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« — _ THE NORTHERN STAR. ^££f^lSfL^
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FRIDAY EVEiYLNC
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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« — _ The Northern Star. ^££F^Lsfl^
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UJiAimsT CONFERENCE . ( _dn'Liuedfrom tf . c oh page . J JfS _® _5 "" f _;> . of S ans _** l pikes-he meant Patrick 0 'IH gpns ( Cheers . ) The Saturday S ? e he went to Ireland , the _Aation newspaper wasfilled with articles of a most scurrilous nature against him Yet , in defiance ofthe feeliag which those articles were intended to create , and in spite of the promise the late Daniel O'Conneil had made , that he should be ducked in the Liffev if ever he appeared m Dublin again , he resolved upon goinjr , but at the same time of remaining quiet m the Conference . He went—and no sooner did he enter the Hall , than the Conference cheered him in a most enthusiastic manner . On the second resolution _being nut , loud cries for him to sneak
nroceeded from all parts of the Conference , which was composed of seventy delegates—for him to speak . He did so , and he never met with a warmer reception in England than he met with at that Conference . So much , then , for the 500 , 000 fighting men whom l ) . inicl O'Conneil said were ready to pour upon the English Chartists if they endeavoured to introduce their doctrines into Ireland . ( Cheers . ) He should go to Ireland after Christmas , and then he should commence a tour through Great Britain , immediately afterwards ; and his efforts should be directed towards establishing a firm union between the people of England , Ireland , and Scotland , and to go forward , peacably and constitutionally , under the new organisation for the speedy accomplishment of the " Charter and no surrender . " ( Cheers . )
Mr . Clabk then read the following address , to the people of Ireland : — AS ADDRESS FROM THE METROPOLITAN CHARTIST CONFERENCE , TO THE DEMOCRATS OF IRELAND . " Oppressed Fellow Subjects . —Having assembled together for the promotion of the cause ef Radical Reform in the liouse of Commons of the " United Kingdom , " with a view , thereby , of securing a real and efficient representation of all classes of the people in Parliament , and sympathising with your desire for separate and independent
nationality , founded as that desire is upon the inalienable right of self-government , which belongs to all nations , and of which no nation can divest itself , wc avail ourselres of this opportunity of soliciting your attention to matters which appear to us to he of great moment to all persons on both sidas of the channel , but especially to those who are anxious for thc obtainment of full and complete justice to thc people of both countries , and which we interpret to mean , distinct _Parliaments for each nation , and both founded npon a suffrage , embracing the whole male adult population of the respective kingdoms .
Democrats of IrelandJ We think it must long ere this time have become apparent to you , that the industrial classes of England , have little more reason than yourselves , to venerate the laws and constitution of the empire , and that your own impatience for aa alteration , is equalled by their own . It is true , that added to the horrid and indescribable social barbarism under which you live , you have the galling and humiliating reflection , that the land of your nativity is but the garrison of the stranger , aud that the fruits of your industry " are borne upon the waters of the ocean , to be consumed by' aliens In . language , religion , and blood , ' and so far is your condition worse than our own . Bat we too have to complain of ill-requited toil , and hateful political servitude ; and although our oppression does not come from the foreigner , it is not the less keenly felt , because it springs from a native source .
It is a great mistake to suppose , that all in this cation either share thc spoil of Ireland , or participate in its oppression . The same oligarchical power , that in the name of "British rule , has so often deluged the rich plains of Erin , with the blood of her noblest children , has also deprived us of our property and our liberty , and continues to impose npon us snch injustice as it were shame to mention iere . We harejails filled with ignorant and neglected criminals—our workhouses are inconveniently crowded , our streets swarm with _wretchedness and prostitution , and everywhere in this boasted land of freedom , oppression and starvation , are reducing the " Bold Peasantry " once its pride and support ,
to beggery and rain . In this latter respect there is a fatal similarity in the cases of both countries . " Democrats of Ireland ! you seek the Repeal of the legislative Union , between the two countries , and to us such a course appears fraught , aliko with justice , reason and sonud policy . The manner of effecting that " Union , " and the means by which it was consumated , we regard as models of perfidy ; dishonour , shame , and scorn belong to the memory of thc enactors of that dark and damning chapter , in the history of England , but it was the act ofa government , as hostile to the interests of the one conntry as the other . And in its consequences has teen ruinous to both .
Irishmen _. therejis scarcelya grievance of which yon complain , for which the industrious classes of England cannot find a parallel : at least in principle . You bave a church establishment , which by law , yon are constrained to support , even _although you repudiate its doctrines and teachings . We are similarly cursed ; and notwithstanding that in thc ease of Ireland , the frand is more apparent and in--rid _' ous , yet the difference is merely in degf ee . The crime against conscience and property is the same in both cases . Tou arc born down by enormous taxation—local and general , and so are we . The monopoly and mismanagement of the soil of Ireland is one of the principal causes ofthe social miseries , which prevail there ; and here the land remains in the hands of the few , and is so controled as to be made to conserve the political purposes of faction , instead ofthe wants ofthe nation .
The parliamentary and municipal franchise in both Ireland and England are confined within the narrowest limits , consistent with the safety of the ruling power , and in every way the mass of the people in both countries are designedly excluded from all direct influence in thc state . Irishmen , heretofore , your cause has been pleaded as Ireland against England , and our purpose in addressing yon is to remind you that the Democratic Nationalists of Ireland , and ourselves have one object in common , as we are enslaved by the same hand , and have the same enemy to conquer . We wish to impress upon yoa the importance of united action , as the easiest , nay , only road to victory . TFe proclaim the sovereignity of the people , without
which , parliaments are mockeries , and governments are tyrannies . It is surely not in the land of Emmett , Tone , Fitzgerald , O'Connor , O'Brien , Mitchel , and Meagher , that this doctrine will meet with repudiation . Who will deny the sacred right of domestic government to the Irish people ? It is denied ; bnt by tvkoni ? Attend , Irishmen , to the answer . Yonr right to a parliament of yonr own is denied by the aristocracies of England and Ireland uniteilly , who in the Imperial Senate , trample upon both your rights , and those of the English people . To this same united power , we owe the perpetuation of those wrongs nnder which we bleed , and which we pant to remedy . It is obvious , therefore , Irishmen , that as -we have common ground of complaint that to succeed wc must have United Action , The cause of truth is no more Celtic than Saxon . It is the interest of all in England , the aristocracy and their dependents , alone excepted
thatthe Irish shall have Ireland , to their own independent management , and to that end the "Democracy of England will strive , " irishmen I In the name ofthe "Democracy of this metropolis , we offer you congrai « Iations , and in the name of the same power proclaim the justice of separate and independent government of Ireland by the Irish people . Mr . O'Cossor moved the adoption ofthe address , which being seconded by Mr . Alison , was carried unanimously . The following gentlemen were then elected to serve on the Provisional Committee for the first three months : —Messrs . Reynolds , M'Gratb , Clark , Harney , Bison , Grassby , " Stallwood , Arnott , and Kydd . Mr . Doytx begged to be allowed to read a letter he had received from Manchester , opposing any junction with the middle classes . Several notices of motions having been given in _. The Chairman- declared the conference adjourned till Thursday evening .
THURSDAT EVENING . The Conference assembled this evening at the Wheat Sheaf , at S o clock . The Cham M is having taken his seat , Mr . Curs proceeded to read the minutes of the previous evening ' s proceedings , which were confirmed . Mr . _Retxolds then proceeded to read the following address : —
TBE METROPOLITAN CONFERENCE TO THE CHAItTISTS OF THE UNITED _KINGDOM . FfilESDS AND BEETHKEy , The time _fortheresuscitatiouofthe Chartist movement has now arrived . That spirit which -ior upwards of a j ear past has seemed to languish , and which a foul calumny dared to represent as altogether subdued—is manifesting its vitality again , and will shine forth with- greater brilliancy than ever ; and it will he the fault of those who have rights to claim and wrongs to redress , if thc torch of truth he for ever extinguished until it shall have lighted the votaries of progress to the consummation of all their hopes , and the achievement of all their aims .
Too long have the oppressed millions of these realms languished in serfdom , penury , and wretchedness : too long have their claims
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been disregarded altogether , or treated with a haughty defiance and a stern refusal ; too long , likewise , have the . pampcredfew revelled in an indolent luxuriousness at the expense of the many . The beneficence of heaventhe voice of justice , and the dictates of common sense proclaim an indignant antagonism to such a system ; and , therefore , must the oppressed take a determined attitude in front of the oppressor , and the slave assert his dignitv , and his rights as a siax , in the teeth of the enslaver .
Cheated in bygone years , hy mock reforms—and deluded b y thj promises of selfish , mistaken , or narrow-minded men—the working classes of this country must lay themselves open to the results of such deception or treachery no more . While assisting every class of reformers , and aiding every movement progressing in the ri ght direction , ttiey must keep constantly and steadily in view the grandest of all aims—the attainment of the
PEOPLE'S CHARTER ! By this means alone can they hope to recover the reins of power from the hands by which it has been usurped so flagitiously and misused so vilel y : hy this means alone may they expect to secure the full enjoyment of their national rights and just privileges . _Friexhs axd Brethren- , we will not ask you whether you be desirous to assume your proper _standing in the social sphere : we will not mock you by inquiring whether you arc contented and happy in your present condition ; and we will not insult your intelligence as men , and your feelings as sentient beings , by demanding whether you wish to exchange serfdom and misery for freedom and
prosperity ; for we know—alas ! too well knowthat the position of even the most fortunate amongst you , is far below the standard of what injustice it ought to be , and , in point of fact , it might be ;—while , on the other hand , human language is too poor to depict all the hedious wretchedness in which the least fortunate of you are dragging on a wearisome existence . There is not , then , a single individual amongst the working-classes of this country , who has not some right to claim , and some wrong to redress , —some measure of justice to demand , or some grievance to proclaim : —and therefore are the sons and daughters of toil , each , and all , interested in the establishment of the People ' s Charter as the law ofthe land .
But usurpation surrenders nothing of its own accord : might concedes nothing to right , unless the demand be made . Experience has , moreover , taught us , that such demand must be proclaimed in a loud voice and a determined manner—without ceasing , and without yielding , until the ohject be won !—and thus is it , that the haughty assurance of an oligarchy , and the stern opposition of an aristocratic government , can only be moved by a vigorous , general , and continuous agitation on thc part of the masses , To snch a movement do we now invoke you . But mark our meaning well—and let us not be misunderstood . It is to a legal and peaceful agitation that wc now claim your adhesionours is the war of truth against falsehood—of
Justice against tyr anny—the pressure of a mighty moral influence brought to bear upon barbarous institutions , hemmed in with physical defences of every threatening description . Therefore , as our weapons are those which intelligence supplies , so shall our triumph be bloodless ; and surely this becomes a cause which it is a virtue , a duty , and an honour to support—a shame and a dishonour to abandon—a crime and an atrocity to oppose . Friexds axd Bbethkex , —will you , then , rear once again the glorious banner of the Charter , and write the words "Kb _SmtRRExnEn" not only upon that standard , but likewise on your own hearts ? We , the representatives of the
metropolitan democracy , proffer our aid to the provinces , and invoke the provinces to assist us in return . We have prepared a plan of action and a mode of administration which we shall immediatel y submit to the great community of Chartism , in the full hope that our labours will be approved , and their results accepted . For ourselves , we need only say that we are resolute in the employment of all moral and legitimate means to obtain our rights : — we will be slaves no longer—we will not suffer a curse to rest upon our heads and a spell to weigh upon our hearts , without a mighty effort to throw off the incubus . And ye , brother Chartists ' . —will
ye not be with us ? From every town and every rural district—from the remotest nooks and farthest corners of these islands—we hear echoes wafting back the thrilling affirmative to our cars . Rise , then , in the power of your moral influence , ye hereditary bondsmen—rise in the fullness of your unarmedstrength , and in the glorious light which the torch of Truth sheds around you;—and in the presence of an attitude thus imposing , the most stubborn Aristocrat and the most reluctant Minister must eventually give way . Signed on behalf of the Metropolitan Conference JAMES _Ghassuy , Chairman . Moved bv Mr . _Uinxo , and seconded by Mr .
O ' _Cosson , and carried unanimously . The amended programme was then read , and Mr . Ciark moved the adoption ofthe programme , Mr . Davis seconded . Mr . _Abxoti then moved : — " That the Amendment on the Hth clause in the printed programme issued by the Provisional Committee be rescinded , and that the said clause stand as part of the " constitution" of the Association , with the addition of the words , " The Subscriptions for the cards to be at once forwarded to the Executive Committee . " He might be thought inconsistent-Mr . _SiAWiWOOD interrupted Mr . AnxoxT , and moved " that the motion be not received . " Mr . Peahcet seconded Mr . Stallwood ' s motion .
Mr . O ' Conxor thought Mr . Arnott s motion very
unwise . Mr . M'Gbath would like to see the matter reconsidered by the Conference , as due reflection might have altered the opinions of many of the delegates . Mr . O ' Cossor said , at all events he had not altered his opinion by reflection , and if they sometimes ' stultified their proceedings in the Houso of Commons , let not that Conference imitate so bad an example . ( Hear , hear . ) Mr . Coluss submitted the question was out of order , and though he had voted against Mr . Harney's amendment on the clause , as submitted to that Conference by the Provisional Committee , he would not now agree that that amendment should be rescinded . Mr . Davis thought that the matter might be reconsidered .
Mr . _RsrxoiBs submitted that Mr . O'Connor was wrong in saying that they would stultify their proceedings by rescinding Mr . Harney's amendment ; if that were the case , why was the drafts of the organisation again introduced at all ? ( Hear , Mr . Townsexd would not agree to the re-consideration ofthe question . Mr . _BExtLEV supported the motion of Mr . Arnott . Mr Dotle thought Mr . Arnott ' s motion should be token into consideration by the Conference . Mr . O'Cosson urged thatthe question be put . The Chairman then put the amendment of Mr , Stallwood , which was carried by M to 11 . The " Constitution , " as amended by the Conference , was then put , and carried unanimously . Mr . Uitisg suggested that the Conference proceed to adopt apian for local organisation .
Mr . Clabk said , they proposed to leave that matter to the localities themselves , or to leave it in the hands ofthe Provisional Committee off ) . Mr . TJnrxG thought their business would only be half-ended if they went back to their constituents in the different localities they represented , without some plan of local organisation to give them . ( Hear , hear . ) He would , therefore nioye— " That the Conference do now proceed to lay down some plan of local organisation . " Mr . _TowssExn seconded the motion . Mr . Davis thought they could not make laws at
that Conference , which was not elected by tbe provinces , for the government of provincial localities . ( Hear , hear . ) Mr . 0 ' _Cosson fully agreed with Mr . Davis . The laws for the government of one locality would not suit every locality . They could not pretend to legislate at that Conference upon any other but general matters . ( Hear , hear . ) Mr . _Pattexso . v wislied to know if each locality were independent , whether they would not be violating the Corresponding Act ? Mr . O'Cosson assured that gentleman that they would not infringe any law by the plan laid down . Mr . Clabk confirmed Mr . O'Connor in his
opinion , by what had transpired at the Chartist trials at thc Old Bailey . Mr . Drake considered they must , at all events , recommend some plan of local organisation . Mr . Towssesd thought the plan of organisation should be given to the localities by thc Conference , in order that the wholo country might act upon ono general plan , and thus prevent thc organisation of one locality from being at logerheads with another . ( Hear , hear . ) Mr . IIoddex thought any general plan of local organisation would be productive of much good to the cause . Mr . Dixos did not object to the Conference recommending a plan of local organisation , but it would be impolitic in them to lay down a plan for the government ofthe whole country . Mr . IlAnxEr would leave to the Provisional Committee , the advising of tbe localities , as to their local organisations . Thc localities would require advices in consequence of the important alteration in the new plan of organisation compared with the
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old plan . The election of the local Councils was a question which demanded serious consideration . The CiuinMAS said , his opinion was , that the local Councils in tho country districts should direct the local organisation , and that a Metropolitan Council should be formed in London to direct the affairs of its localities . __ After a few words from Mr . Utting in reply , the resolution was put , and carried by thirteen to six . Mi _\ Cubic said , probably the Conference would trust to the Provisional Committee for an efficient plan of local organisation , which would be published in the Nortiiem Star . Mr . Uiiisg moved : — " That the Conference on its rising do adjourn for one month , and that
they should meet at the expiration of that time for the purpose of receiving any plan which _^ tho Provisional Committee might , in the meantime consider practicable . " Mr . Hobdes seconded the motion . Mr . Besilet then moved as an amendment" That the matter be left in the hands ofthe Provisional Committee , and that the Conference do not meet to consider the . same , but that it shall be made public through the columns ofthe Northern Star . Mr . Stamavoob seconded the amendment . Mr . Brown supported Mr . Utting ' 8 motion . The Chairman recommended that any member of
that Conference mi g ht send in his opinions to the Provisional Committee in writing . { Hear , hear . ) Mr . O'Coxwr said , one of tho duties of the Provisional Committee would be to establish a system of local organisation consistent with the machinery which they had made , and which machinery they must set to work in as practical a way as possible . If any member of that Conference had a particular system of organisation to propose , let him send it to the Provisional Committee in writing , and thoy would , no doubt , pay every attention to it . ( Hear , hear . ) Mr . Brown supported thc amendment , which was put and carried by 15 to 7 .
Mr . M'Grath moved : — " That the members of the Conference pledge themselves , individually and collectively , to use their utmost exertions to enrol members , and recommend the localities to elect a Metropolitan General Council . " Mr . Dixon seconded tbe resolution , which was put and carried unanimously . The next subject for discussion was the wages of the members ofthe Executive Committee . Mr . Uraxo moved : —" That the salaries of the members of the Executive ( including the secretary ) should be £ 2 per week . " Mr . Reynolds begged to second the resolution . Mr . Harney moved as an amendment : — " That the secretary should receive £ 2 10 s . per week . "No seconder .
Mr . O ' Connor said , that £ 2 was more than the people of Lancashire and Yorkshire , who worked in rattle-boxes for Ss . or Cs . per week would give . ( Hear . ) The other executive had received only 30 s . per week , and it was quite enough in his opinion , and as much as the people would pay them . ( Hear , hear ) He had been on the old Executive , and had never received anything at all for his services , and if he was elected again , he should give his services gratuitously , as he had ever done . ( Cheers . ) He would therefore move an amendment to the resolution for £ 2 , to the following effect : —" That tho whole ofthe five members of the Executive be paid 30 s . per week . " Mr . Allsuii seconded the amendment .
Mr . Doyle begged to tell Mr . O'Connor that £ 2 per week was not too much for a member of the Chartist Executive . Mr . O'Connor must know that men engaged on public business were always psid bettor than mechanics . He should like to know how much would be left in a man ' s pocket who was continually travelling about , and had a wife and family to support , out of £ 2 per week ? ( Hear , hear . ) Any man who left his business and became a member of the Chartist Executive , let him leave that Executive , and what would become of him ? Could he go back to his employment ? No . His master would not receive him again . ( Hear , hear . ) Mr . O'Connor might boast of not having been paid in the Executive . He was glad he could afford to do without it . He ( Mr . Doyle " had also worked fourteen hours in a factory , and
then , after he had done , talked at a Chartist meeting till twelve o ' clock at night . 30 s . to a member ofthe Chartist Executive was not better than 20 s . per week to the labouring man . ( Hear , hear . ) He considered the proposition of Mr . O'Connor extremely objectionable , and he did not think that the Conference would get good and efficient men to act in their Executive if they only resolved upon a weekly wages of 30 s . ( Hear , hear . ) The late Executive only had 30 s . per week , and they could not live upon it . Mr . O'Cosson said , Mr . Doyle had answered himself , in saying that the late Executive only had 30 s . per week . They must make the wages according to the circumstances of those who had to pay the money . ( Hear , hear . ) Messrs . Langor and Townsexd supported Mr . O'Connor ' s amendment .
Mr . Pattenson supported the amendment for 30 s . but would like Mr . O'Connor to have the following added to it;— " That second-class fare , and 2 s . Od . per day extra , be allowed any member of the Executive who might be called upon to travel . " Mr . Davis would vote for the original resolution , as £ 2 was little enough for any man placed in so important and laborious a position . ( Hear , hear . ) Mr . _ItETNOLBS said , that because tho wages of former executives had not been paid , it was no argument that , when the new organisation was developed , the Chartist body would not be able to pay their future Executive ; Really , he thought that they ought not to be so very ready to prognosticate an effect , the reverse of which he was convinced would be the case . ( Hear , hear . )
Mr . Clark did not intend to vote upon this question at all ; but he would bear his testimony to the fact that 30 s . was not enough for a man who had a wife and family to support , and , at all events , it would not allow him to appear respectable enough to go among the middle classes for the purpose of carrying out tho object of the 3 rd resolution at the bottom of the programme . The sum proposed by Mr . O'Connor was a mean and beggarly gum , anil though there were men that could be got to do the business for that sum , they were men upon whom no dependence could bo placed , and in whom the Chartist body generally would not have confidence . ( Hear , hear . ) Mr . Drake agreed with Mr . O'Connor , that according to present circumstances , 30 s . was enough ; but let this new organisation succeed as well as he , for one , anticipated it would , and he should then have no objection of voting £ 5 per week to the members of the executive . ( Hear , hear . ) Mr . M'Gbath moved " that as tho old executive had been alluded to as not having been paid , Mr . Kydd should be allowed to address a few words to the Conference . "
The motion having been seconded by Mr . _Utting , was put and carried . Mr . _Kymi tben came forward and said , as he bad been called upon to speak , he would just tell them what he did out of 30 s , a week " when he could get it , " When in Manchester it cost him 4 s . 5 d . per day to live , and left him 7 d . per day in his pocket . ( Laughter . ) The Chartists owed him £ G 0 for his services as a member of tbe last Executive , and , though he should not offer himself as a candidate for fresh honours , he should make them a present of that small sum of money . ( Laughter . ) Though Mr . O'Connor had spent so much money and 80 much time , yet he ( Mr . Kyddlmust say , that "to take £ 00 from a man who had a hundred was more charitable than to take £ 00 from a man who had nothing . " ( Laughter . )
Mr . Harney said , that , although he should bave preferred to have seen the secretary paid ten shillings more than the other members of the Executive , yet , as his amendment had . not been seconded , he should vote for the original proposition of two pounds . He had personally known the members of every Chartist Executive , but never knew one of them that saved money by serving the people , but , on the contrary , he had known several who had been placed in difficulties in consequence of their hospitality and the unceasing demands made upon them for subscriptions to all kinds of funds , and for the relief of unemployed Chartists . it w _™ » P " _""' _?)* much insisted on last night that Chartist leaders should attend the
meetings of Parliamentary Reformers . How were they to do so if they were not in a position to assume a respectable exterior ? They must remember that they lived m an age when Diogenes in his tub would not be respected , and even au Apostle if walking the streets in rags and tatters , would be looked upon and punished as a vagrant . He be « ged to remind them that the paid Executive woufd not take office for tliree months . In the course of that time the fate of the present attempt at organisation would be decided . Either failure would prevent the election of any executive , or success would furnish the means to pay thc members thereof . Had they not heen told that middle class converts were _thronfrino- to
the Chartist standard ? Surel y those gentlemen would not bo content to give merely a paltry shilling a year ! Surely they would give a guinea , or five guineas ! If otherwise , what was the worth of tho so much vaunted middle class conversions ? Let tho delegates act up to their own principles , and vote for a fair day ' s wage for a fair day ' s work . Mr . Allnutt thought 30 s per week enough for a man and his family . " He did not get so much ° as that all the year round , and he kept himself and family well . What would those men in his locality—Finsbury-who were only earning about 9 d per day say to giving the members of tho Executive £ 2 per week ?
After a few remarks from Mr . Bently in favoui of the amendment , and from Mr . Milse in favour of the resolution , the question was taken when the motion for 30 s was carried by 10 to 9 Messrs Clark , M'Gratb , Doyle , and Di xon declined _voting Tbe Conference then adjourned till Friday
Friday Eveiylnc
FRIDAY _EVEiYLNC
The Delegates met at eight o ' clock , and after an animated discussion , the following resolutions were * Moved by Mr . Jons Arnott , and seconded by Mr , Utting " That this Conference earnestly recommend to the Council or Committeo of every section of Trades to forthwith call meetings of their several bodies , in order to impress on them the imperative necessity of adopting , as their political creed , tho principles of the People ' s Charter , and energetically agitate for its enactment , and thereby ensure their social amelioration . " Move d by Mr . Joun Arnott , and seconded by Mr . Townsend , " That a deputation of three be now appointed to wait on tho Conference of the National Association of Trades , to solicit their co-operation . " A deputation , consisting of Messrs . Kydd , M'Grath , and Dixon , was then appointed to carry
out the spirit of the resolution . Moved by G . Julian Habney , and seconded by F . O'Connor , Esq ., M . P .: — " Resolved tbat the patriotic and praiseworthy sacrifice made by Mr . Kydd , in renouncing his claim to the sum of £ C 0 due as salary for his services as Secretary to the late Charter Association , entitles him to the special thanks of thc Chartist body . At the same time the delegates constituting this Conference must add their thanks to Mr . Kydd for his services from the commencement of the Chartist agitation to the present timo . " Moved by G . Julian Harnby , and seconded by Mr . John Abnott : — " That the delegates constituting this Conference hereby call upon tho Chartists ofthe British empire to release Mr . O'Connor , M . P ., feem the onerous obligation of meeting the demand enforced hy the attorney who defended certain of the Chartist victims in the trials of 1848 . " «
Mr . Clark announced that Mr . Reynolds had just handed him an order for two guineas , as that gentleman ' s quota towards tho liquidation of the sum due to Mr . O'Connor . Moved by G . Julian Habney , and seconded by Mr . Clabk : — " That the delegates constituting this Conference , without pledging the newly-constituted association to any debts contracted by any former association , or other Chartist body , nevertheless consider it necessary to remind the Chartist body that there is a balance of £ 20 16 s . 7 d . due to the printer who printed the documents of the Convention and Assembly of 18 i 8 ; and the delegates hereby remind the Chartist body of the duty of _discharging the said debt—a duty enjoined both by
justice and a proper regard for the honour ofthe Chartist name . Moved by G . Julian Habney , and seconded by P . O'Connor , Esq ., M . P . : — " That the members of this assembly recognising tho paramount importance of a Free Press , both to guide the people in the struggle for their political franchises , and to aid them in securing and making a wise use of those franchises when achieved , hereby earnestly advise the Executive Committee ofthe re-organised Chartist movement , to make every effort in furtherance of that most necessary reform—the total abolition of taxis an knowledges . " Moved by Mr . Clark , and seconded by Mr . Allnutt : — "That this Conference tenders its
hearty thanks to Feargus O Connor , M . P ., George Thompson , M . P ., Sir Joshua Walmsley , M . P ., Richard Cobden , M . P ., William Williams , Esq ., and H . T . Atkinson , Esq ., for the patriotic endeavours which they hn . ye made to procure the liberation of the Chartist victims . " Upon the suggestion of Mr . Bkown , it was agreed that the names of Alderman Humphreys and Alderman Sidney be added to those inserted in Mr . Clark ' s resolution . Moved by Mr . M'GRAm , and seconded by Mr . Drake : — "That thi 3 Conference , considering the untiring and unparalleled exertions of Mr , O'Connor , and the great monetary sacrifices made by that gentleman during a long political life , in furtherance , of the popular cause , hereby tender to him , in tho name of their constituents , their most cordial thanks : and at the samo timo they
express an ardent hope that he may live long to witness thc happy consummation of the glorious cause to which his life has been devoted . " Mr , Clark announced tbat Mr . Reynolds bad volunteered to pay for tho room in which the Conference had been sitting , and that that gentleman had printed the new " constitution" at his own expense . ( Cheers . ) He would therefore move : — " That the thanks of this Conference are due , and hereby given , to Mr . Reynolds for his magnanimous conduct on the present occasion , and for his services in the cause generally . " The resolution having been seconded , was put and carried unanimously . On the motion of Mr . Doyle , seconded by Mr . Arnott , a vote of thanks was unanimously passed to the Provisional Committee , who had drawn up the new plan of organisation .
A vote of thanks was then given to the chairman for the impartial manner in which he had conducted tho proceedings throughout . The Chairman having briefly returned thanks declared the Conference dissolved . _ygr The constitution of the new Charter Association , as amended , will be given in next Saturday ' s Star .
To The Chartists. My Fkiends, My Mind Ha...
TO THE CHARTISTS . My Fkiends , My mind has been so occupied this week in reading the generous and kindly epistles of the unfortunate located members , iu the numerous papers in which they have been published , and in repl ying to them—and which reply I trust you will all read attentively—that I have onl y time to write a rambling letter . A Metropolitan Conference is now sitting in London , and if I am to judge mental improvement by contrasting the manner in which , that Conference is conducting your affairs as
compared _, with the conduct of other Conferences , I auger well for the future . There is no noise , no nonsense , no dissension , no long speeches ; but all business . Those who do speak , _spealc briefly , eloquently , and to the purpose ; so that I trust , that the present Chartist machinery will produce one voluminous and united national mind , which will overpower all the united force of tyranny . Read the address to the Irish people unanimously adopted by the Conference , and then
say if the gulf which has so long separated you , is not about to be bridged . Read the splendid , the noble , the independent , and patriotic reply of Dr . Grattan , my old and honoured schoolfellow , to the letter of the Lord Chancellor of Ireland , depriving him of the commission of the peace , for taking the chair at the meeting I attended in Dublin , and ask yourselves what your position would be , if you you had a few such magistrates to administer tho law .
Read the reply of Mr . ? ullam , the proprietor of the Irishman , to the accusations preferred against him b y Mr . Duffy , the proprietor of the Nation , and then ask yourselves whether Mr . Fullaji stands acquitted or convicted ; and whether or not , as a journalist , he is worthy of the confidence of every libertyloving man . Then , to show you that every dog will have his day , read the two following comments upon the superior value of Spade Husbandry , and say whether the " "Worried Dog ' s" day is not coming .
Two agencies of industrial improvement arc at this moment receiving tho most strenuous impulse in Ireland , and are , I am happy to state , fast takin « hold on the country . These are spade husbandry and the cultivations of flax . As to the former , it is only strange how new the discovery of its value seems to be . Although a great deal has been recently said and written , chiefly hy the practical instructors advocating its employment , still it would appear that tho report of one of those most useful industrial missionaries , Mr . Quin , has , in fact , been the first _Successful effort yet made to bring the subject under general notice . The Fermon Union Farming Society , upon which Mr . Quin's valuable
services wero chiefly bestowed , has passed a series of resolutions regretting tho termination of his engagement , and stating some of the benefits derived from it . Among other things they say : — " Wo deem it right to put on record the fact that several members of tho committee , and others who were at first strongly opposed to 'the system of spade labour , have now become duly sensible ofthe value ot it , and have carried it out practically to such an extent as promises by creating extensive additional _employmant , to confer great benefit on the union . " — That it has beon proved by the experience of several members of the committee , and others , that land of average qualit y has been dug to the of 12 inches
depth , at an expense of Id . per perch , or 18 s , 4 d , per statute acre ; and that thc labourers employed under the superintendence of Mr . Quin and using the improved spade introduced by him havo , after the first few days , been able to earn from Is . to 2 s 2 d per day ( working for 10 hours ;) and in the short days of the . months of December and January , can , without difficulty , earn at least Od . Bt -Cuiy Ctich . The subject of spade husbandry is _brought everv day in some shape , before the public eye . % e hear for instance , of deputations from one part ofthe ' country to another , in which the system is practised , to _abmrvQ how it works . Thus , a deputa-
To The Chartists. My Fkiends, My Mind Ha...
tion from Dublin proceeded to Armagh for tha purpose last week , and , it would appear , were well satisfied with thc result . If this mode of agriculture had been better understood a few years ago , the calamities of the country wonld havo been greatly alleviated . Chartists J a word , and I have done . Rely upon it , that however Whig papers and Governmental organs may speak slightingly of Protectionists , their meetings , their opinions , and resolutions , that you will see in the next Session of Parliament such a party breezenay , hurricane , as you never witnessed before . There is a rumour afloat that the Minister intends to return to Protection . Now see the elements that are afloat .
Peel ' s natural vanity will induce him to join the Russell Cabinet , rather than surrender to the caprice and power of his former opponents ; the Free Traders will back Peel and Russell , if Peel ' s natural pride induces Russell to resist the return to Protection ; and then the Protectionists in England and Ireland , and their representatives in Parliament , will create such a flare-up as this country never witnessed : and although I have robbed the Land Company , you may rely upon it that , in the coming struggle , no power —not all the united power of all the partiesshall rob Chartism of one of its feathers . Your faithful Friend and Representative , Feargus O'Connob .
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Tiverton.—A Meeting Of A Few Devoted Fri...
Tiverton . —A meeting of a few devoted friends to the Charter took place on tho Cth inst ., at the Golden Lion Inn , "Westexe . Mr . Rowcliffo was _unanimously voted to the chair ; on taking which ho adverted to the principal object of the meeting , viz . ; to set on foot a further subscription in aid of the expenses incurred in the action " Macnamara v . O'Connor—and in the course of a fow appropriate remarks he said , " it was shameful to tho Chartist body to see Mr . O'Connor put to such expenses without at once supporting him in his benevolent and philanthropic purposes . Ho would give his mite towards the intended subscription . " —It was then arranged that as ten shillings were sent off to Mr . Kider for the above object , the previous week , being
the subscription of a portion of the Chartists of this town , the others should be called on by persons appointed for that purpose . —The subject of the " prize distributions '' for the Victims was then taken up , and several names entered . —A vote of thanks was passed to the Chairman , and the meeting separated . West Rioing Delegate MEETING . —On Sunday , December 9 th , a meeting was held in the Democratic School-room , Croft-street . Delegates present —Halifax , George "Webber , Thomas Holden ; Huddersfield , James Emsai ; Bradford , John Smyth . Thomas "ffilcock , Secretary . Richard Gee , Treasurer . Thomas Holden of Halifax in the chair . The following resolutions were unanimously carried * . —Mo \ eS by John Smyth , and seconded by
James Emsel : ' That this meeting recommend to the Conference to call on thc country not to oppose the Financial Reformers ; but , at the samo time , not to cease agitating forthe People ' s Charter . "Moved by Thomas Wiloock , seconded by George Webber : " That we recommend a National Charter Association , with an unpaid Executive , except the Secretary , whoso salary shall not exceed thirty shillings a week . "—Moved by John Smyth , seconded by James Emsel : " That we recommend the Conference to allow no person to be a candidate , or hold any office in the National Charter Association , who is not a paying member for at least three months before such election . "—Moved by George Webber , seconded by Thomas Wilcock : " That the Secretary write to the different towns in tbe Riding , requesting them to send delegates to the next West
Riding Delegate Meeting , which will he held on Sunday , December 23 rd" —The meeting was then adjourned to Sunday , December 23 rd , at the Democratic Schoolroom , Croft , Bradford , Yorkshire , at ten o'clock in the forenoon . All letters to be addressed to Thomas Wilcock , West Riding Secretary , care of Thomas Umpleby , News-agent , Manchesterroad , Bradford . Halifax . —On Mondaya general meeting of mem bers was held in the Working Man ' s Hall , when the following members were duly elected to serve as council lor the next three months : —John Sherry , William Maud , Richard Mitchel , Thomas Holden ; John Sutcliffe , President ; John Edwards , Secretary ; George Webber , Treasurer and Corresponding Secretary . All communications to be addressed , George Webber , Corresponding Secretary , 7 , Range Bank .
_BiBMiNonAM . —The Chartists , meeting at the Ship Inn , Steelhouse-lane , call upon the active Chartists , in every locality , to wait upon all who are favourable to Chartist principles , during the Christmas holidays , for subscriptions to the "Victim Fund . Babnsley . —A meeting was held at the theatre of this town on Monday evening , December 10 th , to hear an address from Mr . George White , of Leeds , who has been recently liberated from Kirkdale Gaol . At eight o'clock the chair was taken by Mr . John Shaw , late delegate to the _National Assembly for Barnsley . He made a few brief and . pointed remarks , and introduced Mr . White , who was received with loud applause on presenting himself in front of the stage . He delivered an address , which occupied two hours , on " the causes ef English and Irish poverty , and its remedy , —the proposed union of the middle and working classes , and a defence of genuine democracy , as opposed to
the shams and clap-trap of the day , and concluded by a description of the brutal discipline of Kirkdale and other gaols . " He was warmly applauded at the termination of his address , and on the motion of Mr . Michael Segrave , a unanimous vote of thanks was given to the lecturer . A number of tho well democrats accompanied Mr . White to the large room of the Shakspeare Inn , and the evening was occupied by patriotic songs and recitations ; a brotherly feeling was evinced by all present , and the company separated well satisfied with this democratic re-union . Bbadford . —The Council met on Sunday last , when the following committee was formed for the purpose of obtaining shares to build a democratic hall . Edward Smith , John Farrer , John Moore , David Lightouler , Annannias Kitchen , "William Angus , and Thomas Wilcock . All letters must be addressed for Thomas Wilcock , care of Thomas Umpleby , Newspaper agent , Manchester-road , Bradford , Yorkshire .
Latest Foreign News. Paris, Tmmsbay.—The...
LATEST FOREIGN NEWS . PARIS , TmmsBAY . —The editor ofthe Travail of Dijon has been convicted of having insulted the President of the Republic , and has been sentenced t ° imprisonment for one year , and to pay a fine of JL _j VUUI , The editor of the Democrat du RMn has been found guilty hy a jury at _Strasbnrg of an attack against thc existing laws . He was sentenced to 1 V t onn ? nment for two raonths » anri - . to pay a fine Eighty-three ofthe insurgents of June who were transported to Belleisle , and who havo been pardoned arrived in Paris on Wednesday .
_Pauis , Pridat . —A dinner was given on Wednesday to Foustier , _ex-Bolonel of the 6 th Legion of National Guard , who had subscribed to present him with , a sword of honour after his acquittal at Versailles . During the dinner a commissary of police presented himself , and announced , in the name of the Prefect , thathe would not suffer any speeches ot a political kind to be delivered . The persons present submitted , after having protested against the act of the authorities . _ The National Guard of Epinal has heen _dissolved
by a decree of the President of the Republic . A circular has been addressed by the Minister at War to the adjutants of the regiments of the line , commanding them not to suffer any persons professine extreme opinions to enter the barracks . The editor of the National de Vthut has been convicted b y the Court of Assize of the Loire for havmg published extracts from M . Ledru Rollin ' s pamphlet entitled " The Thirteenth oi June . " He was condemned to imprisonment for four months , and to pay a fine of _SOOf .
Two suicides were committed in Paris on Wednesday—one a law student , who shot himself for m . * tne secon < l by a broker , who hung himself . The Democratic party has had a decided advan-1 S < _* i }' llemunici P electionswhichlately tookplaco at Algiers . AU tlieir candidates were returned except one . Berlin , Dec . ll .-Tho acquittal of another leader ot the Democratic party accused of high treason excites great attention here . Joham Jacoby , who was accused of hi gh treason on account of the part iSSCmhl v nthedeCI _T _, 0 f the Stuttgardt Nationa Assembl y , was acquitted on the 7 th inst bv tho jury empanelled to try him . y W
wei ? S ~ , i ft ' _8 _™ _£ a _* _oncers weiecondenined by the court-martial at Arad , on the 2 _oth ult ., to death by the rope . This sentence _XS _imnSf ¦?•" ' _? _tW 0 C ' _™ 3 tO _SOVGU J cats imprisonment in a fortress , with irons . of Vh ? nn 9 _riw _T ° _^ -circulated newspaper oi Vienna , Die Presse , conducted by Herr Zan * _h-w _feeTCfKr _- hisfactis _tawffi * _thelnowof whSli ii . SU , "' _* etm 9 > the lai « e lation remai kabIe en _wgh- to deserve tvans-
Mr. J. Bligh And His Accusers. To The Ed...
MR . J . BLIGH AND HIS ACCUSERS . TO THE EDITOR OF TKE yOETHEE . V STAR . Sin ,-Will you allow me again to trespass or your kindness , hy inserting this otter in _tw Northern Star . You were good enough to puWM one for me on thc 14 th of April , respecting my being accused of being a spy by a few ofthe Greenwich Chartists , and my offer to meet them , ana answer any accusation they could bring agamst me . An answer was sent hy them , and published in tne Star of the 21 st of Aprilstating that I did not
, appeal to the Star till my chief accuser , Mr . John Robinson , had gone to America . He has , however , returned , and I should be g lad to meet him on the subject , any Sunday evening , at the Earl Grey , corner of Straights Mouth , next door to his . residence ; or any other convenient place and time ne may choose to mention , by sending duo notice theroof to my residence , No . 1 , Noma s-pla . ee , Roan-street . I am sir , Most respectful ly yours , James _Bugh .
Effect Of The Change Is Tub Navigation L...
Effect of the Change is tub Navigation Laws , —Itis stated that a new machine has been invented or sawing ships'timbers , calculated to have an influence in cheapening construction , which will be ot some importance in connexion with the repeal oi me Navigation Laws . It has been introduced into the ship building establishment of Mr . Wigram , whero four of them arc now being put up , and is alleged to have been found upon trial to produce not only a considerable saving in wages , but also in materials . Its construction is simple , and it cuts the floors , cue futtocks , and nearly every part of the timbers required in a ship , so as to render them capable ot being at once placed in their position without any operation of hand labour .
Commission op Lunacy on the Earl of Albe _» mablk . —A commission was held on Wednesday at Farrance's Hotel , Belgrave-square to inquire into thc state of mind of the Earl of Albemarle . The commissioners were Mr . Commissioner Barlow and Mr . Commissioner Winslow . The jury were sworn at ten o ' clock . Capt . Bague , a magistrate of the county , was appointed foreman . Mr . Stinton appeared as counsel for the petitioner—the Countess of Albemarle ; and Air . Calvert for tho Earl . After hearing the evidence , tha jury returned their verdict , declaring that tho Earl of Albemarle was of unsound mind , and incapable ot managing hia affairs , on the 23 rd of July last , and had been so « _vvn < iinftft
At the Liverpool Assizes Patrick Joseph Culkin ,. who was ' _idicted for having at the borough ot Liverpool , on the 1 st of August last , murdered Catherine Culkin his daughter , by cutting her throat with a razor , was acquitted on the ground of insanity . —John Lee , charged with having , at Manchester , on the 7 th of September last , wilfully murdered Thomas Richardson , was found guilty ot manslaughter , and sentenced to transportation for life . —Bernard Sheridan , who was indicted for
having , at Manchester , on the 25 th of November , last , wilfully murdered John Hayes , was found guilty of manslaughter , and sentenced to transportation for life . , Tun _Munnsn in Hakley-stkebt . —The coroner s inquest on the body of a child named Drake , who as appeared from a subsequent confession , was murdered by its mother in Harley-street , Cavendishsquare , was concluded at North Leverton , Nottinghamshire , on the 10 th inst ., when the jury returned a verdict of " Wilful murder against some person unknown . "
Inquest . —On Thursday Mr . W . Carter mipanuelled a jury at the Red Lion Tavern , Hammersmith-bridge , to inquire into the circumstances attending the death of Mr . L , II Shadwell , aged thirty-eight , a barrister , the particulars of whoso death will be found in our sixth page . The jury were unanimously of opinion that Mr . Louis Shadwell was aecidently drowned or suffocated , and returned a . vcrdict accordingly . Shocking Occurrence _atBauci , at ' s Brewery . — On Thursday evening , at seven o ' clock , a man named William Frazer , a servant at Messrs Barclay ' s brewhouso , whilst at work loading a cart with hot hops from the vat in which they are boiled had occasion to walk along a plank , and in so doing he fell into the boiling hot hops and was scalded in a very dreadful manner . He was taken out and carried to St . Phomas ' s Hospital , where he now lies in a shocking state of suffering .
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Corn. Maium,Ane, Monday, Dec. 10.—The Sh...
CORN . Maium , ane , Monday , Dec . 10 . —The show of wheat _sampies from Essex aud Kent was moderate this _moi-nimc , aud sales were effected at fully last Monday ' s prices . There was rather more disposition to buy foreign wheat , although the supply in the course of last week was good at previous rates . 1 "lour slower sale . Fine qualities of barley were unaltered in Talue , but middling and inferior descriptions barely maintained last Holiday ' s quotations , lleans and peas dull , and Is per quarter lower . The arrivals of oats have rather decreased , though still sufficient for tlie demand , we cannot quote any change in the value of good corn since our last , but thc trade is slow . In rye little doing . Linseed cakes without alteration . Clover seed fully as dear .
BRrnsn . —Wheat . —Essex , Suffolk , and Kent , red , new 38 a to 42 s , ditto white 40 s to 483 , Lincoln , Norfolk , and Yorkshire , red 35 s to 38 s , Northumberland and Scotch , white 32 s to 37 s , ditto red 34 s to 3 Ss , Devonshire and Somersetshire , red , —s to —s , ditto white — to —s _, rye , 21 s to 23 s , barley , 2 Cs to SOs , Scotch 22 s to 24 s , Angus—s to —s , Malt ordinary , —s to —s , pale 50 s to 54 s , peas , grey , new 2 fis to 28 s , maple 28 s to SOs , v _.-bite 24 s to 2 Gs . boilers new 28 s to 31 s , beans , large , new 24 s to 26 s , ticks 25 s to 28 s , harrow , 27 s to 80 s , pigeon , 30 s to 32 s , oats , Lincoln and Yorkshire feed , 15 s to 19 s , ditto Poland and potato , lis to 20 s , Berwick and Scotch , 17 s to 21 s , _Seotuli feed , 17 s to 22 s , Irish feed , and black 15 s to 20 s , ditto potato , 17 s to 23 s , linseed ( sowing ) 50 s to 82 s , rapeseed , Essex , new £ 27 to £ 30 per last , carraway seed , Essex , new 26 s to 30 s per cwt , rape cake , £ 4 to £ 4 10 s per ton , linseed , £ 9 10 s to £ 10 10 s . per 1 , 000 , flour , per sack ot' 2801 bs , ship , 28 s to 30 s , town , 38 s to 40 s .
Foreign . —Wheat . — Dantzig , 44 s to 50 s , Anhalt and Marks , 3 S to 40 s , _ditt _» white , 40 s to 42 s , Pomeranian red , 408 to 42 s , Kostock 41 g to 46 s , Danish , Holstein , : \ ni Friesland , 30 s to 34 s , Petershurgh , Archangel , and Higa , 32 s to 34 s , Polish Odessa , 32 s to 34 s , Marianopoli _, and Berdianski , 32 s to 35 s , Taganrog , 32 s to 34 s , Brabant and French , 34 s to 3 fis , ditto white , 38 s to 42 s , Salomon , 30 s to 33 s , Egyptian , 23 s to 2 Cs , rye , 20 s to 22 s , barley , Wismar and Kostock , 18 s to 21 s , Danish , 18 s to 23 s , _Siial , 20 s to 24 s , East Friesland , _lCs to 18 s , Egyptian , Us to los _. Dauube _, 14 s to 15 s , peas , white , 24 s to 26 s , new boilers , 28 s to 30 s , beans , horse , 24 s to 30 s , pigeon , 30 s to 32 s , Egyptian , 22 s to 24 s , oats , Groningen , Danish , Bremen , and Friesland , feed and black , lis to 15 s , ditto , thick and brew , 15 s to 22 s , Riga , _Petersburgh , Archangel , and Swedish , 14 s tolCs , flour , United States , per Wfilbs ., 21 s to 23 s , Hamburg 20 s to 22 s , Dantzig and Stettin , 20 s to 23 s . French per 2801 bs ., 32 sto 35 s .
Mabk . lane , _Wednesday , Dec . 12 . —The arrivals of strain fresh in this week are more moderate than of late , and the weather appearing inclined to frost , the wind being from the east , our trade is firm at the rates of Monday last . Arrivals this week : — Wheat—English , 510 quarters ; foreign , 7 _. G 30 quarters . Barley—English , 1 , 100 quarters ; foreign , 6 , 170 quarters . Oats—English , 150 quarters ; foreign , 4 _. SC 0 quarters . Flour—540 sacks . Riciimono ( Yorkshire , ) December 8 . — We had a tolerable supply of grain in our market this morning . Wheat sold from 4 s 3 d to 5 s 3 d ; oats , Is 9 d to 3 s Od ; barley , 3 s _6 d t _« 3 s 9 d : beans , 4 s Od to 4 s 9 d , per bushel .
BREAD . The prices of wheaten bread in the metropolis are from _GJd . to 7 d .- of household ditto , ad . to Od . _perllbs . loaf , SEEDS . BRmsH .-. Clovcrseed , red 35 s to 40 s ; fine 4 ss to 50 s ; white 3 as to 50 s ; cow grass [ nominal ] —s to —s ; linseed ( per qr . J sowing 54 s to 56 s ; crushing 40 s to 42 s ; linseed cakes ( per 1 , 000 of 31 bs . each ) £ 9 0 s to £ 10 03 ; Trefoil ( per cwt . ) 14 s to 18 s ; rapeseed new ( per last ) £ 28 0 s to £ 29 0 s ;
Ad00815
UNPARALLELED SUCCESS OP THE NEW MODE OF TREATMENT WHICH HAS NEVER
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Office ' T !,0ia'1" ' Westminster, At Th...
office ! , 0 iA' 1 " ' Westminster , at the Priming ' _, _offetmim _£ J _fe _* 5 _*!? F » _H-qrmavket _, in tne City the Offic ' _^ _Ffcfotad - by the said William Rideb . at
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Dec. 15, 1849, page 8, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns3_15121849/page/8/
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