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Jubaatthe -Amm.u, 1849. . THE N Q iMJIER...
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. CALIFORNIA! (From the Sew York Tribune...
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THE PROSE WORKS OF JOH^ MILTON. "With a ...
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" the blind Old Man arise, Like Samuel f...
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Twelve Essays. By Ralph Waldo Emerson. L...
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SUNSHINE AN© SHADOW; A TALE OF THE NINET...
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SOCIAL EFFECTS OF PEASANT PROPRIETORSHIP...
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Curious Will.-—The following curious ext...
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ne^S^Lt -ff^^'^1'3 SEcunnr.-The supenors...
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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Jubaatthe -Amm.U, 1849. . The N Q Imjier...
-Amm _. u _, 1849 . . THE N Q _iMJIERN ST A R . 3
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. California! (From The Sew York Tribune...
. CALIFORNIA ! ( From the Sew York Tribune . ) From every shore they gather in , From every clime they come _. O ' er weary miles of desert-land And leagues of ocean foam . Through the passes ofthe mountains Pour in an eager horde ,.. For the first time hent on lahour , Each savage forest lord . The beaver and the buffalo May unmolested run _. For the lonely mountain trapper Has laid aside his gun ;
Aside the hardy pioneer His trusty axe has cast , The iron hands of labour Clip the golden fleece at last ! From the sunny Southern Island , From the Asiatic coast , The Orient and Occident Are mingled in the host . The gleanung Star of Empire Has for ever stayed its way , And its western limb is resting O ' er San Francisco Bay . A hundred sails already swell To catch the willing-breeze , A hundred keels are cleavin-r
Through the blue-Atlantic seas ; Full many a thousand leagues behind Their tard y course is borne , For a hundred masts already strain Beyond the stormy Horn . Soon from the Channel of St . George , And from the Levant shore , To swell the emigrating tide Another host shall pour To that far land beyond the 'West "Where Lahour lords tbe Soil , And thankless tasks shall ne ' er be done By unrequited ToiL .
To the giant chain of mountains "Whose summits clad -with snow , Dissolve their crystal treasures On the fertile vales below - "Where the golden veins are slumhering Beneath their g listening crest , Tike the rich , veins of life concealed Beneath a snowy breast . To the hanks of distant rivers Whose flashing waves have rolled For long and countless centuries ' Upon neglected Gold ; "Where Xature holds a double gift Within her lavished hand , And teeming fields of yellow grain Strike root in golden sand .
Like the "Wand of an Enchantress Our starry Flag shall wave O ' er as fair a gift of Empire As _Mature ever gave , And the people of the _Xations From every distant Zone , Beneath its _prondly floating folds Are gathered into one . It wares on high ; responsive Peace Has breathed on land and sea ; It waves again : responsive spring Order , Law and Liberty . A g ain it waves ; a State starts up _At-once mature and young , As -when from out the head of Jove The fall-armed Goddess sprung ..
Sot to luxurious Aobles , _tfot to degenerate Kings , The Sacramento ' s laden ware Its precious tribute brings ; To rear no gorgeous palaces , To build no jewelled fanes , Thc Gold of El Dorado shines Upon San Joaquin ' s plains ; But to speed the step of Progress , To nerve the arm of Strength , And yield to all a competence The time has come at length ; An image ofthe use it serves Ho tyrant ' s head shall be , The only stamp upon the ore The Eagle ofthe Free .
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The Prose Works Of Joh^ Milton. "With A ...
THE PROSE WORKS OF JOH _^ MILTON . "With a Preface , Preliminary Remarks , and _jJfotes , by J . A . St . Johk . Vol L London : Henry GL Bohn , Yorkstreet , Covent-garden . Fob the admirable series of -works entitled <' Thc Standard Library , " the lovers of Literature , and all who desire the mental and moral elevation of the people , owe a debt of gratitude to Mr . _Bohx . Cheap literature , so called , is sometimes dear at any price . Nay , the cheaper printed trash or poison is set for sale , the worse for the minds and morals of readers , especiall y those whe , from lack of years or education , possess not the
discrimination to enable them to detect or reject that ¦ _wMch . is base and deleterious . The literary (?) abominations of the " Greenacre school " mig ht have almost tempted one to accept a censorship , had not experience declared such a remedy worse than the disease . There is but one true way of saving the people from the evils of a prostitute press , —that of suppl ying them with wholesome mental food , which , in the long run , they will take to , and reject the garbage . . By the publication of his " Standard Library" Mr . Bohn has done much—very much—towards creating amongst the masses " a healthy appetite for a lnind-in-Tigorathig Literature .
But as we have reason to doubt that the - " StandardLibrary" is as well known as it deserves to be amongst the working classes ; and as we know that many thousands of workin < r men read this journal who are not in the habit of seeing any other newspaper or literary periodical—and , consequently , may not have sccu any review or notice of the said * ' Library "—we consider it a public duty to direct the attention of our readers to this admirable scries , and particularly to the republished prose works of _MiltOX , VoL 1 . of _Tvhich is at present before ns . ¦
We suppose that most persons—even the poorest—have read more or less of Milton ' s poetry , particularly his " Paradise Lost . " But wc would wager a trifle ( if we belonged to the "sporting world , " ) that many _thousands of Englishmen never heard tell of Milton ' s Prose Works . We except a great many of our Radical friends , who probably haveread the Treatises ( re-published some years ago b y Cleave ) , "Onthe _BestMeans of Bemoving Hirelings from the Church , " and "On the Libertv of Unlicensed Printing . " But we fency that even our Radical friends ( for the
most part at least ) have never gone farther in their reading of MlLTON . If we are ri ght , we can inform our friends that Mr . _Bohx has p laced within their reach a store of intellectual wealth , which will at once delight and astonish them . Li the volume before us they will find a whole armoury of Reason ' s weapons for the defence of Freedom against the assaults of Tyranny . After two hundred years , at the very time that the struggle for Liberty , which in Miltox ' s life was confined to this country , is raging over Europe , we see ( in the inimitable language of _Btron )
" The Blind Old Man Arise, Like Samuel F...
" the blind Old Man arise , Like Samuel from the grave , to freeze once more The blood of Monarchs with his prophecies . " Prophecies which assuredly will be fulfilled , in spite of royalist re-action and crowned consp iracies . The -raters of the Seine , the Danube , the Vistula , and the Tiber , may be < lyed crimson with , the blood of the defenders of justice , and for a time the unjust may triumph ; but , " Freedom ' s battle once begun ,
_Bequeath'd by bleeding sire to son , _Though baffled oft shall yet be won ! " This volume contains the immortal "Defence ofthe People of England , " in answer to «« Salmasius ' s Defence ofthe King ( Cham . es I ) ;" a ] so , the " Second Defence ofthe People of England" againstan anonymous Libel entitled , The Boyal Blood crying to Heaven for Vengeance on the Eng lish Parricides ; ' and , lastly , the celebrated _"Eikonoklastes , " written in answer to a Book entitled " Eikon
Basffike , the Portraiture of His Sacred Majesty in his Solitudes and Sufferings . " We have one , and but one , regret to express , in connexion with this edition of the great poet ' s works—that they are not republished in
" The Blind Old Man Arise, Like Samuel F...
the order in which they were originally published by the author . " Eikonoklastes " placed at the end of this volume , was published a considerable time before the first " Defence ofthe People of Eng land" was written ; and Milton in his second ¦* Defence , " recounts a number of works which he had published before he wrote his " Eikonoklastes . " It is quite impossible , within the limits to which we must confine this notice , to attempt anything in the shape of a " review" ofthe immortal contents of this volume , which even a Tory critic has acknowledged will be held in veneration as long as the English language endures . We must refer our readers to the
volume itself . For the present we can do no more than make room for the following extracts from the " Second Defence ofthe People ofEngland" : —
PATRIOTS AXD TTRANT _3 . What can conduce more to the beauty or glory of one ' s country , than the recovery , not only of its civil but its religious liberty . * * * Those Greeks and Romans , who are the objects of our admiration , employed hardly any other virtue in the extirpation of tyrants , than that love of liberty which made them prompt in seizing the sword , and gave them strength to use it . With facility they accomplished the undertaking , amid the general shout of praise and ioy ; nor did they engage in the attempt so much as an enterprise of perilous and doubtful issue , as in a contest the most glorious in which virtue could be signalised : which infallibly led to nresent recompense : which bound
their brows with wreaths of laurel , and consigned theirmemoriestoimmortalfame , _Foras yet , tyrants were not beheld with a superstitious reverence ; as yet they were not regarded with tenderness and complacency , as the vice-gerents or deputies of Christ , as they have suddenly professed to be ; as yet the vulgar , stupefied by the subtle casuistry of the priest , nad not degenerated into a state of barbarism , more gross than that which disgraces the most senseless natives , of Hindostan . For these make mischievous demons , whose malice they cannot resist , the objects of their religious adoration : while those elevate impotent , tyrants , in order to shield them from destruction , into the rank of gods ; and , to their own cost , consecrate the pests of the human race .
THE GLORIOUS PATRIOT , JOHN BRADSHAW . John Bradshaw ( a name which will be repeated with applause wherever liberty ia cherished or is known ) , was sprung from a noble family . All his early life he sedulously employed in making himself acquainted with fhe laws of his country ; he then practised , with singular success and reputation , at the bar ; he showed himself an intrepid and unwearied advocate for the liberties ofthe people ; he took an active part in the most momentous affairs of the State , and occasionally discharged the functions of a judge with a most invaluable integrity . At last , when he was entreated by the Parliament to preside in the trial ofthe king-, he did not refuse the dangerous office . To a profound knowledge of the
law , ne added the most comprehensive views , the most generous sentiments , manners the most obliging , and the most pure . Hence , he discharged that office with a propriety almost without a parallel , * he inspired both respect and awe ; and , though menaced by the daggers of so many assassins , he conducted himself with so much consistency and gravity , with so much presence of mind , and so much dignity of demeanour , that he seems to have been purposely destined hy Providence for that part which he so nobly acted on the theatre ofthe world . And his glory is so much exalted above that otall other tyrannicides , as it is both more humane , more just , and more strikingly grand , judicially io condemn a tyrant , then to put him to death without a trial .
The patriot Bradshaw , of whom _Mtltos truly says that "he has acquired a name which will flourish in every age , and in every country in the world , " died before the Kestoration , but by order of that loathsome miscreant Charles II ., his dead body was torn from its resting place and hanged on a gallows at Tyburn . After hanging all day , at sunset his head was cut from the body , and the body thrown into a hole under the gallows . What finally became ofthe patriot ' s remains we do not know , but the following epitaph ( given in Mr . St . John ' s notes ) is said to have been inscribed on an American cannon : —
EPITAPH ON JOHX BRADSHAW . Stranger ! ere thou pass , contemplate this cannon , nor regardless be told that near its base lies deposited the dust ef Jons _Bbadshatt , who nobly superior to selfish regards , despising alike the pageantry of courtly splendour , the blast of calumny , and thc terror of regal vengeance , presided in the illustrious band of heroes and patriots who fairly and openly adjudged Charles Stuart , tyrant ofEngland , to a public and exemplary death , thereby presenting- to the amazed world , and transmitting down through applauding ages , the most glorious _example of unshaken virtue , love of freedom , and impartial justice , ever exhibited on the blood-stained theatre of human action . Oh ! reader , pass not till thou hast blessed his memory , and never—never forget that rebellion to tvrants is obedience to Ood . "
. Mr . St . Johx g ives expression to many admirable sentiments in his Preface , Remarks , and Notes . The editorship of this volume has been evidently a labour of love , and he has done his work accordingly . We must correct one error into which Mr . St . John has fallen . Speaking of Dr . _SranioAiDs ' s comparison between " Salmasius" and _BimitE , Mr . St . John observes that : " Prance produced no Milton to refute Burke ; and the * ¦ Reflections on the French Revolution' have therefore
descended to us with the reputation of bemg unanswerable , because they happen to have been left unanswered . " This is a most strange assertion , and one which we must contradict . To say nothing ofthe replies written b y Mackintosh and others , we must observe that if Prance produced no Milton , England produced a Paine , who , though not a poet , is to be ranked , as a defender of civil and religious
liberty , not lower than Milton . We know it is as fashionable at this time to decry Paine , as it was in the reigns of Charles II . and James II . to decry Milton , but Paine's reputation will outlive present detraction . Even already Burke ' s "Reflections" have shared the fate of the royalistravings of * * Salmasius ;'' whilst , on the other hand , the "Ri ghts of Man" enjoys an undiminished—or , rather , we should say , an increasing—fame .
This volume , beautifully printed , containing some five hundred pages , and embellished with a portrait ofthe immortal author , is published at a charge which places it within the reach of the humblest . We shall take an earl y opportunit y to notice Vols . II . and III . In the meantime it is our earnest recommendation to our friends to make themselves the possessors of this admirable edition o f the Prose fVorks of John Milton .
Twelve Essays. By Ralph Waldo Emerson. L...
Twelve Essays . By Ralph Waldo Emerson . London : George Slater , 252 , Strand . The first volume ofa new venture in the department of cheap literature , entitled , "Slater ' s Shilling Series . " It is not our purpose to sit in'judgment on the character of Emerson as a writer , beyond observing—1 st . That we esteem his lectures much more than his essays ; and 2 nd . That we could very well afford to dispense with some of his sublimities in exchange for unmistakable common sense expressed in understandable English !
To those who know Emerson only by name , as must be the case with many thousands , and who may desire to know him as an author , this volume will be acceptable . Emerson has many admirers , we might say worshippers ; but even those readers who , lite ourselves , will not " fall down and worship , " will find many true , beautiful , and original thoughts expressed in these essays . From those _portiona of the volume which have best pleased us we give the
following extracts : — . Our reading is mendicant and sycophantic . In history , our imagination makes fools of us , plays us false . Kingdom and lordship , power and estate , area gaudier vocabulary than private John and _idward in a small house and common day ' s work ; but the things of life are the same to both : the sum total of both is the same . Why all this deference to Allred _. and Scanderbeg , and Gustavus ? Suppose they were virtuous - _dilthcy wear out virtue ?
** » 0 . WE ADVAXCE . bociety never advances . It recedes as fast on one side as it gams on the other . It undergoes continual changes ; it is barbarous , it is _eWlUsed , it is christianised , it is rich , it is scientific ; but this change is not amelior ation . For _everything that is g iven something is taken . Society acquires new arts and loses old mstmctg , _TYhat a contrast between the well-clad , reading , writing , _thinking American , with a watch , a pencil , and a bill of ex-
Twelve Essays. By Ralph Waldo Emerson. L...
change in his pocket , and the naked New-Zealander , whose property is a club , a spear a mat , and an undivided twentieth of a shed to sleep under . But compare the health of the two men , and you shall see that his abori inal strength the white man has lost . If the traveller tell us trul y , strike the savage with : a . broad-axe , and in a day or two the flesh shall unite and heal as if you struck the blow into soft pitch , and the same blow shall send the white to his grave . The civilised man has built a coach , but has lost the use of his feet . He is sup ; ported on crutches , . but loses so much support of muscle . lie has got a fine Geneva watch , but he has lost the skill to tell the hour by the sun . A
Greenwich nautical almanac he has , and so being sure of the information when he wants it , the man in the street does not know a star in the sky . The solstice he does not observe , * the equinox he knows as little * and the whole bri g ht calendar ofthe year is without a dial in his mind . Bis note-books impair his memory ; his libraries overload his wit ; the insurance office increases the number of accidents ; it may be a question whether machinery does not incumber ;• whether we have not lost by refinement some energy , by a Christianity ( ontrenched in establishments and forms ) some vigour of wild virtue . For every Stoic was a Stoic ; but in Christendom where is tfte Cftraftan f
the power of love . ' What fastens attention , in the intercourse of life , like any passage betraying affection between two parties , — -Perhaps we never saw them before , and never shall meet them again . But we see them exchange a glance , or betray a deep emotion , and we are no longer strangers . We understand them and take the warmest interest in the development ofthe romance . All . mankind love a lover . —The earliest demonstrations of complacency and kindness are Nature ' s most winning pictures . It is the dawn of
civility and grace in the coarse and rustic , lhe rude village boy teases the girls about the schoolhouse door ; but _to-day be comes running into the entry , and meets one fair child arranging her satchel .- he holds her books to help her , and instantly it seems to him as if she removed herself from him infinitely , and was a sacred precinct . Among the throng of girls he runs rudely enough , but one alone distances him ; and these two little neighbours , that were so close just , now , have learned to respect each other ' s personality .
no man ever forgot the visitation of that power to his heart and brain which created all things new ; which was the dawn in him of music , poetry and art ; which made the face of Nature radiant with purple light , the morning and the night varied enchantments ; when a single tone of one voice could make the heart beat , and the most trivial circumstance associated with one form , is put in the amber of memory ; when we become all eye when one was present , and all memory when one was gone ; when the youth becomes a watcher of windows , and studious ofa glove , a veil , a ribbon , or the wheels ofa carriage ; when no place is too solitary , and none too silent for him who has richer company and sweeter conversation in . his new thoughts , than any old friends , though best and purest , can give him .
Though the eelestial rapture falling out of heaven , seizes only upon those of tender age , and although a beauty , overpowering all analysis or comparison , and putting us quite beside ourselves , we can seldom see after thirty years , yet the remembrance of these visions outlasts all other remembrances , and is a wreath of flowers on the oldest brows . Neatl y printed and prettily bound , with the assurance of a sound judgment in the selection ofthe works intended to be re-published in this shape , " Slater ' s Shilling Series" can hardl y fail to enjoy an extensive circulation .
Sunshine An© Shadow; A Tale Of The Ninet...
SUNSHINE AN © SHADOW ; A TALE OF THE NINETEENTH CENTURY . BV THOMAS _MARTIX WHEELER , Late Secretary to the National Charter Association and National Land Company . Chapter III . " Their counter is their idol , their Jill their God , " —Chartist Oration . " Fair was her form , and flaxen was her hair ; Her red tips pouted like a wilful child ; Her blue eye flashed more meaning than you dare Suppose it meant : and when she blandly smil'd She won you to her feet and kept you there , Bewitched , deli ghted , worshipping , beguil'd ; And when a sterner mood shot o ' er her face , Though not quite pleas'd , you thought ' twas some new grace . —Beste .
The father of Walter North was a wino merchant in the City ; he was a shrewd , though uneducated man—one of those characters common in the middle ranks of society—whose whole faculties are centred in the acquisition of wealth—devoid of principle , yet following the maxim , that " Honesty is the best policy , " from a conviction of its truth , as evidenced by the events daily occurring within liis circle ; he would not be guilty of any open act of fraud , but was an adept in all the tricks ofhis trade . No man could manufacture such an unequalled port , or pass off acid Madeira for genuine sherry , better than Joe North , or drive aharderbargainforlogwood chips , and the other etceteras of his trade ; yet Joe North was , in the world ' s estimation , a respectable
man—that is , he kept his horse and chaise , gave occasional dinners or suppers to his brothei ' _-respcctables—had been onl y twice through the Insolvent Debtors' Court , and had never been detected in committing any flagrant breach of propriety . Such is respectability in the world ' s estimation . So long as the exterior decencies and moralities of life are moderately observed , the blackest villain that ever disgraced humanity stands well with society , and passes current through all its multifarious vocations , provided alway that he has either wealth or its outward semblance ; but woe to the poor wretch , however honest , however virtuous he may be , who is destitute of this essential qualification . The wife of Joseph North was a helpmate mete for such
a man ; ori g inally cook in the same establishment where he served as butler , their combined savings enabled them to take a small public-house . Caro and economy , at a time when these qualities were more attended with success than in these days of speculation , enabled them to embark in this more extensive branch of the business ; and now that rolling years had brought competence and ease , the careful housekeeper was transformed into the dignified wife , forming a graceful accompaniment to his gig , a sharp mistress to his servants , and a kind mother to his children—and what did a plain man like Joe North need more ? Being an excellent manager , without extravagance , she well supported the dignity of his establishment . An educated woman
would have made him feel his own inferiority ( for experience had taught him the value of a liberal education ); she would have assumed too much the airs of a fine lady , and looked less after his servants in the cellar and the kitchen—so , at least , Mr . North informed his brother-respectables , on one of their pic-nic days , when the wine had well circulated , and the conversation grew mellow . Whether he believed this , or not , 19 a matter of sli g ht importance to our tale . One thing is certain , he knew that under the present railroad system of commerce , education could not be neglected for the juniors ; so Walter and Julia were , at a fitting age , sent to boarding-school , to pick up such fragments of learning as their masters' skill and their own
organisation would allow them to imbibe ; and we have already said that , in Walter ' s case , his stockin-trade of this commodity was small indeed . _Possessing good capacities—shrewd and quick in ordinary affairs—he was too sharp , too clever a boy , ( said Mrs . North ) , to need severe application to his studies ; and Walter , finding hiuiseltthe most popular boy in the school , and the idol of Arthur Morton—the best scholar in it—buoyed himself up with these reflections , and left College-house Academy with but a small addition to his previous stock of scholastic lore . His sister Julia was the reverse of Walter ; the whole intellect of the family seemed to be inherited by her . True , the share was not large ; but it was more than generally falls to thc lot of females in her sphere of life . Girls ofthe middle classes are carefully initiated into all the
accomplishments—SO termed—of the ' upper classes ; but their intellectual faculties are less cultivated than those of the small tradesman or mechanic whom they are taught to look down upon with contempt ; and to frequent whose company , or to attend the same schools , would be to lose caste with their own rank in society : so strong is prejudice , that classes sprung from tlie same root , and not one generation removed , arc as effectually separated , in all the social relations of life , as the goddescended Brahmin from the outcast Pariah . When will the middle classes learn their true interest , and combine their worldl y influence and business habits with the strong sense , the sturdy independence , and the generous enthusiasm of the vast democracy beneath them ? when will , they abandon thc False and Factitious for the True and the Real ?
Julia North was a beauteous and well-trained flower , growing in a wild and uncultivated garden , possessing beautv of a rare order ( beauty was indeed a characteristic of the whole family ); there was still a nameless charm about her that it was impossible to trace to any mere combination of features , a form rather short than tall but most exquisitely proportioned , flaxen hair falling in ringlets on her delicate shoulders , eyes of the purest blue , and a complexion in which the . rose and the lily were so completely blended , that art would try in vain to imitate it . Though there was nothing decidedly intellectual in the east of her countenance , its beauty _bein" of tlie order that would attract the attention ofthe s ensualist rather than that of the philosopher , yet no one could gaze upon her and not at once pronounce that Nature could not have committed the anomaly of leaving so fair a body without a corresponding soul .
Sunshine An© Shadow; A Tale Of The Ninet...
Juba , atthe time pur story commences , was in _w _Srt 7 ea _FryM « oA docile as a pet lamb , yet with as laughmg an eye as ever sparkled in the gi ddiest of her sex , beaming resplendent in love but flashing disdainful in ire ; seldom , ¦ indeed , were _fK If _? i " _, S ' but , when fully aroused , there was a depth of feeling and an energy of expression in that usually retired and modest maid , winch astonished those unacquainted with the varying characteristics of human nature . Possessing great natural abilities , sho had improved them to the full extent of her , opportunities , and was well skilled in all the acquirements usual in female education , _whde her reading had been more extensive , and the selection ofa higher ' order , thin is common to the majority of the fair sex ; familiar with the best translations of the classics , she had imbibed from them a deep and thrilling love of liberty , and an acquaintance with ancient tonus of government quite unusual in a . female of her age and station . Gentle
as the most gentle of all created things , her heart would yet beat warmlv at a tale of injustice or wrong , and want of power alone prevented her from redressing it ; nor did ever deed of courage or _£ euo . ' , os ty fal 1 ben _e-tfh her notice but her bosom throbbed to applaud the action , and her feelings of admiration were expressed : in simple but heartfelt pi " ™ _P _^ werc the Norths of their offspring ; Out Walter , with his high spirits and rattling frolics , was their especial favourite : Julia was too docile , too studious , to raise their anxieties and cares , and parents generall y—and mothers in especial—love those children most who are ever keeping their minds on the rack with their frolics and their follies _, huch is maternal love , it clings to us under every ginse—the more unworthy we are , the more fondly it twines its affections around us : pureand enduring above all earthl y passions , those who have not experienced thy benign effects , know not the depths of a ( To be continued . )
Sunshine An© Shadow; A Tale Of The Ninet...
even such atrocious measures could not induce them to conceal , . It was enacted , that every able-bodied person found loitering about _shouid ! be branded with a hot iron and adjudged to two years' slavery to the man by whom he had been apprehended , during which time he might bo . fed upon bread and water and refuse meat , and forced to work by beating or otherwise , that if he ran away , he should be branded a second time , and should be condemned to slavery for life , and that if ho absconded again , he should sufferdeath . as a felon . Threatened with slavery , stripes , and death , men chose to run every danger in seeking to better their condition rather than pine with hunger at home , and beggars and vagabonds continued dailvto increase . In 1562 . voluntary
alms being found insufficient for the relief , ofthe poor , thc parish authorities were empowered to assess persons obstinately refusing to contribute . Mendicancy and vagabondage continued still unabated ; in 1572 power was given to tax all the inhabitants of a place for the relief of its poor . Other acts followed ; and in 1601 tho necessity of providing employment for the able-bodied poor by means of parochial assessment was formally admitted , the famous Elizabethan law was passed , and , thanks to the abandonment of the " cottage system , " that hrst step as many imagine-in the improvement of agriculture , England was saddled with a permanent poors rate , which has now become an annual tax of six millions sterling .
msant proprietors still form the bulk of the rural population in many territories , to any one of which we may turn with full assurance of discovering unmistakcahle signs of rural _happiness . The bonder of Norway , for instance , have , from time immemorial , been owners of their respective farms , which , moreover , have always been legally liable to division among all the children of a deceased proprietor ; yet the division of land has made so little progress in the course of many centuries , that very few estates are under forty acres , and very many are above three hundred acres , independently of an extensive tract Of mountain pasture belonging to every farm . Some idea of the condition of the farmers may be formed from the following particulars rosneetino" the farm _sm-vanta
These , if unmarried , are lodged in an outhouse adjoining their master ' s dwelling , which it resembles m appearance , neatness , and comfort ; they are allowed four meals a day , consisting of oat or beanmeal , rye-bread , potatoes , fresh , river , and salt fish , cheese , butter , and milk , and once or twice a week they have meat , sometimes fresh , but more frequently in the shape of salt beef or black puddings . At one of their meals they have also beer or a glass of potato spirits . Their money wages , in addition to all this , are about fourpencc halfpenny a day . A married labourer lives on the outskirts ofthe farm in a cottage ofhis own generall y , " a good log house of four rooms with glass windows , " which is held on lease for the lives of himself and his wife ,
together with a piece of land large enough for the keep of two cows or a . corresponding number of sheep and . goats , and for the sowing ot six bushels of com , and three quarters of potatoes . The usual rent of these tenements is from four to six dollars , and is commonly paid for by work on the main farm , eaeh day's work being valued at a fixed rate of threepence or thereabouts . After the labourer has paid his rent , he is allowed his food as well as the usual money-payment for every additional day ' s work , It need scarcely be said that a houseman , as a married labourer of this kind is called , is in a very comfortable situation ; in fact , he wants few , if any , ofthe comforts which his master possesses ; his house , though smaller , is as well built ; his food
and dress are of the same materials . But although the mode of life of the Norweffian country people may be somewhat rude , it would be difficult to find a happier race ; they enjoy plenty , and arc content' , they care little for outward show , and are exempt from the painful desire to outvie their neighbours , which makes many wretched in the midst of comfort . Almost the only thing in their condition which is much to be regretted , is the deficiency of mental culture , wliich prevents their turning their leisure to the best account , and hei g htening their material enjoyments with Intellectual pleasures . Would to God that labourers on large estates in other countries had as little to sigh for . The Swiss peasantry , although almost universally
landed proprietors , may De divided into two classes : those who are principally or exclusively agriculturists , and those who gain a livelihood chiefly by manufacturing industry . Tho farms ofthe former , except in the cantons of Berne and Tessin , and a few other districts , seldom exceed forty or fifty acres , but they are as rarely of less size than ten acres and the poorest farmer , having rights of pasturage on the common lands belonging to every parish , can afford to keep two or three cows . Members of this class are always in the enjoyment of competence , and many of them possess considerable wealth . Besides these , however , there is a more numerous body of smaller proprietors , whose territorial possessions consist only ofa field or two ,
altogether not larger than an ordinary garden , and much too small for the maintenance of tho famil y to which they belong . Here there may seem to be an instance of excessive subdivision . But thc owners of these patches of land are almost invariably manufacturers rather than husbandmen : they constitute , indeed , the bulk of thc manufacturing population ofa country wliich has but two superiors in manfacturing importance . Most of the cotton and silk goods of Switzerland are produced in the rural districts of Zurich , Basic , St . Gall , _Apponzel , and Argovia ; and even of those famous Swiss watches , so much admired for their delicacy and beauty , as many come from chalets among tho mountains of Keufchatcl as from tho workshops of Geneva . In England , the makers of these articles would have been pent up in towns , and compelled
to pass their days in close dismal factories ; but in Switzerland , a happy combination of circumstances permits them to practice their business without forfeiting tho use of fresh air or other advantages of a country life . Bnt , although retaining the name and all the privileges of peasants , they gain their living principally as manufacturers : land is valued by them as affording a means , not so much of employment as of amusement , and they require no more of it than will suffice to occupy their leisure . This affords a clue to thc true explanation of the minute partition which has taken place . As thoir plots of land are too small to afford them a livelihood without the aid of thoir manufacturing earnings , so would their wages be insufficient for their maintenance without the addition of their garden produce , while both united secure to them thc enjoyment of ample comfort .
Switzerland , however , notwithstanding the general happiness of her people , is not absolutely free from pauperism , a disease which would almost seem to be inherent in the constitution of manufacturing communities . But even thc pauperism of Switzerland furnishes additional proof of thc excellence of peasant proprietors , for paupers are most rare where landed pvoperty is most divided , and arc found in the greatest number in those districts which contain largest estates . In thc whole of the Engadine , the land belongs to the peasantry , and "in no country in Europe , " says Mr . Inglis , " will be found so few poor as in the Engadine . " In the Yalais _, the land belongs to a few great proprietor . ? ,
and according to Mr . Bakewell , the peasantry are among the poorest in Switzerland . Inglis , however , assigns the " bad pre-eminence" to the canton of Berne , . in ' , which he says tho greatest landowners reside , and which " for this reason , contains the greatest number of poor . " Inglis one day took refuge from a storm in the house of a peasant o ! the class just referred to , and was invited to wait for dinner , which was almost ready . His host ' s estate consisted of no more than four acres , and lie possessed only one cow two pigs , and some poultry , yet the meal prepared for his family of six persons , consisted of soup made of Indian corn ana milk , a piece of boiled bacon five pounds in wei ht , a salad , bread two-thirds Indian corn , and one-third wheat , butter , _cind wine of Botzen . This is expressly stated to
liave been the regular dinner of the house , except once a week , when fresh meat was substituted for the bacon . Besides thc crops raised for home consumption , a good deal of wheat and barley was sent to market , and from the proceeds , after coffee , sugar , and clothes were bought , there remained a small surplus in money , wliich had gradully amounted to a considerable purse . " The moment" says the same author , " we leave Botzen and travel towards Trent , a new order of things is perceptible * , the same noble-lookiug peasantry arc . no longer to be seen , * poverty begins to show itself , and the air of comfort about thc dwellings , and independence about tho inmates , arc no lonircr visible . All the land in Southern
Tyrol belongs to great proprietors , and tno peasantry have no longer an interest in the soil . It seems to the traveller , at . first sight , a strange inversion of what mig ht be expected—that 111 the fertile vales and finest plains in Europe , hc should see so much poverty , and that , on the contrary , when he journeys among mountain regions , where excessive labour forces from the soil an unwilling crop , he perceives every appeal-mice of comfort and ease The condition ofthe people in tlie most fertile vales of Italy , Germany Franco or England , will bear no comparison with that 01 thc mlmuitants ofthe Grison valleys , or the Oborland Bernois , or of the Upper Tyrol . But the _difeculty is at once p _xnliincd when we learn that the former are labourers for hire , and that thc latter labour on their own soil . " _^ : ' '
Social Effects Of Peasant Proprietorship...
SOCIAL EFFECTS OF PEASANT PROPRIETORSHIP . ; BY MR . THORNTON . ( Extracted from an article in the Commonwealth for April . ) England was never , strictly speaking , a country of peasant proprietors , but always possessed among her inhabitants a considerable class of extensive landowners . Interspersed with large estates , there were , however , throughout . the middle ages , a far greater number of cottage farms held on various conditions . So general was the tenancy of land by the English peasantry previously to the accession of the first Tudor monarch , that the converse of . Goldsmith ' s well-known distich might then have been
not inapplicable . Although every rood of ground did not maintain its man , there were few rustics who were not either owners or tenants , not merely of a rood , but of several acres . Of the adequacy of these possessions to supply , their occupants with abundance of the necessaries of life , we have the most satisfactory proof , and for the hundred and fifty years ending with the fifteenth century , the chain of testimony isj > articularl y complete . Fortescue , Lord Chief-Justice to Henry VI ., dilates with contagious exultation on the plenty enjoyed by the lowest class of his countrymen . " Tliey drink no water , " he says , " unless it be so that some for devotion , and upon a zeal of penance , do abstain from other drink : they eat plentifully of all kinds of
flesh and fish . They wear fine woollen cloth in all their apparel : they liave also abundance of bed coverings in their houses , and of all other woollen stuff . They have great store of all hustlements and implements of household . They are plentifully furnished with all instruments of husbandry , and all other things that are requisite to the accomplishment of a quiet and wealthy life , according to their estates and degrees . " _Fortcscuc was an avowed panegyrist , and his statements might require considerable abatement if they stood alone , but their perfect accuracy is placed beyond dispute by the most unimaginative and matter-of-fact of all compilations , the statutes at large . Repeated enactments passed during the period we are examining , use
language quite as strong , and still more precise and circumstantial , than that of the patriotic Chief Justice , In addition to laws designed to keep down thc wages of agricultural labour , others were directed against the luxury of the peasantry . In 1363 , carters , p loughmen , and all other farm servants , were enjoined not to eat or drink " excessively , " or to wear any cloth except "blanket and russet wool of twelve-pence . " Domestic servants were at the same time declared to be entitled to only one meal a day of flesh or fish , and were to content themselves at other meals with " milk , butter , cheese , and such other viands . " In 1403 , servants in husbandry were restricted to clothing of materials not worth more than two _shillings a yard , and were
forbidden to wear hose of a higher price that fourteen pence a pair , or girdles garnished with silver . The price of their wives' coverchief or head dress was not to exceed twelve-pence . In 1482 , these restrictions were loosened , and labourers in husbandry were permitted to wear hose as dear as eighteen-pence a pair , while the sum which their wives might legally expend on covering for the head was raised to twenty-pence . This legislation , considering the fall which has since taken place in the value of money , was really much as if a law should now he necessary to prevent ploughmen from strutting about in velvet coats and silk stockings , with silver buckles in their shoes , and their wives from trimming their caps with Brussels lace . It exhibits agricultural labourers in a condition which was probably never attained by the same class in any
other age or country , unless , perhaps , by the emancipated negroes of the British West Indies . Yet the description applies only to the lower order of pcasants-rto those who worked for hire , and had either no land or none but what was allowed them in part payment of wages . What , then , must have been the _jirosperity of the small freeholders and cottage farmers ? It is true that , In tho midst of this abundance , the English peasantry of the middle ages ate oft ' wooden platters , never knew the luxury of a cotton shirt , or of a cup of tea , and slept on straw pallets within walls of wattled p laster , and that in some counties they used barley instead of wheaten bread . But it is absurd to imagine that , because they had to put up with these inconveniences , their
situation , in more important respects , was not immeasurably superior to that of their living descendants . Nothing more is to he inferred than that certain modern refinements and Conveniences were unknown and uncovetcd by them . ' Many advantages of _an-advanced civilisation , - wliich are now within every one ' s reach , were once equally unthouglit of by rich ana poor . Our Plantagcnet kings , as well as their courtiers , were fain to drink beer at every meal , and to drink it , too , out of wooden bickers ; they were as ill provided with under-linen as the meanest of their subjects ; and so little did they regard what are now considered the most indispensable requisites of domestic comfort , that thc bedchamber furniture of so _magnificent a monarch as llonry
VIII ., consisted only of a couple of joint cupboards , a joint stool , two hand irons , a fire fork , a pair of tongs , a fire pan , and a steel mirror covered with yellow velvet . At this day little of any grain besides oats is used in many respectable families in Scotland ; and many a continental baron , whose domain stretches for miles around his princely chateau , seldom eats any . but rye bread . This is mere matter of taste , and no one would think of mentioning it as a mark of social inferiority ; but it would be quite as reasonable to do so as for a modern day-labourer at ei g ht shillings a week , to look back with pity on his _wcli-cfad , oeef-fed ancestors , because some ofhis owu rags are made of cotton , and because the baker , of whom he now and then buys a loaf , sells only wheaten bread .
No argument can be required toproye that English peasant properties , though subject to the custom of gravelkind , escaped the evil of excessive partition ; for consolidation , the reverse of subdivision , must have heen everywhere adopted before the face of the country could be covered almost entirely , as it actually is , with large estates . As long as the connexion of the peasantry with the land remained unbroken , England was perfectly free from every symptom of pauperism , and the supply of labour , insteadof exceeding the demand , was so deficient as to induce parliament to interfere to keep down its price . But almost immediatel y aftey the consolidation of small farms commenced , legislation took a different turn ,, and parliament ,
instead of striving to curtail the labourer ' s honest earnings , had to exercise its ingenuity in providing for a rapidly increasing crowd of destitute , ¦ for whom no work could be found . The progress of pasturage and augmentation of farms seem not to have , attracted much notice until the year 1487 , when an act was passed to restrain them , and just seven years later commenced a series of statutes which attest the rapid spread of destitution . For a time , misled by the experience of the preceding age , parliament imagined idleness to be still the fruitful parent ofthe evil , and punishment its most effectual cure : no other asylum , therefore , was offered to . able-bodied vagrants than the stocks , and no milder treatment than whipping at the cart ' s tail . After being " admonished" in this way , they
were to be sent to the place of their bilth , there to got themselves to work " as true men ought to do . " Such were the provisions ofthe law of the year 1494 . In 1535 , nowever , it was discovered that the aforesaid " valiantvagabonds , " after returning homo , could find no work to do , and tho parish authorities wero in consequence enjoined to collect voluntary contributions for the purpose , not only of relieving the impotent and infirm , but of enabling the strong and _hsty to gain a living with thoir ' own hands . In 154 » , the number of beggars still rapidly increasing , in spite of the " godly acts and statutes" already directed against them , another was passed , which , though repealed two years afterwards , deserves to be mentioned , not merely on account of its astonishing barbarity , but as showing how genuine tho distresses of the lower classes must havo been vrbich
Curious Will.-—The Following Curious Ext...
Curious Will .- —The following curious extract is from thc will of William Beckett , formerly governor of Plymouth , proved in the year 1732 : — « I desire that my body may bo kept as long as it may not be offensive , and " that ono or more , of my toes or _finders may be cut off to secure the . certainty of wy being dead . I also make the further request , to r , w dear wife , that as she has been troubled with one old fool , she will not think of marrying another ,
Itfmmn.
_itfmmn .
Ne^S^Lt -Ff^^'^1'3 Secunnr.-The Supenors...
ne _^ S _^ _Lt _-ff _^^ _' _^ 1 ' SEcunnr .-The supenors of these babbtora must know that it is _ravin-X _£ _S _- affirm tbat a free _People can be & governed by important terrors _th-vt mill ' . ™ , _^ R consent to be r / ined by the _^ _S _^ f _^ _^*} ? han tw r ; _- wi 11 , _» _ttSnT _^ _Ui than the corruption last * : they must know tSat . the corruptors ; that no revenue ( how great soever ) will feed the voraciousness of the corrupteeI and that every disappointment will make them turn upon the oppressors of their _country , and fall into its true interest and their own ? they must know that there is no way in nature to prevent a revolution in government , but by making thc people easv under it , by showing them their interest in it ; that corruption , bribery , and terrors , will make no lasting friends but infinite and implacable enemies , and
_tnat the best security of a prince among a free people , is their affections , which hc can always gain , by making their interest his own , by showing that all his views tend to their good . Then , as they love themselves , will they love him , and defend him who defends them . Upon this faithful basis his safety will be better established than upon the aiiK bitious and variable leaders of a few legions who may bo corrupted , disobliged , or surprised , and often have been so ; and hence have great revolutions been brought about , and great nations undone , only by tho revolts of single regiments . —Thomas Gordon , —A Discourse on Standing Amies , 1722 . _Ivafoleox _' s _BAUiiEn . —A stranger having entered the apartment where the Emperor Napoleon was shaving himself , when in a little town in Italy , he said , " I want to sec your great emperor—what are ypu to him ? " The emperor replied , "I shave mm .
Mr Brute of a Husband . — "My love ' . " said a very affectionate wife , as she pointed to a wreath of artificial flowers on hothead , " don't you think these will « row to-ni ght ? " " There ' s sap enough under em 1 ' said the un-gallant gentleman . —Ned Buntline s Own . TnE Ugliness op oun _PonEnu . \ M * ns . —Cicero relates that the ugliest and most stupid slaves in Rome came from England ! Moreover , lie urges his friend Atticus " not to buy slaves from Britain on account of their stupidity and their inaptitude to learn music and other accomplishments . " Caesar , also , describes the Britons generally as a
nation of very barbarous manners . " Most of the people ' of the interior , " he says , " never sec corn , but h upon milk and flesh , and are clothed with skins . " In another place he remarks : — " In their domestic and social habits , the Britons are regarded as tho most savage of nations . They are clothed with skins ; wear the hair of their heads unshared and long ; but shave tlie rest of their bodies , except their upper lip , - and stain themselves a blue colour with woad , which gives them a horrible aspect in battle . " Don ' t , Jonathan , tiie negro slave despise , Just so your sires appeared in Cajsar ' s eyes . The
Origin of Human Freedom . —Life and liberty _ftl'O derived from the same Almi ghty source . They arc tlie Creator ' s gift , which ought never to be disjointed , and never can , when not forfeited by crimes , without offering Him the grossest insult . " To suppose God had given life to some , without liberty to enjoy it , would be to charge Him with giving a real curse , under the fair disguise of a blessing . Where slavery is sanctioned and practised , as if thc arbitrary laws of men could render it lawful , the gracious giver of life is accused of injustice . Mankind everywhere are clothed by him with tiie same inherent privileges , which cannot be invaded without making war upon Heaven . Ice . —Three thousand tons of ice have boen cut in Massachusetts in the present year , for home consumption and exportation , —New font Tribune . Wh y are pewter pots like bad legislation ?—Because they are half-and-half measures .
Belles and Dahlias . —A modern writer , who has evidently deeply studied the most charming productions of mituro , says that ' dahlias are like the most beautiful women without intellectuality ; they strike you with astonishment by their exterior splendour , but arc miserabl y destitute of those properties which distinguish and render _agrccabhi less im posing flowers . Had nature given the fragrance of the rose or stock to tlie dahlia , it would have been the most magnificent gem of thc gardenbut , wanting scent , it is like a fine woman without mind . "
Canadian Indians . —Every man , like Gulliver in Lilliput , is fastened to some spot of earth by the thousand small threads which habit and association are continually stealing over him . Of these , perhaps , one ofthe strongest is here alluded to . When the Canadian Indians were once solicited to emigrate , "What ! " thoy replied , " shall we say to the bones of our fathers , ' Arise , and go with us into a foreign land ? ' " What the Steam Engine Does . —It propels , it rows , it sculls , it screws , it warps , it tows , it elevates , it lowers , it lifts , it pumps , it drains , it irrigates , it draws , it pulls , it drives , it pushes it
carries , it brings , it scatters , it splits , it collects , it condenses , it extracts , it breaks , it confines , it opens , it shuts , it digs , it shovels , it excavates , it plows , it threshes , it separates it winnows , it washes , it grinds , it crushes , it sifts , it bolts , it mixes , it kneads , it moulds , it stamp *! , it punches , it heats , it presses , it picks , it hews , it cuts , it slits , it shaves , it saws , it planes , it turns , it bores , it mortices , it drills , it heads , it blows , it forge ? , it rolls , it hammers it rasp 3 , it files , it polished , it rivets , it sweeps , it brushes , it . scutches , it cards , it spins , it winds , it twists , it throws , it weaves it shears , it coins , it prints .
Pontius Pilate s Successor . —A barrister being concerned in a cause wliich he wanted to postpone for a few days , asked Lord Mansfield when he would bring it on ? " On Friday next , " said his lordship , " Will you please to consider , my lord , next Friday is Good Friday ? " "I don ' t care for that—tho better day thc better deed . " " Well , my lord , you will of course do as you please ; but if you do sit on that day , I believe you will be the first judge who did business on a Good Friday since Pontius Pilate ' s time . "
Glamis Castle . —This ancient seat of Macbeth lias lately given rise to curious conjectures in this neighbourhood , ft appears that while workmen were engaged in repairing some of thc ruins in the castle , they discovered a staircase which had not been before known . They attempted to explore it , but from its construction and tlie foulness of tho air , the men wore obliged to give up prosecuting their arduous task . It is the belief of many that it leads into a secret room which is supposed to be in the castle ; and it is not very improbable that something strange may turn out in connexion therewith . The Dog is Dander . —A candidate for a seat in parliament , entering the house of a washerwoman m Yorkshire , shook hands with all the inmates , not excepting a little Cinderella on the hearth , and nauseated Dame Suds with his fulsome courtesies . Kicking the dog which lay snoozing b y the fire , " Get away wi * thee , " she cried : " he'll be shaking hands wi' thee next !"
Rather Indigestible . —Thc Cornovian has the following joke on a farmer , who was accustomed to come home late at night in a "barleycorn" state , taking . 1 cold bite , which was usually set for hiih by his kind and forgiving wife . One night , beside the usual dish of cabbage and pork , she left a washbowl filled with caps and starch . The lamp had lon « been extinguished when the staggering sot returned home , and by mistake , when proceeding to satisfy liis hunger , lie stuck his fork into the ° vrong- dish . He worked away at his mouthful of caps for some time , but being unahlo to masticate them , he sang out to his wife—" . ! say , old woman , where did you get the cabbages , they are so stringy I can't chew ' em V " Gracious mc !' replied tho ' good lady , "if the stupid fellow isn't eating my cap , strings and all 1 " _Never quarrel at meal time—you might just as well feed on a cushion _stwM _vtith pins .
Important from the Gold Regions . —Sackrymento Diggins , October 20 th , 1 S 4 S . —To Tim Flahertv : —Irrah thin , Tim , as soon as you read this bit of a note come out at wonst . Rite foronenst me where I sit composing over this lctthcr there ' s a fortune to be got for the mere sifthing . Thc sands is all goold powther . Och ! if you could only see how beautiful it shines in the sun . An' thin the depth of it . It goes clane down to the centre ov the world . Tlie mountains , Tim , has vains , and ivvory vain is full of the _cii-culatin' majium . Wouldn ' t you liko to bleed them vains , ould boy ? We've no horses here , ' cepting mules , and as soon as one ov the boys gets a load he puts it on the back ov the donkey and carries it tothe ass _sayars . - The
ass _sayers , ye see , is the _jintlemen as informs ye whether the goold ' s the rale _stufij or only iron pitaties . You see there ' s a desavin' kind 0 ' goold they call pitaties . It ' s an invenshun ov the ould sarpent , nnd iv vez put it in tho fire it vanishes in a thick smoke widan enfarnel smell ov sulfir . Iieven be about us ! It's a fine healthy rcjin is the Sackvymento . There ' s no disease ' cept the shaking ager ; and the fits como on first rate whin there a any sifchin" to be done . As soon as one 0 ' the hoys gets the shake on him he just puts tlie sifther in his fists , and he'll make a small fortin . afore the tvimble ' s off ov him , We're- all rale demmicrnts out here , Tim ,
While I'm writing ov this lctther on the side ov my hat—bad luck to the crown there ' s to it—I can see one ofthe captins ov tho New York melisha washing the goold iv- the _Saekvymento with hawjl y a rag on him , s : m » vow presence , _llemerobcr me to Diddv , the darlin ' , an' tell her if _sho'll put on tho jacket and _throusors she can make _iapes of money _liGi'G , for sho knows how to use . a spado , an' it a easier diggin' tho goold than cutting twf in Kilkemiy . But she'd better not be afther coram in Iter natural duds , for the site ov a pettycoat _; might breed a ruction to _tto statement , _Wcndm to address vou agin shortly on the state f _M ™ J 7 affairs in this country . I remain , _YW _oflwKwjWt cozzen . — -Terence _ldUi « _$ _X »
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), April 14, 1849, page 3, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns3_14041849/page/3/
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