain feel sympathy for their wronged Irish brethren—if they feel indignant at their own sufferings—they will grasp at the hand proffered to them in the spirit of brotherhood , and swear , by their common wrongs , to march shoulder to shoulder—a serried phalanx—against theoppressors who have so long misgoverned both countries , and plundered and enslaved the people of both islands .
Yes , plnndered and enslaved are the downtrodden millions of hoth Ireland and Britain . In the Irishman of Saturday last it is stated , on the authorit y of a "Report compiled by Major _Lahcom , that , iu the time of the recent "famine , " there was produced in Ireland a sufficiency of grain to have supplied thc whole of the inhabitants with a year ' s consumption , and to have left a surplus of ninety-seven pounds' weight , for every man , woman , and child in the island . Tet , in spite of this superabundance , the miserable people perished of hunger , and rotted to death , to the number of hundreds of thousands . The well-fed hypocrites in Parliament , and elsewhere , asserted , that the famine was a visitation of Divine
Providence "—the truth being , thatthe famine was caused by no extraordinary visitation of auy kind , hut , by the system of permanent plunder , established for the benefit of landlords and capitalists . Similar results are produced by a similar state of things in this country . The people raise the com , hut cannot get a sufficiency of bread . They rear the cattle , yet thousands of them never taste flesh meat . They build mansions and palaces , and are g lad to shelter themselves in hovels , garrets , and cellars . They perform the dreadful
_la-Dour of digging through the bowels of the earth for coal , yet how many of their class never know the comfort of a stove-full of fire ! They weave silks , broad-cloths , and linens , yet rags , or at hest the coarsest clothing is the outward and visible sign of their allegiance to Labour 3 They traverse distant seas to bring home wines , teas , coffee , spices , and innumerable luxuries , yet the best and the most of these products of distant lands are consumed by idlers and plunderers who never braved the dangers ofthe" deep and the hardships ofthe storm . Amongst the
wealth-producers povert y abounds , and the labour which ¦ supplies so many enjoyments fails to confer them on the labourers . The greatness of the nation has been built up by the toil and heroism ofthe many , but the few have contrived to monopolise thc * advantages and the glory of Britain ' s Empire " on which the sun never sets" The words ot TiBEitnjs Gkacchus _, though uttered two thousand years ago , apply strictly to the present condition of the great mass of Britain ' s defenders on flood and field . —• "The private soldiers fi g ht and die to increase the wealth and luxuofthe greatand
ry , they are styled rulers of the world , while they have not a foot of ground which they can call their own /* Slavery accompanies poverty . Thepeople who have no voice in forming the Jaws they are compelled to submit to , whose mdustry is taxed b y irresponsible rulers , and who are compelled by hunger to work on any terms the m aster-classes may dictate , are slaves . He who works for the profit of another , and is denied the enjoyment of rig hts secured to his fellow , is a bondman and a slave . And such is the state of the veritable people of this country .
The entire system is one of organized villany , and to reform it altogether should be the stern resolve of every true man . In these islands all the elements of happiness abound ; and if hitherto those blessings have heen _mo-^ ° p olised by the idle and the rapacious , the _fe'ilf i iii a great measure , has been with the people themselves . An earnest and general effort for their own redemption would result in _T _*? ° -7- Until when is that effort to he delayed ?
For earnest men , the " good time" of labour and struggle in the wa _? against injustice L _^ _tJT" , f ° _? ' *" . let -England ' s re-S _^ SS _^ S appeals " _^ Irishman . Let the Bnta-h Democracy commence the _workof _orgamzabonrngoodle aniest . "Where ftere _' _sawillthere ' _sa _^ _y _v _^ be taken as a proof that the will to be free does not exist . The plea _** £ *» * 2 ftemaave * are content *} , _mustbe takelS te who profit by the existing _syitenT I
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... The organ of , _qur-pDem <> cratic ,. Brethren acroia _. SL George _' _s-ChanneV is a ; papt » which should be ; read wherever . British Democrats congregate , ;' _- _' - It exhibits talent . equal to ' -that of the Nation in its _best'davs , with this additional claim on British _suppprfc-ithat though breathing fervent aspirations for Ireland's regeneration , it wages no war against Britain ' 8 people ; on the contrary , it desires _^ to quote its own language—to .. " weave together the rose and shamrock—the one ho longer tyrannical , the other oppressed . To grave on one shield ' the rights of liberty , of labour , and of man / And to twine together the banners , green and red , in one thick cord , to bind down for ever the demon that has oppressed ns . "
All individual "Democrats who can afford to purchase the Irishman should do so . All organised bodies of Democrats will do so , if they desire to learn the sentiments , and note the progress of their Irish brethren , There is no paper that has higher , holier claims on the people of both countries than the talented , earnest and thoroughl y democratic Irishman . Of French affairs a cursory notice , this week , will suffice . In dealing with the
disputed electoral returns for the department of the Haut Bhin , the circumstances connected with which heing similar to those at tlie election of the Soane-et-Loire , the majority in the Assembly has given another illustration of "Moderate" equity . The Members elected for the Haut Bhin heing Ordermongers their election has been voted legal , while tho majo rity had previously unseated the Members for the Soane-et-Loire . Why ? Because they were Socialist-Democrats . The Government
is pushing forward the Bill to transport to the Marquesa Islands Barbes , Blanqui , Raspail , and other Revolutionary Chiefs condemned for the affair of May 1848 , aud June 1819 . The Ordermongers seem determined to establish some excellent precedents , which may be made to apply to themselves hereafter . The " Special" Chief ofthe gang has heard the warning note of popular _vengeance . Returning from Viuccnnes to the Elysee , the imperial ape had to pass throug h the Faubourg St . Antoine , where , to his dismay , his ears were assailed with cries of " Vive la Bepublique—democratique et sociale ' . " "A bas le tyran "" and men with naked arms , shook their clenched fists in the
face of the " nephew of my uncle , " at the same time exclaiming , " We will onl y have the Republic ! " The Times correspondent consoles his masters with the assurance , that "there are few who do not believe that the authorities are perfectl y competent to suppress any attempt at disturbance . " He significantly adds : — " So strong is this feeling , that there are very moderate and quiet men who think that an emeute would be so far fortunate that it would decide many a disagreeable question for a long time . Of that , however , I do not learn there is any chance at this moment" What a pity ! Tou observe , Brother Proletarians , that there are some "very moderate and quiet men , " who would like a little insurrection—an
unsuccessful revolt , so that they might have the p leasure of massacreing the Proletarians , and making a St . Bartholomew" of all known Red Republicans . Of course these quiet and moderate aristocrats , hankers , and men of property , would not do the killing themselves , they would employ butchers for the purpose . But why blame these interesting traffickers in human lives ? They are onl y true to "their own convictions , ideas , and opinions ; " and you know it is declared , on high authority , that " men who are true to their own thoughts are true to the world as _tlitv see it . "
Vive la Humbng ! Yes , they believe the world was made for tlieir paradise and for your hell . They are true to the conviction , idea , and opinion , that it is their sovereign right to use up the labourer purely for their own profit , and should he rebel , to slay him without pity or remorse . But that is not " private assassination , '' it is onl y murder according to law , and of course Citizen Chenu is content . What , though millions suffer , and thousands are destroyed ,
aslong as " property" is secured , and " order " maintained ? Let us hope , Brother Proletarians , that there will be no insurrection in France until the people are sure of victory ; and let ns hope , too , that in the event of the people being forced to combat against their tyrants , that ( notwithstanding Ckenu _' s horror ) the " quiet and moderate" men , who are just now thirsting for the people ' s blood , will have their thirst allayed after a fashion they would least desire . L'AMI DU PETJPLE . April 11 , 1 & 50 .
To The Democrats Of Great Britain, (From...
TO THE DEMOCRATS OF GREAT BRITAIN , ( From the Irishman of April 6 th . ) Brother Democrats , —In our last we glanced at ihe ungracious aud insulting mode in which the Constitution—the boasted , idea ) , unwritten _^* and non-existent Constitution of England—had been sealed against your entrance . It is a "holy of holies , " into which none of the vulgar roust be admitted—none but the high-priests of thc aristocracy , duly sprinkled with the blood of a struggling people !
The insult is not a bootless one—the deprivation of privilege is not a bare sentimental abrogation of right—it is an actual , solid , and material injury . It leads to evils so sore as must one day level ' , like a Sodom , the cumbrous fabric of the British Empire , and scatter to the four winds of heaven the elements ol the tyrannical and unwieldy fabric . At the present day , it crushes you—made in god's image—into the mere brute ; into a base and hopeless struggle for a morsel of food . On you go , from wceE to week , toiling , like Hood ' s semptress , " in misery , hunger , and dirt . " "Why , friends , why is this ? Remember the Constitution itself is founded on a revolution—the
first stone was laid in successful revolt ; and the wings and keeps of the great feudal dongon , that oppresses ns all , and throws its black shadow over the broad woods of North America , and to the mountain tops of Central India , were built up by repeated acts of insurrection . Why , then , should you bow pour necks like slaves to the willing yoke ? You are told of allegiance : be you the Sovereign , then , and to you will the allegiance be owed . Submission , you are instructed , is dne to " the powers that be ; " but what power is equal to that of the people ? What , in fact , is the power of the Crown but the crumbled walls ofa dismantled edifice ? The
Sorereign has now no authority—she is the puppet of Ministers , and they , in turn , are the creatures of Parliament . Rave you sworn allegiance to that rotten body , that every changing and changeful composition of all that is stupid , worthless , and tyrannical ? "Look at your _M-P . 's—what is there about them that marks the heaven « b 6 rn right to oppress and to degrade ? Yet , from these nominees ofa debauched aristocracy , and not from the throne emanate the edicts that have reduced youtO a level with the live-stock on a West India plantation .
Wiil you go on submitting to this multifarious tyranny ofa grinding class ? If you had a despot what would it signify ? the farthest reach of his extravagance would be mild , compared with the burdens under which you trudge . Every village has its lordly satrap , every city- or countv * its bevy of dictators . For these it is not _enough * to screw the last farthing from the toiling farmer , and stint the meals of sleepless labour ; but they must make a joint-stock partnership in the trade of --eneral spoil and public oppression . * " * look at the "National Debt , of which you pay up some twenty-nine millions of annual interest When , think ye , did this begin to accumulate _? Was it under the fierce absolutism of the Tudors or the gloomy despotism of the Stuarts _« Did these arbitrary minds draw to themselves the wealth and vitality ofthe nation ? No ; it was Parliament—the diffused monarch y—the sovereignty of the aristocracy , that devoured the present , and anticipated the future .
The banishment of the legitimate dynasty , and the introduction of an elected monarch , threw tho power of the crown into tbe hands of the Legislature . One tyrant had been cashiered , but ten thousand were installed in his place—and then began the race of public profligacy . When the expulsion of James laid the crown of the empire at the feet of the parliament , the public debt was little more than half a million . Now , after about one hundred and sixty years of liberty , and constitutional government , it is eight hundred millions . At that time , the public revenue _va _? _nbfiviv two _wMout st year—now , it « _fifty-two
To The Democrats Of Great Britain, (From...
millions annually . _^ This , _/ friends , is" what your pa _*" - lianieiit ha ' s _^ aone for you . ' Two _inillioha ' Bervea all ttie , ' pubHcjjui _$ 6 ' s _^ iftonarchs and their _predecessors ; l ! but the _parliament kings _^ the ten'thousand aristocratic ' sovereigns—must have fift _^ tw ' d _. ; Formerly , ; / the ! mo > narch only considered his own wants and those of a few ' favourites ; but now , meri of England ' , you have to ' provide for a whole army of rulers . This is the reason why Lord ' John Russell could stand up inthe House of Commons aiid sayj jou were unfit for the suffrage , and that , having obtained it , your first step would be to cancel the National Debt . To be sure it would . What right have you to pay for the profligacy of the _Marlboroughs , the Walpoles , the Liverpools , and the Newcastles ?
Look at America' There employment is abundant , 'food is plenty , and wages are two or three times as high as here . Surely , if the employes of " government" should have high pay anywhere , tlie Union is the place . Yet a paltry secretary , in a London office will pocket more money than the President of the United States . Is this to be borne ? You go in rags , toiling liko beasts of burden , with nothing before you but the poorhouse , or the grave , that these bloated voluptuaries may riot in pension and place . This is thc way in which the National Debt was acquired : —First , entail and primogeniture kept all the property in the hands of the eldest son . The others had to be provided for * elsewhere . The work was easy , for their fathers and brothers held in their own hands the reigns of power , and the government of the nation . Offices without end , and salaries without limit , were created and given away . The church establishment was kept up in
all its wealthy prodigality . It was a convenient nestling placo for the young cygnets of aristocracy . The army , the navy , the learned professions , were similarly crowded with the Corinthian capitals of lofty sinccurism . Embassies and missions were created without end . Wo have known instances in whicli many thousands outfit , salary , and travelling expenses have been paid to parties as ambassadors to neighbouring States , who actually never left London ; others , " in which nn antiquated belle or a broken roue , wished to . visit the German spas , or escape the pertinacity of dunning creditors by a sojourn in thc mountains of Switzerland . _Government—ttiia blessed , constitutional government of yours—got up a flash embassy , or sham secret mission , and a whole family , with cousins to the tenth generation ,, were paraded through the continent , with all thc splendour and eclat of State deputies , at the public expense ; or , in other words , at yours —while you were vourselves steeped in misery .
More ; if these ' hopeful sight-seers happened to fall into a fit of spleen , and fancy some mimic insult , the whole nation was up in arras . Navies were sent out to avenge tho wrong , and battles were fought , and blood was spilled in plenty . - The revenue was then run upon , till the Treasury was exhausted , and ¦ ' a loan" necessary . Here was a new opportunity for public plunder . The contract was given to a batch of aristocratic blacklegs , with pockets as empty as their heads ; but no matter , they knew how to spend money . Of course , they had no notion of raising the cash , but they handed the matter over to the bankers , and netted some aggregate millions by the transaction . How far debts acquired in such profligate modes , for more profligate purposes , ought to be a binding
obligatioB , may well be questioned . The acts of a usurper are never recognised on thc restoration of the legitimate sovereignty . We had intended , brother Democrats , to run much further into the question , and expose for you , in our own plain way , a slight miniature portrait of the very handsome , and withal complimentary manner in wliich your affairs are managed , and yourselves lightened of all extra or cumbersome cash . It had been our purpose to examine the Colonial Government , and point out to you the great advantages arising from depriving independent nations of all liberty whatever , for no other appreciable reason than that they may afford a flimsy apology for first paying , and then pensioning , such very estimable military butchers as , for instance , my good Lord
Torrington , of rather equivocal Ceylon celebrity . It had also been our intention to take a slight glance at some eight hundred thousand acres of Crown lands , which you and the House of Commons together purchased , some time back of the reigning Sovereign , at a handsome price , but whicli , though of unquestioned fertility , somehow can hardly pay for its management . In fact , to give one instance , there is Sherwood Forest , containing ninety-five thousand acres , or very comfortable allotments for some twenty thousand honest English Democrats and their families . "Well , this very handsome estate of yours—for it is absolutely , bona fide , and
unquestionably yours—these ninety-eight thousand acres yield , what do think you ? Just this : in a period of twenty-five years the statistics of which are at this moment before us , they yielded a nett profit of nine thousand and odd pounds less than nothing—in other words , the management of your estate cost you exactly nine thousand pounds more than it returnod . Would you not think it , now , full time to take it into their own hands ? We can assure you , on the faith of honest men , that every branch of the public service is managed iu the same style of exemplary ecoHomy suggested by the very profitable national estate of Sherwood Forest .
It is against such barefaced plunder that we ask you , friends , to protest—not in the grumble of the pot-house , or the extemporised courage of the ginbottle , but with the firm and resolute determination of men . Were ye formed for slaves , we ask you—are the make , shape , and proportions of degradation written indelibly on your-bronzed countenances . ? If so , you have happily found your proper position . But if * otherwise—if the proud voice of manhood rises in your hearts to shout " weare men , " then , be of us and with us . We have raised the flag of Erin—the green banner of a thousand years . But we have sworn , too , enmity to oppression ; wherever and however it may be found , the Irish Democracy is its sworn enemy ; join us then , brothers ; help us to wipe off together the foul stain of domination ; help us to twine together the banners , green and red , in one thick cord , to bind down for ever the demon that has oppressed us .
We do not broach impossibilities , men of Britain Trodden and oppressed as we are , we are still the people ; help us to assert the people ' s rights—to crush those proud usurpers who have wronged and insulted us in Parliament , and tyrannise over us elsewhere . Help us to fling the proud flag of a free Democracy over every battle-field of Europe ; to assert thc high , yet , humble , privileges that God gave to man—to toil , and reap the benefit . We ask no spoliation of honest property ; but wo will submit to none . Look round the horizon ; heavens ! how it reddens , to dawn on the great _Armagedden of Nationality—the broad battle-field where a continent and its islands shall join in the loud anthem of freedom , and sing , once and lor ever , the requiem of departed oppression .
Rise , men of England , the battle is yours ; we shall not be behind . Already , the lack-lustre eye of Erin flashes with the glories of Tara , and the memories of Clontarf . A million serfs step proudly on the greensward of our isle , and swear they will be slaves no longer . Tyranny is doomed , we tell you ; it is fated in God ' s Book , and the exposition is read i n j , hundred tongues by events as they pass . Hear ye not the voice of the Archangel proclaim the resurrection of man , the restoration to his first estate ? Look abroad—look at home ; are ye contented—are your neighbours ?—and if ye be not , what' power of earth or hell can bind you ? Are you not the peoplethose whoso fertile streams feed the groat ocean of military force , and whose toiling industry supplies
the sinews of the proudest war , weaving , like the silkworm , a tomb for your liberties and yourselves ? Ye are the strength of the nation ; know it—act on the knowledge , and your power is omnipotent . ¦ Combine , unite ; remember man is the lord of the creation , not by superior strength , but by superior skill . Practise that skilful wisdom , and exercise your lordship . Multiply yourselves like the locust flight—for in numbers there is power . Are we not all wronged ?—then why should not all ucite ? We stand out for the nationality of our brave countrymen ; but that nationality is not repulsive . We ask but to make our island-home one of the sisterhood of nations , free as the wild winds ofHeaven .
Do you grudge us that , men of England ? Then , stand aside , the battle shall be fought without you . Europe is set thick with the crop of future freemen . In them we shall find brothers . Let no dastard heart pollute the sacred cause of liberty . The struggle is already on and around us . Dare ye follow ?—choose for yourselves ; be cowards or men . Look at your factories , black with the smoke of your hardy toil , but blacker still with tho infamy of the oppressions you have suffered . Look at your fields , red for the pregnant seed , but not to bo harvested for you , ye aliens in a soil that
is your own—ye strangers in your native land—ye helots to a willing chain . But come , join us once and for ever , and the helotism is dissipated , the chain is broken , and a new age and era shall have been written on the title-page of tho world s history . We must part you for the present , friends , but be strong in the good cause . Remember our organisation is a social one , and society cannot be protected without soldiers . We must , therefore , all be ready to redeem and buy back for posterity a bequest which our fathers never left to us . —Your faithful friend , TiiE IRISHMAN .
Fatai, Gun Event.—A Dreadful Accident Be...
Fatai , Gun Event . —A dreadful accident befel the Rev . Georgo Pretynian , of Great Carlton , eldest son ofthe Chancellor of Lincoln , on Saturday afternoon last . When he was passing throug h a hedge with a gun in his hand , its contents were unhappily lodged in his body , and in a few seconds he was a oornse .
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- I The 'Provisional- Committee --Of ; T...
- i The _'Provisional- Committee --of the , ; Nar tional Charter Association , > met on Thursday evening ,. April llthy at ' _theirofficej H _; 'Southampton-street ,. Strand : _llr . John Milne in the chair . Most encouraging correspondence was read from Ashton-under-Line , Bradford , _BirstaV _Gainsboro , Keighley , Liverpool , Merthyr' Tydvil , _Newcastteoii-Tvne , and "l armouth
. The Secretary reported that a steam boat _couldnot be had on Whit Monday . It was then agreed that the " Gem , " be engaged for Whit Tuesday . It was also agreed that a Tract Fund be formed , and that au address to the country to support this laudable method of propagandism he drawn up , aud submitted to the next meeting . The Committee then adjourned to Wednesday evening , April 17 th . Present : Messrs . Arnott , Brown , Grassby , Miles , Milne , and Reynolds .
_ExETun . —At a meeting of members held at the . Caledonian Coffee-house , on the 2 nd inst ., the Parliamentary votes of the Liberal member for the city—Mr . Divett—was brought under _discussion , and moro especially his absence on the motions ol Messrs . Hume , and Berkeley , on the . Sufirage ami the Ballot , aiid Mr . Cobden ' s motion for Financial Reform . After a protracted discussion , a communication having been made by a member as to the . course , tho Reform Association of this city was likely to fcike on the subject , the discussion was adjourned to Tuesday , April the lGth . _ Sheffield . —At the weekly , meeting hold in the Democratic Temperance Hotel , 33 , Queen-street , on Sunday . evening , a communication was received from the Irish democrats resident in this town , intimating that they wei . wishful to join the Chartist Association , ia a body ; whereupon Messrs . Rcnsbaw , Holmes , and Hague , _wcl-o deputed to . wait
upon our patriotic Irish brethren , to give them a ( riendly invitation . The deputation returned in the course of an hour with the pleasing intelligence that they would most cheerfully join hand ana heart ; and they likewise suggested—which was agreed to—that , at tlio first meeting ,- Mr . Buckley bo desired to address thom next Sunday evening , in the above room . ' . Chair to bo taken at half-past seven o ' clock . A few additional cards were taken out , and the meeting stood adjourned . JBirmixoiiam . —Kbw Summer-street Locality . — At a numerous meeting of members and friends , Mr . Dumriin in the chair—Mr . Dalziel delivered a very ' . instructive lecture on . the organisation of labour , whioh gave general satisfaction after which Mr . Jackson moved , seconded by Mr . Grantham , " That as the subject is one of vast _importance , it be discussed on' Sunday evening . " Carried . William Jackson , secretary .
The Victims . —At the locality meeting held at the City Chartist Hall , 28 , Golden-Jane , it was resolved : — " That in consequence of no Victim Committee being in existence , the Provisional Committee be requested to take the management in their hands , in the hope that by so doing the funds will be increased , and greater satisfaction given to the country at large . Cm Chartist Hall , 2 G , Golden-Lane . — On Sunday evening a lecture was delivered by James Bronterrc O'Brien to a numerous and attentive
audience . Subject— " The march and prospects of Social Democracy in England , France , & c . The lecture was very instructive , and all who heard it appeared to be gratified . Whittingion asd Cat . —At a meeting of members a resolution was passed , calling on the Provisional Committee to embody the metropolitan delegate council . Mr . Davis delivered an excellent speech , after which the following resolution was unanimously carried : — " That we , tho members of this locality , highly approve of the conduct of the Provisional Committee , and that we will do our best to strehghten their hands , and make the society what it ought to be . " After enrolling several members , tbe meeting adjourned to the following Sunday , April 14 th , when Mr . Davis will expound the policy of the present Provisional Committee .
Macclesfield . —Mr . Julian Harney delivered an address to a crowded meeting of democrats on Saturday last . Mr .. John West presided . An unanimous vote of thanks to Mr . Harney closed the proceedings . Manchester . —Mr . Julian Harney delivered two addresses to the democrats of Manchester , in the People ' s Institute , on Sunday last . Mr . Watson presided . The afternoon meetings are usually but thinly attended , but . on this occasion a very large muster of friends assembled to listen to the speaker . At the conclusion of Mr . Harney's discourse , Messrs . West and Leach briefly addressed the meeting . A deputation from the Central Short Time Committee then came forward and presented to Mr . Harney tbe following communication : — " Sir , —At a meeting of the Central Committee for the protection of thc Ten Houia Act , ihe ' . following resolution was agreed to : —* That a deputation wait upen the editor of the Northern Star to tender the thanks of
this Committee to him , and to the proprietor , for the support which thc Ten Ilours cause has received from that paper , and that the deputies be instructed to say that the Committee will feel it to be their duty to take the same course with any Other public supporter of the Ten Ilours question , without reference to any political opinions which he may hold . '—I am , sir , your obedient servant , T . Mawdsley , Sec . "—On the __ meeting breaking up , accompanied by the deputation and Mr , Leach , Mr . Harney proceeded to the " Cotton Tree , " where he addressed the Central Committee , returning thanks for the proprietor of the Star as well as for himself , and editorial colleagues . At the evening meeting in the People ' s Institute , every inch of sitting and standing room was occupied—indeed , the hall was crowded well nig h to suffocation . Mr . Harney's address was warmly responded to . Mr Leach moved
a vote of thanks to Mr . Harney , highly eulogising him for his straightforward and consistent career , and for * the kindness he had shown to himself , Mr . West , and others , when confined in Kirkdale . Mr . Skelton , formerly of London , seconded the resolution , and , in so doing , said , that some one in the meeting had called out for " a vote of confidence in Julian Harney . " Such a vote was not needed , the people had confidence in his friend Harney ; and by those who best knew him was he the most warmly respected . Mr . Dickenson , the "Manchester Packer , " said he must third , tho thanks _. He proceeded to comment' at some length on the public career of Mr . Harney , and singled out the letters of " L'Ami du Peupie" for special commendation . A forest of hands testified the unanimous approval of the meeting . Mi * . Harney replied , and the proceedings terminated .
Rochdale . — Mr . Julian narney addressed a crowded meeting of the Rochdale democrats on Monday evening last . Mr . Robert Gill presided . A vote of confidence in , and thanks to , Mr . _Harneyj was moved by Mr . Bake , seconded by Mr . Shepherd , and adopted with enthusiasm . Stockport . —Mr . G' Julian Harney , addressed a crowded and enihusiastic meeting in the spacious hall of the Lyceum , on Tuesday evening last , The chair having been taken , Mr . _WiJiams in a powerful speech , moved the adoption of a
resolution ou the Labour Question , which having been seconded , Mr . Harney spoke in its support . His address was warmly applauded . The resolution having been adopted , the following resolution was also carried unanimously * . — " That notwithstanding the false and corrupt calumnies circulated by certain men who orice belonged to ourorder , this meeting has full confidence in Mr . G . Julian Harney , and thanks that gentleman for his faithful services to the people ' s cause . " Mr . Harney having replied , the meeting dispersed , first giving three hearty cheers for the triumph of Democracy all over the world . [ Wc have been compelled to abridge the reports of the above meetings . ]
To Philip M'Grath, Thomas Clark,.William...
TO PHILIP M'GRATH , THOMAS CLARK , . WILLIAM DIXON , AND THE FIYE OTHER PERSONS WHO HATE USHERED INTO EXISTENCE THE « NATIONAL CHARTER LEAGUE . " Brother Chartists , —With feelings of regret I have observed your secession from the National Charter Association , and your projection of a New Society , identical in its principles and objects , and differing but . slightly in its moans for their attainment . I believe you have not sufficiently considered the consequences of this , in my opinion , imprudent and dangerous step , and I raise my humble voice to warn you to pause , ere you introduce the evil of disunion and civil warfare into the Chartist ranks .
I acknowledge that , on certain points of policy , a wide difference of opinion exists between yourselves and the majority of the acting members of the Charter Association , and that this difference has been aggravated and embittered by the introduction of personal and hostile feelings ; but surely this does not justify you in commencing a New Society . This , if justifiable at all , can only be so as a dernier resort , and should , even then , receive the sanction of a large minority of the members ; hut such has nob been tho fact in your case . What means of conciliation have you resorted to ? What
lengthj ) i time have you allowed to elapse for excited feelings to cool ? . Could you not have waited until an Executive body was elected , laid your protests before them , and have beon assured ofthe policy they intended to adopt ? If you had followed this course , and had failed in securing attention to your views—if large and influential bodies } of Chartists—men who wire no ways personally connected with these unfortunate disputes , ' had then called upon you to form a new Association , your conduct would . have appeared more . feasible , and your motives would not have been liable to misconstruction , Gentlemen , from the long experience you have
To Philip M'Grath, Thomas Clark,.William...
had of . political agitation ; you _magt""be " Weiraware ' of the injury ' that even . the ' seihbla : nc ' e ;<) f two _organisatiohs'for the ' same object will inflict uponiour cause . Our Irish and Scotch brethren " were about Uhitihg _' withus _. _fortho attainment of the People ' s _Charter ; with which' _^ organisation must they identify themselves ? Will they not' stand aloof from ¦ both ? Think in what a position you place Mr . O'Connor , and many other active democrats ; they must either hold themselves apart from both parties , or , if they join one , give'Bitter cause of hostility-to the neglected section . Even among local leaders , what causes of dissension and heartburning will it not < -lve rise to ? The Chartist and every other agitation is carried out by the exertions of a few active spirits in each town ; amongst these you have
r . ¦ * ¦ * . 1 il . . . mil * nt nnrimi thrown the apple of discord ; the unity of actio * _, will be dissevered , and their influence . destroyed , Ourhalls and places of meeting throughout the country aro the ' ioint property of shareholders , who , in all probability , will embrace opposite sides ot tbe dispute , and the right of occupancy to tliese places will bo a fruitful cause of dissension ; one groun-i or quarrel will beget others , and the result will be , that no had far better havo slumbered in inaction , than have h « d two rival factions contending before the public for supremacy . Iu past . times , we have all bitterly deplored the division of our own . ranks , caused by the promulgation of Mr . Lovett ' s plan ot organisation . That secession from the main body was caused by tho self-same di _^ prence of opinion on matters of policy which you have now started .
Lovett ' s plan of organisation was more perfect than our own but tho public folt tho inconsistency ofa secession on sueh slight grounds , and we denounced the mischievous tendency of the division ; and , after causing heartburnings among the leaders—not to this day eradicated—the Lovettites dwindled into nonentity , and their services were lost for all matters of publio good ; but though their influence is gone , ' and their leaders have retired into . obscurity , tlio mischief tliey produced is still pregnant with evil , and your ill-advised step will stir the smouldering embers into life and activity . You may imagine that you are-justified in the step you have taken—that Truth is mighty , and will , in the ond , prevail . " But , gentlemen , it is not Truth for Justice that , in instances liko the present , _carrier
the sway ; a thousand fortuitous circumstances may give a supremacy even to the erring partythat _p-irty which possesses the rudest health , which can collect around it men of the most cntei prising habits , and of tho most bigoted zeal will survive in the conflict , but the warfare will damage not only the individual character of the opponents , but also the general -character of the body ; and , in the metropolis , where the quarrel had its origin , the result will be most disastrous , for there . personal liberty will mingle its most deadly influence with the otherwise minor matters of difference , and we shall fall into the gulf of disunion , which , in a somewhat similar instance , paralysed tho efforts of our brethren in Ireland . Gentlemen , I wish not to underrate your power or _influence— -you possess
unquestioned abilities ; from long experience you are adepts in all the machinery of agitation ; you will be able to command the services of local agents , attached to you by ties of personal as wed as political friendship , but all these advantages only tend to make your project more dangerous to the general welfare of the body . I am too well acquainted with the majority of you , to believe that you are actuated hy any feelings of personal ambition , or that wounded vanity has any share in this proceeding ; if it has , in the name of our commom welfare , I implore you to case the degrading incubus away let the sympathies of past exertions , and the liopes of future success , bind us again in one united phalanx . A few months will restore to us our old and tried
_friends—M'DoualJ , Shaw , Jones , Fussell , _Beznr , and others . If they have been imprudent they have bitterly suffered for it . Do not oven by implication further hei g hten their sufferings ; let them not see two rival organisations struggling for power , with tho alternative of increasing the hostility , by adding their infiuenco to either of the opposing parties ; let each make concessions ; in the present infancy of the separation , this can be done with honour , by both parties ; and it will add to your credit , as the seceding party , to take the initiative . Let a Conference be again held , let fresh officers be again appointed , and tho past be buried in oblivion ; or , let the election of an executive , under the
present arrangements , and the policy adopted by them , after mutual consultations with the councils of both associations be held , binding upon all . We are on the eve of a great and mighty struggle ; let us not be found worrying each other , instead of preparing to join in the combat which will then take place between the oppressed and the oppressor . As leaders of the movement , you are all answerable to your countrymen and to the world , for the conduct you now pursue ; reflect calmly upon this responsibility , and I know that you will act justly . Yours in sincerity , Thomas Martin Wheeler .
O ' Connorville , April Sth . [ Mr . Wheeler ' s good intentions warrant the publication of the above letter . But he is sadly in error as regards the influence of the seceders . They are impotent for any mischief but that ol self-destruction . Ed . N . S . ]
-¦* To The Editor Of The Northern Star, ...
- _¦* TO THE EDITOR OF THE NORTHERN STAR , Sir , —In the Star of Saturday last a meeting of the Charter . League is reported to have been held in the City Chartist Hall , and as a wrong impression has been made upon the minds of some of our own members , and believing the style of that report will have had the effect of leading the reader ** of the Northern Star , in general , to believe that the above mentioned meeting of the council of the Charter * League was holden inthe City Chartist Hall , Cri pp legate ; you will oblige by informing the Chartist public that no such party ever met in council . in the City Chartist Hall , Golden-lane . Moreover , neither the council nor members of this locality are favourable to any counter agitation for the Charter , nor will they sanction or acknowledge any edicts or plans of procedure , except such as emanate from tbe Provisional Committee . - We are , Sir , yours respectfully , The Council of the above Society , A . Tomlinson , W . Lomas , — Hook , Berry , J . Fowler , J . Harper ; J . Brisk , sec .
J&Atfaital Funu Trom-Diuu).
j _& _atfaital _fUnu _trom-diuu ) .
Bosford.—At A Meeting Of Members' Branch...
_Bosford . —At a meeting of members' branch held on tho 8 th of April , at the sign ot the Old Pare Tree Tavern , Mr . Holroyd in the chair , it was resolved ; —That it is tho opinion of this meeting , that the affairs of the National Land Company be wound up as soon as possible , and that the directors be requested to do so . "— " That while this meeting considers it desirable that the affairs of the company be wound up , it also holds tlie opinion that any individual members may invest the amount of their shares ( or scrip ) in tte hands of Mr . O'Connor , for the purpose of forming another Company to carry out the Land Plan . "
Rochdale . —At a special mooting of the Land members held at their room , Yorkshire-street , on Sunday last , Samuel _Clegg in the chair , the following resolutions wero agreed to : —Proposed by W . Taylor , and seconded by John Butterworth ;—" That this meeting having seen with disgust the numerous obstacles thrown in the way of its advniicement by pretended friends as well as by open foes , thc Public Press , & c . That as the government and . the House of Commons have done all in their power to impede its progress , that it he wound up without their assistance , if it can be done with honour and safety to its worthy founder , Mr . O'Connor , as' we have the fullest confidence in him and thc directors . "—Proposed by George Morton , and
seconded by Abraham Crabtree : —" That as great numbers have paid no levies , the secretary do prepare the list of arrears for each section in rotation , and to commence with the first on Sunday afternoon , at two o ' clock , ; in the room , in Yorkshire-street . " The meeting was one of the most numerous that had been held for thc last two years . : Several speakers addressed thc meeting in a friendly and kind spirit , all feeling confident in the plan if honestly worked out by its members . Carrington . —On Sunday evening last a meeting of members was held to tako into consideration the critical position of the Company . Several of tho members present were those who lent their assistance to open the branch—veritable Chartists—men who have laboured and paid to their utmost in the
beginning , to set the Company on its first foundation ; and , I am convinced , that there are many such like men in different parts ofthe country . Had the Company been confined to men of the same principles , who had paid up willingly to test Mr . O'Connor ' s ability ,, and if a failure occurred , to sink their money ,. if such a failure was caused hy honest means ; in fact , if the Company had been confined to the Chartist body , who had , and still have , full confidence in Mr . O'Connor's honesty , the Company would now be in a healthy condition . Those men aftor having paid their shares would have contributed weekly to keep tho Company in a flourishing state . Who have we to blame ,
that such is not the case ? Why , Mr . Clarh . He was determined to open thefourth and fifth soctions , in spito of the recommendation of various branches throughout tho country , and when that was done , in came the scum or men of no principles . The principal part of the allotments aro occupied by such characters . These are the men , who , as it were , have set themselves in battle array against Mr . O'Connor . Who havo wo to thank for it , and the downfall of the . Company ? I say again , Mr . Clark . The fact is this , that very many of us have no further confidonco in him , and had I written as requested , we should havo recommended his retire ment long ago . But to return to the subject . Duncan Sherrington ' s letter was read , and also that
Bosford.—At A Meeting Of Members' Branch...
_from-Hulij- _^^ a raaiority of the , meeting . _li . _^ _Similar-views having been talked over " by ' m & ny for some time . The meeting came to . the same . conclusion as the Hull members did , -when thirteen' paid-up _^ shareholders , and four neariypaid-up members , gave in their names , that the scrip be deposited in Mr . 0 ' Connor S hands ; only _, for the purpose 6 f purchasing one _ormbre ' of the estates , as" his judgment " may think proper , as the depositors ' of Biich scrips are' desirous of seeing tho Lmd Plan carried out , as first intended by Mr . O'Connor . The meeting was adjourned to Sunday , April , 21 st ., ' at seven o ' clock in the evening ; to give others -in opportunity of expressing their opinion , I and'by that timo we shall be prepared to send our contributions to the Ilonesty Fund . ' If you will
please to give a place for this in _theater , we shall feel obliged . —JonN Let . Lambeth , —Ths usual monthl y meeting of members took p ' ace at the house of Mr . Side , on Sunday Inst , Mr . Florence in tho chair , when ' the merits of thc Land Company were discussed , and tie members expressed their faith in the Land Plan . An investigation then took place respecting Mr . Side's strange conduct in _smurrging the Inst monthly resolution relating to tho fjur Land Directors , in not sending jt to the Star , and likewise a copy to Mr . O'Connor . Mr . Side , junr ., defended himself , by - . latin" that ho had heard that the Directors were ftbOUUb resign , and , therefore , thought that quite sufficient . Mr . Side , senr ., however , said he had
left a copy of the resolution at the Land Office , in , _-are of Mr . Arnott , to be sent to the Star for insertion . Mr . Side then moved " That the resolution referring to the Directors , and passed . it the previous monthly meeting of members bo rescinded . " The vote , was then taken ; there wero only ten persons present . Four voted for rescinding the _resolution , and six against . One ol tho four Sides was a little boy , callcd in to vote . Mr . Side , on bein r * defeated , " gave a little of his moral force by noanng about the table , __ and abusing Mr . Harney , as he said , for not inserting many articles he sent , and swearing wc should not meet at his house any longer . The members then agreed to meet on the first Sunday in the month at Clarke's coffee-house , a 'joining the South London Hall .
Dissolution Of The Land Society. To Tne ...
DISSOLUTION OF THE LAND SOCIETY . TO TnE EDITOR OP TUB SOUTHER ** STAlt ,. Sm ,--I have observed with some di grce of _pleasure and satisfaction the noble spirit which is being everywhere evinced by tho members of the Land Company , not to allow Mr . O'Connor to he laid - ( side in liis meritorious scheme by the acts of a corrupt legislature . How . often havo I read , with interest , the numberless votes of confidence which the various branches of the Company placed in Mr . O'Connor ? and how often— -I repeat—have the members' , almost to a man , said , the entire capital was believed by them to be quite safe , while . __ it was
spent under his directions ? Indeed , I firmly believe not one farthing was ever subscribed by any one except those who had the most warm-hearted friendship for , and implicit confidence in his honesty and integrity . Now , air , if I have judged correctly , then lei me ask , what is the obstacle in Mr . O'Connor's way to the placing the people on thc Land ? My opinion is , that the shareholders are to blame , as they , in this particular , aro as stubborn and obstinate as the corrupt administrators of our class-made laws .
The Judges say , " the law does not allow us to register your Company ; the legislature , also , refuses to pass an act to legalise the past and future operations of the Company ; " and the members of the Company turn round upon Mr . O'Connor , and tell him : " unless you obtain legal assurance that we can inherit our possessions in terms of Jaw , which , we observe , seems to be impossible , we will not proceed . " Now does such a substantive declaration show full confidence in Mr . O'Connor ? I think not . As the matter stands , Mr . O'Connor is placed in a very uncomfortable fix , for he can move in no direction . Mr . O'Connor would not like to
tell the people to give him their money and make it his own , and that such a course would arm him with the power to spread cottages for the people on the Land . No _; he cannot be expected to do this , for if he did , that would be enough—a storm would arise against him , and he would probably have to submit , to the end . of his days , to the vile abuse of every hireling scribbler who mocks the people with lip and pen sympathy . Whatever the people may do , it is evident Mr . O'Connor must obtain power to wind up . the affairs of the Company ; and hence an act to dissolve the Company is requisite . But although this must be done , it does not follow that the Land must be sold ; if the people have confidence in Mr . O'Connor—and thousands of
the members have said , and say still , he is an honest man , which is no more than his greatest enemies are compelled to declare , and admit openly . Now this being a fact , which is placed beyond the power of contradiction , wherein lies the difficulty ? For my own part , I can discover none . If the people constituted -Mr . 0 Connor the bona fide proprietor he will then be able , like other land holders , " to do with his own as he pleases , " and would , as a matter of right , grant leases , and encourage all thoso who were inclined to do well . Mr . O'Connor would then have power to sell or mortgage the different estates ; and it would matter extremely little to the tenant , who held the title deeds and drew the rents ,
when a good leaso defended the tenant s right , and armed bim with the power to purchase , at a given rate , the annual rent charge . It was not originally intended that the Company should hold the land as its individual proporty , but pass it into other hands , and go on in the purchase of other lands , settling the people as fast as money could be raised . The scheme is certainly excellent , and no doubt can exist , but the expectation of the people could be fully realised , if they would invest Mr . O'Connor with the . power to execute his intentions . If this is not granted , then . the people will distrust , and the sooner he is rid of tho matter , the befcterfor his own ease , comfort , and peace of mind .
I have told you before ; I ani not a member of the Land Company , but several of my sons are , and hence I have some interest in its ultimate success . I hope the question will be calmly discussed ; and if . anything I have said shall tend towards advancing the interests ofthe public in their wish to improve their social condition , I shall bo exceedingly happy . In conclusion , I earnestly hope the people will not desert Mr . O'Connor upon this occasion , but wiU invest him with authority to lay out their money as seems best for the advantage of all concerned . If this is agreed to he will no longer require an expensive staff of directors to conduct the management of his private business , and I firmly believe in all matters touching the real interests of the people , as regards economy and fair upright dealing he will not , at any time , be found wanting . Yours respectfully , Aberdeen , April 8 th . John Smart .
¦***•¦ — The Miners Of The North. To The...
_¦***•¦ — THE MINERS OF THE NORTH . TO THE EDITOR OF TIIE NORTHERN STAR . Sir , —At the miners' delegate meeting held on Saturday last , at the Garden House , near Durham , among other localbusiness several letters were read from the mining districts relative to the utility of holding a Miners' Conference , and also in connexion with the departure of the deputation to London upon the ventilation question . With regard to the latter , a communication from Lancashire detailed the impossibility of the deputation from that district bein _# able to proceed until after the 16 th inst ., conscquent ' y the delegates agreed to postpone the departure of the deputation from this district until the 23 rd inst ., so that full and ample time might be given to all localities to forward their petitions
, and the necessary information . Hence the signing of petitions , & c ., can go on for a few days longer , but all must be sent off as soon as possible after the 20 th . With respect to holding a conference , it was agreed to meet for that purpose on Monday , May 20 th , tho place to be fixed upon at the next delegate meeting , and to be noticed through the medium of the _Aorthem Star . It is therefore of essential importance that the miners in every place should come forward and assist in this work of salvation , and thus hand down to posterity a monument of their zeal , to give a salutary check to the ruinous downward tendency of the wages of the miner , and which , if not checked , will most assuredly bring them to the lowest possible depths of misery and starvation .
In accordance with this view a proposition was submitted to the delegates , to be discussed at tho next meeting , and which will , no doubt , be also submitted to the Conference when it meets ; therefore , it is essential that all districts should take it into consideration at the earliest possible opportunity , seeing that it embraces the interests of all the miners in the kingdom . The proposition is asfollows : —" . That the unlimited , competition which has prevailed among both employers and the employed , has , within the last twenty years , reduced tbe wages of the workmen mere than one third , and the profits of tho masters more than a half . It is therefore desirous that some well connected plan should be called into
operation , which will prevent the further decrease of the profits of the proprietors , and the remuneration of the workmen , and that it be considered whether an application should bo made to Parliament to grant an eight hours bill for the mines and collieries of Great Britain , as the likeliest means to secure the above ohject . It is but proper to acknowledge , that very many persons are persuaded the above application will , if granted , ensure a moro steady and uniform rate of wages to the workmen nnd a regular and reasonable profit to the proprietors , a desideratum devoutly to be wished . Again calling the attention ofthe miners to the forwarding of their petitions , & c . ; and also , to the necessity ol taking up the subject involved in the proposition . . I remain ; Yours & c . . M . Jude .
, , P . S . — 'All information for the miners' deputation can be forwarded to Mr . Wm . Dixon , 144 , High-Holborn , London .
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), April 13, 1850, page 5, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns3_13041850/page/5/
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