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Jauuary 20, 1849. THE NORTHERN STAR.
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BEAUTIES OF BYRON. SECOND SERIES. III. P...
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AN INQUIRY INTO THE PHILOSOPHY AND RELIG...
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HAY.MARKET. • Hamlet' was revived at thi...
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STANDARD. We visited this neat little th...
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The Atmosphere.—The atmosphere rises abo...
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THE LAND. THE REMAltlUBLE TRIAL OF THOMA...
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* Pufcnce. Now purity - ness of the sche...
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Tub BuoNAr-AETiSTS and Odillox Barrot.—I...
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^arietice
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If man has a right on the earth, he has ...
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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Jauuary 20, 1849. The Northern Star.
_Jauuary 20 , 1849 . THE NORTHERN STAR .
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Beauties Of Byron. Second Series. Iii. P...
BEAUTIES OF BYRON . SECOND SERIES . III . PROMETHEUS . Titan ! to whose immortal eyes The sufferings of mortality , Seen in their sad reality , " Were not as things that gods despise ; What was thy pity ' g recompense < A silent suffering and intense ; The rock , the vulture , and the chain , All that the proud ean feel of pain , The agony they do not show The suifoeating 6 ense of woe ,
Which speaks but in its loneliness , And then 13 jealous lest thc sky Should have a listener , nor will si gh . Until its voice is echoless . Titan ! to thee the strife was given Between the suffering and the will , Which torture where they cannot kill And the inexorable Heaven And the deaf tyranny of Fate , The ruling principle of Hate , "Which for its pleasure doth create The things it may annihilate ,
Refused thee even the boon to die : The wretched gift eternity ' Was thine—and thou hast borne it well . All that the Thunderer wrung from thee Was but the menaoe which flung back On him the torments of thy rack ; Thc fate thou didst so well foresee , But would not to appease him tell ; And in thy Silence was hia Sentence , And in his Soul a vain repentance , And evil dread eo ill dissembled , That in his hand the lightnings trembled Thy God-like crime was to he kind
To render with thy precepte less The 6 um of human wretchedness , Aud strengthen man with his own mind ; But baffled as thou wort from high , Still in thy patient energy , In the endurance , aud repulse Of Thine impenetrable Spirit , Wliich Earth and Heaven could not Convulse , A mighty lesson we inherit : Thou art a symbol and a sign To mortals of their fate and force ; like thee , Man is in part divine ,
A troubled stream from a pure souree ; And man in portions can foresee His own funereal destiny ; His wretchedness , and his resistance , And his sad unallied existence : To which his Spirit may oppose Itself—and equal to all woes And a firm will and a deep sense , Which even in torture can descry Its own concenter'd recompense , Triumphant where it dares defy , And making Death a Victory 2
IV . WINDSOR POETICS . Lines composed on the occasion of his Royal Hig hness the Prince _Tiegent being seen standing between thc _cofllns of Hexrt VIIL and Charles I ., jn thc royal vault at Windsor . Famed for contemptuous breach of sacred ties , By headless Charles see heartless Henry lies ; Between them stands another sceptred thing—It moves , it reigns—in all but name , a king : Charles to his people , Henry to his wife , In him the double tyrant starts to life : Justice and death have mixed their dust in vain , Each royal vampire wakes to life again . All , what can tombs avail!—since these disgorge The blood and dust of both—to mould a George " !
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An Inquiry Into The Philosophy And Relig...
AN INQUIRY INTO THE PHILOSOPHY AND RELIGION OF SHAKSPERE . By W . J . Birch , M . A ., New Inn Hall , Oxon . Author of the "Real and the Ideal , '' & c . London C . Mitchell , Red Lion-court , Fleet-street . Overwrought praise , though less repulsive than exaggerated censure , is hardly "worthy of lighter condemnation . Egotism is the soil in which flourish the noxious weeds of arrogance , selfishness , and folly , and the deadly work of the sycophant is to foster those ill-weeds for some selfish or slavish object of his own . Praise of the dead , no matter hew immeasurable or unwarranted _, can hardly be productive of evils at all
corresponding to those produced by flattery of the living ; nevertheless , applause lavished without discrimination upon the tenants of the tomb , may le not altogether harmless . The adorers of a liame are usually less anxious for the establishment of truth than for the popular accep tance of their theories or fancies . Encouraged by the adhesion of those who have not the time to inquire , or the will to think for themselves , the self-confident theorists assume that Ihey are right , and that all dissenters from their views must be wrong- The standard of Orthodoxy is set up ( for literature , as well as _religion , has its orthodoxy ) , land all who will hot "fall down and worship" are pronounced ¦ heretics .
The orthodox admirers of Shakspere are an example of the truth of the above remarks . _Inllhis own day the great dramatist was not appreciated at his true worth , nor , indeed , was he for along time subsequent to his death . "Graduall y a truer estimation of the creations _« f kis master-mini came to be entertained ; and at length , Garrick and Siddons , and _subsequently Kemhle and Kean , by their matchless personation of the poet ' s " characters" exalted
his name to the pinnacle of popularity . Actors , equal to those above-named , no longer dazzle _Vmd delight the English people , but what " Shakspere has lost in the theatre , has been r _* _flaore than counterbalanced hy his gain in the domestic circle . Where formerly a ftw hundreds read the works of the poet of Avon , thousands and tens of thousands now read "them . Cheap printing has done as much- — _perhaps more than the stage , to extend the fame of Shakspere .
; Not to be a professed admirer of Shakspere -in these days , is to be out of the fashion . Moreover , to be orthodox , one must admire his _^ works according to rule . Woe to the unlucky _bright who may presume to judge for himself , f ' and , judging , venture to differ from the -orthodox faith as it is in Shakspere . 'V Mr Knight , in giving his views of the life _i * md character of Shakspere , Bays _;—*; Doubts have been entertained as to Shakspere ' s ' _^ religious belief , because few or no notices of it occur sin his -works . This ought to he attributed to a tender _-and delicate reserve abort holy things , rather than _^" to inattention or neglect .
" _,. ' .- On this assertion—for which there is no foundation out of the prejudiced or diseased _^ imagination of Mr .. Knight—Mr . Birch has _^' founded his *• Inquiry- " Our author well says , _1 ' that after '' inquiries into the life of _Shaksgjjere , which have ended in the omission and _^ restoration of a letter in his name , " there is * , no need to offer an apology "for an inquiry " into the relig ious character of the man from the monuments he has left behind him . *' I The inquiry instituted by Mr , Birch is
" froth _, elaborate and impartial . He measures ¦ the philosophy and religion of Shakspere not ? by any arbitrary standard of his own , but by ¦ the poet ' s own works and words . Nor does _) he confinehimselfto one ortwo of the Dramas , : reviews the whole , and shows beyond the possibility of refutation , if not of cavil , that one sentiment runs through , and pervades all —that of hostility to priestcraft , and contempt fgr sp iritual creeds and dogmas .
Ia the limited space to which we must confine these remarks , we cannot do more than indicate the arg ument , which extends through a book offour hundred and fifty pages . After a hasty review of the life of Shakspere , in the course of which Mr Birch shows that the great dramatist associated with professed Free-thinkers , such as Marlowe , Ben _Jonson , Raleigh , and Fletcher ; he proceeds to the Plays , prefixing to the full inquiry an epitome of the whole . In Titus Andronums "Humanity is opposed to piety , and h umanity i 8 vindicated . " In Henry _Fl _-tta d «* J of the KiDg is eminently calculated to bring piety into contempt He is weak , credulous , _raillatinir . and cowardly—without dignity
and without sense . " ' He « ho drew this character must have intended to insinuate , by a powerful example , the incompatibility of piety and manliness j or we must suppose him inca-
An Inquiry Into The Philosophy And Relig...
pable of understanding the force ef words , ** In support of this view of tie Monarch ' s character , Mr Birch quotes the followi _ng striking linen , from Queen Margaret ' s speech to Suffolk , in Part II . — " All his mind is bent to holiness , To number _Ave-Maries on his beads ; His champions are the prophets and _apoatlea His weapons holy saws of sacred writ ; His study is his tilt-yard ; and his loves Are brazen images ofcanoniz'd saints . I would tho college of cardinals Would choose him Pope , aad carry him , to Rome , And set the triple crown upon his head _. That were a state fit for his holiness ! "
From Mr . Birch ' s remarks on the Merchant of Venice , we quote the following : — " The wittici ras in this play are nearly all profane . An unisguised raillery is founded upon points of sacred wit . What dramatist , save Shakspere , ever represented ihe diffusion of the true knowledge of the gospel , "till it covers the earth , asthe waters cover the sea "—as tending to " raise the price of perk" by tbe _proselvtism of the Jews ! Neither Rabelais , nor _Woolston have displayed more ingenuity in realising the ridiculous upon a serious subject , than our poet h > s in this play . Upon wbat principle , therefore , are we to leoognise in _Shskspere a " reverential mind , " and in others who fall below him in the same walk of vrit , a professed
disbelief , it is difficult to _determine . Shylock is a charact- r that excites _sympathy , while the Christians figuring in the play , only awaken reprehension and Hi-gust . Th / sir scoffs , gibes , and taunts , drive the friendltss Jar ? to desperation , and foment the bad qualities he displays ; with coarse brutality they triumph at his fall . And when robbed of his daughter , his fortune , and his life , Christianity , which , like mercy , _shou'djiave dropped as the gentle dew from Heaven , is made still to assail him . Gratiano would sooner bring him to the gallows than show hira _farour ; and he is hunted into the folds ef the church , as though it were a den , and the pcor fallen and trampled Jew a wild beast . _^ _Sureiy , Christians were never befoie set by a Christian in so execrable alight ?"
In Henry ihe Fourth , " FaUtaff ia the hero of profanity . " " Let" says our author , " the partisans of Shakspere ' s seriousness spend halfan-hour with Falstaff ! " In good truth , Mr . Knight must have been wilfully blind , when , with this p lay before him , he asserted for Shakspere " a tender and delicate reserve about holy things /' ' Falstaff jokes on Bardol ph ' s nose ; and on his replying that it does him no harm , Falstaff says ;—** No , I'll be sworn ; I make as good use of it as many a man doth of a death ' s head , or a memento mori : I never see tby faoe , but I think on hellfire _, and Dives that lived in purple ; for there he is in his robes , burning , burning . "
This play positively teems with similar in . stances of the poet ' s " tender and delicate reserve about holy things I" Much more of the same kind the reader will find in Henry the Fifth , where the subject of Falstaffs death is made the subject of joke upon joke by his surviving companion ? . The " tender and delicate " levity throughout the Merry Wives of Windsor , of which Falstaff is the hero , needs no
comment . Mr . Birch's review of Measure for Measure , the Tempest , King Lear , Macbeth , Othello , and Hamlet in particular , deserves comment far beyond what the limits of this notice will admit of . In Othello , " Cassio drunk is relig ious . What reverence could be intended by these contemptible exhibitions of sottish piety ? The Lord ' s Prayer seasons the merriment ef his inebriation . ' '
Mr . Birch's treatment of this play is _peculiar ** valuable , from the light he throws upon the character of Iago . "The chief objection to this play hasbeen , that Shakspere has not given sufficient motives to Iago , who weaves the plot , and produces the catastrophe . But Shakspere , particularly in the first act , shows an anxiety to supply such motives . Reta-iation for injuries , real or supposed , mixed up with a good deal of envy , and a bad disposition , blindly impel Iaqo to _"chemes of revenge . He had the mortification of seeing his own merit set aside , and Cassio ' _s preferred . Iago was a brave and experienced soldier , with a character for honesty which
could not have been acquired without worth , while Cassio was but a theorist in the art of war , owing his advancement to interest . Causes of this kind _, we know , hare , in modern times , maddened some men into assassins . But Iago thought he had received much greater _provocations than those enumerated _. Both Othello , who had been _instrument tal in forwarding the views of Cassio , and Cassio , who had wrested from him the objects of hi' ambition , were thought by him to have profited by the infidelity of his wi _' e . * * * Ingo , therefore , wished Othello to feel towards hU Des * demona the poison which ha said gnawed his vitals at the thought of the relation between Othello and his wife . "
This is only a portion of the critique . The whole should be read and thought over by those who take an interest in the creations of Shakspere , " Had , " says Mr . Birch— "Had Shakspere never drawn bnt the character of Hamlet , as it now stands , and left his other creations reli g ious , he would have stamped himself as once a sceptic . " "Could he be less than a sceptic who drew Hamlet with the weight of argument in his favour ? His wit so pointed , his objections so subtle , his balances so determined . None could delineate such a character but he who understood it , and none would exalt it ( as Shakspere does ) but he who approved it . " Of Hamlet ' s scepticism , his famous soliloquy , begining ' To be or not to be , ' is a demonstrative
proof . Nowhere in the whole range of literature are the pros and cons of life and death put with such perverse force . That there may be an hereafter is the ancient position ofthe doubter . The Christian knows that there is a world to come . He is satisfied upon that point . He neither scruples , nor questions it . But Hamlet passes beyond mere doubt . He put the moral disadvantages ofthe Christian belief _, it * makes calamity of so long life . ' It makes us endure the 'proud man ' s contumely '— ' the whips and scorns of time * — ' the oppressor ' s wrong' —and a thousand evils which the brave would trample under foot . He pursues the disparaging comparison farther . ' It makes cowards of us all' — resolution ' loses its ' native hue , ' and ' enterprise is turned away' at its fell g lance . Nothing bolder than this has been written on this theme . Language can no farther go in favonr of disbelief . "
The review of Hamlet extends through fifty pages , and is the gem of the work . Mr . Birch says : — " In the season of 1845 , when English plays were acted at Paris , the French critics at once recognised Hamlet as a character which they thought peculiarly French . They said Shakspere had anticipated a state of mind produced by the literature of the past and present centuries . " Hallam says , t " hat"Hamlet betrays the workings of the author ' s mind . "
As regards the justice and propriety of determining the opinions of a person from his writings , Sir Edward Bulwer Lytton says ;—" In the mind of man there is always a resemblance to his works . His heroes may not be like himself , but they are like certain qualities which belong to him . The sentiments he utters are his at the moment ; if you find them predominate in all his works , they predominate in his mind . * * His works alone make not up a man ' s character , but they are the index to that living book . "
This is universally admitted , when the characters of Byron , Burns , Shelly , and others are brought under discussion , but denied in the case of Shakspere . Why so ? The critics would be puzzled to give a good and sufficient reason for this distinction . Perhaps they adopt as a serious sentiment the satire of Isabella ( in Measure for Measure . ) " Great men may jest with saint 9 ¦ 'tis wit in them ; But in the less , foul profanation . " This book has fallen like a bombshell amongst the orthodox worshippers of Shakspere . The critics "have ( as the Scotch say ) a' gane
wud 1 " One of the ungentle craft declares that this volume is so full of inconceivable blunders that were there the slighest spark of cleverness in it , we should conceive it put forth in jest . " Another critic , while repudia ting Mr . Birch ' s conclusions , acknowledges his ¦ ' ability and research , " and describes his book as " a monument of research and wisdom . '' One critic gracefully speaks of Mr . Birch as " a viper / on the assumption that he ( the aaid viper ) is " gnawing" at that old " file" Shakspere . But another of the tribe—the prince of the weekly reviewers i 3 fairly puzzled whether to set our author down as a bigot or an atheist . This is the best possible testimony to
An Inquiry Into The Philosophy And Relig...
Mr , Birch ' s impartiality , and a sufficient answer to the gentleman ef the " viper ' ' and the " file . '' One critic—the oraele of a superannuated Gazette—has fairly-taken the lead of his brethren . in their crusade against this work . Most appropriately , he begins and ends with Dogberry , for assuredly he has " writ" himself " down an ass / ' He abuses Mr . Birch as an " over-rig hteous critic , " and fiercely denounces his " cant" and " intolerant spirit . " Evidently the poor creature either has not read the book he professes to review , or if he has done so he is too great an " ass" to understand what he has read , or too great a knave to write truthfully and impartially . Mr . Birch ' s defence against such critics is best given in his own words : —
" The author wishes to be considered merely as an inquirer , lot as a censor . He desires not to judge Shakspere for his sentiments , but only to exhibit them . " This from the preface , and in another paragraph : — " Not less than the most enthusiastic admirers of Shakspere io we admire the versatility of his powers—we _rejoios at his genius , and are proud of the reputation he has added to the national character , but these very circumstances make the inquiry more interesting — what were the peculiarities of his philosophy and religion . The late Daniel O'Connell asserted
Shakspere to have been a Roman Catholic Most if not all the poet's biographers have set him down a Protestant . We say to our readers , read this book , and along therewith read the works of the dramatist in full , and having done so you will hardly be at a loss to determine the peculiar character of the Philosophy and Religion of Shakspere .
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Hay.Market. • Hamlet' Was Revived At Thi...
HAY _. MARKET . Hamlet' was revived at this theatre on Monday evening . The part of Hamlet is one to which Mr Charlei Kean has devoted long and deep gtndy , and one on which he lavishes a great amount of artistic skill . The character is , indeed , identified with the most brilliant triumphs of his _professional cuter . Hamlet was the first character in which Mr Kean appeared before a Loadon audience in January , 1838 , when he performed it twentv-one nights . Without losing one jot of the passion , Mr Kean flings over his wbole impersonation a dreamy grace
which is remarkable in his first entranee , and which is preserved with a thoughtful consistency throughout . The scene in which Horatio announces the appearance of the Ghost , Mr . Kean manages with great effect . He is conversational in his tone , without being prosaic—startled , hurried , and _shoeked , without for a moment falling from the lofty poetical vein which runs through the character . The third act is of oourse Mr . Kean ' s best triumph , and in the last scene , his fine fencing produced its usual effect . Mrs . Kean made a fascinating Ophelia . Her attitudes , when not speaking , were models of timid grace ; and in the mad scene she kept np the fixed ,
yet unintelligent stare , which is a symptom of the malady ; even while crouched upon the ground , she sings her _snatchei of song to herself . Mis Warner made her first appearance at the Haymarket for four year 9 as tbe Queen ; and phyfd the part with all her accustomed energy and truth . Tilbury was a good _Pol-Biu 9 , making up for the part with great skill ; and Keeley gave the Gravedigger with all the hearty unction which he loves to bestow upon humorous Shaksperian ' bits . ' Mr , Howe played Horatio carefully and intelligently . At the fall of the curtain , Mr . and Mrs . Charles Kean , and afterwards Mrs . Warner , were summoned by the audience .
Standard. We Visited This Neat Little Th...
STANDARD . We visited this neat little theatre on Wednesday night , when « The Waits , ' ( a Christmas story ) , and the pantomime were _performed : * The Waits' is a domestic drama of deep and thrilliig interest , and is too true a picture of the horrible Poor Lawthe cruel and domineering disposition of overseers and other officials—and tbe biiter sufferings and degradation of its unfortunate victims . Tummin 8 , ' who pays rents and taxes and cares for nobody , ' is a good description of a portion of the middle class—of indifference to the
wants of the poor , whilst there is an exception in the character of Twits , « who is frequently doing acts of benevolence , and can ' t resist it . ' It also holds up the ' Squire' to public odium for the coolness with which he orders the destruction of his tenants' cottages , for the makiug the Grand Marlow Railway , and shows with what ease guilt may be attached to poverty , until the denouement traces it ti the aristocracy . We wish this class would visit the Standard , not only for the benefit of the manager , but their own . Such pieces are ca ' cuated
• To mak the warld better yet . * Thejplot is excellent , the dialogue racy , and full of admirable hits , while the interest never flags . We cannot but do justice to the excellent acting of Messrs . Freer , Gates , Honnor , Herbert , Lewis , Rayner and King , and Mrs . Honnor , Mrs . Daly and Miss Terry . We strongly recommend all our friends to see ' The Waits . ' The Pantomime is a splendid affair , and the plot has great claim to ori ginality . The scenery is excellent . Harlequin , Columbine and Pantaloon acquitted themselves well , and the inimitable T . Barry ( as Clown ) kept the audience in a roar . We must not forget the Sprites , Messrs . J . and G . Andrew , who are rightly designated The Flying Wonders . '
The Atmosphere.—The Atmosphere Rises Abo...
The Atmosphere . —The atmosphere rises above us with ita cathedral dome arching towards the heaven of which it is the most familiar synonyme and symbol . It floats around us like that grand object which the Apostle John saw in his vision— " a sea of glass like unto crystal . " So massive it is that , when it begins to stir , it tosses about great ships like playthings and sweeps cities and forests like snow flakes to destruction before it . And yet it is so mobile that wc have lived years in it beforo we can be persuaded it exists at all , and thc great bulk of mankind never realise the truth that they are bathed in an ocean of air . Its weight is so enormous that iron shivers before it like glass , yet a soap-ball sails through it with impunity and the tiniest insect waves it with its wings . It ministers
lavishly to all tho senses ; . Wo touch it not , but it touches us : its warm south wind brings back colour to the face of thc invalid : ita cool west winds refresh the fevered brow , and make the blood mantle in our _eheeks : even its north blasts braco into new vigour the hardened children of our rugged clime . The eye is indebted to it for all the magnificence of sunrise , the full brightness of mid-day , the chastened radiance of the gloaming , and the clouds that cradle near the setting sun . But for it the rainbow would want its triumphal arch , and tho winds would not send their fleecy messengers on errands round the heavens . The cold ether would not shed its snow feathers on the earth , nor would drops of dew gather on the flowers . The kindly rain would never fallhail , storm , nor fog diversify the face of the sky .
Our naked g lobe would turn its tanned unshadowed forehead to the sun , and one dreary monotonous blaze of lig ht and heat dazzle and burn up all t hings . Were there no atmosphere , the evening sun would in a moment set , and , without warning , plunge the earth in darkness . But the air keeps m ner hand » sheaf of his rays , and lets them slip but slowly through her fingers ; so that the shadows of evening gather by degrees , and the flowers have time to bow their he _' ads , and each creature space to find a place of rest and nestlo to repose . In the morning the garish sun would at one bound burst from the bosom of nig ht and blaze above the horizon ; but the air watches for his ooming , and sends at firs t but one little ray to announce his approach , and then another , and by and by a handful , —nnd so gently draws aside the curtain of night , and slowly lets the light fall on the face of the sleeping earth , till her
eye-hds open , and , like man , she gocth lorui again to her labour until the evening . —Quarterly Review . The Frioatb Bird . —The following is the account _"iven by the Bishop of Norwich at tho late meeting of the Ipswich Museum of _Natural History - . —lie had sent to tho museum that day a specimen of the _frigate bird—which was literall y a tenant ofthe air ; it lived in the air , slept in the air , and never came to the shore exoept in tho breeding season . Tho explanation of this extraordinary phenomenon was as simple as possible . It was admirably constructed for the state of its existence . It had an enormous pouch beneath its throat , its skin was loose , ita bones and arteries were like air-vessels ; and with an extraordinary expansion of tail and wings , it could by imbibing a quantity of air , and rarefying it within its body , become , in fact , an air balloon . In this manner it floated in the air even during sleep .
Damages Recovered _agaixst a _Railwat _Company . — J . Addison , Esq ., Judge of the Lancaster " County Court , has decided that thc Lancaster and Carlisle Railway Company were liable for the value of three hampers of herrings , which the person to whom they wore consigned had refused to take in , m they were _unsalable , from delay in the _uaasit _.
The Land. The Remaltluble Trial Of Thoma...
THE LAND . THE REMAltlUBLE TRIAL OF THOMAS SPENCE , THE AGRARIAN REFORMER . [ The worth y _shopocrats , and the cowardl y portion of the working class , who last April gave their services as " specials" to prevent the peaceable manifestation in favour of the Charter , will find matter for reflection in the following letter read ( frora " The Restorer of Society to its Natural State , " ) by Mi-. Spexce , in the course of his address to the jurv . l
LKTTHB VI . London , September 25 th , 1800 . Citizex _, —The other day one ofthe labourers belonging to the East India Warehouses being in my company , ami knowing he could coafi . de in me , opened his mind pretty freely concerning the prosent riots , and told mo that several of their people J _" k iu _^ charged for saying they would bite ofi the bullets from their cartridges if they were ordered to fire at the mob , for , _eontinue-s he , wo in general wish the people well , and their cause , and would l > _e sorry to hurt them , but I do not like " _^ " breaking of lamp s and windows . Besides , adds he , they are too audacious and _provokim ? . I .
myself , boi _™ struck on the head with . 1 stone . 1011 should keep better company , said I . now can they pry into your heart to know whether you mean them well or not ? But they are at no loss to Know that your appearance aeainst them with arms in your hands is to keepthenim awe , and encourage the monopolisers and all their oppressors , therefore 7 > ° l \ L , be _bought to mean well to the people , ana the redress of grievances , lay down vour arms , tor that is the best way to manifest to both parties that you will not abet , nor countenanco such rapacity . But if you value your place more than your conscience , or humanity , think it but right to be knocked on the head .
_ It is thus , citizen , that needy , mercenary , and interested men , though of more than vulgar knowledge , assist in riv _« ting the chains of their fellow creatures , instead of contributing to break them . Fie upon it ! that men should snow more courage and steadiness in defending the cause of their masters , though ever so bad , than the cause of their fellows and equals , though ever so just , till at length they are depressed to a state below humanity . I have often thought how much superior the condition of reptiles is to that of human nature , in the present perverted state of things . A worm pays no rent ; the earth while ho lives is his portion , and he riots in untaxed luxuries . And if perchance a crow or other creature should pick him up , why that is only death , which must come in some shape or other to us all as well as he . But in this respect he had the advantage of us that while he lived ho paid no rent ! And herein are all the creatures to be envied .
, Thus , though one species preys on another , there is no bondage or slavery in the ease ; it is only plain death . Could our oppressors free us from death that would be _somsthmg gained , in the lieu of our liberty . But ours , Gotfhelp us ! is entirely a losing game . _Instead of saving us from destruction , " they accelerate our death a thousand ways . For by their villanous wars and artificial famines they dig millions of untimely graves . Blame mc not then , citizen , for so earnestly pressing a system whioh I firml y believe would entirely abolish all political evil _» and render tl _» state of Man as happy as it ought to be . I remain , & c . [ The following letter is . replete with wisdom . ]
_IETTER VII . London , October 8 th , 1800 . Citizen , —Monopoly is injustice , let it be of what kind it will , whether of government , land , or trade , therefore I cannot help abhorring that national thirst of ours after the universal trade of the world to the prejudice of all other nations . But this external monopoly is plainly the offspring of our internal monopoly . For the same covetousness which is nourished at home by the oppression of fellow citizens expands like ambition in its maturity till it grasps at the whole earth . Neither would the moon or planets elude our harpy elaws , could we but find a passage thither , and we should soon have companies established to monopolise this celestial trade also .
Ought not , therefore , such avaricious madness to be pitied , and like other madness to bo cured by force ? I think it possible . And , if so , for ths peace of the world , it certainly should be accomplished . But , be not surprised , citizen , when you see me again recur to my old specific : for I am full y convinced that my simple plan of destroying the impious monopoly of land is thc grand panacea that will cure all manner of evils arising from avarice and ambition . Consider , citizen , whether a nation who had no Public Stocks to traffic in , and whose land , as I
propose , should all belong to the parishes , would hunger and thirst after the riches of the world to the pernicious degree that is now common . For , observe , though they should acquire the riches of Peru , they could only speculate in fair and honest trade and manufactures . For , as I said , the parishes being so well able out of their rents to supply every exigence of the government upon the spur of the occasion , there could not possibly be any National Debt or Funds . Neither could they root or concentrate their acquirements in land to give their names to , as the Psalmist says , and invest them in their worthless heirs . So that men would learn to
moderate their desires , and cease to aspire after boundless wealth , which they could have no means of consolidating . Neither could such a nation bo fond of conquering for the same reasons , because if they wished for the continuance of their own constitution at home ( which I believe they would not willingly part with ) they must be careful how they introduce a sudden inundation of wealth from abroad . So , if they were forced by an implacable enemy to conquer him , they would be systematically compelled to establish in that country their own constitution , as the best means of rendering it iu future a pacific and good neighbour . It would be _highly dangerous to their system of
liberty arid equality to have their citizens pompousl y established abroad liko princes , under the denomination of prefects , governors , Ac , and swelling into unmanageable power on the spoils of foreign provinces . The histories of all republics will wofully teach them to beware of such destructive rocks . But , you will perhaps say , the revenues arising from foreign conquests and provinces , appear very alluring and flattering to any people , and if brought home to thc national treasury might , in proportion to their quantity , lessen the land tax of the parishes . But this would be a deceitful and dangerous casement . For a government that draws great riches from sources which do not immediately affect the neonle . aa from loans , mines , _foreism
tribute , or subsidies , is sure to creep by degrees into absolute power , and overturn every thing . It is for this reason I would not have tlie land national , nor provincial , but parochial property , that the people mi g ht be as much interested as possible , both in the improvement of their estates , which thus would be always under their eye , and in the expenditure of all public monies , which would bs paid straight- out ot their revenues , even while in their hands , and when just going into their pockets . The government being _sirppned in tins hard but honest way , by the general land tax sent regularly , would neither be Buffered , nor require , to haro a rich treasury . Therefore a government so supported , without revenue officer _^ and very few placemen at home , and none abroad , would not be very
dangerous to liberty . . You may be apt to think tliis discouragement to the monopoly of foreign trade and conquest will tend to bring on a national apathy and disgust to labour and business , and that stimulative motives will be wanting to prevent the return of barbarism . No such thing , citizen : such a people will have incentives enough to industry , and to improve , rather than decline , in civilisation . In the first place they will all be well educated , having schools , and libraries , at the expense of the parishes . Reading promotes refinement and sensibility , and a taste for elegance in cloth * , furniture , and every department in life . Now , it is onl y labour , industry , and ingenuity , that can administer gratification to this multiplication of refined desires
therefore trade , manufactures , and thc arts must needs be greatly encouraged . And as all nations , however barbarous or civilised , have naturally a taste for foreign productions and luxuries , and will do anything they can to acquire them , so may we expect this people . A working and ingenious people can never want wherewith to barter for thc produce of other dimes , and , if so , will have trade enough without having recourse to the expedient of great , avaricious , monopolising companies like us , who , for their private ends , disturb the peace of the whole world , setting nation against nation , and people against people , till the whole earth and sea is turned into an aceldema .
Surely nothing can be wanting to encourage both trade and labour , but open ports , liberty , and security of property . For where are the people so barbarous that will not trade , and be stimulated by it to labour , hunt , fish , and exert their abilities to the utmost , for articles to traffic with , unless interrupted by some malignant tyrannical power ? So , as nothing can be got without labour , there can be no reason to fear that a people so enlightened , and enjoying such unparalleled security , under laws of their own making , can ever degenerate into sloth and all its disgustful consequences . Wherefore to conclude . As medioority of wealth has always been found to be thc never-failing source of Jmowledge _, good tdiite _, industry , and happiness ,
The Land. The Remaltluble Trial Of Thoma...
and of all the virtues , I can harbour no apprehension for tlie welfare of my commonwealth . I remain , & c . [ In the following Letter , _Spence shows how traders and seamen would benefit by the adoption of his system . ]
_IKTfEH VIII . ¦ London , October 9 th , 1800 . CrrizE . v , —I have often amused myself with comparing the superior d egrees of happiness which 1 suppose people of such or such callings and stations m hfe would enjoy in my commonwealth , above what they may now enjoy under tho present system of things , and shall at this time take a "lance ac the manners . In the first place as my commonwealth cm havo rhV _^ i ' _^ , war 8 S lniule ' _^ P _* 1 _* ' in my last , so me sai lor * can have no press-gangs to fear norhS 1 ? the " _^ }\ _W , _- ? _government is sup-KofnvJi ° SUnpl _° _^ _! the land tax , and K 2 $ n ° occa 310 ! 1 t 0 r _? ilny revenue on . < ic "' 'er on exportation or importation , the _ma-Sers bC frCC _^ ° m th _° pla _° _" Custon _'* ° _™
He being thus at liberty to fetch and carrv liko a man on land , from one village or town to another , t may naturall y be expected that every man and hoy on board a vessel will turn merchant , and eon-! _te » n mt tl V J ™ . for a uertam P ° rti 0 » of stowage room for their goods . Sailors having such SSL ™? r _¥ , would soon become quite SS _" at , deSp 0 rat * * m » Am _probate character winch the common men now _"enerallv acquire they would become provident and sober and solicitous to provide for their families and their own subsistence in thoir old age . . Iu 1 consequence ofsuclfimprovement and the detnnML T n 0 dlUe M ? _- ved b thcm _from clime _SpST' ° ° i . * U , ruys be welcome and respected wherever they came , as a most valuable _dkonlr _, " _. _" ! ? Sh 01 ' t _, ' 'I _^ _"Mh eir improved co ithe _chiM ° Uld b f ° _^ y ° a 11 description . For a 8 all VC _f \ f" ° " fu co ' _™™ _ealtb . would partake of the education of the country before they were _sufw _[™ f _. t 0 buslne 8 S 0 fiiny kind - ° uU those who went to sea .
M we must abridge we pass over Letters i-v ., X ., and XL , the least _interesting of the series . The mere political reformers arc properly shown up as humbugs in ;
LETTER XII . . London , October 13 th , 1 _S 0 O . . _UriZfiN _' _, _—1 am pleased to find that vou coincide With me m my political opinions and " plans , l ' ou also tell me you have perused my constitution of a perfect commonwealth , and my other little pamphlets on the same subject , and approve of the whole . This is some satisfaction and _encouragement , and I rejoice , not as a vain author , but as a well-wisher to mankind , because if these _writings be capable of convincing and animating one man of sense , they may by p arity of - . reasoning be supposed in due time to convince millions , It is natural enough of you to wonder whv nono or the modern champions for the rights o f man should take notice of my scheme in their books and
harangues , though I have been diligentlv _publishing it the . se five and twenty years , in great variety ol shapes , and have sold many thousands of copies ,. Bu }; _fj- _'zen , though they could not be ignorant ( tor I did not , poor as I have been , conceal my ideas under a bushel ) yet your surprise will cease when you reflect on the purity of tho plan and the selfishness and avarice of the human heart . Can anv think you , but real lovers of justice and equalitv ' admire a constitution framed according to tlie exactness of nature ? That suffers no _national or confiscated estates or domains to be dealt out in
portions amongst the orators , writers , and generals who may contribute to its establishment ? That makes no partial distinction of its children into happy elect and rejected reprobates' { That admits the very babes and their mothers , the blind and the lame , the dumb and the eloquent , to au equal participation ofthe ri ghts of nature ? I say will such a levelling constitution as this do for proud men of abilities and conceited excellence ? No , surelv Our reformers would have showed themselves Israelites indeed , in whom there was no guile , had they heartily patronised , and pressed on mankind so disinterested a scheme *
Then you may say , why trouble mvself further about such a crooked race ? Let them still go on in their old way , changing names without the substance , and setting up one sot of lords and monopolisers , on the ruins of another , as they havo done from the beginning . Indeed , citizen , with grief I behold the indirect ami suspicious modes which the professed reformers or this world take to deliver it from oppression . For instead of striking at the root they only aim at the branches , so that like some prolific vegetables the more it is hacked and hewed , the more it spreads ; For the very chips and cuttings take root , and become distinct plants . But yet I hope , that when the
cup of villany is full , and men are fairly tired out , and have lost conceit of their inconsistent democracies and other forms of government ; When they perceive that mamclukcs and citizens make but an incoherent mass ; and that men , who though under the specious name of citizens , have the estates and power of lords and princes and use them as much to the injury of mankind : "When thev are fairly sick of the wars , tlie artificial famines ! and all the other evils , springing from this bitter root of landed monopoly , that then they may turn their eyes to my just constitution , as the last , aud only remedy against all political evils . I remain , & c .
Letter XIII . is devoted to the subject of Public Hospitals , and contains suggestions , dictated b y humanit y and common sense , for tho reformation of those institutions . Wo quote the following extracts from Letter XIV ., the last of tho series : — When I contemplate the meagre and beggarly appearance of the working people at this deplorable period , and at the same time hear their deep and desperate exclamations ' , si g hed forth from their broken hearts , I cannot help thinking but that we arc on the eve of some very great commotion . This is the time then for plans of various sorts to be ready , that the nation may have it iu their power to chose one that will prevent the like misfortunes in future , for it is a melancholy thing to see a people after being compelled to throw their burdens off their backs , stand quietly like stupid beasts till they are laid on again , for want of knowing better . * * *
The question is no longer of a lukewarm complexion , or bare curious investigation , for vain men to show their abilities in debating upon , we must now study for life or death . The question I say is no longer about which form of government is most favourable to liberty , as simply heretofore considered , but which system of society is most favourable to existence , and capable of delivering ns from the deadly mischiefs of great accumulations of wealth , which enables a few rich unfeeling monsters , to starve whole nations , in spite of all the fruitful seasons God Almi g hty can send . After having read the entire pamphlet from which we have quoted the above letters , Mr Spknce proceeded to address the Jury in defence of his doctrines ami scheme of reform , His speech and ta « conclusion of the trial will be given in next Saturday ' s Star .
* Pufcnce. Now Purity - Ness Of The Sche...
* Pufcnce . Now purity - ness of the scheme , having beim tho reason why it has not all these six and twenty years been able to create a powerful party , the government and tlie rich had no occasion to be alarmed at it , and accordingly were not . But this 1 know , it has an odd appearance , after twenty-six years' forbearance to put a man in danger of a prison for such old opinions , It is something like parricide .
Tub Buonar-Aetists And Odillox Barrot.—I...
Tub _BuoNAr-AETiSTS and Odillox Barrot . —It is about three years and a half since that Jerome Duonaparte paid a visit to Paris , where he had an interview with various personages ; he also endeavoured , through M . Joly , to procure an introduction to some Republicans . I was present with MM . Itecurt and Grandmcsnil _, at an interview which took place at M . Joly ' s . In the course of conversation , Prince Jerome told us that he had been very well received by M . Marrast of thc National , and that he regretted to see the journal La Reform constantly opposed to his cousin Louis . "Do you not think , " he said , " that if my cousin were to otfer his sword to the cause , which thc democrats are preparing to _brins to that arbitrament , it would greatly tend to _bene fit them ? " "The name of your cousin , " 1 replied , " would have its effect in thc provinces , but it would meet with invincible opposition from the
real and decided democrats ; moreover , his two attempts , at Strasbourg and Boulogne , have deprive d him of all consideration as a military leader . " M . Jerome then added , that M . Odillon Barrot , whom he had seen , had said to him , " The Orleans dynasty is not liked , it may fall on the death of the Kin " . Your cousin has committed some errors , but you , ° whose name is unsullied , might have a fair chance , should the opportunity arrive . "—Memoirs of Citizen Caussidiere . [ M . Odillon Barrot , who is reported to have made the above curious overture , is at present at tho head of tlie ministry of the Prince Louis _Napoleon . ] Moke of t"K Clearance System . — . The _enth-e population of Toomevara , we are informed , with the exception of two tenants , are under notice of ejectment , » t the hands of Mr . Massey Dawson , tlie owner of that once populous village . — Tipperarv
Vindicator . A Lawier ' s Rkvkj * _ob . —An attorney , who wooed a farmer ' s daughter , having been rejected , sent in a bill of £ 93 13 s . 4 d . for 275 attendances , and giving 3 . dricc on family matters ,
^Arietice
_^ _arietice
If Man Has A Right On The Earth, He Has ...
If man has a right on the earth , he has a ri _» hfc to land enough to raise a habitation on . if he K right to _& «* , he h a * a right , to land enourf . to till for his subsistence . Deprive him of any one 0 f these rights , and you place him at the mercy of _tioe « who possess them . "—Evans ' s _Rctditetl , No . I " The earth , thc air , the water , and all their nro . duce , are the common patrimony of humanity Every one has a right to enjoy these common bounties to such an extent as shall not bo projudiei . il to tho root of mankind . "—Jatnes Napier _IfoiUu . " What monopoly inflicts ovils of such _iiiajrnitud _*
as that of land ? It is the sole barrier to nationat prosperity . The people , the only creators of wealth , possess knowledge ; they possess industry ; and if thev possessed land , they could set all monopolies at defiance ; they would thon be enabled to employ machinery for their own benefit , and the world would behold with delight and astonishment the-bencfieial effects of this mighty engine , when properly directed . "—Author _oftJie " Reproofof Brutus . " Slavery _Aiiolishbd . —Slavery has been abolished at Cayenne . The blacks assembled in thousands , and thanked Uod and the governor for their libertv .
Porr _/ LATiox or Tow . Vs . —In the reign of _Charlea the Second , no provincial town in the kingdom contained 30 , 000 inhabitants ; and only four contained so many as 10 , 000 inhabitants . A Coih-abiso . v . —a clorgvman on one _occaaiou stepped into a public garden " , in which old Adam , its owner , wag diligently engaged in grubbing up a , plenteous orop of weeds , which had overrun a portion of the ground . _Cloricus condoled with tho old man on tho trouble the operation occasioned him : while the latter , after clawing his carnality for . 1
moment , said , " When ano thinks on ' t , after a * , — ' whatever is , is right ; ' for weeds are like sinners ; and if it _werana for weeds and sinners , thoro would be nae need for gardeners or ministers ; nae 1130 for you or I , sir . " CiiAniTT . — "We should give as we would _rocoiya —cheerfully , quickly , and without hesitation ; for there 13 no grace in a benefit that sticks to tho fin <» ers . _JPonoHD _Notrs . —Some forged notes of thc Bank of Ireland , accurately executed by means of the daguerreotype , are at present in circulation . _Thcy arc marked 0 . V . No . o 7 , W 9 , and dated _Julv 27 th . 1848 . '
Pauper Emigration-. —Five thousand female paupers wero to be transmitted , from various unions in Ireland _^ this week , to Plymouth , preparatory tO > their being forwarded to Australia . Power op thk Press . —Tho lhmu _Lufrpendent says : — " The press is very powerful—but it can't after all induco its correspondents to write only ou one side of the paper when thev want their letters printed . " Ambricam _Slavrrt . —Tho New Mean * PicmruM has an advertisement of a runawav voung slave , almost white , whe " talks French , Italian , Dutch , English , and Spanish . " — What a wretch of a girl ? to deprive Andre Grasso , her owner , of so valuable a property .
*«« "as ™ _juffDS . — oome agriculturists ara urging the culture of gorso on waste lands . It is excellent for the _feeding of _vounir cattle , and tho land on which they are thus turned is _ffrjidually improved and rendered fit for cultivation . ' A Flt ' s _Sprkd . — By fair comparison of sizes , what is the swiftness of a race-horse clearing his mile a minuto to the speed ofthe Hy cutting through its third of tho samo distance iii the same time i And what tho speed of our steaming giants , tho grand puffers of the age , compared wi ' tli the swiftness of our tiny buzzer * , of whom a monster train , scenting their game afar , may oven follow partridges ami tne
pueasanrs on wings ot steam in tneir last flight as friendly offerings . —Episodes of Insect Life . A Millionaire with a Uraht . — In the will of Edward Shippon Burd , recently deceased in Philadelphia , were several _lp-i-ades such as are soluoui found in tho wills of the wealthy , we appreheud . One is of a house in _Loeust-strcet , and 1 , 000 dollars to tho nurse of a deceased daughter ; another is of 1 , 500 dollars to the widow 0 ? a deceased faithful servant , and of 1 , 000 dollars to her daughter ; a , third is 1 , 500 dollars to an old cook ; another 1 , 100 dollars to a chambermaid , and an equal amount to coachmen , waiters , & e . — Burritt _' s Christian Citizen .
The _Schoolmaster Waxted . — In St . Giles ' s the following notice was latch- posted in the window ofa lod ing houne , " Hay sack and flour to let , chickens and carrot . " The purport of the notice was , "A second floor to let , kitchen , and garret . " Massixokr . — One of the ineVlited plays of Massinger , the loss of which has been so "deeply deplored by Gitford and all lovers of tho English drama , " Believo as you List , " has found its way into tho possession of Mr . Crofton Croker . Paupers . —Ihe number of paupers in ( Iveat Britain is about 4 , 0 D 0 , 0 W , or a seventh of the population of the wholo empire—in Ireland , 3 , 300 , 000 ; England , 1 , 500 , 000 ; Scotland , 200 , 000 . . Since J 81 tf tho peoplo of England havo paid £ 200 , 000 , 000 for the relief of tho poor .
Iuk _Poktjjk _Pi : z 7 . l . kd . —A porter having a parcel to carry to a student in one of the colleges of Cambridge L nivorsity , upon entering the _square me _, fc with ono of the collegians ; and asked it he could tell him where ho might meet with Mi-. . Tho son of Euclid replied ( at the same time placing his trencher on ono side of his head , and wrapping- his gown round him , ) "You must crucify the quadrangle , then ascend the grades , and you'll find him perambulating in tho cubicle near the fenestur . " The porter , not knowing the meaning of all thus ' , stared ; but recollecting the last word , asked what was a fenester . " A fenester , my man , is the diaphonous part of an edifice , erected lor the introduction of illumination . " The porter walked off , grumbling , and said he would never ask his way of a , Frenchman again .
A Ckktaix Curh for Corns . — One tcaspuouful of tar , ono ditto of coarse brown sugar , and om * ditto of saltpotro . Tho whole to be warmed together , and spread on kid leather , the size of the corn , and in two days thoy will bo drawn out . Slow Boys . —Alfred the Great learned his alphabet at twelve rears old ; Molitcre could barely read or write at fourteen ; Dr . Carter begun his studies at nineteen ; Valerianus learned to read at fifteen ; and Sir Isaac Newton , according to his own avowal , was inattentive to study , and ranked low in the school till the age of twelve . Americas Litkiutukb . —Mr . Forest , the American actor , who offered prizes of 3 , 000 and 1 , 000 dollars respectively for the two best plays by native Americans has declared that amid the loads of MSS . sent to him , there is not a play fit for the stage . He has , however , sent 1 , 000 " dollars to Mr . Miles , of Baltimore , who produced a tolerable dramatic
poem . Divorce . —During the last ten years , 200 couples have been judicially divorced in the island of Jersey . Pusoext axd Patriotic . —A pawnbroker writes to inform us , that ho doesn't see why the Times should make so much fuss about one ball g iven in the year for the distressed Poles , as there arc always three balls at the service of the distressed English . _JUtdiax Verdict . —John Taison , an Indian native of Connecticut , being found dead , on a winter morning , not lar from a tavern where he had been drinking freely spirituous liquors thc evening before , the Indians immediately assembled a jury of their
own tribo , who , after examinin g the body of the defunct , unanimously agreed— " That the said T _. _-iison _' s death was occasioned by the freezing ol a , lar ;* e quantity of w _.-iter in his body that had beCll imprudently inixcul with thc _l-uin ho drank . " To Clka ' x Kid Gloves . —First , see that your hands are clean , then put on your gloves and wash them , as though you wero washing your bunds , in a basin of spirits ' of turpentine , until quite clean ; then hang thorn up in a warm place , or where there is a current of air , which will carry off all smell of the turpentine . This method was brought from Pari * , and thousands of pounds _luive _lieon made bv it .
Where should all charming women bo buried ?—In belle-grave-square ( Belgrave Square ) . What lane do the ladies like best to walk in ?—Mousseline de I / xm . I . voexiol's Mkchamism . —A watchmaker of New Orleans has completed a tiny watch , which i * regarded as an extraordinary . specimen of workmanship . Tho Picainme says of it : —This wonderful time-piece is _perfect—keepa good time . It is about as thick as three half-dimes laid ono upon another , including case , crystal , and all , and measures in circumference , just the size of a half-dime . It has a spring of enamel , gold dial , and steel _liands , cylinder escapement , with ten holes jewelled
in ruby . It runs twenty-five hours without rewinding . Besides , it is so arranged as to admit of being worn cither in a brooch or finger-ring . The cocoa-tree supples thc Indians with bread , water , wine , vinegar , brandy , milk , , honey , sugar , _neodlw , clothes thread , cups , spoons , basins , bu _-kets , paper , ship masts , sails , cordage , covering for their houses , 4 c . Alphabetical Co . vr _\» nnts . —Why is the letter A like tlie meridian ? _lJeeause it is the middle of the day . Why is 11 liko a hot fire ? Because it makes oil boil . Why is thc letter D like a fallen angel ? Beeauso by its association with evil it becomes a devil . Whv ia the letter E liko the end of
time ? Because it is the beginning of eternity . Why is the letter F like death * BwauFo it makes : ill fall . Why is the letter G like wisdom \ Because it is the beginning of greatness and goodness . Why is the letter II like the dying words of Adams i " This is the end of earth . " ' Why is tho letter . I liko tho American Revolution _? Because it is the beginning of independence . Why is tho _letti r J like the end of spring ? _Becrmse it is the begun in * of June . Why is tho letter K like a pig _s tail _* Because it is the end of Pork . Why is ; the letter L like a _youngladr _g ivimj her _sweetheait W another ? Bcwue _» t malum h ~ WW » wm _«
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Jan. 20, 1849, page 3, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns3_20011849/page/3/
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