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THEH ORTHE^ sTAR -
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«n tbe WiMfflfi CESSES- ] ^ v^s^ Stf^te&...
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THE LAND. TO THE WORKING CLASSES. My Lea...
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. FRANCE. The question as to the changes...
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ITALIAN DESPOTISM. Clara Novello has bee...
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Association ov , the Unwed Trades.—Tile ...
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Distressing Case.— On Tuesday morning a ...
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Transcript
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
Additionally, when viewing full transcripts, extracted text may not be in the same order as the original document.
Theh Orthe^ Star -
THEH ORTHE _^ sTAR _-
«N Tbe Wimfflfi Cesses- ] ^ V^S^ Stf^Te&...
« n tbe _WiMfflfi _CESSES- ] _^ _v _^ _s _^ _Stf _^ _te _& e _Narihem _l _Mr _^ Lupon the ninth year of its existence , _Sf- _^ Jj m _nwnbera-a fact , the _reaUsa-»« not anticipated either by those to - * _** _' _^ wly and injustice it his been a constant _^^_ a 3 ! con » st «» t opponent , or by those of , dWJ * vms it i * _teen _* _^^ _- _^ _E and _unpnr-^^ Sfadvoeate . It has , during _thatperiod , _esta-* _** , itself a character , and for you a position , _®* _-iflfflS " _51 OT theJonrnaUst of ae F _"""* _^ _lica tn . _"^ _gj _^ _jj _^ yotu . _u _^ However , _jsy _-munot * _" _*** J * " _.. _yehaTelivedanaiOYeatogetiier , " _h-gt acquainted with onr own secrets , it will 5048 16 tof p lace if I _akoald briefly ran over the s -j _^ i . whathasbeendoae , andwhat , withp _* _^* org _^ n mig ht havebeen done , and take a tutsu _* afc _jjjg _fntarc , and -what -we have a _ _rf _ -W _ rt- Teo . . _ v . _'_ -V __ l
¦ hi ta e _** _* _^^ _accompiisneu . £ the - VertSern . Star was first established the _tf the factions assigned to it but a short ' exist-J , therefore , made copious use of the _infer-^ _" it cffinmunicated , _extracting whole columns SB te-t interesting news of the day . When , _er thev saw its rapid progress , and a rapid l ** public estimatioB , they also saw the danger of 1356 'ding that popular power of which it was the _^^ _jajnOT . _? or tins reason the press of the * to las for seven and a half years entered into _^ _Lmacy not to notice any thing that appeared in \ QTthxrnStar , and to this fact , more than to any r _^ e aie to ascribe that total , culpable , _anddanfL _ji ignorance manifested by the higher orders , of _patters concerning your welfare , and connected _~ thyo urmove . nent .
_ _jhe pies was , and is , jealous of the Northern Star , _uaat itn _« w lxu alIoTred P atehwwk P atriefa to _Lurtfse fionsdptipularity for individual aggrandise _ment or party elevation . It has taken the bold Ld-the distinctive line , In the outset it prodamea the necessity of niaki-ug one party of the , hole class of wealth-producers , so as in due time _-fe-mapbe enabled -to fight the battle , against the idle _consomos . Throug h it I have -endeavoured to electoral
_joaishal non-elective influence against power . Very early in its infancy I threw aside all _fcosep _otitieal badges wbich distinguish the respective parties , and , for the first time in the history of _Tolitics , I divided society into the two classes of rich wphssois and tiie poor oppressed . The very many sew and fascinating jugg les that havebeen presented io ibe pnblic eye , whether by individuals or parties , i have invariably met inthe outset with the cry of
rnion , democracy , andno compromise . _Ihavesaeri-5 ced friends the most dear , and acquaintances the _aosi valued , rather than budge one inch from this bv stern purpose . There is no vexation , insult , op-( _. _rebrinm , oppression , or injustice , to wbich man ( _culd be exposed , that I have not endured , in con 3 esaenceof my strict adherence to principle . Every attempt that the most wicked could devise , cr ihe most cunning could execute , has been resorted loin the mostunderhand way to destroy the efficiency * _ud to insure the death ofthe Northern Star . Open ibe ; and professing friends hare united fortius one fommon object , and yet the _Stowlives , and sHAixlive _cespite their hellish machinations . The subjects that have been disenssed since the Star first made its
_appearance have been , most of them , of a new _charier , anil many of them of gigantic importance . In meeting those new doctrines I have ever wielded die pen myself , and I now , _| with pride and _confidence , appeal to the sequel as proof that the conversion of many journals and the aequlesence of the _TOole people has stamped approval upon the course I _iave taken . -Through the mo 3 t bustling and _dangerous times the Star has never shrunk from the avowal of its adopted principles , while I have ever stood in the foremost ranks of danger . There are times when popnlar excitement may madden _enthusiastic minds into tmcontrolable action , but if we
c-cnirast our present position with those means to which faction has been obliged to resort for oar _humiliition , I think we may reasonably come to the conilusion , notwithstanding our trials , our sufferings , nnd onr losses , that there has been a presiding and _protective spirit watching over the genius of Chartism . How often have I asked yon to compare the past with the present , by considering what yon were and what yoa are / Yoa were weak , powerless , and unconnecied : you are " _sirongr powerful , and united , if not in action , at least in thought—and that is the arst great step . How often have I told you that there were tliree distinct stages in popular agitation
—the creation of a public opinion ; the concentration cf the public mind ; and the direction of that public mind . How often have I told yoa that the existence cf three political parties was incompatible with the existence of peace , law , and order ; and how often have I told yoa that my policy was to destroy one of those political parties , so that thereby we may reduce the struggle tothe battle of right against might . When by that policy , so much denounced by shortsighted fools , we had destroyed Whiggery for everthe people began to recognise its justice . I asserted , in 1841 , that the effect of the breaking np of the Whig Government must result in the coalition of Russell snd Peel , and that then the battle would be reduced JO its proper character .
The arrangements which are now beingmade prove the truth of my prediction , while for the past it requires bat littie foresight to conclude that the Whigs , deserted by their most popular leader , will have no ilteraative but once more to fall back upon popular . rapport . Upon the other hand , those Whig leaders would bow find the moving power in a very different temper and position to what they found it when they last used it for the accomp lishment of their qwx ekfobm . It is only when this struggle , which is fast approaching , takes place , tbat justice can be done to fur policy , onr bravery , our strength , and our resolu tion . We bnt require tiie countenance and support
cf even such a minority as disbanded , distracted , and disappointed Whiggery would give us , to carry our principles entire and without compromise . In sneh a contest we would consent to no exchange of popular strength for Parliamentary support , npon other conditions than that our own Dnncombe should be the acinowledgedleaderof the popular Parliamentary force _, _ffe would have no more Irish beggars , placemen , pensioners , paupers , country slayers , and country _Kneis . We would fight the united battle of England 2 nd Ireland against the combined force of Toryism _Bcyal , loyal Rcpealism , and Irish Patronageism , at cue and the same time .
Th ere are , I confess , those shortsighted politicians who ask in what , after your long struggle , is your increased power manifest ? To that I answer that in England no party , except the ruling party , has other than obsiruchvb power , and that obstructive power which has been the basis and the gem of onr policy is possessed by us to a greater extent than by any other party . The Whigs are out of office and have no power . The League , the Complete Suffragists , and deserters of all shades , are our bitter opponents , and yet our strength renders their power a nonentity .
It is not now , however , that thepreper character can _beassigned to the improved position wehaveachieved since Chartism was last arrested—that power can be only tested when the first opportunity occurs for displaying the strength ofthe respective _parties That opportunity will be furnished when ever a general election takes place , and then it mil be discovered , that while all other sections of the movement party have perished , that Chartism only slumbered , and had gained new strength and vigour in the season of calm and inactivity . V
If we have battled our way gloriously against the persecution of both Whigs and Tories during the hot season of excitement and agitatioB , we have proved ourselves patriots and philosophers by living through the calm . There is a philosophy in idleness , and while upon ihe one hand it would be madness to push popular excitement beyond the capability ofthe popular mind to bear it , so , npon the other hand , would it have been apostacy , treachery , and treason , to haTe abandoned a principle which required neither excitement nor . agitation to prove its value and its worth . In tliis consists our strength ; we havenot only lived , but we have kept our principles alive , and onr characters nncontaminated through the gloomy season , and now , as the period for activity arrives , we are ready _tsce more io buckle on ihe armour of agitation .
«N Tbe Wimfflfi Cesses- ] ^ V^S^ Stf^Te&...
Another portion of my policy , and one which has subjected me to all " the tortures that a jury class could impose , has beeu to _deBtrey ail reliance upon middle class support—that is a middle class consisting of the owners of an artificial producing power , the deadliest enemy of manual labour . My constant cry has been , rely npon yourselves , Axd upon yourseives ALQ 7 SB , and while this advice , together with our pro-Tory policy and obstructive movement has been reprobated by O'Connell , Cobden , Sturge , and the Whigs , we nevertheless find that one and all have been compelled to admit its prudence by adopting
its practice . Thirteen years come the 4 th of February next , is a long period for a stranger to have preserved the confidence of so justly a suspicious people as the English ; and yet amid all the bustle , the changes , and agitation of that long period , I have done it . With the whole force of every party opposed tome , the austerity of open foes , and the ambition of pretended friends , the utmost-that faction or _casdoue could lay to my charge has been vanity , shortsightedness , or inconsistency . Vain I confess I am . Every day ' s fulfilment of my predictions prove that I havenot been shortsighted , while your confidence tells me that I have not been inconsistent .
No party but that of the whole people could have successfully withstood the many assaults to which we have been exposed . Government persecution , unaided and alone , the power of capital single-handed , the authority of local justices , the prejudices of the jury class , the conceded right of judgment to the police , the treacherous and _culpable abandonment of their order by the aristocracy of labour , the subserviency of the press , and above all , the desertion from onr ranks of the swarms of locusts who preyed upon ns , and pismires who stung us , would any one of them have been sufficient tp crush any sectional movement , while as a national body we have defied the united powers of all . Such for the last eight years has been the policy of the Star . Such has been the course that I have undeviatingly pursued , and while the
one shall stand through all the perishing blasts oi time as the record of your courage , your patriotism , and your power , the other will , I trust , establish for me a monument more proud and lasting than all the honours that traitors can confer upon usurpers . I cannot conclude this address without proudly observing that cruelty and injustice has produced from our ranks the greatest living poet of the age , while persecution has given birth to orators from your own class whose eloquenee is unsurpassed by ancient or modem demagogues . Reminding you then of our motto , our strength is in our union , our power in our voice , and our success in our perseverance , let us once more raise the rallying shout , " ONWARD AND WE CONQUER , BACKWARD AND WE FALL . "
THE PEOPLES' CHARTER , ASO NO SURRENDER . Ever your faithful friend , And unpurchaseable servant , Feargus O'Connor
The Land. To The Working Classes. My Lea...
THE LAND . TO THE WORKING CLASSES . My Leas Pbienbs , —Doubtless the great exertions that are now being made to realise the fosd anticipations of our association as speedily as possible , have given you as much pleasure as they have given me . No philanthropist—no patriot—no honest man can look without pleasure and satisfaction at the receipts of the two past weeks for the emancipation of the labouring classes . _jNo man can read the simple , but eloquent letter of-Nicholas Canning , without coining to tiie conclusion that the good seed of redemption
has been sown in the most barren grounds . As a matter of course , the early prospect of an extensive commencement which now presents itself will require increased-attention and great industry npon the part ef the managers and of the shareholders You lost all . the benefit that would otherwise have arisen from Reform , because you did not know how to use the measure in its infancy ; and if you had got the Charter while you were in the same state of ignorance , its _framers would have so frittered away its principles by the mystification of cumbrous details , as to have left you but the mere shadow of the bill .
As with politics , so with all other sciences , and especially so with the science of agriculture . Before people enter upon practical operations they should instruct themselves , as far as their means will allow , in acquiring knowledge upon the subject . To effect this desirable object , then , I would earnestly urge upon the several branches the necessity of holding class meetings eveiy Sunday night , and oftener , if possible , for the purpose of mutual instruction upon agricultural questions . I would recommend that a very short address , in very simple language , and without one unnecessary word being used , of about half an hour's length , should be delivered in the first
instance , by a person selected npon the previous Sunday for that office ; and as soon aa that individual is selected , pride will , no doubt , induce him io make himself master of the particular subject to be discussed , while the same motive will induoe others to instruct themselves , in order that they may criticise and comment upon his lecture . As soon as the lecture is concluded , which should be altogether free from any attempt at eloquence , or long words , a chairman should then be appointed , and a conversational discussion should commence , and should last
for two hours , at least ; and a rule should be passed , in order to save time , that the chairman should decide upon all points of order , without any discussion arising npon his decision . This I take to be the A B C of agriculture ; and , while those steeped in old follies are engaged at agricultural dinners and nonsense talking , I do not think that the working classes can be better employed than in learning the ABC and the grammar of agriculture . If this plan is generally acted npon , the following will be the results : —
Firstly , their knowledge of a science for the propagation of which they aro called upon to pay their monies will furnish the most wholesome check upon those officers who are called upon to apply their resources . Secondly , it will enable them to judge justly , as to whether or- not the transition from an artificial to a natural life will be beneficial or injurious to them . Thirdly , it will prepare them , when their day of location comes , to commence operations with all tbe advantages that can be derived from reading ,
thought and reflection . Fourthly , it will make those who may he thrown together as neighbours , more friendly and more useful one to another . Fifthly , independently of the great value of co-operation for the purpose of purchase , it will teach them the value of the two great principles of individual possession and co-operation of labour . And sixthly and above all , as far as I am concerned , it will protect me , the father of the Plan , _agaiastall tbe penalties of Mure , arising from ignorance .
Tou will see , from the short address of the Directors , that they have , in compliance with numerous representations from distant parts , postponed the day of holding the Conference from Monday the 1 st of December to Monday the 8 th of December . This waa considered indispensable for securing a fair representation of those several districts which must unite for the purposes of representation , and by its adoption all possibility of surprise or injustice is
removed . Now , even up to that period , I think it very desirable that the shareholders should meet as often as they possibly ean for the purpose of _diseasing the several propositions that they shall counsel their delegate either to propose , or support , or oppose in Conference . That this Land Plan is now making rapid and extensive progress in the highest quarters may be gathered from the following extract which 1 select from the leading article ofthe Times ' _pf Wednesday last . The writer , after deprecating the several
The Land. To The Working Classes. My Lea...
modes recommended by the famine-mongers for the mitigation of distress arising from the failure of potatoes in Ireland , and after a very just censure of an Act of Parliament for promoting certain _improvements in thatcountry , suggested thefollowing remedy : It is not difficult to suggest a remedy . Lit the works be undertaken by Government at once , and sufficient _seamtn be taken for the future repayment of the expence . Do not wait for the slow and cautious movements of individuals , guided and governed , of course , by selfish views . The letters of eur Commissioner have more than sufficiently proved how noble a field those very districts of Ireland most menaced by famine present for such enterprise . If it be objected that the consent and co-operation of individuals is necessary , and . that to proceed without these being first obtained might be to incur useless expense , the answer is made by denying the probability , het the experiment be tried—success is certain . Let tlie Government outbegin to move , no obstacles will be found iii their path .
Of all the suggestions for the present relief of Ireland ] the employment of her population in public works of _permanent utility seems the least objectionable , as itis by far the most obvious and simple . ' The millions of unclaimed acres which ' now lie in uuprofi table and unwholesome swamp , furnish not only An object for the labour of the present generation , but a teeming granary for the support of thousands yet unborn . The officers of the Ordnance department might be less usefully employed than in making surveys for the drainage of these marshes . Their high character for practical science furnishes a guarantee for the efficient performance of the work , and their employment entails no expense . Co-operating with the Board of Works , who are the _commissioners under the , act we have alluded to , they may be made instrumental in carrying out its objects without _contravene ing its particular _provisibns- _^ _-advancing before , not in . t erfering with , its cumbrous machinery .
But whatever be done , there is need of haste . _Xot the nervous haste of fear , urgedby impending danger , ' but the quick decision of manly energy . It is well for Mr . O'Connell aud his faction to exclaim , with an ostentation of magnanimity , that Ireland requires no aid from England ; that give her but her just rights and she is sufficient to _herself Such bravadoes may sound well within the walls of Conciliation-hall , but they will surely be drowned by the indignant cries of a starving peasantry . Ireland must have aid from England—speedy and effectual aid . Whether itbe presented in the shape of eharity , or in the form we have suggested , in some way or other it must be afforded .
_I-Tow , my friends , those who have spent time , whieh might have been otherwise profitably employed , in cavilling at my several plans , should bear in mind that what the Times of the 12 th of November , 1845 . recommends , I recommended on the 7 th of August , 1841 ; and , indeed , the words " one night's mildew malting the stoutest statesman quail , " "farthing sliding scale , " dread shower statesmen , " are so pertinent and applicable to our present state , and my views of that day were bo completely in unison with those of the Times of the present day upon this subj ect , that I cannot possibly do better than give you
entire the following extract , from my fifth letter to the Irish Landlords . Indeed , those who possess those letters would do well to read them carefully , and then ask themselves if I have not prophesied the coming of these very times , and if I have not 1 » een four years and three months in advance of the " Thunderer" in my predictions and recommendations . . Read them , and see if the Times Commissioner has as yet stated one fact that I have not stated four years before , and see whether he has yet stated one-twentieth part of what I then developed . Now , here follows the extract whole and entire : —
Hy Lords and Geutlemen , I have now shown you , and I think plainly , that the reclaiming system , while it would certainly increase our producing powers , and pay the capitalist a good per centage , would not , however , be the proper field for ascertaining the real value of a working farmer ' s labour ; and as that is my object , and in order that a difference as * to means should not lead to a split upon the principle , let us see if , by agreement upon proper details , we may not even . yet agree upon this reclaiming system . In the consideration of this subjeet , I open a great national question well worthy the attention of statesmen who would yet reclaim their country , and make her what she _QURht to be . . ¦ - " '• _- ¦
The term " reclaiming , " of course applies to . thepractice of bringing barren And heretofore uncultivated soil into cultivation , and the process requires capital . Ihe question is , how the double _olyect can be achieved of opening a free market for labour , and reclaiming waste land at the same time ; fori am not for ' reclaiming any thing that will not reclaim my clients also . Waste land , if it is to be thus reclaimed , must be mado a proper field for the exercise of / rce _labour . . . My Lords and Gentlemen , itis a sad and melancholy fact , that the philanthropist cannot discuss the simple question of digging or ploughing the ground without finding himself hemmed in and hampered on all sides by the mysterious science of politics ; a science at a perfect knowledge of which no man can arrive , while the
knowledge of to-day may be ignorance to-morrow ; a science whimsically worked into practice by the moBt opposing principles—those of Whiggery to-day and of Toryism tomorrow ; a science which makesthe greaUslilatetman and boldest tyrant in office guaUbefore a _singlenightls mildew , and break before " the wind that sheds fhe corn , " while he refuses to lend to a simple system , which would make man independent of all casuaUies save those with which God in his wisdom _thouyht proper to visit him ; a science which makes man's happiness , nay his very life , and the peace of th * country , and the very existence of society to depend upon the rule of farthings . Ah ! my Lords and Gentlemen , the wild hypothesis of the metaphysician , or the complicated and unravcllable assertions ofthe theorist , provided they are wrapped up in class-legislation dresses , pass current in
the world of letters as wisdom and philosophy while the simplest assertion of the philanthropist , If It tend tothe elevation of the poor man , is set down as infidelity and heresy . However , as the rays of knowledge begin to shine through my prison bars , and as they are sure to spread their benign influence abroad over the whole face ofthe earth , I am nothing daunted ; and shall , therefore , despite the political-economist , the farthing ¦ sliding-scale patriot , and the dread-shower statesman , proceed , at once to my purpose , which iB to apply details to your principle of reclaiming waste land . Of that land you have in Great Britain and Ireland more than fifteen millions of acres capable of reelamatien . It at all events can scarcely be
called your own , and is therefore out of the Newcastle principle of doing what you please with it . By ' its proper appropriation , you not only do not suffer damage , but , on the contrary , I propose to do for you what yeu cannot do for yourselves , to make it valuable . I estimate that land at a rent of ls . 4 d . per acre , I calculate that each acre in the _ontset , taking the tenant ' s house and stock , and means of subsistence , till the land is brought to bear , into account , would require somewhere about £ 7 per acre , or a capital of about £ 100 for every fifteen acres . The fifteen million acres allotted in farms of fifteen acres to _« ne million heads of families , would thus _reqvire a capital of one hundred millions of pounds sterling to aid theworking c _ommunities in their work of reclamation _.
The value of those fifteen millions of acres , at twenty years' purchase , at a rent of ls . IH . per acre , would cost Government £ 120 , 000 , 000 . Now what I propose is , that Government shall purchase the lands from you , say at that rate , and then under proper official management , _« . the _Imi of which snouM be a Cabinet _JfinisCtr , to be catted the Minuter _ofAgriculture , lease those lands at ls . Id , per acre , in lots of fifteen acres , with a capital of £ 100 advanced to each tenant , subjecting the tenant to a rent of £ 5 per annum for the land , and the interest of £ 100 at four per cent ., that is £ 1 for land and £ 4 for interest .
This sum of £ 120 , 000 , 0001 propose to consolidate into one national fund , which shall stand at a mortgage upon the fifteen millions of acres , and over which the Parliament alone shall have control ; and that it should not be a transferable stock , or a stock allowed to be made the medium of exchange , barter , or traffic in the Jew ' s temple ; but that the Government shall merely be agent ior the fond-holder and fund-payer—receiving from the one and paying to the other . I propose that after the first eleven years the tenant shaU yearly pay ten pounds in liquidation of his debt ; thereby liquidating the whole amount at the end of the next ten years , er within the twenty . first year of _hli tenancy ; at the close of which period—twenty-one years —I propose that the tenant shaU pay no more than the original chief rent of ls . ii . per acre , and all local taws ; or a pound per annum for his holding for ever and
ever , and amen—un . asom «/ u . ttre 0 flt « rati < m , initswisdom , shall see the State necessity of making thc then _occupies—( htmselvtsbting parties—pay something more as their quota of « ny national wgtureme . it . Now , thoBe who are in love with a national debt as a bond of union , have it here in the flesh and the spirit ; those who so loudly call out for the cultivation of our waste lands have here the only chance by whieh their desire , which is improvement and the bettering of the poor man ' s condition , _caribesinwlr taneously effected ; those ; who " fear that population presses too hardly upon the means of subsistence _^ have here the means of obviating that disaster ; those ' of the school of political economy have here the _practicalilliisl tration of one of their darling principles—tliat ' . ' when circumstances close up one ' channel of speculation and industry , other circumstances open another channel ;" those who would gladly find a resting place for the " surplus population , - '' made such by the substitution of arti-
The Land. To The Working Classes. My Lea...
ficial fe _^ _jjS _^^^ _ffifc _^^/ _lmvie Inife -fh _^ _.-1-Mrbotir open for them .. ; . t-aft _(© ' _* iK . o . would ; add < to eur now . ' as they say , " _toomm turf act _ofMliktpwd _^ _t _^ : JbmiJ ! 'hive here an extensioffuffered to them ; while , although I would much prefer ttiemore improved field for the establishment of a i _frep'labour standard of value , I have no objection , provided ; he gets the means , to ullow «_ y client to -work out his own salvation in the more barren field . Here we _have-a means of immediately providing for 6 even millions of people ; and in less than ten years of providing for fifteen millions of people : and at the expiration of _twenty-one years , the original farms of fifteen acres each would be capable of being subdivided for the families , into _ ferms of five ares each , if necessary . Thus would our present waste lands , . Veto England , Ireland , and Scotland , of themselves support on the _spetjtwenty-one millions in affluence , comfort , and splendour , at the end of twenty-one years and for ever _.
Thelaws to effect this purpose need not occupy more than - a folio sheet ; while the difference between Threeand-a-half per Cent , at which Government could easily raise the money , and four per cent , cheerfully paid by the labourer , would more than cover all the expenses of adding a new and necessary department to the state machineiy . But it is too visioicabt ! ' tis complicated ! BEC . tpM . ZBE IHIEREST OF THE POOR HAN IS CONCEBNED ; whik if . two hundred miblums of pounds were reguiredfor a sj . wiitotfo . ito mnld _afloating-bridge across the Atlantis , or to make atimntlfrom Dover to Calais ; if the subjugation of labour , . Or the importation of foreign troops , was the object , every _anglf . in a fascinating drawing by some happy draflnutn wouU be scanned , and all FOOLISH objections overruled by " Bagman , " "Diogenes , " ' _•« Working Man , " or " Agrb _ceila _flttoi" 1 tevn _^\ _dviQiMbe raisc _$ ' m _spiteof all perils _hylanff and water .
£ 2 _^ . 01 % would you not suppose that that . was written for tfifr _^ _eseftfc . _% ? . That . I jdid nb < jMj _^ _: _npon this sabject , from 1841 " to 1843 , 1 furan _* you _' with the following proof : it is an extract from page 23 of my fanning work , under the head
waste __ ANUS . "I _neter have contended for the bringing in , as ii is called , and the cultivation of waste lands as a means of affording relief to the working classes . This is a branch of agriculture well worth y the con _sideration of thoso who would expend capital in the hope of a fair , nay , of a very large return . But inasmuch as it requires an amount of money-capital beyond the reach of the working classes , as far as their interest is concerned I leave it out of the question as a means of bettering them , until such time as an amount of money sufficiently large to assign to each enough to carry on the necessary operations sliall be raised by « Government loan , and appropriated for that purpose . " Are not these prophetic extracts from the writings of the wild theorist , and
Your faithful servant , Feahgvb O'Connor . P ; S . Courtesy to several who have written private lettersito me upon the subject of the Land , which I cannot , consistently with my office as director , answer ,-renders it necessary that all Such correspondents should receive this notice as my reply . It would be . very unfair that any preconceived notions of mine should induce them to place themselves in a situation that would give' them an advantage over
their brother shareholders . I may , however , state for general information , that the sooner the shares are paid up the sooner will the subscribers be located upon the Land . I have not given a private opinion to any one , nor shall I do so , and while I shall bring my mind wholly unprejudiced to bear upon the general subject , I will nevertheless endeavour in Conference to urge the adoption of such measures as I consider neeessary for the protection , success , and satis * faction ofthe association generally . F . ' O'C .
4fq&Tgn -Jeittelkgeittt*
4 fQ & _tgn _-JEittelKgeittt *
. France. The Question As To The Changes...
. FRANCE . The question as to the changes in the French Ministry , in consequence of the retirement of Marshal Soult from the office of Minister of War , is at length , seint . rest . -The Moniteur of Tuesday , publishes severalroyal decrees on the subject , tha first of which releases Marshal Soult from his duties as War Minister , but retaining his services as President ofthe Council . The second appoints Lieut .-Gener . il Molinede St . Yon Minister of War : a third appoints the Baron Martineau des Chenex Under-Secretary of State ofthe War Department ; a tourth raises General Molinede St . Yon to the dignity of the peerage ; and
a fifth appoints General Baron Gazan Director ofthe personnel and military operations of the Ministry of War , in place of General Moline de St . Yon , and Major-General Count De la Rue Director of the Affairs of Algeria , in place of M . Vauchelle , who has given inhisresignation . The Journal des Mbats publishes accounts from Constantinople of the 23 d ult ., announcing that the difference which had arisen between the Porte and the Ambassador of France on the occasion ofthe murder of Father Charles in Syria , had been adjusted , and that the Divan had fully acquiesced in the demands of Baron de Bourqueney .
BELGIUM . Brcs 3 ri , s , Tbbsdat , Nov . 11 . —This afternoon the Belgian Chambers were opened with the usual solemnity . The Queen arrived at the Chamber of Representatives first , and was followed by the young Princes . In about ten minutes after Wb Majesty arrived , amidst the enthusiastic cheers oi the assem blage . ' ' " The .. " speech" will be found in full in one of our editorial articles .
\ _" •'' SPAIN . - The Madrid Gazette publishes a royal ordinance _convoking the Cortes on the 15 th of December next . Some extraordinary changes , which General Narvaea is at present making in the army , attract a good deal of notice , and are the cause ef uneasiness in some quarters . The whole of the garrison of Madrid , which from being so long stationed in the capital is supposed to be under the influence of the Court , is to be completely changed , and other regiments are to garrison the place , who are supposed to be more amicably disposed towards the Dictator . The colonels of several regiments have been removed , and those
created by Narvaez placed in their stead . The Madrid papers do not hesitate to attribute these changes to the intrigues going on at Court between Christina and Narvaez , which have alarmed the latter , arid induced him to take steps towards p lacing the army in such a condition that he might , in case of necessity , depend upon its devotion to his cause . They oven go so far as to declare that , should an attempt be made to remove Narvaez from power , he is determined not to resign his dictatorship without a struggle , -in which he will call in the assistance of the _soldUeiy—a determination which , if carried into effect , ' will plunge the whole kingdom once more in
blood :-: ¦ _Ihe'Joufnal des Debats has the following from Valencia , in Spain : — " In the evening ofthe 3 rd a sergeant and twenty-five privates of the _Giorna Regiment , ill the barracks at San Francisco , broke into mutiny ; attacked the guard , and wounded the commander and two other officers . Haying got out , and been joined by some of the citizens , proceeded to assail _ithe barracks of El Pilar ; but being repulsed , and finding their , plan"defeated , they fled and concealed' themselves ; bufeighteen of them and some citizens have been found and arrested . In two hours after the revolt tranquillity was restored to the town . General Roncali has , herwever , declared it to be in a state of siege , and established a general court-martial . "
Later News .- —The disturbances at Valencia are completely put down . Some attempts at insurrection at Saragossa are spoken of , and several oflieers have been arrested , but no actual outbreak had taken place at the time of our latest accounts . The country is in a state of great excitement , and the danger of an insurrection is daily increasing .
- _^?* - SWITZERLAND . The State Gazette of Lucerne , ofthe 1 st inst ., contains the following : — " Last evening , S . Muller , of Stechenzain , ' confessed that he had assassinated M . Leu , with a fowling-piece , in which he had placed a carbine bullet . .. . lie told where he had hid this weappn _^ which was found where he pointed out . He acknowledged , besides , that he had twice watched M . LeU for the purpose of shooting Mm . This con . fession _agrees with tlie result ofthe official investigation ;' _Vflfe ' declares also that he did not act through a ' _^ M _^ f vengeance , but from being promised a sum of money , 'B y , M . Leu ' s political enemies . Dr . _CassimerPfyhW . was arrested immediately , by order of Judge _destruction , other arrests have also taken place ,, afidgreatagitation reigns , in the town . ' ¦ _r'L ' ater " accounts state that , besides Dr . Pfyffer , several other persons , have been arrested as accomplicesf as having a guilty knowledge of the assassination of M . Leu . In consequence of tliis event , an _extraordinai-v
. France. The Question As To The Changes...
meeting of the-Grand Council of Lucerne was called for the 3 d ofthe present month , at which the judges appointed to inquire into the assassination of M . Leu made a report of the results of their inquiries . * The council appointed a committee , consisting of nine members , all of whom are declared partisans of the government , to examine into the propositions made by the juges d'instruction relative to the cage of Dr . Pfyffer . The arrest of Dr . Pfyffer has created an immense sensation here . He is one of the most influential and respected members ofthe Liberal party , to which his ancestors as well as himself have been always attached . lie has himself occupied the highest offices in the magistracy and in the confederation , having been president of the Court of
Appeal , and several times elected one of the deputies of his canton . Being a member of the Grand Council , his person is , in ordinary circumstances , free from arrest . No member of the Grand Council can be arrested even for crimes , without the authority ofthe . body of . which he is a member , aincl in this case that authoiity waif given without diffculty by a majority blindly devotea to the government , and always ready to do its behests . No one here , however , seriously believes in the guilt of Dr . - Pfjffer . His only crime is his liberal opinions , and for that he is paying the penalty of thc accusation now hanging over his head . So great is the feeling of the inhabitants here in favour of Dr . Pfyffer that the government is under the apprehension ofa rescue , and it has doubled the garrisop to prevent any attempt at a movement . _Ifappears that Muller has been subjected to the
torture to extort from him his charges against Dr . Pfyffer ! About three months , ago Muller was arrested and accused of being privy to the murder ot Leu , because he had received a sum of money from Zurich by tlie post . For two months Muller had no story to tell , and no evidence was brought against him ; but it seems that , in the dungeons of Lucerne , Muller has been , ' according to the modes of procedure followed in the middle ages , subjected to torture . And the result has been , that he has murmured an affirmative to every question that his inquisitors and torturers asked of him . He has admitted his own guilt , and accused _^ he most respectable Liberals and all the opponents ot the present Jesuit Government , of having suborned him . The object is obtained in the . pretext to cast all these into prison , perhaps to condemn them .
The Jesuits were solemnly installed in the ancient convent of the _Cordelliers at Lucerne on the 1 st , and as if to celebrate their triumph , torture is revived , and innocent men dragged to prison . Surely , their triumph will not be for long .
UNITED STATES . Liverpool , Sunday Evening . — The packet-ship , Oxford , Captain Ratlibone , arrived in the Mersey from New York this afternoon , bringing advices of the 16 th ult . Politically they are unimportant , and commercially tliey are , of course , equally so . It is stated that the Mormons havo agreed to emigrate from Illinois in the course of the coming spring , probably to California .
ALGERIA . The news from Algeria states that Abd-el-Kader has carried away seyeral of tlie disaffected tribes from the territory of Algeria , and established them in the Morocco territory , where , according to the French accounts , they are preparing to make war in favour ol Abd-el-Kader against the Emperor of Morocco . There seems to be no doubt that Abd-cl-Kadci * is . endeavouring to gather togotUor oa many of his old subjects as will follow him , for the purpose of founding a sort of wandering sovereignty within the Morocco frontier . General Lamoriciere was still acting on the defensive , and was waiting for the arrival of Marshal Bugeaud before advancing upon the enemy .
tee News . —Letters havebeen received in Paris which state that fivetribeB have revolted in Morocco , and openly espoused the cause of Abd-el-Kader . On the other hand Marshal Bugeaud is acting with a severity and a determination that throw into the shade all his previous doings . The razzias , tho wholesale devastation , spoliation , and , it . is supposed , extermination , ho is performing and contemplates , will appal the stoutest heart . With the means he possesses , and whioh will be immensel y increased , it is hardly possible that he can fail to impose French rule once more in Algeria .
HORRIBLE CATASTROPHES N CHINA . The New Brunswicker , a Canadian paper , of the 25 th of September , on the . authority of accounts from Canton , to the Sth of June , arrived at New York by the ship Rainbow , states , that on Sunday , May 25 tb , a fixe broke out in the theatre at Canton , 'b y . which 1 , 257 persons , including 52 actors , lost their lives , being burned to death or killed by the falling building and materials , and 2 , 100 persons were wounded . On the day following the fire , 30 more persons were killed by the fall of a ruined wall . A similar accident happened at the same theatre about thirty years ago . mi it . . _» i "i 1 " il t- » •» ¦ s _*¦ Oil m i is tne _f oi tne _oisi
y xne autnorny cueu nena oj vnina , of May . The same paper adds , on hearsay , that the number of lives lost would be upwards of 2 , 000 ; and adds the following brief description of astill more horrible calamity—* ' Information of a worse calamity than the loss of 1 , 400 or 2 , 000 lives , by fire , has reached us from China . We hear of a great earthquake in the province of Honan . Accounts have been received at Canton of a great earthquake , which had demolished about 10 , 000 houses , and killed upwards of 4 , 000 inhabitants . Honan is situated about the centre of China . We have information of this fact without any explanation or detail whatever . "
TIIE CAUCASUS . / ANOTHER SANGUINARY BATTLE . _Trkbisojto , Oct . IT . —Our letters from the Caucasus are to the Tth of October ( by way of Tiflis and RedutKaleh . ) A sanguinary battle was fought on the 28 th of September , in the Daghestan , near the Russian fortress Wuesapuo , on the right bank ofthe river Kamboulat . A Russian convoy was proceeding from Gotselaul of Temyr-Chautsohoura to supply the latter fortress with ammunition and provisions , of which the garrison was much in want , all communication having been intercepted during several weeks by numerous bands of Tschetschenses and Lesgians , who occupied the upper valley of the Soulak , whilst the mountaineers of the ease of
Daghestan intercepted the roads which lead from Temyr-Chautschoura to Geli and to Nisowa , on the banks of the Caspian Sea . General Freytag , who commands at Goaselaul , caused the great convoy , composed of 300 mules and 700 _ draught horses , to be escorted by four battalions of infantry , six pieces of cannon , and 600 Cossacks . Schamyl , who at present inhabits _Aoul-Bouternsa , having been apprised by his spies of the departure of this convoy , assembled in the greatest haste his warriors of the tribes of the great _Tschetschnagea _. and despatched his zealous partisan , the Naib _Hadj-Mahoma , with all his cavalry , towards Wuesapuo ; whilst he himself , with several thousand infantry proceeded to the valley of the Saulah .
Hadj-Mahoma attacked the Russian convoy with 2 , 000 cavalry , at the moment it was crossing the Kamboulat , within sight of the fortress of Wuesapuo . A furious engagement ensued on the right rank . The Tschetschenses cavalry overthrew the Russian infantay which had crossed the river , and sabred several companies to a man . The Circassians never showed more spirit . The garrison of the fortress came to the aid of the escort , and forced the mountaineers by tlie fire of their artillery to retreat . —But more than 400 beasts of burden which could not cross thft _riv-a . wcte carried off to lb * _tnouataina . Hadj-Mahoma in this affair made a considerable capture of ammunition , of which Schamyl waB in the greatest need .
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Italian Despotism. Clara Novello Has Bee...
ITALIAN DESPOTISM . Clara Novello has been the prima _rfomia for th _« last half of tbe carnival . Home and Genoa had both engaged her for the season , and hence when each claimed her there was a collision . The two Governments took it up , and finally it was referred to the Pope . It was a matter of some consequence to his Holiness where the sweet singer should open her mouth for the season . In his magnanimity he decided that she should stay at Rome . The managers , however , compromised the matter by each city having her half the time . She had formerly been exceedingly popular here , bnt contrary to the win ofthe chief bast singer and the leader ofthe orchestra , she attempted , at her first appearance , an air unsulted to her voice , and which she was told she could not perform . Of course she failed , and was slightly hissed . HerSuglisjbi blood mounted at so unequivocal a demonstration pi their opinion of her singing , and , Dido-like , bowing _.
haughtily to the crowd , she turned her baci o ' nj the audieace and walked off the stage . The _tenor . ind the bass both stopped—the orchestra—indeed' all stopped , except the hissing , which waxed . louder ' eyerymoment . She was immediately taken to her rooms by the' police' the city , and for three days the _gens-d ' armeiI stood night and day at her door , keeping the fair singer a prisoner for her misconduct . This is a fair illustration of this Government . Even an opera singer cannot ' ppiit . without having the gens-d ' _armes after her . On the promise ' of good behaviour , she was released from confinement , " and again appeared on the stage , where the good-natured ! music-loving Italians hailed her appearance with deafening cheers , and repaid their want of gallantry with excess of applause . Poor Clara Novello is not the first who has sufi ' ercd from the tyranny of this military despotism . The otlier day I went to see the first painter of Genoa . He is a Young man , modest , amiable , and courteous—so much
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• o , that I U 6 _^ _iMjto _&& _' _& ¦ _•*^! _afeSE ban of . _^ _, _WiMiSB ( _ii _^ M p _^^ r _^^ lt _^ liberty , an * 1 _$ _^ $ & _ti * _W _^ tti c » lUp _4 _^ _% on _yO _^ _- _^ ' _^^^^\^ i _^^ t 0 _awongsttlift _fiireilirlisfe'ifii . * country , ' _wto ' * ' f * _lSg 5 ' _^* tion _' of the _& _st | i _*» t 5 _$ _ujrt _^ He showed "me the' _di ' sigif .: ' ' in the f _«^ i _^| _vjtTO ;; l » i » horse _falienuiider _iimy atriiggI « lV . « _ie _»« . _*& _eOTernej thathadbeen iniposeddnth ' ep « lB % w _^ _'ffi _^ _eftM . multitude were raining stones ana i _^& _Hii'jiBJrfttTO'l trauipling Kim under foot . _'" . _^• ' Far _^ _'fc . _jbij _^' aB _^^^ _'iw . on the canvass , stood the Marqiiis of Splnola , cli _^ _rtni on the people ; _oneiband _grat _^ gtte . swbrd / . _lht _fom _^ _ffa'nhf aloft the flag of freedom . Ekctte _# & eti _wSw _' _fl painr hither and thither , throughC-r _^ ej __» B ' _^^^^^« bustle and hurry of a heavV ,. _^ _htw _^ 'il > _0 w _^ p 4 _^' ' _^ —
canvass ; It was a spirited sketi _* _i ' aiid jdhe " alra <}] _it . ' _^ n ? ed | to hear the battle-cry of freemm ; . _* _M _£ thV' _^ tory . Buch . a picture _iramediatte ' jl _^ e _' a _nll _^^^^ _OTSWh ; _; where yet slumber tbe ' elekm _^ _otijp _^^^^ m finished and admired by " all , " anif * 1-feasSt ) _prDy the painter . But one day , while Isola was sittingbefore it , contemplating his work , and thinking what corrections might be made , his door was burst open , and two _gensd ' armes stood before him . Seizing the picture befor * hi __ s eyes , they marched him off behind it , to answer for the crime of having painted his country battling for her rights . The painting was locked up in a room of the Government , where it bas ever since remained . .. Isola was carried between two gens-d ' armes a hundred and twenty miles , to Turin , and thrown into prison . HJe ' was finally released , but his picture remains under lock and Key . The Government , however , has in ite magnanimity condescended to permit the artist to sell it to any one who will carry it out of ths country . —L * _sttsrt _fromllaly . v . - •'
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Association Ov , The Unwed Trades.—Tile ...
Association ov the Unwed Trades . —Tile Central Committee held ' a meeting at the _Trades' -ofSce , 30 , Hyde-street , _Bloomsbunr , on Monday , November 10 th , T . S . Duncombe , Esq ., M . P ., In the chair . A great number of letters were lead friendly to' the Association , amongst others one from the secretary of the operative Carpet Weavers of Kidderminster , bearing the official adhesion of that body to the Associated Trades , and stating that 1 , 240 of their members had already paid the necessary contributions , and that as soon as the whole was collected the amountsnould be forwarded tothe central committee . Letters , containing their official adhesion , waa also read from the Hydraulic Pressers , Warehousemen ,
Packers , Makers-lip , and Callenderers of Manchester ,-also from the Horse Nail-makers of Worcester , the Framework-knitters of Loughborough , and the Carpenters and Joiners of Bristol . The Carpenters and Joiners of Leeds also' forwarded a request to be ' supplied with the rules ' an d eyery information , as they are about to hold a meeting in that town on the I 7 th instant , to consider the propriety of joining the Association . At the conclusion of the business of the Central Committee , the Central Committee and Board of Directors held a joint meeting , according to a , previous arrangement made for that purpose , at which thc president ( T . S . Duncombe , Esq ., M .-P . ) expressed his great pleasure to find both Associations making such sure aiid rapid progress , and thought he could not find a better opportunity than the present .
when they had assembled to consider their present position and future prospects , to announce his determination of becoming a shareholder to the extent of one hundred shares in tlie Association for the Employment of Labour . He need scarce add tbe great interest he felt in the continued success of both Associations , and thought it was only necessary tliat . the Central Committee and Board of Directors should work harmoniously together to secure the full and entire success of both Associations . A report of the proceedings and prospects of both Associations , of a cheering and promising nature , having been submitted to the meeting , and some instructions of a general nature having been agreed to , as regards the lecturer , the meeting broke up highly satisfied with the good understanding that prevailed between the
two Associations , and the bright prospects of success . Cigar Makers Muiuai . Association . —A very numerous meeting of the above body was held at the _ISOCial-lial ) , ~ m _ llc < -lt-ljjcl ;' un _Thuari - _^ _-vy « __ _--. - * .- -. £ jj . M . < _ - veniber 13 th , to takeinto consideration the propriety of joining the Association of United Trades ' . Mr . J . A . Davies on taking the chair briefly stated the objects for which the meeting was convened ,. and called on Mr . James , ofthe central committee of United Trades ' , who rose and gave a most lucid explanation of the origin , progress , and objects of the association . Several questions was then put to and answered by Mr . James . Mr . Robson , one of the board of directors of the Association for tbe employment of Labour in Agriculture and Manufactures ,
rose and in most eloquent terms pointed out tbe eviis resulting from a surplus of labour in the market , and the great good that must result from the employment of such surplus on the Land , or in manufactures , for their own benefit and advantage . Mr . Ropson , like his colleague Mr . James , was listened to with breathless attention , and if we may judge from the enthusiastic plaudits with which Mr . Uobson was greeted at the close of his address , the Land question is very popular even with the Cigar Makers of London . The thanks of the meeting were unanimously awarded to the delegates , and the chairman , on behalf of the body , undertook to forward the result of their deliberations to thc secretary of the ' United Trades' Association .
The Miners of Bilston to the _iNHABiTisw or _Biiston and its _suHROUrtDiNG DisrKiCTs . —Gentlemen and , Fellow Workmen , —It is with much pain tbat we have to make this short appeal to you , but we can assure you sheer necessity has compelled us to do so we feel confident that you , the inhabitants of Bilston , are no strangers to our manifold grievances as a body of Miners . While our trade was low we suffered our wrongs with patience , but now our masters have a great demand in the market , for both coal and iron , and yet they are not content , but still seem determined to carry out what they , the masters , call a custom—that is , if we do not submit to their usages , however opposed to law or justice , we , the weaker portion of men , must suffer a length of imprii sonment in Stafford Gaol ; but we feel confident in
your respect for us , as a body of Miners , that you will at this time help us , if we will help ourselves , which . we feel determined to do . Gentlemen , we have already two of our fellow slaves lying in Stafford Gaol , simply because one would not submit to the tyranny of . the butties , who was told to go up the pit and never come down there any more ; the other nian gave notice for an advance of wages , to which his master would not consent , he therefore sought work elsewhere , and for tbis they were brought before the magistrates and ordered to go back or suffer fourteen days' hard labour in Stafford Gaol ; we therefore hope the discerning public will assist the committee with the required fund to bring the case before the Queen's Bench . We hope the tradesmen generally will help us , as we all have one common grievance . The committee will send out parties to receive what
you are willing to give . Caution—Each collecting party will be furnished by the committee with books and cards , _printed with red ink . We are , yours respectfully , The Misers' Committee . —Bilston , October 27 th , 1845 . —Subscriptions will be thankfully received at Mr . J . Linney ' s , White Horse , and at Mr . H . Howe ' s , Sampson and Lion , Green-croft . Tub Wigan _Mx . _nebs held the third Anniversary _« f their union at the house of Mr . John Marsh , thc Queen Ann Inn , Bean Church , Nov . 7 th , when about two hundred of the hardy sons ofthe mine sat down to a good substantial dinner of roast beef and plum pudding . When the cloth was removed , Mr . Henry Sennet , Mr Robert ICarsh , and Mr . Charles Parkinson , Agents ofthe Miners' Association shortly addressed the company . After which , singing and dancing commenced and was continued till a late hour .
Boiton MiNEBS . —On Friday , November 7 th , about five hundred of the hardy ions of the mine met at the h 6 use of Mr . Thomas Telford , the Fleece Inn , and at Mr . John Lever's , near the Bull and Wharf , to celebrate the Ulird anniversary of their union . After regaling themselves with good roast beef and plum pudding , W . P . Roberts , Esq ., the Miners' Attorney-General , was called on to preside over the meeting . The chairman opened the meeting in his usual eloquent & nd in * . pi . * _ s <_ We _waW . He dwelt chiefly on the benefits that the working daises , and particularly the Miners , derived from being united together for the protection of labour and the protection of the law . The meeting was afterwards addressed by Messrs . Finall , Bennett , and Parkinson . Singing and dancing afterwards _ctomenced , and continued till about eleven o ' clock , when each retired well satisfied .
Distressing Case.— On Tuesday Morning A ...
Distressing Case . — On Tuesday morning a lad who gave his name James Clements , nine yean of age , was brought into St . Bartholomew ' s Hospital in consequence of his having sustained the fracture of both his legs . From the statement of one of the draymen belonging to the firm of Messrs . Reid , it appeared that he had for several weeks past been observed lurking about the dray-yard , and although he had been repeatedly driven away , he nevertheless persisted in making their establishment his principal abode ; and he has been frequently found in the morning fast asleep at the bottom of the carts and waggons . He was at length Questioned M to the residence ofhis parents , when he replied that he had no father ; that his mother who resided at No . 32 , Frederick-street , _Bagniege-wells-road , about six
weeks since sold all the furniture , and , taking him oiitat night , left him in the street , and ho had not since seen or heard anything whatever other . He ( the drayman ) had several times caused the lad to be taken to the workhonse , but as he was invariably discharged therefrom the following morning , he was sure to pay his usual visit to the brewery , where ha received from the men scraps of victuals , upon which he had managed chiefly to subsist . Yesterday , however , some other bovs contrived to obtain an entrance into the dray-yard , " and whilst the hoy Clements was assisting them to raise the shafts of one of the drays , the others suddenly ran away , and the rained shafts , falling upon the unfortunate lad , inflicted upon him the serious injury above mentioned . The youthful patient is doing as well as can be expected . —
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Nov. 15, 1845, page 1, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns3_15111845/page/1/
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