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"Toj^move serious a ^^^.- • ^-L" : z ¦ —...
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Loss «? thb Bbi6 Jcix NmiobT— The Medway...
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Suicmi: USD Attempted Murder m Bermondse...
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Resignation of Me. Baron Gurnet.—Mr. Bar...
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THE NORTHERN STAR, AND NATI0NA L ESTABLI...
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THE NOKTHEKN STAR. 3ATURDAY, JANUARY 25,1845.
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O'CONNELL, THE POPE, AND CIVIL LIBERTY, ...
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AGRICULTURE AND " INCENDIARISM." ' The q...
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Transcript
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
Additionally, when viewing full transcripts, extracted text may not be in the same order as the original document.
"Toj^Move Serious A ^^^.- • ^-L" : Z ¦ —...
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Loss «? Thb Bbi6 Jcix Nmiobt— The Medway...
Loss «? _thb Bbi 6 Jcix _NmiobT— The Medway West India _: steam-packet , brings intelligence of the _lossof ihe brig John Naylor , Captain Orr , off FayaJ , _-fo-mlchafeoe , _wifJi afull cargo of guano . She was 263 tons register , and wasiranredfbr £ 2 , 000 , In consequence of losing her rudder , she put up in tfie island of Ascension , having previously thrown upwards of 100 tons of her cargo overboard te lighten her . The brigmade Fayal on the 21 st of _December , and endeavoured to enter the harbour , but n _jeonsequenceof her disabled state , the captain _c- _™™ iSeet his object . On the 22 nd - _* e bore m ? , the wind blowing astreng gale , and endeavoured to ' get to tne _leewarS of St . _Urge ' s Island and on _Je Mowing day was _riuming dowh the land , when he _temporay steering madimerv gave way on the h _^ ard side , and the vessel immediately canted with her head on
shore . Captain Orr , thinKing to save ner , _leugo anchors , but seeing no chance of doing so , ordered -the boat out . and got eight of the hands , who were dreadfully ill of the scurvy , inhrst , and _xhen made for the _sbon-- , a _hea-s-y sea _ruling , with a tremendous surf . The landing was most difficult , and one poor fellow , in his anxiety to save himself , jumped into the water to swim tor his life , and was drowned . The captain , on the boat striking , was violently braised . Three others died on the same nig ht from exhaustion and exposure to the cold . The vessel drove on shore on the 24 th , and became a total wreck . The weather was so boisterous that it was impossible to get to her , and conseauently everything was lost . Tiie captain reports -that there were upwards of 400 ships at Ichaboe when he left , loading and waiting for their turn . He supposes by this time the _sruano is _prettr well exhausted .
The Wreck or the William Tcrxek . —The Carnarvon Herald contains a lengthy account of the loss of flus ill-fated vessel , reported hi last week ' s Star . Sverv one on board , crew and passengers , supposed to have been not less than thirty persons in all , were drowned . The vessel is completely broken up , and every vesture of the cargo lost . > Gibkaltas , Janc . « . ky 6 th . —Last night we were visiud bv a tremendous storm at east , accompanied with very heavy nun . A little after midnight , inteligence was sent in from our outposts , that a sliip had been "wrecked on the Eastern Beach , where there was a very heavy surf , and that all the crew had disappeared from the deck , supposed to have
taken _i-efuge below , fearing to be washed overboard . On -receipt of this _infomiatlon , Ms Excellency the Governor , accompanied by Captain the Hon . J . R . Drummond , R . N ., of her Majesty ' s ship Scout ; Colonel Sir John Campbell ( field-officer ofthe night ) , end Mr . longlands Cowell , the agent for Lloyd ' s , proceeded to the spot for the purpose of ascertaining theiacts , and giving such assistance to the crew as the circumstances of the case might render necessaiy . She proved to be the American bark Joshua Emblem , T ) . L . Wilcox , master , of Palermo , with sulphur , -wines , Ac ., bound to the United States . Her mainmast went by the board . It is feared she will prove a -wreck , though the cargo may be saved . — Gibraltar Claronlcle .
Fatal Effects of a Siohm . —Calais , Jax . 2 L —Yesterday the sudden storm that took place in the afternoon produced one of those disasters by which loss of life and property occurred , and probably without the immediate reason being ever ascertained . A lugger , or , as it is called here , a chasse-maree , left Dnnkirk in the morning , bound for Abbeville , laden with coals , salt cod , and brandy . From some unknown cause she came on shore between four and five o ' clock , p . m ., to the eastward of the jetty , . the wind blowing severel y from N . N . E ., which ought to "have enabled her to have pursued hir intended course . After she struck on the sands ,
and was dimly seen through the haze , the lifeboat approached . Not a -soul was seen on hoard , and it became useless , in _such-a heavy sea , to run the risk of going on board , as the vessel was breaking up . It was once supposed that a man was seen attached to the mast by a rope . Such , however , was not the case , and there can he no -doubt that the , crew have perished , for so violent was the wind that they could not have escaped , even had they taken to the small boat . What renders the supposition more reasonable is , that a boy picked np a live-franc piece close to the vessel whenthe tide was out . It was ascertained by the ship ' s papers , washed on shore , that there were four men and a boy on board .
Suicmi: Usd Attempted Murder M Bermondse...
Suicmi : USD _Attempted Murder m Bermondset . —At one o ' clock on Friday week a lengthened Inquiry was entered into , at theRoyal George Tavern , before Mr . Carter , the coroner for Surrey , and a respectable jury _« touching the death of John Clement , wool-sorter ,-who , after attempting te cut his wife ' s throatj _wasfound by the police in a back-room ofthe house , 34 , in Little George-street , Bermondsey , with his throat severed _froinear to ear . The evidence _addaced was substantially tiie same as the statement of ¦ the case published above , with the exception of that of the man ' s employer , Mr . R . Elkington , woolstapler , of _Fendalr-street , who further stated that deceased had for some time appeared exceedingly
lowand melancholy ; and npon reasoning with him , in order to _aronsehmifromhislethargic state , he elicited fromhim that ever since the middle of lastyear , when lie lost Ms daughter , ic whom he was tenderly attached , he had suffered severely from nervous excitement , which quite unfitted him for labour , and on Saturday last deceased had actually called at the counting-house under this delusion , and stated to hhn ( witness ) that he eonld no longer think of robbing him , and therefore he begged to be discharged . _Witness was of op inion that deceased had been of _unaoundmind since December last . The jury decided on thefollowimj verdict : —That the deceased met with his death by his own act , being at the time in a state of unsound mind .
Death from Hidbofhobia . —On Saturday night a hoy named Dynes , aged twelve years , died of hydrophobia , in _Moyntaghs , near Lnrgan ( Ireland ) . Thc disease made its appearance on the Wednesday previous , nearly thirteen months after he had received a scratch from the tooth of a dog on the hand , the wound at the time heing so slight that no blood appeared . Fire at Portsmouth , J as . 22 . —At about six o'doek this morning a fire broke _onifPin the back of a house , in the centre of High-street , occupied hy Mr . BlaekweH , furniture broker and cabinet maker . It was first discovered b Dr . M'Lean , of the 76 th regiment , a lodger in the house , who was awoke hy a strong smell of smoke . He immediately awoke the
peop le ofthe house , and gave the alarm , ihe town and government authorities were soon on the spot with engines , & c ., bnt some time had elapsed before water could he procured . The fire raged with extreme violence for some time . Fortunately , there was not any wind , and at nine o clock no further danger was apprehended . A great portion of Mr . Blaekwell ' s stock was burned , and the damage has been estimated at £ 3 , 000 . We hear that in the cellar of the house was a large quantity of powder ( it is said as much , as three or four barrels ) ; providentially this did not ignite , or the destruction of life and property would have been most distressing .
Cork . —Suicide . —This city was thrown into great excitement on Tuesday by the rumour that Mr , James Wherland , who held several official and public situations ( amongst others that ofrevisor tothe Cork poor law union ) , had died suddenly at the south District Lying-in Hospital . Inquiry was immediately set on foot , -when it was ascertained that the unfortunate gentleman had put an end to his existence , in that institution , by shooting himself through the head , while labouring under a fit of temporary insanity . The deceased was a gentleman of very excitable temper , and it appeared that some statements made at one of the public boards
relative to the manner in which he acted in his official capacity was the ultimate cause of bringing on that aberration of mind which induced him to commit the fatal act . Immediately after the occurrence a coroner s inquest was held before Henry Hardy , Esq ., coroner , and a most _respectable jury , when the following verdict was letnrned—That on this day ( Tuesday ) the said James Wherland shot himself by uiseharging a- pistol , loaded with powder and hah , into his mouth , thereby inflicting a mortal wound , of which he instantl y died ; and that when he fired the said pistol he was not in a sound state ef mind , but was labouring under temporary derangementfliereof .
Resignation Of Me. Baron Gurnet.—Mr. Bar...
_Resignation of Me . Baron Gurnet . —Mr . Baron Gurney , in consequence of continued ill health and increasing weakness , has sent to the Lord Chancellor his resignation of the high office of one of the Barons ofthe Exehequer , wnicE tiie learned baron has filled for some years with great ability and satisfaction to the bar and the public . The general opinion in Westminster Hall is , that Mr . Piatt , Q . C ., will succeed to the vacant seat on the Exchequer bench , bnt , _ofcourse , no _aixangement has at present been made . _—Statuiari ,
The Repeal "Sia # . "—The reductions in the clerks and attaches ofthe Conciliation-hall have , itis believed , been mainly carried into effect at the instance of Mr . Smith O'Brien , who has proved himself far too expert in financial matters to suit the tastes of some of the disinterested patriots , who have long run riot and grownsleek npon the Repeal funds . The MaU gives the following detaile ofthe retrenchments in the expenditure : —'" The cashier reduced to £ 3 2 s . a-week ; the bookkeeper , £ 2 a-week ; the under-secretary , to _£ 100 per annum . The clerks who bad £ 2 a-week each are reduced to 30 s . ; those who had 30 s ., reduced to 25 s . ; and those who had 25 s ., reduced to 20 s . The onl y offices whicli have escaped the shears are those held by the favourite drones , of whom , perhaps , more anon . A saving of above £ 1 , 500 per annum has been effected , and the work to he done no worse than , it was—a pregnant proof of tie profusion with which the peoples money was squandered when it flowed in freely . ''
The Northern Star, And Nati0na L Establi...
THE NORTHERN STAR , AND NATI 0 NA ESTABLISHED in Leeds in 1837 , and since then thej leading Provincial Journal iu the Kingdom , is now published at No . 340 , Strand , London . I The objec t of the Proprietor in establishing the A _' ortfterii Star was to furnish a fearless and faithful organ for the representation of the Labouring Glasses , whose interests from time immemorial have been shamelessly neglected . The removal of the Star to London has enabled its conductors to supply the reader with the latest intelligence , at well as the most interesting news ; in consequence of which its number of readers have materially increased in the Metropolis , and its country circulation can be equalled by few , even the most extensively circulated Metropolitan newspapers .
Trom the extensive circulation ofthe Northern Star , together with the fact that it is read by all classes of society as the organ ofthe movement party , Advertisers will find it to be a medium of communication with the public at large worth notice . Books and Publications for review must he addressed ( post paid ) to the Editor , 310 , Strand , London . Advertisements and orders for papers to be addressed to Peargus O'Connor , 340 , Strand , where all communica tions will be punctuaUy attended to . The foUowing extract from the Newspaper Stamp Returns for October , Jfovember , and December , 1843 ( since wliich no returns have been made ) , show that the Northern Star is far at the head of many old-established London "Weekly Journals : —
NORTHERN STAR .. 117 , 000 > ews ofthe "World ,. 86 , 000 United Service Ga-Becord 83 , 300 zette I 0 , m Examiner 71 , 000 Patriot C 0 _. 000 Britannia Ct _., 000 Spectator 48 , 000 Mark-lane Express .. 54 , 000 Era 41 , 000 Tablet 45 , 000 John Bull 3 _^ , 000 Observer 41 , 000 Watchman 33 , 000 Atlas .. . ' . .. .. 37 , 000 Age and Argus .. .. 22 , 500 _Nonconformist .. .. 30 , 000 Sentinel 20 , 000 Bell ' s Sew Weekly Journal of Commerce 13 , 500 Messenger .. .. 22 , 500 * * * Observe the Office , 340 , Strand , London .
CHAMBERS' PHILOSOPHY REFUTED . Just published Price Pourpenee ( _forn-tmg a Pamphlet of-50 pages demy Svo ., in a stiff wrapper ) ,
THE _SECOND EDITION OF AFULX and C 03 _ITLETE _REFUTATION ofthe PHILOSOPHY contained in a TRACT recently _published by the MESSRS . CHAMBERS , of Edinburgh , entitled the " Eni--iloyer aud Employed . " Tliis valuable little work eoutains the most complete defence ofthe demands of the Working Classes for then- fair share of the enormous wealth created by Machinery , as well as a justification of Trades Unions . The numerous appeals that have been made to Mr . O'Connor from nearly every part of the kingdom for the publication , in pamphlet form , of those Dialogues thnt have recently appeared in the Star , nave determined him to gratify what appears to be the almost unanimous wish of the Labouring Classes .
Heywood , 58 , Oldham-street , Manchester ; Cleave , 1 , Shoe-lane , London- , Guest , Bull-street , Birmingham ; at the iVortfieni Star Office , 340 , Strand , London and may be had of all Booksellers and News Agents in Town and Country .
The Nokthekn Star. 3aturday, January 25,1845.
THE NOKTHEKN STAR . 3 ATURDAY , JANUARY 25 , 1845 .
O'Connell, The Pope, And Civil Liberty, ...
O'CONNELL , THE POPE , AND CIVIL LIBERTY , Our position with the Irish at this side of the water is of a very curious character . Their feelings respecting us alternate from hot affection to cold dislike . There is no medium : we are either loved or hated—applauded or condemned : but our acts and deeds are seldom deliberately canvassed—approval or disapproval of Mr . O'Connell ' s policy being the standard by which we are most generally judged .
"When we have recommended a course which subsequently Mr . _O'CoKNEii has been induced to adopt , we have been stigmatized as " firebrands " and " impracticables ; " when we have opposed a policy wliich he has been compelled to abandon after trial , we have been " enemies" and "disturbers . " We are now apparently on the very best terms with , our Irish friends , as manifest b y the extensive and flattering encomiums bestowedupon our last week ' s faithful exposition of the state of Irish feeling , and our preference for civil liberty over religious tyranny .
We have more than once asserted that civil liberty alone can lead to perfect reli g ions freedom ; whereas the most perfect religious freedom furnishes no _guarantee for the enjoyment of civil liberty . To this rational conclusion , therefore , must be ascribed our preference for Mr . _O'Coskeii in his present struggle , not merely with the Po p e , but with the English Protestant Ministry , through the agency of his Holiness . Revenge is sweet ; and while the short-si ghted observer may confine his view of the infant schism to the mere question of difference as to reli gious discipline between his Holiness and Mr . O'Cosneul , the more searching inquirer will discover Ministerial intrigue in every maze of the new labyrynth in which it was expected to ensnare the Irish mind . It has been
a charge frequently made , and never contradicted , that Catholic Emancipation was yielded with a bad grace by Sir Robert Peel . The measure was extorted from hia fears ; and if _ita withholding had been practicable , even at any sacrifice , we doubt its concession . Peel has been more taunted upon the question of Emancipation than upon many others that have left lasting evil consequences ; and therefore to avenge himself , and to satisfy the scruples of those who yielded acquiescence to his will , in the belief that Emancipation was but the shadow of a bauble to be proudly worn by emancipated slaves , he hasnow detenninednpon revenge—a revenge which , if gratified , would , in truth , exclude the Catholic people of Ireland from any , the most remote prospect , chance , or even hope , of possessing the rights of freemen .
Itis quite true that his Irish puppet-king , Lord Hettesburt , has , in his letter to Archbishop Murray , denied any Ministerial arrangement or understanding with his Holiness . But " what a meek dove of the Church" his Grace of Dublin must be to have supposed in the simplicity of his heart that any other answer than " no" would have been given to the question of " Ask my brother if I am a rogue ?" Or did his Grace suppose that the cautious _Pwa would have trusted even a vice-King , —who is not of the Cabinet , and who is removable at pleasure , — with all the secrets connected with this delicate
embryo intrigue ? No , no ; and , in truth , the very inquiry of his Grace , leaves a strong impression on our mind that the question and answer were important items in the ML-dsterial budget . Looking at the _Ciharitable Bequests Bill as a whole , we were at first strongly inclined toregardit as atfinstalment of Catholic Emanci pation ; but , taken in connection with theffe * m > _tofhisHolinessthePopE , together with the " state of preparedness " of some of the Catholic hierarchy for the " Bull , " we can now . view it in no other light than that of the first spiritual arrow shot from the Ministerial quiver at Irish agitation .
Perhaps the greatest blessing of the present age is the more equal terms npon which the laity now stand in relation to ecclesiastics . Li olden times learning and education were weapons exclusively possessed by priests and parsons ; and were exclusively used for inculcating " passive obedience and non-resistance , " —slavish subserviency to " the powers that be , " and a perfect belief in the " right divine of kings" and princes to rule and reign as to them seemed meet ' So long as those weapons were exclusively possessed by the Church , so long was the mind enslaved ; but as the abominations of our rulers led to complaint-4
complaint to investigation—investigation to edui _^ tion , and education to knowledge—the veil of hypocrisy became uplifted by degrees , and the monstrous doctrines by which the mind of man had been so long obscured , were presented in their true intent and purpose . Itis quite true that " Bulls , " " Concordats , " and " Rescripts" are not now manufactured in the same nauseous language ; but we defy any man who has read the extract that we gave last week from the Rescript of Ms Holinessthe present Pope , to discover in its intended effect any , the slightest , mitigation of those servile injuBctionsmore * unblushingly conveyed in similar documents of the darker ages .
Let the critics construe it aa they may , aud read it as best they can—it amounts in reality to nothing more or less than an abetting of an English Protestant Ministry to subjugate the Catholic Church of Ireland to its own will and pleasure , with the ultimate view of withholding those civil rights from Irishmen , by the possession of which alone they can hope to establish perfect religious freedom , independent of the caprice of their Protestant rulere .
At all times _disinclined _^ _mattersT _^ vfe " '" ' abslained ' from cominenV on the numerous articles that have appeared in the Times ; from that period _^ when _aU ; -h _(^ _'W ;; _ireBistiiig . the : de _^ iriand for Repeal by "the _onmi-Anr law ] " and intimi _; dation . had failed . No matter where the shoe pinches ; no matter from what source ' grievances may arise _^ or complaints may come ; our " Church defender of the faith , and so forth , " has one infallible corrective and nostrum . If " Chartist outbreaks" take place for want of food , the mind is directed from the " out ? ward and visible sign " to " the inward , and spiritual grace "—want of religious education , —and "build more churches . " If the Irish complain of building churches for others to denounce and damn their
religion , while they themselves are compelled to pray in ruins or under the canopy of heaven— " build more churches " is the response . For now nearl y twelve months has this been the burden of the song of the Times . This has been the remedy , according to its authority , of every man who has travelled in Ireland , slept a night in Ireland , or talked to an Irish Protestant in St . Pctevsburgh , Calcutta , Tahiti , Cabool , or Hong Kong ; while our zealous cotemporary has simultaneously proposed such a provision for the Catholic priesthood as would make them independent of demagogues , and regardless ofthe frowns or the threats of their then excommunicated flocks . We would then simply ask the Irish Catholic people , whether good can come to their persecuted Church from such a combination ?—from a
leading journal that loses no opportunity of denouncing their priesthood as " ruffians , " and themselves as " barbarians ?"—from a Prime Minister , who reluctantly yielded what he would gladly retake ?—from an apostate Papist , who has consented to become the agent of Protestant intrigue ?—ftoma Povx who was mainly instrumental in the enslavement of Poland to win the smiles ofthe Austrian despot , and who would now Polandize Ireland to gain the favour of her bitterest enemies ?
His Holiness ' s predecessor referred him to the throne of heavenly grace for that forgiveness which , upon his death-bed , his conscience would not allow him to yield for the injuries inflicted upon the brave Poles . Mi * . O'Connell ( we trust , from a consciousness of his power ) would treat the Rescript of his Holi ness as a good-natured , harmless instrument ; but we . cannot close our eyes to the fact that not more than fourscore of the secular clergy refused the " reformation "bone with the Protestant meat upon it : and even now , notwithstanding the significant declara
tion of the Irish people to resist the Pope ' s interference in temporal matters , we see daily symptoms of individual misgiving , which we look on as preparatory to acquiescence . One priest in the west has taken up the cudgels for Dr . Crollt ; while another , more rash and daring , attempted to beard O'Connell , on Monday last , in the Conciliation Hall , but was properly controlled by an audience who appeared to be aware of . that struggle whicli must shortly take p lace between the Catholic laity and tiie good Priests , and the English Minister , andthePope , and the bad Priests .
For the first time in our lives we rejoice at the increase in the weekly rent : we rejoice in the increase , as the only visible index by which we can truly read the popular mind . We rejoice in it the more , because its falling off at this critical moment would be placed , not to the credit of declining Repeal , but to the account of his Holiness ' s triumph over civil liberty . We make no doubt that the present g leam of national prosperity wiU present itself to Sir Robert Peel as the fitting time to take the quiet mind of England by surprise : but we tell the English people that all their " Masters and Servants , Bills , "
all their Trades combinations , and all that the worst minister could plot against their interests , are -as nothing compared to the danger of the threatened alliance between the " Pope" and the "Pretender . Must not the Irish people look with becoming suspicion upon those nauseous encomiums now so lavishl y heaped upon the head of their Church ! Can they forget the favourite toast of the persecuting _blood hounds— " The Po p e inthe pillory , the pillory ihhell ,
and the devil pelting priests at him ? " In the present watchful and unsettled state of thelrish press we cannot expect to derive very accurate information of popular feeling in Ireland ; but we can assert , without fear ; of contradiction , that the Irish in England , to a man , _Ataeh more importance to the present struggle than to the question of Repeal itself : and , remote as the consequences may appear to English Protestants at the first sight , we are glad to leam that a large number of that creed take the same view as ourselves of
the subject . Chartism has made the separation of Church and State one of its most vital objects ; and Chartism , therefore , should not tolerate the double infliction which a union of two Churches and the State would impose upon its principles . Again , most heartily desiring that the Irish people may be cautious , suspicious , and watchful , we repeat our anxious and earnest hope that the cause of civil liberty may be saved from the dangers of religious intrigue .
Agriculture And " Incendiarism." ' The Q...
AGRICULTURE AND " INCENDIARISM . " ' The question of the utility of Agricultural Associations has been much canvassed of late , — -one . party stoutly maintaining that they are of no use whatever for good , but only afford opportunities for presidents , secretaries , and influential members at the annual dinners to spout arrant nonsense , and Insult the labouring " hinds , " by distributing to the " deserving " of the class " prizes" for their good husbandly and behaviour , accompanied by lectures for the
benefit of their less enlightened and less active brethren ; and another party as stoutly contending that they are admirable mediums for the imparting of agricultural _^ formation , and for the spread of correct notions among all classes of workers oh the land-Into the question of utility generally it is not our present purpose to enter , believing- that there is a good portion of truth in the representations of both these parties ; but we do purpose to remark on the silly and childish proceedings adopted by some Agricultural Associations for the " putting down" of incendiarism .
The crime of incendiarism is one almost new to the proverbially industrious and obedient labourers of England . Respect for the law has always been a distinguishing characteristic of the English people ; and it has always been matter of boast with Englishmen that the constable ' s baton had in it more _^ of weight and authority than the bayonet and musket of the French _gms-d ' arme , or the sabre of their _falseiycalled " National Guard . " Co-extensive _withi this
respect for the law and obedience to lawful authority ; existed a profound regard for the rights of _property . Indeed the one « upposed , and implied the Othert Property is secured by law . To infrmge oiyproperty , or to disturb the owner or holder ' in the quiet possession or use of it , wa 9 to break the law - and this the settled and in-woven feeling of respect for law and habit of due obedience that we have spoken of were sufficient to prevent . So far , then , from the labourers of England , in not very " oldeh tini _es , ' _! firing the corn-stacks and barns of their emp loyers wilfully causing the food that had been raised and housed by
the hand of Labour to be consumed by theall-devouringflame , they scrupulously respected theproperty entrusted to their care and goodwill , and manifested anything but a destructive or turbulent disposition . Now , however , things are changed . Now , property is not respected . Now , stacks and barns are set fire to . Now , the feeling of security under which the owners of property lived has given place to those Of fear and dread , —not one of them knowing but that the incendiary ' s torch may be applied to his gamer
the next , —and he , with his household , reduced from comfortable affluence to squalid beggary _^ The state of society in the land of " greenlanes" and " merry woods" has become totally changed : the workers sullen , discontented , and revengefulT . _ffie employers suspicious , fearful , and enervated—living in * state of continual dread ; the quality of energy—once so prominent a portion of the British farmer ' s character—almost aimihilatcd ; the present race being cowed—bowed down to the earth by the
Agriculture And " Incendiarism." ' The Q...
_liMiritMa _^ around them . Arid why this change ? How comes it to pass ' that those favoured spots of earth , which peace and contentment seemed to have made their own—where plenty and happiness abided ; how comes it to pass that the places where every requisite is found to constitute ; a paradise ; where security for all once abounded , should have become places for the manifestation of the worst passions of our nature—where no man is safe—where the incendiary ' s torch is in constant and unceasing employ—where God ' s gifts for the sustenance of men are turned to ashes on the homestead—where the " wild justice of revenge "
absorbs all other feelings , making of the fairest portions of our land a perfect pandemonium ? Through the operations of THE ACCURSED THING Through the operations of paper-money , and loanmongering , and DEBT , and sinecures , and unmerited pensions , and high salaries , and dead weight , and allowances , and " national faith . " Through the operation of all these , which have made it necessary to reduce the wages of labour , and to make the LABOURERS LIVE ON " A COARSER SORT OF FOOD . " This is the cause of the wondrous change that we of this generation behold ; and this it is that will tear the whole framework of society to atoms , if the knife of equitable adjustment be not sternly applied , and the cancers that are eating up our very vitals
removed . Bank-restriction and loan-mongering _, in the high and palmy days of Pitt- " prosperity , " When George the Third was king , " sent the " Bull-frogs" out of their seven senses . The immense issues of " paper-promises to pay" by the bank , when it w « s " restricted" from " paying" according to " -promise , " caused men prices . —caused wheat to run up to twelve shillings a bushel—caused the landlords and farmers to act more like the
inmates of a lunatic asylum than as men of ordinary sanity . Inclosures of commons became the order of the day . Land was broken up in every direction , suitable or unsuitable . Wheat at twelve shillings a bushel was sure to pay : so thought the farmers , and they strove to get the twelve shillings . A dozen small farms were knocked into one Large one . The labourers were sent out of the farm-house to dwell in " independent " - hovels , on daily or weekl y " hirings . " The jumped-up gentleman got bigger notions into his head , and swelled more with importance , than ever the frog did who tried to swell itself
to the bull size . Fanner Hawthorn became "Mister ; " the Dame ofthe dairy became " Mistress" of the parlour ; daughter Dolly of the milk-pail , became "Miss" with her piano ; son Hodge of the ploughtail , became "Young'Squire" with his hunter ; and the whole household became _metamorphased from homely , useful beings into stinking upstarts . They soon learned to despise the labourer . He was hardly in any case permitted to enter the house—that house where his progenitors had had then- home—faring as the rest did—eating at the same table , and partaking of the plenty , or sharing in the deficiency , with the " hirer of their services by the year . " Nay , in some instances did the feeling of repulsion operate on the puffed-out Bull-frog so far against the man
that earned his wealth , that he caused a small hole to be made in the wall of his dwelling , that through it , when standing in his " office , " he could hand the miserable money-wages ofthe degraded " hind" without his having occasion to set foot inside ! But p eace came ; and with it came no " plenty " . ! Instead thereof , there came a necessity for doing away with " Bank-restriction . " "With that necessity came the necessity for " contracted issues . " Contracted issues caused low prices . Wheal , instead of being at twelve shillings a bushel , fell to sis , and less . The " puff " of the Bull-frogs was considerably abridged . They stared with wonder and astonishment at the altered state of things , aud they knew not why ; but the evil effects of the change they selfishl y sought to shuffle from themselves . The labourer was the most
defenceless of those with whom they had to deal . They had their contracts with the landlords , who had the power to enforce or oust . They had their customers to meet , who could not give more than market-price—who oould not give twelve shillings ' when " contracted issues" had only left them six . They had the labourers also to deal with , who were rendered "independent" of the farmhouse-table , or the farmer ' s larder , and who had been taught to live from " hand to mouth in their own homes . " Of the three parties it is easy to see which , would suffer . Reduction soon became the order ofthe day . Isolated in position , and truly dependant onthe Bull-frogs for existence , the labourers could offer no effective resistance . It is true that
they murmured , and grumbled , and routed , and smashed thrashing-machines with sledge-hammers _: bnt the Bull-frogs mounted their horses , as Yeomanry Cavalry , put pistols in their holsters , and sabres on then sides , and rode , and cut , and slashed the " poor devils" "down" To reductions , therefore , they had to submit . Universal pauperization followed . Auction-marts for English labourers were established ; and the " free" and "independent" were openly and unblushingly bought and sold ! Men were set "to dig holes , and then to fill them up again . " Women were harnessed to gravel carts , and made to draw like beasts of burden . The once well-fed and well-clad labourers on the soil , about whom and of whom , aa the enjoyers of
" The Roast-beef of old England—O , the English Roast-beef , " bards had sung and historians recorded , were reduced to the pitiable condition of being compelled to go to the fields with COLD POTATOES in a bag for dinner . Denied food , or wages to procure it ; all but houseless ; naked ; with a starving wife and crying babes , the fiend of reckless despair whispered in the ear of one of the smitten Bons of toil ; and he , listening to the suggestion , and maddened with the frenzied delight of revenge , snatched up the blazing braHd , and fired the homestead of the man whotomxappeared
as the oppressor . The examp le was contagious . It was given among a population similarly situate . Unable to reason from cause to effect , save to the first link ofthe chain ; unaware of the nature ofthe measures which had produced Bank-restriction , with its immense issues and more stupendous debt ; innocent of all knowledge of the devastating effects of areturn to cash payments with a " national faith" expenditure ; not being able to trace their sufferings to the fountain head ; _& ut seeing in the supercilious and purseproud farmers those who had reduced their wages and denied them employment , they naturally gave
their bad passions full SWING againstthose they knew ; and every village and every hamlet in the south of England blazed away to tell of the misery and discontent widely existing . In 1830-31 Swing was in full _operation . His presence was exhibited nightly : and the fears of the farmer class were so operated on , that wages were advanced—to the extent of some two millions of -money more through the hands of the labouring tillers of the soil . This was more than " national faith" could bear . If the labourershad it , the Jew and annuitant could not have it too . The selfsame necessity that had rendered it necessary to get atthe
wages of labour in the first instance , existed still , and in stronger force . Wages must therefore be got at again . "Coarser food" must the labourer be brought to , or "the estates would be swallowed up . " To accomplish this hellish purpose was the helli / _sh new Poor Law scheme concocted ; and backed as it was by the Rural Police , its authors deemed it sufficient tor two purposes : reducing the wages of labour andprevcntingtherevengfulfeelings oftherobbedones from exhibiting themselves in blazing stack-yards .
The first ot these objects has been accomplished . The New Poor Law has done its work > Its intention has been fulfilled . Wages have been GOT at— _hftYC been reduced . Not only has the advance caused by the fear of Swing in 1830-31-2 , been taken away , but muoh more ofthe miserable stock that then existed . So far has the infernal scheme succeeded : but this is the extent of its _suceess . It has not " put down" Swnw . The Rural Police have not been able to lay MAgr the heels . He eludes all their vigilance ; and in spite of all their watching *
Agriculture And " Incendiarism." ' The Q...
and _^ _ymgs _,-ric > . bte _Maw _^ _andWarn _^ _ufier « i ( _l even the mans ion itselt , _» j not spared !' " Like causes produce"like effects . ' Lbyy wages and , COLD POTATOES in 1830-451 set Swing a-going . He eluded thief-catchera then . Low wages and no potatoes in 1844-5 have caused him to renew his efforts : and all the exertions of all the bubals are not able to prevent him from lighting up a light in England that opens up to view a hideous mass of poverty and Suffering . - ¦ __ . ¦ _'¦ - ¦" - '¦•''•¦ •• ' _ - i "__« . l _1 i 1 « m _^ ilA- _nm
It is the cite , just now , of the Press not to report the cases of incendiary fires—in the hope that absence of publicity may either operate as a damper on the fires themselves , or prevent the spreading of the fear and alarm wliich their constant recurrence is sure to cause . This is an old game—and will fail . It was tried before , in the Swixg times of 1830-31-2 ; but it did no good . The fires continued to blaze ; the fear spread ; and higher wages Were given . The present silence of the Times on the fires and their cause , is most singular . It is not many months since his pages literally blazed with the flaming accounts he daily gave of them , culled from every source . Nay , not content with the ordinary sources of information , that very ubiquous personage , " our own reporter , " was sent down into Norfolk and Suffolk to " see with his _ovm eves and hear with his own
ears . " Well and faithfully did that gentleman execute liis mission ! too well to ensure continuance of his inquiries . He went to the hovels of the workers _, lie listened to their complaints , in their own language . He learned their sentiments on the nature of the •' crime" of burning stacks , lie examined into their circumstances—their actual condition—their life—their means : and he boldly proclaimed that POVERTY WAS TIIE CAUSE OF _IXCE . VDIAniSM . HlS _TCvelations stirred up the stagnant -waters of Bull-frog pride in the districts he . visited . Loud were the
denunciations hurled at his head : indignant were the wealthy and the purse-proud . at the veil being torn away , with which their horrible treatment of the labourer had been covered up from public view . The _atonn oi ' vitupci'tation was too strong even for the Times to face . " Our own reporter" was taken off the track he was so well following up . The revelations ceased . Accounts of the occurrences themselves soon ceased to be given : and in a short time Swing and his doings in 1844-5 were buried in forgetfulness by those who had set out to devote column after column daily to his service .
But though we do not now get the direct accounts , we have that occasionally which tells of the great prevalence of the " crime , " and of the imminent fears of landlords and landholders generally . Such , for example , is the following account from a recent number of the Doncaster _Gaxette . There must * needs be" when the " devil drives" in the manner that journal details . Incendiarism must be pretty rife when it is necessary to form a special association for the special purpose of specially " putting it down ! " Of the wisdom , or of the probable utility of such an association , we shall not here speak , but give the account of its formation , as follows : —
A public meeting was recently holden in the TownhaU , Sainsborough , for the purpose of _fonning ' , ? . n association to arrest the progress of incendiarism . Several influential landowners and farmers were present , but the meeting was not so numerously attended as might have been expected on such an occasion . The chair was taken by Sir John Beckett , Bart ., who briefly introduced thesubject of the meeting by remarking that all were aware of the necessity that existed for giving a check to incendiarism , Which SEEMED TO BE GROWING INTO A STSTEM . It had become necessary to exhibit a spirit of determination , _andnotJiiiig seemed so likdy to stop tiie progress of rick burning as thecertainty of punishment . A desultory
conversation took place , as to whether it would be advisable to join some neighbouring association , or form a distinct one for Gainsborough . It was deemed expedient to confine the operation of the association to the Lincolnshire side ofthe Trent . The f--. opos . ai . of a 5 ECBET COMMITTEE was also favourably received , who should have power , in case of a fire , to adopt some active measures on the spot , without losing time in sending for advice and authority to the general committee . The Rev . F . Peel thought it advisable to interrupt _tftfs conversation , and proceed at once to form the association . Resolutionswere passed , establishing the constitution of the society , and gentlemen were
appointed to form a committee . In answer to an observation that something should be done towards removing the causes of incendiarism , Mr . Wilson remarked that labourers never earned so much bread as at present , in consequence ofthe price of bread being low in proportion to the rate of wages ; an assertion which was confirmed by Wm . Hutton , Esq ., who stated that in his neighbourhood no labourer wasreceivingless than from ten shillings to twelve shillings per week . Thanks having been voted to the chairman , Sir John Beckett , a subscription was forthwith commenced , and £ 700 was realised before the meeting separated .
Come , one fact is established by tlus report , spite ofthe wonderful and unanimous silence of the press ; viz ., that incendiarism is rife , and is "GROWING INTO A SYSTEM "! How long will it be ere it becomes to be " part and parcel" of our "blessed constitution" ? Swikg- is becoming sgstematised , according to the evidence of a late Judge Advocate ! And yet the press is silent ! How strange ! The old military Judge could not get rid of his ideas of military governance . " Nothing seemed so likely to stop the progress of rick-burning as the certainty of punishment " ' . ' But you must catch Mr . Swing first , Sir John ! And the " certainty of punishment" has
not operated to stay the progress of rick-buming . Punishment has been " certain" enough , and " severe enough , in all conscience ; else the " flogger of soldiers" is hard to please . Has he forgot the Special Commissions of 1830 , when Vaugh ax , and Parke , and Aij > ehbon , and _Wellh-bton , and Denmas , and Sturges Bourse , and Serjeant "Wilms , condemned five persons to death ; sentencing scores to transportation and banishment ; and scores of others to imprisonment ? Haa he forgotten that four out of the five condemned to death' wbbe hanged — two of thom protesting their innocence with their " dying breath !! Has he forgotten
that the recipients of the merciless sentence of transportation from the Special Commissioners are still in exile—still in the penal settlements—excepting those that have been released by death from a cold and ungrateful world ? O , yes ; " punishment" has been " certain" enough , and heavy enough : but it has failed to stay the progress of incendiarism ! Sir John Beckett must seek for the means of putting a stop tothe " crime" in another quarter , if he intends to be successful : and he may , if he looks about him , find liis secret ¦ " committee , " about which the Rev . P . Pebl was so sensitive , something better to do than to act as spies and informers , or the employers of
spies and informers , to make punishment " certain . " It is not alono in Lincolnshire that " agricultural associations" are taking measures " to stop the progress of rick-burning . " In Kent ; in the garden of England ; in the heart of the most beautiful arid most fruitful portion of our isle ; even _*& _- *•« we find the cuRSE—even there we find the agriculturists conferring together as to the best means of protection for their produce , after it is garnered . In the Maidstone Journal was lately given the following lamentable instance of folly—proof positive that the
man whose stupid noddle conceived the " suggestions" therein contained , and the men who " considered" on them , are alike demented—alike hopeless of ever arriving at , or acting on , the truth . With the fact before them , that when the labourer was only middlingly paid for his toil incendiarism was unknown—and with their present knowled ge that wages are not more than 7 s . or 8 s . a week , these men ofthe earth , earthy—these men , dull as the clods of their own fields-sappy as the " rank weed that rots on Lethe ' s wharf , " set about " conisdering" on the following notable suggestions : —
The _foUowing suggestions have been submitted to the committee of the West Kent Agricultural Protection Association : — "The prevalence of the most frightful and desolating of crimes , the blackest which can stain humanity—a crime without limits , warring against the precious mercies of the Most High , and involving in its ravage * the lives of innocent unoffending animals , and even of man himself—calls loudly for some prompt and efficient measures to arrest its progress , as well on the principle that it is better to prevent than punish crime , as for the security of our _dweUings , our property , and our lives , which cannot be held to be _tafe while so alarming a system exists .
" From the observations I have been able to make , it would appear that many of these fires have arisen from momentary impulse , joined to the faculty of _accomphshing the crime and the difficult y ' of detection ; a facility principally afforded by the unrestricted gale of lucifer matches , and the constant exposure of them for sale by the indigent as a cloak for mendicity , which I am incl _|> -ied to believe has , in some instances , given birth to crime . ' - : '"' - .
Agriculture And " Incendiarism." ' The Q...
_^ " _Toj _^ move _^ o _^ serious a temptation I » _^^^ _ihat-festrietionB should be laid on the _g . j _^ _i-. these dangerous combustibles ,, and that th & ttl _* W « placed under such regulations as may tend t - ! hoil ' ' ' _U indiscriminate use , by preventing improper n *•*> vending them . To accomplish this , I WouId p * ° _« _-s _frj every person selling them should be obliged tM . ° h licence , which , although small in amount = _-, ' _?*? 0 l Jt > trusted to those whose respectability wonldbe 6 < _i against their sale to improper persons and a " 81 _^ 11 _^ security , the persons so licensed should be S _^^ _"S keep a book , in which they should enter tiie Cf _^ ' _?''' ' _' ! surname ofthe purchaser , under a penalty for " _^ " _' _--lectin so doing , er * _"f \ "That lucifcrs , being , solely an article 0 _< utility , any person found in possession of the _'¦* _* Avicjiiin ¦
_uuu . _o , ..... w « .. pv . _vuw _,, < . ., _convevitu > a , _" the manufacturer to the vendor , or from tha v . _H the house of the purchaser or their employev _^ sh ' _^ considered guilty of a misdemeanor , and _pu" : _^ " _' _¦» cordingly . _"—^ _faidstone Journal . " l _? : i 6 ( - ? _- . O ! these wicked lucifer matches ' . Tnev r eause . of all the mischief ! In them lies all ' th ' _!' Stacks are fired ; barns arc consumed ; .. ; i . _*^ wheat , and barley , and oats , and hay , and < jL . ' * burnt to ashes ; the farm-house and * even the W mansion , fall a prey to the devouring dames « fire to by starving men , rendered desperate ard P ' t less by gaunt hunger : and t ! _ie suffi < rci _* s from _i '
fires turn then * attention to lucifer matches :, \ . j about devising means to " check their indiscriniin' _^ 1 use ! " Sappy and cruel-minded as Sir John Heci _' _- _'I and liis Lincolnshire troop of " yeomen" an ; tVi are not so hopelessly silly and utterly liaft l ' . j Kent Agricultural Protectionists ! 'j Did it never occur to these wiseacres to _iuquu-i . " consider" whether Swixg was known to _conijl ravages before the " indiscriminate use " aud % ] restricted sale'' of lucifer matches ? Bcc . iu . --c if _SJ | should turn out to be the fact , the total bacishnicrrl or even the _haxoi-vg ofthe wicked matches couldff ! j stay Swiso ' s progress ! It is only as yesterday _sy lucifers came into " indiscriminate use . " Who : ' ! the agricultural districts even heard o . _tlie _^ i in 1 S 30 ? And yet the fires then blazed . _Moanl existed to produce the spark , and to d
that spark into a flame , long before lucifers w _^ j known of . Therefore , should the wise men 1 Kent-Gotham succeed in making it a capital o % J to be found in possession of Inciters , they will _^ have thereby " put down" incendiarism ! ' The tV is , that of all the acts in this world of a erim _4 >! nature the most easy to perpetrate , the least _liatyi to detection , the least inconvenient tothe pcrpet " tor , is that of setting fire to outbuildings ap . u ricC A pi pe and a mateh , —( not a lucifer , but a _commc . brimstoned one , )—or a piece of rag ; a flint ar . d an ft knife , will do the work quite as effectually as fc most carefully prepared " lucifer" on earth . _Besiik has not Lord Brougham ' s Society been _teaching the ! -. ' bourcrs the nature of chemicals ? Has not _aknoM-ledp of combustibles been made to " march" into Kau'i Have the Penny Magazine , Chamhri Journal , Ch _^ bers' Course , Chambers' Information for the _Peoiil and the Saturday Magazine existed for i- . othinei ' Has all the stuff we have heard about _Sre-W and air-guns , and mixtures lb . - spOF . taH _^ _j combustion , been all humbug ? Is it true that _no-j of these have been used , but that all the fires _hai-1 been lit by the mischief-making lucifers ? If so . thj i people of- ours has been most grossly practised « j Credulity has been most severely taxed : for we haii I been assured , over and over again , that every one ?; those other means have been resorted to ; aiid that ' too , in so secret and cunning a manner as to def y _-ji , < tection ofthe perpetrator . O , no , it is not the lucii _fers ! It is the absence of good-will in the breasts ( i ! the pining workers ; it is thc want of food and rule . I quate _shelterthat prompts them to fire the stacks ad i burn the barns ; and the Kent farmers nayiii lamenting over lucifer matches till doomsday , -if tit '
building they assemble in to " consider" on their mi * . fortunes be not sooner burnt about their ears ; b « they will not thereby " arrest the progress of tits most frightful and desolating of crimes . " They _m-j anniliilate the lucifers—but flint and steel _willnmain ; they may make it felony to possess even _thesebut the " cheap-knowledge" books will remain , it tell what simple chemical substances will p _* duce spontaneous combustion , when united tc _^ ther ; they may hope that the poverty of tho ric \ _- burners may prevent access to such works , and pi ! it out of their power to purchase the " _chemicals " - but the knowledge imparted to them by Agricultural Associations—that dry burnt-lime sh & mixed up with dry sawdust will irj a few hours fo the heap , and produce a most excellent fertilizer ll carbonizing the wood—will remain—and the simpii sense of the labourers will show them that a heaps ' ! this mixture placed underneath or near to a stack i _;! | }
fearful that the lesson taught in preparing it may k | turned against their homesteads—but it is _possili | that the news of the vessel being fired through gna t * | becoming saturated with water , may spread amw | the workers on the land—and ' now that _goano ia f become so fashionable a manure , and to be found a _f every farm , the mischievous may be induced to tij | " experiments : " and even if all or any of th _« | means are not come-at-able , the common _knorledge of optics , which teaches the _effcffll
of concentrating the sun ' s rays by means ii lenses , may suggest to the more " scientific" of ft | clod-poles , that if they suspend , _atagiveadistawpi from the stack , or any other easily combustiblem ' k ter , the lump from out of a broken bullion-windoi | pane , or the bottom of a broken wine bottle , the _sn even in their absence , will aseftectually _accompEf their purpose as if all the lucifers , and all the flint 1 and tinder , and all the chemicals , and all the lin » | shells and sawdust , and all the guano and water ill the world , had been employed ! No , no ; " restrict-1
ing" the " sale of lucifers" will not " stay thep _* _gress" of the crime wliich " wars _againBt the precioa mercies of the Most High . " The Kent agrieulturiJ must try some other means . What think , thet a Punch ' s IlEMEDY ? _Hepreserlbedfood , and clothing , atl good dwellings ? Suppose the Kent fanners wereH consider how these could be secured to the labourerswould it not do more not only to " stay the progress " * incendiarism , but to render it a crime _unknot than the most vigorous war they can institute ail maintain against lucifer matches ? Let them try * experiment ! Letthem catch one of the _rick-burntt and . instead of " W /» . _'«„ i . _- ™ -l _ xi i . im i , » i
barn , will as effectually produce fire and _consuiaj the whole , as the dreaded lucifers themselves ; tl » Solon-farmers may forego the use of charred sawdust barn , will as effectually produce fire and _consumi the whole , as the dreaded lucifers themselves ; tb ! Solon-farmers may forego the use of charred sawdust !
But , then , ask the sappy ones , 7 iou > is this t _^ done ? How is comfort to be secured to thc Iabourel We cannot do more than we are doing . Emp ioymt _' we cannot find for want of capital . Iligher was * we cannot afford to give , for the same reason . PaK * are down , and rents are hi gh . What can we do _\—W ¦ wh y , bring down rents and taxes to the rate of p _^ to be sure . Ask for , arid demand , _excitable - _* j _" _* ment . It is this course alone that can give you _csjj tal . You are now producing for thc pensioner _^ annuitant , the dead-wei ght men , the salaried offi _^
the collectors of taxes , and the landlords with * bosom companions , the Jew mortgagees . Aw ridding the nation of the heavy load of DEBT , & the other ' depressing incumbrances she haS ' bear ; put down the " rag-rooks" of every _^ nomination , who by their speculations in _spuf " money" are continually changing thc value ofp perty , stripping the wealthy of their wealth , and ferring it on arrant swindlers and very rascal * - " _^ : who , from the very nature of things , must ever a i SO long AS they have the power to " coin" and _W > late more " promises to pay "; sweep the Augean si j of corruption , and bring together real repre sent a j of the people to legislate for the people : aid in _^ ! this , and capital with you will be plcntif _" e _% When you have produced , your produce * d _» ' _^ with you , to be consumed or exchanged for y _^ j , benefit , instead of being silently filched away _>> . _, operation of an INFERNAL THING , whi ** _- _^ _-. the people to beggary _^ that the wants ofthe 00 O , J , t || iii class may be _satisfie _^ _-niriduoes " crime , "—a * . _. _« hangs its own created criminals ! Tou * _^ enabled to give employment to the sons ofthe - _^ to aid theml tothat " > aok of earth" for **
ueaa , feed hm _weu , ; clothe Mm well ; _g _iM "H something better than a hovel to shelter in ; caustW family to _sluxre m his comfort—and try if ever he « jl fire a stack or homestead again ! It is likely _tW _* i this plan was tried , Punch would turn out to be a W § philosopher , and a better physician too , than # 1 Kent Solons sitting round the committee table of t"l " Association , " considering on the enormous w _^ 'fi edness of lucifer matrhps i m
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Jan. 25, 1845, page 4, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns3_25011845/page/4/
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