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NATIONAL LAXD COMPANY
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i TO FEARGUS O'COXXOR, ESQ., M.P. -.p"?^...
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abandon his native countryin quest of so...
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AND NATIONAL TRADES' JOURNAL. m. —~^ ^ ;...
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' ' ^^**l*l**'"******* l"**r '" ' g * ™^...
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TO THE ABERDEEX MEMBERS OF TBE LAND COMP...
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TO TBE TJXLOCATED LAND ¦ MEMBERS.. My Pl...
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Who steals my purse, steals trash; 'tis ...
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"MR—-lietore resuming my correspondence ...
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SJien'nmrard, the green baixior roaring,...
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LETTERS OF T. F. MEAGHER ESQ. Ithrlunond...
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TO FEARCUS O'CONNOR, ESQ., M.P. Pe.ir Si...
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lb J r\
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. m c to this proposiupon. returns just ...
Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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Transcript
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
Additionally, when viewing full transcripts, extracted text may not be in the same order as the original document.
National Laxd Company
NATIONAL LAXD _COMPANY
I To Feargus O'Coxxor, Esq., M.P. -.P"?^...
TO FEARGUS O'COXXOR , ESQ ., M . P . -. p" _?^ S _^~ We ' n"embc _"* s of the Aberdeen branch Ofthe _National Land Company , in _meeting assembled , are of opinion , tbat iu accordance with a previous resolatton , passed at a general meeting of tha branch , that unless some prospect ofa speedy settlement tako place m the Court of Queen ' s JJenchtheaflairsofthe Company benow immediately ¦ _wonnd np . _TVe were all anxiety to await the decision of the case pending in the Court of Queen ' s Bench regarding the registration of the Companv ; out seeing that the case has never been brought forward , or at least , never been made public through tne Aorthern Star , our hones of _snrrax * are now
blasted , and seeing that there is so much trouble required m making some of the located members conform with the rales , and pay their rents , after so much—iu fact , far too much—lenity has been shown them ; we therefore maintain , without hesitation , that as the funds have now entirely fallen on " , and the reproduction so small and uncertain , and , as a climax to the whole , the Company never at all likely to become legal , wc see no other alternative but to wind up the whole affairs of the Company , and thus prevent it from swamping itself with the liabilities attending directorship , & c But , dear sir , we do not attribute the failure of this scheme onto yon , —far from it ; never man did _niote to
elevate our order " than you have done ; the blame rats with the government and ourselves . The government has refused registration simply because tbe members of this Company have not , by keeping up their contributions , shown that determination to carry the thing out , which they so enthusiastically displayed atthe commencement of the undertaking . But , sir , we are of opinion that there 13 no chance of any company succeeding that ha 3 for its object the amelioration ofthe working classes , until the people be fairly represented in the Commons Bouse of Parliament ; and as you have always already done , we trust that you will unswervingly support , with your great abilities , everj motion that has for its end the hastening of that
great object , never forgetting occasionally to display before their view the whole hog , bristles and all . But , sir , we must confess we are astonished to hear you repeatedly saying in yonr letter * " that the _JLaad Company shall go on . " ,. We declare that we see no possibility that , it can go on , or that it can stand any length of time without being _s-vampod , the liabilities being so very heavy , aad nothing coming in to meet them . Dear sir , this our opinion , and wrote in the kindest of spirit towards yon , and we trust that yon will seriously consider it , and let us know what grounds you have for maintaining that the Company can , and shall go on , after the dear-bought _experience you have had to the contrary . Signed for behoof of the meeting , David Burns , Chairman .
P . S . —I trust that the above , with your comments , will appear in the first publication of the Northern Star . —D . B . Aberdeen , loth December .
Abandon His Native Countryin Quest Of So...
m . _—~^ _^
And National Trades' Journal. M. —~^ ^ ;...
AND NATIONAL TRADES' JOURNAL .
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To The Aberdeex Members Of Tbe Land Comp...
TO THE ABERDEEX MEMBERS OF TBE LAND COMPANY . Mr Fbie _\ _T ) s , With overy sentiment contained in the above letter I most fully and cordially agree . _^ Nearly two hundred thousand pounds more than has heen paid into the Land Fund -was guaranteed , and should have heen paid ; and if the Company is completely registered during the ensuing term , which commences on the 11 th of next month—and it is set down for
"hearing in that term—then every shareholder who has not and does not compl y with the rales and provisions of the Company , will have forfeited his claim ; while , shonld it he out of my power to carry the Company on under provisional registration , Parliament is bound , by the unanimous recommendation of the Parliamentary Committee , to pass an Act of Parliament to wind it np ; and , in that
case , every member who bas complied with the rules would receive back the full amount that ie has paid , even if fie properties purchased -were to fetch over 20 , 000 / . less than they cost ; and for this reason , because over the sum of 20 , _0007 . has heen paid in shillings and halfcrowns , the contributors of which have put the Company to as much expense as the paidtip shareholders , bat who would not he entitled to receive back their driblets .
As to carrying on the Company , my friends must understand that I mean the location ofthe working people upon the land nnder another Company , which is already enrolled ; and opposed as I may be , and persecuted as I may be , and robbed as I have been , I never will abandon the Land Project , because it is the social question on which the working classes must be instructed , when they achieve the Charter , as the political means for carrying it out nationally , and when it will not be in the power of tyrant governments , griping employers , and quibbling lawyers , to resist its legal realisation .
I have struggled for the Charter , and adhered firmly to its principles , against as frightful and dangerous odds as I have had to contend against with respect to this Company ; but I am determined to persevere in both against all and every opposition—thatis for the LAND and the CHABTEH—the only reward that 1 desire being to live frugally , support an unl _> lemisucd character , and leave the world better than I found it Yoar faithful Friend , FjvABGBS _O'Coxnob .
To Tbe Tjxlocated Land ¦ Members.. My Pl...
TO TBE _TJXLOCATED LAND ¦ MEMBERS . . My Pluxdebed _"Fbiexds _, — I invite your strictest attention to the following letter , -written by one ofthe allottees of "Minster Lovel to his son . Here it is : — November 23 th , 1849 . De _* _b So-v , —Ton will think roe long not _answering : I have been so unwell with a cold and cough , bnt I am mueh _lietter , and I have been waiting to send you all I could about rent day ; it Las been much talked of here , butthe day has gone . The Directors was to have been here on the 32 tn-A " _- < irathamla lawyer came on the 14 th ; we met M'Grath in the school ; tlie lawyer sat in a public-house ,
and every one who wanted to speak _tojhim , mustgo there . 3 I-Gratli said he came here to collect the rent for Mr . O'Connor , lie was our landlord ; he mas told by Mr . Beattre , that we had no faith in Mr . O'Connor nor the Directors neither would we acknowledge bim as our laudlord-there was very few that paid . Tbe next day we heard that the bumbs were coming to more that _stxtyof us ; on Thursday came two bumbs to BeattieV , he told them they Jiad no business there ; a great many came to help _llcatnc drive them off ; thev had a scuffle , and got the big drum and other instrument , and beattheinoffthc estate , and promised them , if they came again , they would serve them out - the women did their part . On Thuredaymet the Justices ot the reace at Witney ; _Beattie said he owed 0 Connor nothing—he never agreed to pay hinCauyllung . neither had not esta
tvonld he . The Justices said O'Connor - _blishedhis claim as landlord , so they cannot trouble us ; _weliave since had a letter from Lowbands—tney acted iust thesamewav we have . A lawyer in Witney « very " ¦ "oca " , he rives his advice free , and says he will do all m bis Sower to assist us ; tlie Witney people _geueraUy _sy mpathises with us : we did not come here to pay rent , but to ¦ tax as _accordine to what was laid out ; if we pay rent we _lose the vote : that is what we came more particular for , and we think they charge too much . There is a budder iu _tntnev , ready any time tohtald tm > houses for die same monev thev charge us for one—that is one hundred and fifty pounds—it makes our two acre lot come very high , that is nine pounds twelve shillings ; there is not one _» miMiKtushutthat will nay what is just , we are
determined not to he imposed on . Th- war is _commences tney talk of _takmgit to the Queen ' s Bench , were 0 Connor has Sedaredthat the estates are none of his , but theCom-Ssourle » al landlord : so we shall see how it mil turn out , _5 _™ _fwm ™ _vme I think jou will see nothing ofit in the _^^ _eTns _hSno the _**» - * **« _££ O'Connor come amongst _ushimself and _*«* « _5 _™ _£ _-Tn « s _THscureto _breakoutsomeday . IthmKifhe oenaiea _lunnUf _hSd _notItoe the same fate as the humh . _aEsas _^ _i _& asrsawss
c , nld « t ; _lMiJwvitat « rt « _wJarereryg fa _* _eU is very low I donot _» _» * _jjf _££ porker * up to ill can help ifc I _»™ . f ra ? f _^« _morTstock to eat I _^ _aonthiiweek _andthenlsh _^^^^ _tto _con-* he crop . W . _shaU _« T _^ f _^^ d tTSrow to the _dung-. _ame thecrop . Ihave _^ en _^ eu _^ _^^ _leap _-rf . _at _^ uia have l _^ p tniore tha „ ft t _& blight , they tell _inejba _^ i _^ _, _Sanyfouracrei , _" _^ f _^ iooke _bfautiiully green , hke iope soon to hare . _3 S , _„^ That _"entleman called on you , _& d _K nnn _TSme _^ th ome « to see the . state I do no * " r iam d „ _t „ _rT They c « n « to see my bt ; they _^ Gilbert , fro _^ _S _^ o c _" w ; ; they liUed _niylot « id I had p _hratj _toieep wo fcrf ' ther 9 i came _£ ger th _" _.-fy _^ _a _^ o _% _TTjsu . ea to » I « k « _d _T _** i . he said he was _£ « " _« - j h e sna n be _get-Sfto call and gi « _= _" _? _*? _£ 2 _ - is _« 5 ne by , and I think to _^^ _wtfir now . Bent day « _gon _. _oj , w 4 hwewM
_S « force * " _* _" * SJ 2 _bui stock and crop , and been _S «** a _* _S £ _^ _i _« fatard * _•** J
To Tbe Tjxlocated Land ¦ Members.. My Pl...
These castles must be our own , without paving , I entrust _. Accept our thanks for all favours . I remain , your affectionate father , T . ClAKKB . Now , lot mo ask if the above requires one word of comment ; and ant I not justified in allowing tbe . mortgagees of this estate—who hold tae title deeds , according to law , and who can make a clear and unexceptionable title—to sell that estate , to compel those honest voters , -who supposed that you were to pay 3001 . to give ¦ them a vote for 51 . 4 s ., to return yoa that money ?
Only think of one of my dupes having enough on two acres to feed two cows , his domain adorned with cowslips in November , aud his cottage a castle , built with , your labour , aad for which he considers it dishonest to be called upon to pay any rent . "Will not this show you the difficulties against which I have had to contend ? and will it not convince you of the prudence of getting rid of such an honest set of tenants ? Now , my friends , read the following poor mouth . It is a resolution adopted by the occupants of thc same estate with respect to which Mr . Clabke has writterrto his son . Here it is : — .
" Thatfrom the various estimates ofthe cost of our cottages , previously given by Mr . O'Connor in tbe A ' orlhern Star , and in the Labourer , we are ot opinion that the attempt now made to estimate them at £ 150 is unjust , as we beiieye that sum to be titrable the real value thereof—and that in consequence of the Directors hiving neglected to fix the value of our allotments , according to the quality of the land—we do hereby pledge ourselves separately and collectively , to refuse and to resist the payment of any rent _chaise or interest on the capital laid out on our allotments , until the Directors have set an equitable value on the cottages—properly adjusted the value ofthe respective _aUotments , in accordance with the quality of the land , and given us such security of tenure , as is guaranteed by the rules ofthe Company . " Jons _Shabt , Chairman .
Mr . Clarke , in his letter , tells you that a builder at Witney would build two cottages for what one of those cottages cost . Let me ask him if a builder would get * timber cheaper or better than I did at the wholesale price , receiving estimates from several timber merchants ? If he would get slates cheaper ? If he would quarry stones cheaper ? If he would get masons to build cheaper ? Carpenters to work cheaper ? Ironmongery cheaper ? or painting cheaper , than I did at wholesale
prices ? Timber merchants , quarrymen , masons , carpenters , ironmongers , and painters , all competing , and I , the trustee of the poor man ' s fund , being much more niggardly than I would have been of my own . But suppose I had built them by contract with a builder , he would have charged nearly double the price , and the roofs would have tumbled in in less than five years , while now the youngest man that lives the longest life will not outlive their sonndness .
But let me give you a proof of this . "When commencing operations at Lowbands I thought I would try the experiment of building the cottages by contract ; I met a master builder , by appointment , in the presence of Mr . _Cdliingham and Mr . Kixg , at the Bell Hotel , Gloucester , and he told me that as he was friendly to the Scheme he would undertake to build the cottages for 320 _J , each . Now to the resolution . This is my answer j the same that I have given many a time before . That every allottee who is prepared to pay np the full amount of rent due shall receive a
lease at the exact value of his allotment ; but I dare say , as the occupants havo a kindhearted solicitor at Witney , who gives his services gratuitously , if they apply to him he will inform them , that a lease to those who have not paid would be a receipt , in full , up to its date , and a legal set-off against rent previously due . Moreover , I am not going to put the Company , or rather myself , to the expense of paying a surveyor for critically examining , and fairly adjusting , the rents of the several allotment * , until they are prepared to pay . . ... .
These gentlemen will very speedily find that they havebeen deceived in their expectation to frighten " me by slander and Press denunciation . The _mrrtgagees are now their landlords , and they will -very speedily discover the difference of the treatment they will receive from them , as compared with , the treatment they have received from me . Now , read the following letter from Salford , relative to the deplorable condition of a man and his wife who have been revelling in dissipation npon your property . Here it is : —
TO TUE DIBECT 023 OF THE NATIONAL _Lisn COMPACT . Salford , Dec . 16 th , _1 S 49 . G & _TtEMEJ , —Having noticed in a statement of A . How , thathe defiedMr . O'Connor , or any of theDirectors , tofind a drunken man onthe estate ; itis weH known that there is one of the occupants ai Lowbands here , and has heen here eight or nine months out of twelve months , doing nothing but drinking ; his wife also doing nothing , and left one of his family to keep possession of the property , from which they receive the means of subsistence ; and I suppose him to be one of those rascals tliat refuses to pay the demand of
the Directors . If men can do without labour for the time mentioned in this note , it is necessary that steps must be taken to make them pay rent , or to quit their holdings immediately , and do justice to all parties connected with the Land Company . I am , Gentlemen , Your obedient servant , _JOUSllOBK 30 S , Secretary ofthe Salford Branch . P . S . —The party's name * is David Webster , of Lowbands Estate . It is left to jour own option how you act with this note .
Tou will also read , at foot of my letter , the irrefutable repl y of Mr . James _Beowx , the Preston secretary , in repl y to a fellow who has dared to assume the name of the immortal " As » bew Makyel . " You will also read the account of a " WE , " though it does not profess to be the Editor of the Dailg News —which appeared in that paper of Wednesday last . I have no doubt that it is the note ofthe " WHISTLER , " who has escaped from his cage . I shall make but very few observations , and they shall consist in merely calling your attention to the absurdity of the author : —
1 st , —From an eighth of an acre , to a _quarter , is as much as any prudent man will undertake to occupy ; in other words this it , or would lead to , the retail feudal system ; for , as I have often told you , that so cherished is any portion of land by those who hold it , that the man is completely the slave of his employer for whom he works at some other avocation , and to whose reduction of wages he will
submit rather than leave his plot of ground . 2 nd . —Think of a man requiring 200 / . capital , or 507 . an acre , to work four acres of land—that is , that a farmer renting one hundred acres should have 5 , 000 ? . capital , whereas , practical agriculturists consider 500 * . or bl . an acre more than enough ; while the occupants of a hundred acres at O'Connorville , have received _fc > 0 Z . capital , and had neither horses nor implements to purchase .
3 rd . —The " Whistler , " if he expects to be credited , should be critical . There are thirtyfive , and not thirty cottages , on thc estate , and the occupants were not located early in the spring of 1817 , but in the August of that year . 4 th . —The commentator appears t _» know nothing of the rales of the Company , as the occupants were not to pay five , but font per cent , upon the outlay . 5 th . —If the land is worth from los . to 25 s . per acre , and if we tako the average at 20 s ., it is much more than I paid for it , and more than , deducting cultivation , thc allottees are charged ; but I am glad that so good a judge has set so hig h a value wpon it . I do not think the occupants would wi * h it ttlect him aa « _no of th « apprais « rs ,
To Tbe Tjxlocated Land ¦ Members.. My Pl...
Cth . —As I have often predicted , I am clerk ofthe _weather office , _s * n & am responsible for the wet season of 1848 ; but as " one swallow does not make a Bummev , " I presume that one wet season does not make a failure . 7 th—This BOAR saw some goats that were fed upon weeds , whereas , when I visited _Gbiffith's allotment , I could see no food for the animals ; it was in a high state of cultivation , and j never saw a man . better pleased with his situation . Well , this critic has
discovered what I have often stated , that a man working from four in the morning till nine at night , cannot sufficiently cultivate an acre and a half ; and now I will put a clincher upon him . If this man—working at free labour from four in tho morning till nine at nightcannot exist and pay rent , how can the agricultural labourer—who works , and not so hard , from six till-six , five hours less—pay rent , and make profit for his employer ? Now , is not that a finisher for you , "Mr . Whistler ?"
Sth . —Think of a man being able to support himself , wife , and three _grownup _, sons upon two acres , and hoping to buy a cow ; and think of two acres giving employment to four men ; and think ofthe man having a cough that prevented him from working when he came from h _* 3 HEAVEN to my HELL ; and think of the hard work to which he is now subjected , curing the cough ; andthink of _hisbeing able to buy a cow after supporting such a family ; and think of his not being able to pay any rent . Did he pay rent for his house when he was idle from a cough , in his paradise ? Is it not enough to make a sick monkey bite its mother ?
9 th . —Now , just think of a cri pple occupying two acres , having a cow and some pigs , and being in a prosperous state because they are well managed by his wife . Does not this show what management will do , and am I to be charged with the mismanagement of others ? 10 th . —The discontented members are not suing Mr . O'Connor with success . 11 th . —I beg your attention to the three propositions of this practical agriculturalist : —
First , not to leave their actual employments and stake everything on a plot of land , but to endeavour and acquire a bit of land as a secondary means of subsistence or for enjoyment ; secondly , to be content wifh a Email and manageable piece ; ana , thirdly , to acquire tho absolute ownership . Now , what do you think of that ? " The first and second are the same , They never meet but to complain . " while the third tells you that men , who ave not able to pay four per cent , upon the wholesale price of land and buildings , ought to purchase a piece of laud out and out . Suppose an operative purchases a quarter of an acre , or half an acre , within a convenient distance of the town in which he works
artificially , he will pay three or four times the price that I have paid for land in the wholesale market ; he would not have much time to spare from his " rattle-box , " and if he is out of employment he must leave his estate , and go to some other factory town to look for work ; but above , and before all , where is the money to come from to purchase it ? 12 th . —The farm-house and land atDodford has been sold for 1 , 400 ? ., and not 2 , 000 / .
13 th . —The Oldham gentleman , Mr . Kelshaw , did not pay 551 . bonus for his allotment , he had the " pick " of the estate , with the exception of one four-acre allotment , and he bought it OUT and OUT for 551 . an acre ; and the house was built by contract the price for lahour agreed to by himself , and materials were furnished to him at the wholesale price . 14 th . —The neig hbouring farmer who has told our informant that he would not take the crops upon the estate , at the expense of taking them to market , is a Mr . Jones , whose farm bounds the estate , and through whose farmyard the road to the estate passes . There never was a greater opponent or enemy of the Land Plan than this gentleman ,
believingas he gathered from the press—that the Company consisted of Chartist ruffians . But to show that this gentleman does not estimate the depreciation in the value of produce by the Great Dodford estate , he assured me , more than once , that Free Trade would compel him to throw up all his farms , as even HIS OWN crops WOCLDNOTBE WORTH TAKING TO MARKET ; so you see the value of this gentleman ' s testimony as regards the Land Company . 15 tb . —Mr . O'Connor did appear amongst the allottees , until he discovered that their frequent appeals had too great an effect upon his generosity , as regarded his duty to tho unlocated members ; and the scheme—that is , of locating occupants upon land charged at four ner cent , uuon the outlay—will outlive every
FREEDOM FOR THE MILLIONS humbug , and flourish as the iudex of national regeneration , when every bubble scheme is blown into air . All other schemers try to hide their work ; but is July , 1848 , I took Lord Ingestrienow Earl Talbot — Lord _DnmiiANRiG , Sharman Crawford , Mr . Maunsell , and Mr . SuLLi 7 A ? r—all members of Parliament , and all members of the Land Committee—to visit the estates of Lowbands and Snig ' s End : they said , they never saw such crops , they never saw anything that gave them greater delight . That was the second year ' s crop at
Lowbands . It rained when Mr . Crawford was inspecting the estate ; he is not one ofthe best , but the very best landlord in Ireland ; he is a great advocate ofthe Small Farm system ; he said that he could remain till he was wet through to witness such a sight , that much as he thought of it , he had formed no conception ofit . These five gentlemen I submitted as witnesses to the committee , but the HAYTER the chairman , the juggler in English and foreign railroads , and who for his good services has been elevated to a higher office than he then held , WOULD NOT HEAR ONE OF THEM . Now what think you of that ?
In conclusion , -let me assure you my friends , and also my enemies , that not all the power at the command of my enemies so lavishl y displayed by their press , shall ever turn me from mytwo great objects , namely , the CHARTER AS THE POLITICAL MEANS , and the LAND AS THE SOCIAL END ; for , as I told the men of Stockport in 1835 , when I first opened my commission ai a Radical missionary , I would not give you twopence
for the suffrage to-day , if the land was locked up to-morrow ; and ere long the Protectionists will discover that their only hope of salvation , is in bringing the land into the retail market , when the Government can interpose no obstacle to the title , and the people , aye , and the shopkeepers too , will shortly discover , that thero is no hope of escape from ruin , _extept bv the application of the NATIONAL
RESOURCES TO NATIONAL PURPOSES . Thoie who are catering for a little popularity , are nibbling at tho Land _scheme with their freehold bite , while I tell you that it is moonshine , and I defy the world to base opposition to my pla » npon any other grounds , than the DISSATISFACTION OF THE MOST FORTUNATE , and the dread ofit entertained by employers . Your Faithful Frie « d , . _Fwsaus _D'Cmos .
To Tbe Tjxlocated Land ¦ Members.. My Pl...
SECOND VimiCATWN OF Tim CHARTISTS > _AKY 5 > tiie LMt SCHEME . To- tho _Editor of tbe Preston _( _himlian . _^ _Vr-lftyowhsfc _Giionifian-l find that "Andrew Marvel has thought fit to- address- you . again . I did hope for , and doubt not tliat yow Headers _imtwnlly expected , oomo _explanation of the gross _misrepresentationa contained -. '!! ' your _covrospoildf" _* Previous letter ; : but it appears that "Andrew Marvel has no _dcshie-to grapple-with feet * , lie seems destitute of those principles- _nhfeb aJways g ?* t _^ conduct oi an ! honourable-mind' ia search of troth , and desirous- of dealing justly with an opponent . ** J ' Before I am justified hi-entering _into-it discussion upon _^ nestions altogether-foreign to- the _svtbieet . it
will 00 necessary to call your readers attention to your ' correspondent ' s original charges aud their refutation . ° Mr . Marvel ' s charges against Mr . O'Connor wore expressed as follows : — ' _Your-subscriptionaenablet " him to purchase the above estates and carry out the Chartist land Scheme , wherein all were- to become freeholders , but 1 find in the Northern Sim- a public notice demanding rent from the dupes who fancied they lived on their own land . ' Ho then gives a list of the sums which tho allottees are to pay ( amounting at . O ' Connorville for a four aero allotment to _**^ M _« _'» . _Md on .-the other estates in tho same proponidtt ) , _anaatfifed'that _^ TeargBS O'Connor threatens to take possession and cause a general ejectment . " In my answer it wag clearly proved
that neither Mr . O'Connor nor the Land Company ever professed to make tho occupants freeholders till they had purchased or redeemed their allotments , and then that no notice had ever appeared in the Northerii Star stating that £ 43 los . would have to be paid , or Mr . O Connor would cause a general ejectment ; but that a notice had appeared which said that £ 615 a . _Tf ould have to be _paidjon the I 2 th of November , 1 S 49 . I would now wish " Andrew Marvel " to give some explanation of the reason wliich induced him to make tho above false and apparently malicious statements . Either he is totally ignorant of what the Land Compan y is now or ever was , or ho is not . If not , then in the absence of any proof or
mention of the same , in support of those charges in his last communication , we can only come to the conclusion that he has deliberately made charges against a gentleman which he was entirely unprepared to substantiate . Nay , ho had n _» t the manliness to refer to the subject at all , for he felt that he had been detected in a gross misrepresentation , 'Why , just imagine for a moment the absurdity of Mr . O'Connor giving four acres of land that cost £ 50 per acre , a good house , and the land cultivated , with £ 30 in cash to commence operations , and the party receiving it not to be called on to pay anything as compensation for all this property and privileges ! WiU any sane man helieve that such prospects had been
held out ? The original rules of the company stated that six per cent , should be paid upon the first £ 100 expended , and five per cent , upon the amount exceeding that sum ; but since that time the members have thought fit to change it to four per cent , upon all the capital expended . If "Andrew Marvel" wants proof , he will find it in the printed rules of tho company . But he says that he has been to Redmarloy , and that " not one ofthe occupants was satisfied , " & c , < fcc . What gurantee have we that this is more deserving of credibility than the other statements of this marvellous man ? Bnt _admitting that lie has made such visits , I , too , have \ _is \ _teu \\ fis estates of Lowbands , Snig ' s-End , and the Moat , and was
present when the reports of the committee appointed to examine into tho condition of the allottees was given in , and publicly read before an assembly comprising most of the allottees and families , the statement of each being read separately ; and if the assertion of " _Andrew Marvel" be correct , it would hare come out on that occasion , but there was no statement that would . justify such a conclusion . He again asks why M . O'Connor is afraid to visit the estates ? My answer is , that I saw to . O'Connor daily during the Conference , tr _.-ivcrse the estate , visit the houses , and mingle with the allottees , and there was no sign or necessity of fear about him . I have now clearly demonstrated , the -inaccuracy of Mr . Marvell ' s letter , and shall not follow him
into any extraneous matter till he has answered my first letter , as to the truth or falsity ofthe charges he made against Mr . O'Connor . But he is not satisfied with these charges ; he basely insinuates that I am a well-paid agent , an official , If he had and knowledge of the Land Company , he would have known that the statement was without foundation . I went to the Conference as t ! _-ic representative of the district , to represent tlieir interest , and as such received from them remuneration for my _services , but to talk of O'Connor paying mo is a rank sbsurdity . I bave been the secretary for the branch in this town for the last four years and a half , and who has paid me ? Why , the man of money to be sure—O'Connor ! No , sir ; I have
given my services gratuitously . Although I was entitled , according to rule , to a salary from thc members who unpointed me as their servant , I never received a farthing , and this is being a " well-paid agent , " is it , " Andrew 1 " Poor fellow , you ave most unfortunate in your attempts to destroy other men's characters , You are unable to meet my facts , so you wish to insinuate tliat I have nn interest in the maUer . But , air , I was paid ; my wages were thc consolation of knowing that I waa labouring in a cause calculated to benefit my country ; and whatever may be the obstacles thrown in the way to impede its progress , the change that is working in the public mind npon this question Of the Land nonvinees mo of what will be the ultimate result of
the principles we have promulgated , and m their success I shall be amply compensated . If I had been an opponent of Mr . O'Connor , and knowing he facts which I have stated , it would have been my duty to have refuted the unfounded charges brought against him ; but when he happens to be one with many of whoso principles I coincide , there was no other course but the one which has been taken , whatever may be the fiery ordeal of persecution to which it may subject me . Inowask " Andrew Marvel" to substantiate thc charges he has made , or stand convicted of slander , and then I shall be prepared calmly to discuss other
queries . Hoping , sir , that you will give insertion to this , I remain , yours , & c . James Brown , Preston , "December Ilth , _ISiQ . [ We aro inclined to think that the present discussion has now heen carried to sufficient length ; but still wc are not unwilling to afford " Andrew Marvel " another opportunity of meeting the charges fixed upon him by Mr . Brown . We feel called upon , however , to intimate that in doing this , " Andrew Marvel " must adduce facts , in lieu of mere aspersions and insinuations . The two latter are not the staple of honourable controversy , —Ed . ]
Who Steals My Purse, Steals Trash; 'Tis ...
Who steals my purse , steals trash ; 'tis something , nothing ; ' Twos _miue , ' tis his , and has been slave to thousands , But he that filches from me my good name , Robs me of that wliich not enriches him , And makes me poor indeed . TO THE EDITOR OF THE IRISHMAN . [ From the Irishman , Dec . loth , 1849 . ]
"Mr—-Lietore Resuming My Correspondence ...
"MR— -lietore resuming my correspondence upon the subject of the People's Charter , allow me to express the satisfaction I derived from your letter to Mr . Duffy in last week ' s Irishman . No man is better aware of the difficulties against which an honest journalist has to contend than I am , and no man more rejoices in the co-operation of such a journalist than I do . The verdict in your case , sir , will not bo one of mere acquittal , based upon the
insufficiency of the evidence adduced against you ; but as one of the jury I would base my verdict upon the irrefutable refutation of every sentence contained in every count ; and knowing but little of you personally , I felt no small excitement after reading thc accusation till I read the defence . It ' s neither my wish nor my province to tako any part in such squabbles ; but , my reason for writing is to inform you that , had it not been for your honourable and successful defence of your character , I should have abstained from making your paper the channel of communication with my countrymen .
Sir—Ths Irishman stands high in the estimation not onl y of the Irish exiles in England , but also with the Eng lish Democratic party ; - and as they are a shrewd and sceptical , because an oft-deceived people , especially by _journalises pandering for their _sspport _, I have
"Mr—-Lietore Resuming My Correspondence ...
_comeMered it my duty to give your ablc r simple , ani ! irrefutable defence a prominent place in thiff week ' s Northern Star r and have the honour to remain 4 he faithful _friea _^ of a faithfisli supporter of his country ' s rights- _.
Sjien'nmrard, The Green Baixior Roaring,...
_SJien'nmrard _, the green baixior roaring , So-flush every sword to tile-Hilt , _-: 0 w our side is virtue andErhi [ _Cta'fJieirsis the Saxon < ind Hiilfe—Moors .
TO * THE IRISH PE ©' " l ? _LE . Fmenps . » _CouhtbymeiY —BWt start when you read ! tlse above quotation _* , furnished by Tommy M 5 oone > the Irish poet I have given you _one-ft'om Lord _Bolingbrofe ? ,. a Tory , and from Bynoni- a Radical , adopted as the stereotyped motto of O'Conneil , and : I n 0 w use tho above _seleation from Moore ; . t _» show you that the language which was formerly not only tolerated but admired , would n » w be considered high treason *
Inlast week ' s- Mshmcm _, there . appeased a letter just _Ibefore _' mi _^ _il _^ grave , of Barnsley ,. a most excellent , sterling , and unflinchiug _patuio 4 j but in _ovdeirto-uhow you the difficulties against which _pufoliB- men have to contend , 1 must offer a word _atf comment upon that letter . You are aware _. that the power of every government has been based _wpoa tho antagonism- of _G'felt and Saxon , and you are aware that the _praitfipal clement of discord was the odium attached to the bloodthirsty principles of Chartism : and you are also aware that tho chief ohject I had ia , viewin visiting my native country , and in _addressiag yoa through a sterling Democratic paper , was to bridge that wide and all but impassable gulf which ha * so
lon « r separated the English from the Irish people . We have been designated , nay , branded as " physical-force Chartists , " while I have often told you and the English people that my chief regret was that I had not a sufficient amount of physical _foree to overthrow tyranny and establish freedom in its stead ! nnd believe me when I tell you that nothing so much tends to weaken a party as a silly and im ° potent attempt to achievo rights with a force which it does not possess , You would infer from Mr . Seagrave ' s letter that in mine I aimed a blow at John Mitchel the patriot , whose portrait I hare given with the Northern Star , and whose memory I honor . Uo assails mr > hecause I speak of achieving your rights by moral power which you cannot securo by physical power , and because I wish to seo " the _tiihoxk based
UPON THK AFFECTIONS OF TUB I > E 0 P 1 . 1 ! _HATIIEH THAN OTO . V THE _CAPniCE OF THE ARISTOCRACY . " Now , I repeat those sentiments , and my words used in the House of Commons , that I care not who is upon the throne , provided the power behind the throne is greater than itself , and capable of hurling from the throne the occupant who would violate the people ' s rights . Now , if 1 was to base my letters to you upon those principles wbich Mr . S . appears to approve , but could uot acCMnpl ' _sh by tho means in his power , I should weaken tho people ' s cause , and justily the dire antagonism that has heen created , and successfully perpetuated , hotween the English and the Irish people . "With so much of a preface , I new come to thc consideration of the question of
VS 1 VEBSAL SUFFRAGE . I have before explained to you that Universal Suffrage was once thc law of the land ; and let me now show you the flimsy pretext upon wliich opposition to this ri g ht 13 based , tho partial use that is now made ofit , and tho beneficial result to which it would lead . Opposition to Universal Suffrage is based upon the ignorance ofthe people , and upon their incapacity to select fit and proper persons to represent them . To these charges I answer : Firstly—It is their knowledge and not their ignorance that their oppressors dread , as the ignorance of a people is the tyrant ' s best tittle to power ; and , Secondly—If tho people arc ignorant , who are clmrgeble with tho crime—whether those wlio aro
willing to learn and greedy to receive knowledge , or those who have assigned the fund intended for tbeir maintenance and education to bloated bishops , bigoted parsons , tyrant Poor Law Commissioners , and jailers of bastiles ? "Whereas , had the funds assigned to those parties by tyrant class legislation , been appropriated to their just and legitimate purpose—the education of the people—ignorance would be a crime . Many Irishmen who have sprung from the ranks of tho people , and who have commenced theneducational career as rooBSCiiOLAns , have been the
greatest ornaments of the senate , the pulpit , the bar , and thc stage ; and once let the Irish people be educated , and let education , and not money , constitute the basis of the franchise , and then Ireland , as of yore , would be a free and independent nation , My countymen , If knowledge , permanent , knowledge , which must remain with the possessor , and not transitory property that may ebb and flow , gave you the right to vote one of the first Acts of Parliament , elected by the present ignorant mind ofthe country , would be to educate the people , as KNOWLEDGE IS VOWER .
One of the chief objections to Universal Suffrage is , that it would create a ramble House of Commons—that was the objection to the Reform Bill while , in truth , I defy you to select a greater ramble than constitutes the House atthe present moment . If a recognised leader or a toadey spouts indescribable and unintellig ible rubbish , he is cheered to tho echo , while , if an independent member delivers a sound and eloquent speech he is " boo'd , " and "bah'd . " Again , even now , both "Whigs and Tories , when an election is about to take place , cater _forrorutAU surroRT , by appealing notto the electors only , but to those whom , when they are returned , they designate the mob . And have you ever reflected upon this strango anomaly , as regards tho present system ? Upon the day of nomination electors and non-electors attend—the show of hands is declared
in favour of the popular candidate—the returning officer announces him to be duly elected , and he remains the representative of the majority of the peoplo until their will and their voice 13 overpowered , extinguished , and crushed , by an insignificant minority of voters . My countrymen , if you bad Universal Suffrage to-morrow you would have laws based upon the knowledge , the wisdom , and the discretion of tho majority of a well-educated people . Ton would have no thieves , no drunkards , no prostitutes—all born with propensities which may he nurtured into virtues , or thwarted into vices , according to tlieir training ; there would then be no sympathy for the criminal convicted of violating laws which he had his share in making ; whereas the criminal now —and justly—is looked upon as the victim of classlegislation . ' If the tool of a Member of Parliament can secure
a situation for his son , as an exciseman , or any other office which requires a certain description of education—and if want of tbat education is the only barrier that stands in his way , the father will soon inform the patron that the son can speedily be cdueationally qualified , while for seventy long years want of education has been urged as the curse of your disqualification . My countrymen , only think of the folly , the absurdity—nay , the injustice , of a highly-intellectual man voting out of a house at this election , and from a reverse of fortune , being ousted out _« f that house at the next election , still poss « ssing his _knowledge _, but deprived of his vote .
If you had Universal Sufirage , all thc channels would be so opened , that the reservoir would he pure , and no one could attempt bribery or corruption . "So theorist could then excite you to madness by a flaming hustings oration , or high-flown pledges of patriotism and nationality . Instead of that antagonism which now exists , instead of legitimate disloyalty which is now manifested towards the present system , every freeman would fly to thc cry of " My cottage and my country is in danger . " Every hamlet would be a sentry-box , and every peasant a volunteer , when he had rights to defend , and property to protect . . .
Then those wko create wealth would have a share in its Ugitimate distribution—then tbe rich would become richer , and the poor rich , when thc owners ofthe raw material—Laxd—which is God's gift to man , saw the necessity of measuring its valuo by increased produce , by the » pplication of increased labour , instead of by the standard of patronage . Then the resources _« f tho country would be so developed , th * t nature's p « p would bo tpened to nature b children ; there would be peace , plenty , happiness , and prosperity reigning throughout the land ; then the industrious Irishman , foully « alumniatcd a » a willing idle *' , _nM not b » _toMpelkd to
Sjien'nmrard, The Green Baixior Roaring,...
abandon his native country , in quest of some foreign _, refuge , where he may save himself and family from tho grasp of the tyrant landlord , tho bloated bigot , and tho law's persecution . Then you would require no bloated buffoons dressed like monkeys at a show _^ with coal-scuttles upon their heads , p _.-iid by you , for _shootiii" or stabbing your order—nay , perhaps your friends or family—no spies , detectives , or informers—no bludgoon-men , no jailers , no hang ; men , no _Toor Law bastiles—not one law for the rich , and another for the poor , by whoso construction there is more danger to the peasant that Shoots the squire ' s hare , than to the squire that sheets the peasant ' s head . . 1 I ! _. : i :.. „ _„„„ ., _( ..,. t „ n _. _iiwf r , f _( _iftfllAfni-Affflt
Let me , in conclusion , give you the most graphic illustration ofthe present , system . _JMsiiy years ago , when tite' late JBarl Fitzwilliam ofFered himself as candidate- for thc West Hiding of Yorkshire , a clodpolo in the- erowd _interrupted him with a question , The _nobib-L ' _ordehseyyed— " What do jvn know about makng- _'lnws ?" ' - "Nout , " replied jlie- clodpole ; "I knew _nont about making shocs _,- * _Mer ; but I know d—d -well that when a _cStop _insltes- a pair that p ' _ncJws- my tors , he shall make no moiv for me ; and I _kaow t 5 iy laws have _piacl ' ed me : " ' | "Is that all yon'know _nlioutit ? " rejoined _fchO _in-oblc Lord . ' " No ; " replied t _"« r ' _clodpole ; . "Iknow that all ( the stuff in the world-Was _isude for all tho folk in' the world , and that I'h _' an ' t my share of it . " ;
Let me now give you _snothevgraphic illustration ; of the present _system .- When'Ghnrch and State-; were-very much in dread ' of _Chavfiisf principle ' s , in 134 _Br a Eight _Ilevereni'tfathcr in > _& od , who stood _M _dreadful awe of Chartism ,-waited upon a very vntoUiaent shoemaker w \' _a-took an- active part in the Chartist movement ., the Rig & t Bev . Bishop had ' been dissipated in youthy and was not blessed with ' . _Tfaiaily , though he _Heeced a large flock . He _calleilmoon the shoemaker _^ _and-said— - _"Dhrie ' v I understand you'are a Chartist . I am astonished that so intelligent : a-man as you could lend yourself to such aii agitation . Are you not aware that God never craated a _mauth in this world _tfcnfc he did not c ? e ; tto wherewithal to put _ink >> 3 tr * . Daniel had ten children j ;» Bd > TjBpiicd 5- ' , _vyea , ihy lord , I know that well fhut _tBO'di _^ r _^ _nte _^ liesrhera ¦ —God A & _jiiKmijt skst all site _Moifins io sir SHOP , AN > _PillLIAllKST SKST AlV CTE 3 J 1 _CAT IO Thine !'"
jN ' ow let mc ask you , if the man of twenty-ono years of age who opposes Universal ; Suffrage does not vote himself a fool , and _does'irot . givo an ur » _mistakabls-approval ofthe proses * ' system , whicl makes him » pauper—and , is he not ; , therefore , a self-created-pauper , and a willing skive ,, an enemy to his home ; , to his family , and t & _-hi » country ' s interest ? My countrymen , at tho foot of _tbis-letfcer you will read three letters written to me bj ? thai glorious young patriot ,. Meagher , from that dungeon to which treachery ,, deception , enthusiasm ,, injustice , and tyranny consigned him . lour faithful friend and counlvyman , Feargus- © 'Connor . London , Dec , 2319 .
Letters Of T. F. Meagher Esq. Ithrlunond...
LETTERS OF T . F . _MEAGHER ESQ . _Ithrlunond Prison , Dublin , _Agifl 23 , 1849 . My Deab _Fbaksjis O'Ctw . _vn ; _:, —1 liave hew a long time promising myself the pleasure of writing _yountfew lines , to thank you for the very Mud interest you have taken in me , nnd the generous zeal you have manifested _in-behalf of the State Prisoners uf' _-tS . To many claims , however , upon my pnUf > m !! esteetn , yon have lately added one more , uhieh to my mind . possesses a peculiar weight and value ; you have ' brtvsgM out' the . wry best likeness that 1 ms yet _appeared of jne . All my
friends are delighted with it . The execution of it , too , is very be .-itiiu ) , and has been greatly admired . We are all quite well here , and in rfcdit good spirits , for it will always le to its n source oflinnpineju ; _to-Si-el that wo are undergoing some slight _imnishnient lor om : . )<»¦« of _th » old ceuntry , > doultI a ueavitr { iiinisliHieut bom store for us , we shall meet it not only with light , but with proud hearts . Next to battling for tlie right , Hie best thing is suffering for it , and next to a victory , a sacrifiec conduces most to theprogress and tlie glory of any great enuse _. When vou see Mr . , and Mr , _botti of whom
I had the pleasure of meeting on l _' _.-itrick ' _S-JJay twelvemonth , at the house of the former , being introduced there by you , will you kindly remembev mc to them ! As a little souvenir of my esteem nnd friendship , I enclose & r each of ttitnii a copy of the words 1 spoke in Clomnel , and you must accept one for _jourself _. Believe me , my dear 1 'eargus O'Connor , your sincereand much esteemed Friend , Thomas _Fjuncis _Mbagheb , To Feargus O'Connor , Esq ., M . l \ Richmond _Trieon . Juno 6 , 1910 . My MAit Feakgus _O'Conxob , —You will have-seen before these few lines reach you that our fate lias been decided . We ave to leave thc country ( probably to-morrow night ) a 9 convicts for Van Dienicn ' s hand .
I wish to hid you nn affectionate farewell , and to thank you , as I sincerely and most gratefully do , for the deep sympathy you have felt for me , and the cfloi & _s to defend my name and conduct you have so gonerous ]» and brav . eV made . May the good Gud , iu whose justiee all oppressed _, nations repose their trust , protect , aid . and , with his Almighty arm , exalt the cause of Freedom , which you have served so long and faithfully ; and may you live to witness hi its triumph the reward of thc _sacriHees you have rondo in its behalf ; Tiiis , my dear , excellent friend , is the _sinoere prayer of one who glories in the proud thought that the first days of his youth have been devoted to the struggle of his country ; and that , failing in that struggle , he was doomed to be re . moved fnv , far from his old home in testimony of the love with which he clung to it , and the sincerity with which he strove to render her honourable before all nations—a benefactress and a glory to humanity .
lie so good as to hand the enclosed to that noble-hearted Englishman , Mr . . And ever believe me to remain , My dear Feargus O'Connor , Wheresoever my lot may lie east , Your sincere and affectionate young friend , Thomas _Fbangi * _Meaousb To Feargus O'Connor , Esq ,, M . P . Wiehmcnd Prison , , V . dy 5 fh . 1 S 19 . Mv DE . _vn I ' karc . us O'CoNNOii _, — I have this moment ve « _ceivedyour very kind letters , and feel most grateful to you for these , as for yonr former proofs eS' _snteivst in my welfare , and the affectionate sympathy with which you regard my fate . I have hardly lime enough to write these lines—few as they are , and must conclude with the assurance that my esteem and friendship for you , will be as enduring as tlie love I cherish for my country and the darliajc Iiopu I outertain of her eventual happiness and iiidependenco . _llelieve mc , my dear Feargus O'Connor ,
Ever to remain your faithful , warm friend , Thomas Frascis Mkacheb To Feargus O'Connor , Esq ., M . P .
To Fearcus O'Connor, Esq., M.P. Pe.Ir Si...
TO _FEARCUS O'CONNOR , ESQ ., M . P . Pe . ir Sir , —I enclose _half-a-crown ' s worth of postage stamps , to help you to pay off tho money that you have borrowed to pay Macnamara's cost of action . Sir , I am sorry that the Chartists in general did not take your advice ; you have often told US to be prepaved with a defence fund ; if we hud done so , wc would , by this time , be with a fund that would make the government tremble , for money is the strength of thc law . Sir , I am sorry that you have to pay so much , and get nothing but abuse for it , from them that you have served the most ; but he of good cheer , for you will havo your reward I wish you long life to see your labours crowned with joy . I hope Mr . Duncombe will be able to help ' you this session . I remain , your _wcll-wisheiynnl old guard , for the " Charter and no Surrender . " Thomas Paris , Blacksmith . Cold Bath , Greenwich , Bee . li ) , 1841 ) .
_IiBKRAriox or Chartist _Prisoxbhs r « o . u IIorsemoi ! _oxr-lane Gaol . — On Wednesday afternoon three of the Chartist prisoners , convicted at the Old Bailey , in ISiS , wove liberated by order of the Secretary of State for thc Home Department , from Horsemonger-lane Gaol , were they have been incarcerated fourteen months . Their names arc William Poole , Thomas Irons , and Thomas Herbert . They were apprehended in a publichouse in Webber-street , _Blackfriars-rond , and wore tried at the Old Bailev Sessions in October .
1848 , and sentenced to eighteen months imprisonment in Horsemonger-lane Goal , and at thc expiration of that period to find good bail for their futuio conduct during five years . The Secretary of Stat * commuted their sentence to fourteen months' imprisonment , which expired on Wednesday ; and the required sureties being approved of by the Secretary for tha Home Department , they were brough . 6 to the South wark _polico court by Mr . Keene , tha governor of the gaol ; and the necessary formalities being gono through before the magistrate , they were immediately liberated , and ware joined by their families and a number ol _' iiaxlMia friend ? .
Tbadkb _Uxiok _Con'si'ibaci . w _Susmci .:-. —At tho York assizes on _Weduciday , Ciirnelius _iiihu-i-. 26 , John Cundy , 21 , Daniel W ' . ik ' _Ki , _'";* _-, John _Oiossop , 3 S , George Pickering , 25 , _Tlmmas _JbU-liffo , 2 . \ Thomas Cartwright , 2 l , * Vnd "William WiudU , ¦}!> . wereindieted for having , on lk ; -11 th of July hat . at Sheffield , unlawful ? coasp i ) _-,-. ! Vj force and , . compel two men named Joseph and William Snape , against their will and with _violence to their pojsons and property , to attend a meeting of thc "Tableknife Grinders' Union , " for the purpose of raising money for the support of the said association . — - After the examination of two or three wi ' _ncss & _s _, Mr . Justice " Williams suggested the adoption of a course wliich would meet the iustice of Ihe case .
That course was , tkit the prosecutors should overlook tho violence done to them , and tliat all tho defendants should plead guilty , _asd _yire security for thoiv good conduct in future , by entering into their mn _rcoognixnucos of £ 20 each , to appear anil receive judgment when ealled upouTl ounsel on both sides wero ready to _accedo tion , and it was accordingly acted Tub lath "Er * m > : Mic _.-T-Fro «\ lulled , it appears that the number cholera in Paris amounted to 10 , thole 4 _jing in the civil and military 20 , 000 . Tho most fatal month , 3 , 760 _perishid . In _"London the _ff » s _& _ptomktr , wkefl 0 , 044 f # il Yi lucounstfi
Lb J R\
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. M C To This Proposiupon. Returns Just ...
. m c to this proposiupon _. returns just pfi $ / of deaths tr \ % f 950 , or , _including ' . _¦<•'' hospitals-, ** )> ;' ' was June , wlJ & _iUs ; most fatal _BlQfUtl ' - « _tJw , ' if . _fl , l ) to this _proposi-] ° . « _••'"' j _^—ate . » . 5 o _,.,-, i ™ i « djreu _« . _£% _^ ary hospitals , )* j V * . _^ > ,, ;< "! _o T ' as June , w" _^ _U : _v- ' _f' _^\ " _r . t ' : v- _^ - _- . ' . ' : _v- _^' - ost fataliu _«&| v > ' ; '! ,. ; v f .: v' " _**« _% V . Ts - •• : «? _i / .. — .. . ( .. . _(
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Dec. 22, 1849, page 1, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns3_22121849/page/1/
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