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f THE EVILS OF LAND MONOPOLY. . SJQ "tHB...
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. FRANCE., lrtttu"HPbjHppe bas appointed...
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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F The Evils Of Land Monopoly. . Sjq "Thb...
f THE EVILS OF LAND MONOPOLY . . _SJQ _"tHBtDtroB 0 ? THB KO * f _""* rt" *~~ a 8 TAB . is Sis-,- * - _^ -- - _^ _ai-SBS _ial _^ c ; _«^ l _^ _sihttorsv -paxticii _ylj _^ y tht _)^ of our own country , has been to consider _*»^ e ** fants ofthe different classes under _theirgovemot c ent , only in reference to the , position in which y tbey have found them ; without considering that nl m ankind are by nature on an equality , and ihat the ly dnty of a government is to render every subject 3 happy ; flu * tees should not he levied which could a check the industry ofthe poorest , nor laws he passed htrhich 8 honlion _% , dii _^ _yor ind _^
cod crone . - I The greaiteilJi , that « aU men atehrethren , ' has t sot yet been learned by either our law-makers , or i our political economists ; and , as * necessaiy con-3 sequence , laws have beea made , and rules for social n gmdance , laid down-wherein the producer and the n consumer have been divided-and it has been asa aimed that the one must be benefitted at the ex-3 pense ofthe other . Although , the manufacturer has t _fjeenproteciedfihe people he employed have been : i reduced to the brink of starvation , and plunged into : crime ; and the labourer toiling for bis landlord has _; shared the samefate , because the protection afforded i lias been doss protection . Society is disorganised -wealth is amassed by a few , and the many cannot obtain daily bread , even by incessant dailv labour .
All this arises from the primary error of considering , as separate and opposing interests , those , in fact , - which are but one snd inumsible . A Statelike a human body , - bas , indeed , many members » bnt as wre cannot injure band or foot , eye or iooth , withont every part ofthe man being sensible of pain— -even so , _canaot we degrade or neglect one order of sodefy , ' without every other order feeling the consequence of the folly .
Man , then , is the same being in all grades of society ; the peasant and the peer bave similar bodies io be fed and clothed , and souls originaUy alike —• capable ofthe same affections , yearning afterthe same aspirafions , invested vrifh tbe same immortality . Is , tben , tbe one man , because he happens to be the son of a duke , to live on the labour of others , and revel in the bdulgence of social _affections and arbitrary power , and the other , because tbe offspiing cf a cotter , to have bis life made bitter with hard bondage—to be the slave of toil in manhood , and a pauper in old age—to have no time to improve his mind , or cultivate the affections of bis soul ?
This order of things must be admitted to be most unnatural - but it is one which exists in England at the present day ; and , as it is the result of false policy and class legislation , it is to be hoped the day is is at band when a clearer light will be thrown On the subject , and men will no longer be able to plead _isnorance of trafh in theory , as an excuse for error in practice . I hare said that men were bom alike—alike in
feelings , desires , and capacity . If this tiuth be impressed on our political economists , they will make some discoveries , which , for practical utility , vrill exceed all tbat our greatest philosophers have achieved . Bach man who comes into the world has dntie 3 to fulfil towards society and towardsh ' _mself ; and to enable bim to perform these duties well , certain instincts and principles are implanted in his _Daf-are _, which , properly bounded and properly gratified , make bim good and happy .
Perhaps the instinct whicb is earliest developed in the child ( the future . man !) is a profound veneration for the little word my . The infant distinguishes its own toy from all around it ; the kite and the knife of the boy are , in his estu _* nation . infinitely _su-jerior to all others ; tbe sweetheart of tbe youth is , in bis eyes , tbe loveliest of ber sex ; and the children ofthe man are notoriously more intelligent , more charming , more amiable than any others in existence .
But man is not content with bis possession ; be is ever striving to give it new charms—to make it that which his fancy and his heart paint it ; pos _session endears it , and he loves the toil which enables him to make it a greater sourceof pride and happiness . To . attain an object which be sighs to call his own , aU labour is delightful , all privation is endurable ; hope points out the road to success , and lightens the path to its attainment .
"J 5 ow , the "scheme of the It aSonal LandC » mpa » y derives , to my mind , its chief charm , and to present the greatest assurance of success , from the direct manner in which it addresses itself to this leaduty vrincwle in man ' s mind—a principle obvious enongh jo . all the higher classes , bnt which our Legislature , our poor law 3 , onr iniquitous oppressions , have done their best to extenninate in the heart ofthe poor .
But they lave not exterminaiei it ! It is one of those eternal and heaven-born principles which may by adverse drcnmstances become concealed , but wbich can never be _destroyedjgiveitbuta glimmering of Hope , and the instinct becomes forcible and animating as ever . Thanks to the National Land Company , thanks to its daring miginator , this jewel of Hope is no longer excluded from the poor man ; the peasant will now begin to feel tbat he may look forward to the day when he wil be able to live on his oim land , m ma own cottage , surrounded by a prosperous family , whom his labour and
thenlighter toil *» ai suffice to surround with the decent comforts of life . He will go ont in the morning to bis dailv toil witb a Hgtt heart ; for be win have _discovered ' that'inan labour there is profit ; ' and in the intervals devoted to refreshment , in tbe evenings and in days of recreation , be wfll be able to cultivate his own heart , and the hearts and minds of his fiamly _, by kindly interconrse . The langh w 5 fi no longer be banished fiom the voices of his children , for tbeir young hearts will no longer he Crushed by want ; their paren _ts will lpve them better tban ever , and will invoke a blessing on tbem
every time their eyes rest on the merry countenances of the little ones , for tbey wfll no longer be agonised by the cry for bread j that heart-withering cry which now t ey cannot answer . Let ns think of the picture our peasantry might present , and let ns glance on the one which kow offers itself to onr eyes , and we sball no longer doubt of the alteration that would take place under a different legislation .
Now , the poor man's hut is the abode of misery and famine . Too happy if he obtain permission to toil , for scanty _-wagea _,., for ,- another , he feels no energy , for he has no hope ; bis labour produces not profit ; it only permits bare existence ! He has no pleasure in his work , for it will not bring enongh of bread for Ibis starving family ; be bas no joy in his children , for be dreads seeing their famine-stricken feces ; he has no leisure to cultivate hisrnind , no periods for relaxation , no power for improving himself or of aiding bis fellow-men . His existence is analogous only to to that of the brute creation , since be is denied tbe opportunity of exercising the functions of the « wl which alone djstingmsh bim from
"tTiAtn That tbis picture is aeenrate , and that tbe other _, migbt bewme a ieanty , ntmewffl dare todeny . Ia the present state of affairs , it cannot be _ao , for the land does not p _^ nce food _-w _ae people who bve _onitjbntitUweU known thatit -mg bttemade greatly more productive than it is ; thatif advantage were taken of that - _^^^^/^ Tf ow _^ property which ii implanted m the hearts of _m-rnktadTand all had a direct _mterest in the cultivation of the soil , the result would be far
different . ,. I find I must defer the scrutiny I bad r _» P «* » to myself ofthe _p-capec _!* of the memberaof the _national Land Company , until next week , when I shall , witb yonr peraassion , comment on tbe probable effects of its general adoption , both on those who embrace its advantages , and on tbe rest of the community . I am , Sir , Faitbf-dly yours , Phixodemos .
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. France., Lrtttu"Hpbjhppe Bas Appointed...
. _FRANCE ., _lrtttu"HPbjHppe bas appointed hia son , the Dake d'Aumale , _Goveraor-General ef Algeria , in tke room _ofSaarshalBugeand . An official visit , paid by the Marquis of Normandby to M . Guiiot , has excited eon-dderabJe discussion . Lord Normanby ia aaid to have formally oommunioated to M . Gnisot a despatch of Lord Palmeraton to Lord Ponsoaby , yonr-Ambassador at Vienna , declaring ( as my letter of Thursday slated ) , the resolve ef Great Britain , to suffer no attack on tbe independence of any of the Italian ? _£ * S . A --- « - I * - * * 5 W » Monarchtque states , , A Jt « mi 8 tets --wo resolved to form a camp of 40 , 000 men at thefoot of the Pyrenees . Atapatriotte dinner given at Cemay , in the Up _^ er Rhine . a . Buster , the Mayor of the town , proposed . the _WMtoffipj _iita words :- 'To the King of the French , to whom France confided seventeen
years ago the guardianship of her destinies and glory ! May he soon respond to our long expectation r ' ¦ That toast , ' saya the Courtier ct'Alsace , ' was received with cries of La Marseillaise ! ' The councils-general of the _eighty-six departments are holding their customary session . The agitation for parliamentary reforms has in many instancesfouad ex * pression in these bodies . -. This has excited the wrath of the government , and the Journal des D ' t s attacks them for exceeding in this their proper and legitimate functions . The National expresses its approbation of the movement which is taking place throughout the provinces , in the shape of reform dinners , after the example of the great demonstration at the Chateau Rouge , in Paris . At the very moment we are writing , ' says the National , — - _, A numerous and patriotic . reunion is taking place at Saint _Queatin . It follows after tbat of Soissons . of
wbicb we bare already spoken . 21 . Odillon Barrot , wbo is present at tbat banquet , delivered at the _preceeding aianer a fpranrftnUespeech , wbicb , we regret , reached ris too late for . publication . -. We . congratulate tbe Chief of ' tbe Left' upon lib activity during the interval of the Parliamentary sessions . He fulfils a duty , and gives an excellent example . While we applaud the language of M , Odillon Barrot , with respect to the duties imposed on us by our position as _public men , we wish to make some observations on the concluding sentence of his speech . ¦ Our greatest and our most alarming trials , ' said 21 . Odillon Barrot , ' are not to be found in our past history , but are to be apprehendedfroin our future . - ' If it be as a friend of the dynasty that he dreads coining eveBts . be is , perhaps , right . Tbe social movement in Europe is not in favour of dynasties , but we do not consider that
fact to be a serious cause of uneasiness for men devoted tothe greatness and prosperity of a country ; "Why , then , should Prance experience any alarm at a renovation become necessary f- # * ¦ # - ..- # . We bear the reply ; and we have already heard it so frequently from timid men , tbat we repeat it witbout fearing to bs mistaken—the public is afraid' of communism . Thi * . spectre bas replaced that of 1793 . It bas grown large ia the shade , and rep _» rt has given to it the most alarming proportions . It is a torrent « Mch Is _dragging the entire operative class into an abyss . On the first change in our political organisation , tbis torrent will overflow , and overthrown ) its passage property , family , and country . We should wish to show bow many operatives could be found to sacrifice , family , and country ! The National concludes by stating that , —•
' The communists are not to be feared- 'tbat ' all tbat is required is the general amelioration of the social condition of France , the repression and punishment of iniquity , and the re-establishment of justice ; * tbat'tbe distinction of classes should be effaced , and the labourer be placed in possession ofhis rights . Such is tbe object ofthe renovation announced and promised by the present aspect of public affairs . '
SPAIN . The Madrid mails ofthe 13 th have bronght the intelligence ofthe completion of the cabinet by . the appointment of M . _Goyena , Minister of Justice , to the presidency , and M . Costazar to the ministry ef foreign affairs . This is considered as a further check by the French party and the Moderados .. The Madrid Gazelle of the 14 th contains a circular , signed by M . _Eseosura , the minister ofthe interior _, addressed to the authorities tbrooghont the kingdom , prohibiting the introduction into the kingdom ofthe Courrier Fran £ a * s , in consequence of its having in ita 250 th number spoken of her Majesty the Queen in terms shamefully calumnious . A serious military conspiracy in favour of General _"Marvaiz and the French party had been discovered at Pam * peluna . Several officers of the garrison were implicated in it .
SWITZERLAND . . The grand council of Berne , which is both the legislative and executive organ of the canton , has voted the sum of £ 10 , 000 to put the military contingent of the canton in a condition to take the field . Independently ofthe troops which this vote will pnt in preparation there iaalready an army fully equiped , disciplined , and ready to take the field , amounting to 20 , 000 men . This vote was carried inthe grand council with only two dissentients ont bf 106 members . The canton of Zurich appears to' be disposed to adopt similar measures . The burgomaster _Furer , who ia deputy to the diet , replied to the multitude who had given bim a serenade , that he shonld vote for war even if he were certain of perishing in it . In the _cantonofTessino several thousand volunteers had imcribed their names .. The federal
Colonel Riliiet Constant had been appointed commander-in-chief ofthe force to be sent against tiie separated cantons . Tke government of the ' canton of Fribnrg has just decreed that , all soldiers , either belonging to troops on active service , or belonging to the Landwehr , are to have tbeir arms blessed by the priests , paying seven batz for each firearm , and five batz for every other arm . The produce of this novel tax ia to be divided between the government , and clergy , in the proportion' of seven-twelfths to the former , and five-twelfths to the latter . ' ... ' " . Letters from Berne , ' of the 16 th instant , state that the Federal Directory received a communication from the government of Valais , in which the latter not only protested against the decree ofthe Diet relative to the expulsion of the Jesuits , but formally declared that it would notanbmit'to it , and would oppose ite execution by force , if necessary . ITALY . . .
The news from Italy this week is hot so favourable . ' It is clear ' that the nnion and coincidence of sentiment and of views , hitherto , ascribed _tothe people of the various states who have declared themselves for Liberal institutions , have been a little _shsken " ., Tbe King of Sardinia has prohibited the " rearing of any _colours er badges in his dominions than those belonging id Sardinia . Other , checks to the enthusiasm so general a few days , ago have also been experienced . This interruption of the prpyre ' t in Italy is attributable partly to Austrian influence and partly to a principle of self-preservation , it having transpired , it is said , that powerful efforts were in progress to recommend the Prince de Canino ( son of Lucien Bonaparte , ) as the fittest Sovereign for all Italy . On the ether hand . it is stated that the Austrian government ia determined to march . troops into every town or city in Italy in which . National Gnards have been , or shall . be established ; , The Commerce states
that—Austria has notified ber determination to interfere in the Duchies of Parma and Lucca , [ aad in the Grand Dachy of Tuscany . General Wavmoden ia to execute that project of intervention ' , with the Austrian ' troops now marching towards Ital y . . The forces under the command of that General will simultaneously enter Central Italy on two points . ' One column will cross the Po on the _side of Plaeehtia , and the other near Mantua . The fir'twill occupy Parma , and b y too Pontremoli road , advance to Lucca ; the second will traverse Uodena , enter Tuscany _onthe-iaeofK-ioja , and ... occupy Florence and Leghorn . The Court of Vienna , _^ moreover , in' order to insure the succesB of its designs , tsits good care to r _; new its declarations in favour , of the independence of tbe Holy See . Austria does not mean to menace the Boman States . If that plan be real , ' as we have everyreason to suppose , we can now account for
the attitude suddenly assumed by tbe Cabinet of Vienna after tbe untoward occupation of Ferrara . The explosion of hostilities was checked by the firmness of tbe protests of the Roman government , by the energetic demonstration of tbe population of the Pontifical dominions , and finally , by the decision of the Song of Piedmont . Austria could not command sufficient _strength to attack openly a cause so universally popular as tbat oftbe Holy See . Bat what conld not be achieved in a direct manner may be attempted with greater security ie an indirect one . By interfering in Tuscany , particularly , the Imp-rial troops will be at band to pounce at once on the Soman States , so at to cut tbem in two , and separate the legations from tbo capital of . those states . And by this means tbe Intervention in tbe Pontifical dominions may ba accomplished so suddenly tbat no power will be able to prevent it . Tbe intervention and its definitive result will be known at the same
tune . Letters from Rome state that the celebrated tribune , Angelo Brunetti , better known as Ciceroacchio , was appointed standard-bearer ofthe Civic Guard of Koae . Letters from Ancona , in the _PaOade of yesterday , exult in the presence of the Rodney , _Vangrjard , and Albion , riding at anchor in that noble harbour . "totters nave been received from Ferrara , at Borne , dated the 8 th , which state that the Awt-iani have become less exasperating . They , however , are still in oc cupstion ofthe town , and send out numerous patrols every night , and are preparingfor themselves convenient
winter quarters ; the commandant of the garrison has ordered sentry-boxes to be made , which looks as if they were determined to remain . A sanguinary conflict bas taken place between the Tyrolians and Hungarians in the Austrian service at Ferrara—tbe first taking tbe part ef the Pope , and tbe second defending tbe Emperor . Several were hilled , and two Tjrollans and one Hun . garian bare since been tried by a court martial , and condemned to death . Tbey were banged by means ofa book forced through tbe mob , entering at . the throat and coming outat the back . The garrison baa received no reinforcements } and sickness , as a natural consequence of the season and _placed has made great progress among ths men . The Roman journals and letters from that city hare brou ght a proclaraatioa issued by tha Secre-
. France., Lrtttu"Hpbjhppe Bas Appointed...
tary of State , and directed against come proceedings in the recent popular demonstrations . - The Prince ot Canino has incurred the disapprobation of the _authoritiesforjoining in the exclamations uttered by the populace ' in favour of'Italian ' independence . ' Immediately after the government bad received . the answer ef _Attstria to the protestation against the occupation of Ferrara , Cardinal Ferretti had a conference with the principal members of the diplomatic corps , who signified tbeir opinion that ; the rizht of Austria to occupy Ferrara waa . incontestable ; that the cardinal then putting aside the question of right , urged that the _occupation of Ferrara , being itself the cause of the effervescence and irritation which prevailed . in the other states of Italy , its evacuation as a mere matter of policy ought to be . conceded . On this ground tbe ! cardinal again demanded , in categorical terms , the retirement of the Austrian _forcea ; '
Letters from Florence bring further details of the popular ovations which took place there on the pub licationofthe decree . for establishing tbe national guard , when the people collected in thousands in the sgnare in front of the palace , uttering cries in favour of Leopold II ., Pius IX ., and the Italian League ; and the windows of the houses surrounding the square were decorated with brilliant draperies and filled with ladies who waved the Tuscan flag ( white and red ) . The Grand Dake , leading his two sons , presented himself on the balcony , in , front ofthe palace , to make his acknowledgments to his people . Seeing the national cockade on every breast , and the national flag waving every where around ; and not bavins one at hand , he ordered two silk mantles to be taken from the shoulders of the members ofhis family , a white aud red , uniting which heimproviscd the national flag , which he waved from the balcony . A deputation was afterwards admitted io the palace
to present tothe Graud Duke , from his people , a flag of the Tuscan colours ; In his answer to the address of the deputation , the Grand Duke concluded with the memorable , words : —' Be ., assured _,-gentleHjipn , that , above all other qualities , I 'am an Italian prince ! Am I hot a native of Pisa ? and have I not ever been your brother f He then presented himself again on the balcony to the multitude with his two sons , having in his hand the national flag which had just been presented to him . It is impossible to describe the burst ' of enthusiasm which'followed this . The people shouted , wept , and embraced each other . Priests , monks , women , and children , equally _transported with the general delirium , placed on their breasts the national cockade , and ran in all directions in the wildest joy , shouting ; * Viva Leopold ©! Viva Pio Ncno ! Viva la Guarda Civioa , ifratelli dell' Italia , il Popolo Italian ©! Viva gliAmici del Popolo !'
The advices from Leghorn g ive a most animated picture of the celebration' which took place thereon the 8 th : — " Early In the mornint ; tbe drum called _undw tbe ban' _, nerof each parish the inhabitants , who were to go and meet the deputations of the towns and villages convoked forthe TeDeuini , They left at eleven o ' _clqcfe . Every parish was preceded by its peculiar banner , adorned with banderolks of tba Italian tricolbuts . Ten thousand persons filed off , exchanging hums end vivas with the spectators , who were waving handkerchiefs and flags at tbe windows . Between tbe rows of men were placed ladies crowned witb leaves and flowers , and eoiffeesa la Henri 17 . They were ad orned with tricoloured ribbons . Tbe vicars and clerzy of _the'different _parishes were di
vided in groups , wearing the Italian colour ? , as scarfs or * round the arm . Each deputation was preceded by a band of musicians . Tbe whole mass marched in a military step , in the greatest order , under the direction of several chiefs . "When by any circumstance tbe march was arrested for an instant , tbe groups , women , and even the cler-y , marked the step as soldiers nnder arms . Foreigners attended this ceremony , dividing into companies , according to their nation . The French were remarked by tbeir extreme good order . The English were more turbulent . Thevbore small tricoloured flags acorned with inscriptions alluding to the liberty of Italy , and endeavoured to obtain the plauditsof the crowd . After the Te Deum and tbe solemn blessing , ibe procession moved again . The effervescence was at its height , but want ' of food dispersed these masses of people . About four , the population was again called out by the drum ,
to attend la cohorts the ceremony of the inauguration Of the statue of tbe Grand Duke , which was saluted by an immense shout , when the sculptor placed upon it a scarf of tbe national colours ! In ths evening ether scenes of rejoicing were going ' forward . Soldiers who had fraternisei with the people , priests , monks , women , marched in rows , singing the hymn bf Pius IX . Capuchins gare to the femaltB the kiss of fraternity ; priests excited with joy , men in rags , extended-a fraternal band to the passer-by . Popular speakers , wbo had . been overpowered by fatigue and by heat during the day , now spoke to the people about tbe love of their native , land , ' and excited tbem to stand up for the _independence of Italy . Leghorn- will long treasure up the remetnbranco of tbis day . -: ¦ •'¦ .- . ¦¦ _ _^ _- Another letter , dated Leghorn , the 10 th , says ;—Crowds are still assembled in the streets . ' The
clandestine press has resumed all ita activity , and preaches up the necessity of a ' constitution . The news ofthe _Tnanifestation which took place at Genoa on tbe 8 tb , wben known at Leghorn , gave a fre-h impulse to the popular effervescence _^ The arrival of the Prince de Canino from Borne , who , wearing the uniform of the National Guard of Rome , has been the object of a popular ovation , added not a little to keep up the excitement . Much anxiety is felt ori the subject of the movement at Florence , which , as I mentioned _yasterday , is to take place on the 12 ib . It appears that , tbe radical party wishes to bring about another ministerial modification , and to have a constitution proclaimed . ' In the ' meantime the Grand Duke . has ordered bis troops to wear tbe Tuscan cockade , and has adopted it himself , after giving
up tbe colours which he bore as Archduke ' of Austria . The people express great satisfaction at tbis change . Letters from Bologna , of the 9 th , say that the Sukebf Mbdena was obliged to leave his states / and take refuge at Parma , where an Austrian force is collected . "' :... The popular demonstration of . the 8 th instant at Genoa was renewed the following day . when a body of citizens , amounting to 2 , 000 , were headed bythe Marquis George Doria . The quarter Portoria , where the insurrection against the Austrians broke out in 1746 ; was illuminated . The people , on this occasion , besides the usual loyal acclamations , uttered cries for a national guard . ' Whatever may have decided the authorities , which until then were patsive , the troops were then called ont , and a proclamation 1
issued by the municipalauthorities , exhorting the people to be tranquil , alluding to the Pope in terms _ofpraise . andat the _sanmtinie the assemblage was dispersed , but without violence . A letter from Genoa ofthe 13 th , says that the popular celebration which had beea designed for the preceding day bad been suspended , by ordw of the government . No restraint however was imposed on the use of the printing press , so far as respected the printing of hymns written in a style ofthe highest excitement against the Austrians , and which were set to music and sung in the streets . ¦ The Sardinian government has evinced displeasure at the manifestations which took place at Genoa and some other towns . Three of the members
of noble families who took part in ' these ' _proceedtnjs jiad been since moved to Turin . These were , the Marquis George Doria , who headed the proce 3 siou on . the 8 tb , and MM . Giacorno Balbi and Rag- _* _i-Demonstrations had taken place at _SavonaiatChiavan , and ; generally in the neighbourhood of Genoa . The monks , who were generally , opposed to the Jesuits in Piedmont , signified their adhesion to the popular movement : by illnmicating their convents | in the moat brilliant manner . A petition to the ¦ king , for the institution of the National Guard , and fora-qualified liberty * ofthe press _,-was"prepared . A draft of the . memorial had been submitted to the municipal chiefs , the syndics , and to the archbishop , for _theirsignature . _v They- individually expressed their willingness to sign it provided it were' previously forwarded to Turin for the approbation of the kine . The Archbishop ( M . Tadini ) was reported
to have said , 'I will sign it with the greatest pleasure , for I cannot forget that before being an ecclesiastic I have been an Italian . ' The document was accordingly forwarded to Turin . Letters from Milan , of the llth instant , say that the popular movement which took place there on the 8 th and 9 th , had been quelled by the armed force . A notice had been ' posted in the city by the authorities ; on the 10 th , warning aU persons who regarded their personal safety to remain at home ; Patrols circulated through the streets on that day , and in the evening several persons in the piaaa Fontana were wounded . The acta of violence ofthe soldiers have been directed chiefly against unoffending and unarmed citizens . The worst offence char ; ed against any one was having cried' Viva Pio IX ! ' On the 8 thone man was killed and 150 persons were wounded .
A letter from Palermo , dated the 6 th of September , makes ns better acquainted with the -noy _« nent . at Messina . On the first of the month the « tfiwrs ot the garrison gave a dinner in . honour of . General Bnsacca , who had _juat been promoted to the rani , ot brigadier-general . Atthat the pioi manifested itself . The insurgents wiehed to make all the officers who werepresent atthe banquet prisoner * , bat by . avxtuitons circumstance they wereretarded in their attempt _, and when thev appeared to surprise the officers the latter had alldeparted . _^ _" _^ General _Busacca , who _^ as Retting _^ nto _^ iscoaoh . Theyfiredaeveralshots athiin , _{^ : _« _WJJJ severely in the _^*^*^ _££ _S _$$ wounded _hiaservant The coach of the general was
. pursued aa far as the fort , but the troops , _^ who had taken up arms , repulsed the assailants and drove them back with several discharges of grape _ehM . The attack was conducted with the greatest resoiu tion . The contest continued from six until nine o ' clock at night , when theauthorities had the upper hand . At that time it was distinctly stated that there were forty killed , of which eight or ten belonged to the military . Numerous arrests then tooK place .. Daring the disturbance a monk ran through the streets waving a flag , whieh , itis alleged , was _tri-colouired . Others were brought forward of red and green . colours witk a yellow cross sprinkled with stars _^ The oeople in fighting constantly cried , Viva liberty ! Viva the constitution ! Viva _Piua
. France., Lrtttu"Hpbjhppe Bas Appointed...
I : . _** .. -J _abated the contest '" was renewed on the _iina . un tnat . occasion ' - the troops weFe upon their ground ; and the insurgents could ' hot hold their ground for a considerable _^ time . They 1 fled into the country and . to the hills in the environs of M _^ sina . LS _^? - - at Palermo , that similar , but-Si ' n tak _? , I , 1 "c-ilt P ataniaandSyrncuse , and _SfiLT- _^ Ph o- communication had been ' interrupted between Sicily and Naples . An insurrection at the same _time _, broke ont at 'Reggie ; a town _situa'ed _^ nearly opposite Messina . At Keggio an officer waskiHed , as , _wellas _lSmcttbelohgingtothe garrison , which _wid explain the successof _. the . _itisurgents . The insurrection flagat _thisplace wasblack , red _. ahd green , and it is stated that there' figured it in a
yellow crosswith stare and a mitre , and this waved for twenty-four houra over , tho town it did not _dis-* W £ 1 S _ y _$ tlM } 8 team vesse ] s & n ' _" -N" * - Naples with 2 , 000 troops . This reinforcement having been perceived by the insurgents , they ' withdrew to the mountains . On the 6 th Palermo continued quiet , but the authorities took the greatest precautions . Ihe troops were under arms ail night on the 4 th and 5 tb , and patrol ' ed _throoghout the town ; AU the powder which was at the gunsmiths iras taken possession of , and the police on each of these days arrested persons . .- _•« : ¦ . , ; Letters _froin Naples ofthe 9 th aay that a _rei-m oi terror has commenced there , and that every dav sees new -victims consigned to the ; castle of St Elmo . Numerous executions of soldiers of an artillery
_regiment , removed from Sicily on suspicion of disaffection have taken iplaee . [ It was rumoured on Mondayin Pans that the Neapolitan troops had entered R ' eggio after a brief _engagement with the ' 'insurgents ; and immediately established cows -prevotales ( conrtsraartial ) , by who 3 e ! decision _: 25 unhappy young mon were . condemned to death , andinstantly shot . This statement , 'continuesourcorrespondent , 'hascaused much pain and much apprehension in Paris . A letter from Messina , of the 6 th ' hist ., quoted by Ihe ' Nouvelliste de Marseilles , announces thatthe insurgents , driven out . of thecity , still maintained themselves in the neighbourhood , nnd _frequently attacked the advanced posts of the garrison . ' The _population of _Melazza , a town within 10 or 12 leagues of _MesBina ,
was said to have joined the movement ' and seized on the citadel . Finally / it was believed _thatCastiogiovanni , a _strong placB in the interior of Sicily , had also raised the standard of revolt . At Naples the arrests continued . . 'Amongst the persons now in custody were two editors of the Neapolitan Review , nnd a former officer of artillery . Report stated that the insurrection had extended to Apulia and the AbrMzi , and that Teramo , the capital' ofthe Ulterior Abruzzi , had hoisted the Sag of independence . The following _. _receivEd . sinco the above was in type , shows that the executions above alluded took place not at Reggio but at Messina . The Semaphore de Marseilles of tho 18 th inst ., contains intelligence from Naples of the 13 th . The situation of the kingdom of the Two Sicilies _was becoming daily more
alarming for the government . Insurrection was everywhere , andit was doubted that the King conld rely much longer on the loyalty of the troops , although they had hitherto willingly contributed to the repression ofthe revolt in Sicily . The King of , Naples expectsto be able to restore order by means of terror . The prevotal courts he has established at Messina and . other towns . have been instructed . to show no mercy ,. All the insurgents taken with arms in their hands are to be tried and immediately shot ,-: On the 12 th inst ., twenty-five young men , between twenty and thirty years of age , belonging to all classes of society , wereputtodoath ' atMc-siria . The populations of suspected localities were _^ to be decimated . The account of those _sanguinary executions had excited , at Naples , a general feeling of indignation and horror .
The NouveUiste de Marseilles announces that Reggio had been bombarded by a division of steam frigates ; A great number of houses , ' says a letter addressed to that journal j * have been destroy ed , and many victims are buried under their ruins . Tho venerable bishop was obliged to implore , with teats in his eyes , the Count of Aquila , brother to the King , who commanded in person the bombardment , te suspend the work of destruction . Tbe firing nevertheless did not cease until long after the ' departure of the insurgents , who retired into the mountains . __ . TheAdgsiurgh Gazette saya that the Italian tricoleur flag ( white , red , and green . ) floats over Lncca , and , that the city has adopted the motto' The' independence and unity of Italy . ' ' ;
- RUSSIA . The National . announces , on the authority of a German correspondent , that tho Emperor Nicholas has summoned all his Ambassadors at foreign courts to meet him at St Petersburg . It would appear that some great movement is contemplated , and that the _Emperor has called his diplomathts to his presence to give them their final instructions . L : POLAND . - Thb _CHowni— -The Frankfort Journal publishes a letter , dated Warsaw , 12 th inst ., which states that the utmost consternation prevails in that city ia consequence of thc appearance of cholera at Kie w , and its rapid progress towards tho west . The authorities were preparing hospitals and a lazaret to at Warsaw .
: Mabshai. Otfmsot, Doke Or Reggio.—- Ih...
: _Mabshai . _OtfMsoT , Doke or Reggio . — - ihe Presse publishes the following . biographical sketch of the _lateAIarshai Oudinot . Duke of Reggio .--- ' _' _. Nieholas-Charles-Oudbbt , Duke of Reggio , Marshal of France , Governor of the Invalides ; Peer of France , ' Grand Cross ofthe- Legion of . Honour' Grand _CrofTs of St Louis , Kniaht . of the Holy Ghoit , was born on the 2 ndbf April , 1767 , and was consequently 80 years , 5 months , and 11 days of age . Oudinot sprung from a commercial family of Bar , ' began his military career at loyears of age ; in the regiment of Medoc , but in the year 1 ? 87 , at the entreaty of his father , he quitted the service . He entered the army again within three years . In 1791 we find hira . major . in the brave , regiment' of tho Volunteers of _, the _Meuse , with which he
deiendedthefort of Bitchcrai-ainst the Prussians iu Sbpteinber ;' l 792 , and made ' 700 prisoners . He was immediately afterwards appointed to command the regiment of Picardy . He was appointed General of Brigade after the 14 th prairial of the year 2 He marched on Treves , wbieh he ciptured on the 7 th of August , 1794 , and remained in command of the town . ' ' Oudinot was nearly cut to pieces by sabre wounds on the 18 th oi October , 1795 , in a night attack , ' and was made prisoner . He was exchanged alter a period of five months . At the blockade of _Ingoldstadthe received a gun-shot wound in the thigh and several sabre cuts on the arms and neck . He was appointed general of division ori the 12 th of April , 1799 . HeSeured with that rank at Ulm and at
Zurich , and subsequently as _Massena _' a principal aidede-camp . . It was he whobrpught the account of the armistice of Treviso to Paris . In _ISOS _. he commanded the . grenadiers , at the camp of Boulogne , He entered _yibnha 4 _^ day ' s afterwards , whence he _niarclied to force the _bridgea of the Danube . Oudinot afterwards took part-in the battle " - - 'Of Wertingen , Armstetten ,. and Juntersdorff ; where he was again wounded ; He was . covered with glory , at _Austerlitz ' . Ho was-at tbe . baftie of . Jena , and he entered Berlin , on tha . ' , 23 rd of October , 180 G , whence he passed into Poland . " He ' gained the victory ' of Ostrolenka on the 6 th of February , 1807 . , Napoleon raised him to the rank of Count of tbeiEmpiro , ' with a dotation bf l , 000 , 000 f . Oudinot figured subsequently
at the sieze of Dantzic , : at Friedland , and at . Tilsit . We find him Governor of Erfurt in 1808 . ' He defeated the ' Austrians oh the 13 th of-May , 1809 . ' Ile ' covered himself with glory at Wagrairi : He entered Vienna , and the Emperor oreated hire , a Marshal of France ! . In 1810 he took possession ! bf Hollandin the absence of King _Louisa who had _. quitted the throne . Marshal Duke of Reggio made , the campaign of Russia and that'of 181 _i After the restoration of the Bourbons LouU XYIIL appointed him : Colonel General ol Grenadiers , and Governor of Metz .. He lived retired dnrine the hundred days . In October , 1815 . ' Louis XVIII . appointed him Commandewn-Chiei of tho National Guayd of Paris , and decorated bim witbhis _nrdfira . Marshal Oudinot made _. the camuaign :. of
Spain , in 1823 , captured and governed Madrid ., Ihe Marshal leaves _oneson , the _Marquis ' _Oudinot , Lieutenant-General , Deputy Cpnimander of _theLegion-of _HoBoiir , and member of the Consulting Committee of _RoMAsiio _Sionv .-A seaman belonging to . the north of Scotland , eleven ' or twelve years agOv . aailed from Liverpool _in ' a Britishveksel , which he left in the West Indies , and entered _en board a foreign ship . Thereafter he * tas entirely lost sight ofi and though many vague rumours reaohed hie . friends ,: nothing satisfactory could be " ascertained concerning his fate All doubts , however , have now heen dissipated by the unexpected appearance of the long lost one . in propria persona , and bis long absence is _safioiently accounted for by thefollowing _story _. whteh
comes to us in an authenticated shape :- ' When , he disappeared he had entered the , American brig k . _ndeavonr , which was dismasted m thfvGull of Mexico by one ofthe hurricanes so , common" in those seas , and the _VeSsMfsoori' after filling with water , the crew were left ' entirely without proviaioiia of any sort ; ' For forty days tbey floated about , supporting life and appeasing _* nb demands of appetite , by . the horrible expedient of cutting up and eating the bo * dies of their dead companions , till , in the case of bis _compamonV exbausted nature gave way , and out of - _^ orew of twenty , - ho alone _> survived . He waii taken offthewreckln _. astate of insensibility , _« m « f * " _^ An , « h » ft nnor Indian fisherman _^ m whose cabin
m he lived for three months , slowly . rtg « _-n- » R 8 trengtn . On hSrecove ry hejoineda party of _^ ven . British _« _tin « i also _shiowreoked on the coast , resoly nete SlotheSE _^ S On their route , however , theywerei attacked Sd captured _bfa : party of Indians , by -shorn they t » _lSo 7 d and compelled , to undergo incredible ¦ lSmmS v £ m treatment four of their num . KnS _less _thah'bight _/ montbs ; . " of aj _*' , _^ ntSthedeathby torture of two more , this , mdi-Sl after the lapse of ten years , found means to _SSS _SEfagl appeared in this country . The _Sfman was formerly _a-prisoner tor a eonaiderable Se among the _cannibate of New Zealand , and also 'S e _*» ™ my hardships and adventures in the Pemiau war of independence .
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The Woes And Sorrows Of Ireland. , To Th...
THE WOES AND SORROWS OF IRELAND . , TO THE SniTOa . 0 P . THB K 0 BIHBBK STAB . : < D £ iB SiB _. —It nas truly , _pleasluglter-ad the reported speech of Lord Stradprooke ( at the Annual Meeting rif thc East Saffolk AgricuItnrat _AsBociatlonl / _ln this day ' s Star , buthsw far more _pliaslng would it be If what he _SQistrpngly recom _' _rfltnds _,.-was : carried into effect . Knowing as I well de , _'' £ ro ' , experience , that theuncertainty ' of _tohurpin _, ray ' own _iJl-fated country ( Erin ) is one ofber _groatest ills , as that ' , and that alone , lays my countrymen open to the charge of being idle , lazy , and slovenly , I- am 'induced Jto ' peu the followiiigV hoping it may Se productive Of good .: ' : _> ¦
Having _tvavellefl _n large : portion of that kingdom with tbe late lamented ' Wm , Cobbett , E < q ., M . P , and that unpurchaseable " . and sterling democrat ,. Mr Patrick _O'Higgins , of North _Ann- ' _straet , Dublin , I bad an opportunity of seeing , in the vast majority of places which wb . visited , that there were premiums held oat for idleness and its concomitants , inasmuch as , if holdings were improved , oe the holders improved their , own appearances ,. increase of rent _wub the consequence j or ,-perhaps , what would still ' be worse , ejection , to make room for agents' fttvourites , , or ; such . as could pay a fine , whereas those wbo dragged along ia the common _routine ' \ v « _a unnoticed . _, What would an _^ ' nglisbman _' _s feelings be if ,. becau- ' c he _limpwashed his house , . put on a good coat , or kepi Lis children clean , cr sent " them to a
good ' school , be was , therefore , considered able to pay more rent , and no ' alternative life but to pay , or expulsion 1 , I know . English working men well ; I have now struggJed ' . withtbem . for years , locally and otherwise , and I knbW ' that there ' . ' is not an inteiiigent one _. _iivthis kingdom who would . tamely submit to such _degrnda . tion ., . But , if my poof countrymen do not submit , worse stares them in ' . the face .. Again , I _. would . ask . can any son of , labour , say . he would be active were he to work for twelve or fourteen hours a ' day , aod receive 4 iV . orG 1 . as wa ges . 1 Iu the county of Tipperary , on the Earl of Darby ? estate , _\ ye . mct u farmer who . held ¦ thirtv . nva acres for seventeen years , and who ; de ' olared , that during that period ho never tasted bread , unless when he went to Limerick to . sell the prpducoof the farm , and that , earlthere
y y , were changes making on the estate ; ono _fnstance ho related was , that the right . ef bog was given to all the tenants until mcently j but at that time , the agent was charging one pound per perch for the same , _thatis , £ 160 per acre .: This was confirmed by ' many of thb . tenants .. _Soms short time prior to visiting , the said estate , there was a clearance , effected of forty . _sevtn families , to make room- for a steward _ulio came from Scotland . These families were sent on shipboard to go to America , the greater part of . whom perished on the passage - _. On my , Lord Stradbrooke ' s estate in the same . county , I saw as much misery as on , any other , consequent upon the inattention of the proprietor , and the rapacitj of _sgentB , bailiffs , & c Earnestly do I trust that his Lordship ' s recent words will be followed by . acts and
extended to his property in Ireland . If so , I . would not hesitate to forfeit my life , but . his Irish tenants will be found , aetire , industrious , and _perieveriiis , m I never met oue , in anv uitt o * tbat counwy , who had _uven but one acre of land In his own right , but who was , to a certain degree , comfortable ( if he were not a drunkard ) . The scenes witnessed during that tour would appear incredible had they been printed , as Mr Cobbett intended . they . should , under tbc . title of the 'Woes and Sorrows of Ireland , ' though nothing was then penned but what was . triitb . itself .. - Why this work . never appeared , I cannot Bay exactl y . ; but I often . _thought that tho facts then ascertained , were so strong against somo . of . the landed proprietors ( who woald- .. fain _appear good men before the . English nat ' on ) ,. tbat they by some means ( to
me unaccountable ) got possession of these papors , and prevented their appearance . There were scenes unfolded which would make a Derby , a Clonmel , a . Strati _, _broolte , a Monteagle ( with all their titles ) blush . Such revelations would , I am certain , let tlu people of England know more of the tyranny of Irish landlords than any bosk that was ever published . _, There are some honourable exceptions—men who glory in the welfare of their tinantry , and , consequently , participate , in the blessings whieh they diffuse—but they , are few , I . fondly hope _, that even . now _eoaiething may bo done , if _landlords _ganerally would but _o » Iy act as Lori _Stradbrooke , reoouirhands however , I must confess , thatit would be a thousand fold more pleasing to me ( and , indeed , I love my native land ll , if a Feargus O'Connor could be hsd to set a Land Company going ' there . Then would tbe , people know their own worth . Then , it would be found that tbe IriBb people ore neither . lazy , idle , dirty ,
nor slothful , but on tbo contrary , that they are active , industrious , and persevering , if they get but' a stake in tbo land of their birth . If our indefatigable chief , - who has straggled for years arduously , and to a en-tain degree-effectively , for tbe working population . of England , Scotland , aiid Wales , would put his shoulder to the whetl , ana" set the thing in motion , I daub * not of . its success , '' His veriest enemies will not deny his love of native land ; then let him but begin , and with such men as _O'Higgins and _O'Garraaa M mon to aid in it , there is little fear but kindred spirits will be found to assist in tho glorious work . .. In my humble opinion , such a , company would produce more good in Ireland for tbe toiling millions thereof , than all the societies got up by sham patriots for the last half a century ; Believe mo , Mr Editor , the people are getting'heartily sick of the twaddle of tbe _Conciliatian-hall _plaee-hunting humbugs . ¦ , i . ; Yours faithfully , ¦ Eseter , Sept . 18 , 1817 . ... ' , _; - . _Hibebnicus ,
I: .Jersey. Affairs. -'. We Should Not F...
i : . JERSEY . AFFAIRS . - _' . We should not fly from _^ _lls we know , To those we know not of . ' ' / , .,.,.,., TO THE _EDlTOB OP THE- _NoBTHBaN _STAE . Sib , —I should not havo troubled yon with this epistle had it not been for , a . letter which appeared in your journal from ' an old inhabitant' of Jersey , in _tnswer to biio of mine oh the affairs of that island , lam very glad tobearthatthe Stab . is perused in Jersey , and at the same time , I beg to be understood by its readers there that I on ) not opposed to reform , but I am opposed to Whig measures of that nature , _Alihougb tho present system of governing Jersey is bad . enough , what can that island gain by such a reform as proposed by the commissioners , whose report the Whigs will carry out to the very letter ? Every place created by that proposed reform- will ba bestowed upon the _bangers-on of the Whigs , who - '' will- appoint _Crown-piid jadges _, Crownpaid officers , ' < tc ., who are to bo supported- by a tas on tobacco ( used in that island ) _ofld . ' per pound , _, andt * a .
sugar , and all other _copimottities used , tn . that island will , Ih time , come ' undcr the same ban , until _Jursey and the Channel Islands are overtaxed , like England . It is to such a 6 _ystem of reform as this that 1 am op . posed . . But a refotm that will do justice to Jersey must emanate from the people . for the benefit of the people . God save , tho people of Jersey from the . reform the immaculate . Whigs would give them ! Before I conclude _, allow me . to draw tho attention of ' an Old Inhabitant , ' and ¦ ¦ T ; B _;* B . "'' so the fact , thatit is contemplated by tbe present government , in the next _sessioB of parliament , to affix the red badge of serfdom npon their press , on ac - connt , tbey soy , of the trouble the _post-oilic * officials are pit to in sorting the number , of the Jersey _newjpapirs that find their way into Englund . ' This _pretcucu is all fudge ! The real purpose is to stop , if possible , the dissemination ot ' liberal principles . To the winds , then , nitb _Whlgrefotm .
_ I am , Sir , yours obediently , Westminster , ¦ , , . . T . R . R ' _^ September 21 st ' 1847 .. - , ,.,., ,,.: . ; . :. r
'' Reported Mau 'Biaob Or Tub Doicb Oi? ...
' ' Reported Mau ' biaob or tub Doicb oi ? . _WEmsoTos wiru" _Mrea . _Bdbdbm Couiis . —A . correspondent informs ris " that the reported marriago between _Uiu Duke bf Wellington ' and Miss Burdett _Counts _ialikoiy to take place' within a' very short period—that tho legal advisers ' of the illustrious Duke and the wealthy heiress have been engaged for some weeks past in preparing the settlements , but owing to a difficulty which had suggested itself respecting tho descent of tho property , aome delay ; had taken place in concluding the preliminary arrangements . Tho difficulty wlucllis'stated te have arisen proceeded Irom the expressed desire ofthe lady that the greater part of her fortune should be settled upon tho heirs to the titlo of the Duke of Wellington in perpetuity . This
intention has been objected to by his Grace , who has most distinctly stated his wish , that in tho ultimate _disp ' _esitio ' nofthcmoneyqraiiy property that may be purchased with It , in ca _= e of the death of thc Marquis of Douro without issue , and the _iasvie of Lord Charles _WeUesley becoming extinct , no interest shall be taken by any collateral branch ofhis family , including tho heirs ofhis brother , but that his direct heirs only shall inherit or participate in the / advantages conferred by the settlement . After much negotiation between the parties , an amicable adjustment' of differences has heen effected , and that , in the event of the direct line becoming extinct , the property is erentually . to be applied to an object intimately connected with the renown ot the great warrior . — 'Sunday Paper . , _ Two' Esotisn _WHiwns _Dbbtkoted is Davis-Straits ¦ - _»¦ ' _Ioebrkos .-We regret to have to « _nhounee theiJoss of two large vessels employed in the the Accordof Hull
© avis' _Stratt 3 fisheries , one Bon , , 600 tons burthen , Captain Lee , and tbe Alfred , 400 tons of Bowness , with the most intense Bufferings of the crews . From the letters received by the owners , it appears that the vessels ! were lo 9 t within a _quarterof a mile of each other , on the same day , the 3 rd of _: _last July , in _Y 5 : _Ni , being crushed to complete wrecks between icebergs . It was . blowing a complete hurricane at the time , with constant snow , and there was not tho slightest chance bf extricating them , the brew having to make a precipitate retreat _overtho ice to escape death . Tho crews , sixty in number , suffered fearfully from the cbW . They _tvere driven about with the ice nearly a month before they _jwere _rescued . With the exception , of three seamen ¦ th oy were atj saved , otid are at present at _Upporno-; vick , awaiting a _vessoj to bring thera to England . Tho * fisheries in tbe straits have been exceedingly scanty this season . _Neither of the above vessels was ¦ ¦
insured ;; \ - . y / - , ' _.. _-.. , aA Bet of splendid trays , made of papier . ma cj . e ,. and inlaid with _mother-o ' . pearl , has been manufactured in London for thc Pacha of _Kgrpt .
' , . -; . Expibsibil Of. :Thscrk : Kbt ...
' , . - ; . _EXpibsibil OF . THSCRk KBT ST _^ AMEb ! At tho _a- _'journed inquest tha following evidence wca taken : — .. . ; . . . . -, : ¦ ,. ¦ . .. ¦ ... . , - _,, v . ,-.: , _. . . . .. .. ..,, Henry Knight , of . _Battersea ,-engineer ' * labourer ,: Somo months . a- * o I was stoker on board the Cricket , succeeding Edwards . ' 'I-entercdin'April * or May , nnd _remaioed six or eight . ;? weeks ; Clark ' , _was-Engineer the whole of the time . I never worked : the m-ohinery , not being sufficiently acquainted- with it . I understand the use of tbe safety valves . I believe _'thert '' Werff fonr . I have seen the two lever valves work ; and have seen them tieddown . I have tied them down by MrClnrk _' _s _erdtrs . This was done evrry time the hoot " got under ' weigh . They were _ti' . d with a rive or seven yarn spun ' -jarn , A
loop was put over tha levers , _qulto at the ' _exrrcnnty , and _passsed over the beam ; then I ' pullt d' the _ropis ns tight as I _coald _^ and fastened them to nails , which werii firmly fixed in the bsam . When tbe captain gave orders to ' _Siand by , 'I used to make it a rule to tie down tho _valvas , so- that no steam' could es cnpo . When Clark gave orders to tie down the valve * , he did not tell mc the object of it , nor do I know . When tbey were so tied , no - steam escaped from' tho other - valves , —the screw valves . 1 believe they were screweil down . When I had tied the > alvcs _in'thisway , I always made a point to let go- the ' Jerry , ' and'stir Hp the fire : . C ' _jrk ' _a directions were general , that _Ishould always do it ; ' avid I thought it aB necessary as stirring up the lire . ' Directly we got alongside the pier , each end , Clark used to _ci-me
and sea that I _castoffthe f-stening from the v / ilrcs . T !> ' e effect of tying the valves was that tlio steam , instead of being at forty , would be at eighty , ; I have seori ' _lhis hy the _sauge ; This . happened when we stopped two or three minutes at tho pier , which was generally the caso . The immedinte eft ' ect of tying the valves was to ' causo the steam _tori-egradully ; thepreRsurfgotgre' _-ittrevefy monitnt . I never had any instruction ss to thi aa _" g l ; t tlie gauge ought to go , ' When thb _vnlvus _wm-o _titil , I have heard the steam 'hissing , as though trying to escape . When the-engine was ' not moving , the gauge would-. stand firmly at eighty ; - but when the engine started , it would move up and _downV ' _-omctimes in a body , sometimes broken . _Thij _aiiitatloi wouW . o . _m-lnuo till the pressure was reduced hy the working of the
engine , and then it would become ste : idy again iit 30 , 10 , or 50 , according to the _pressure . When the vislvcs wera tied down _, _''ond the pressor ' s was great ., water would sometimes get into the gauge nnd mix-with tl * e mercury . Ono morning , after I had been ii : the boat about three weeks , on _pnciding to light the furnaces , I found tho _watt-r all gone from the boiler below the _fir-t- row of tubes , although I hadnl cd . acc 9 _rdiw- ' tomy regular rule , on the ' _presei-ding night . The water hadescaped through a split ia oneof the tubes , which bpi ned when the boiler was cold ; but was close when it wus hot . I pumped for an hour and a _holf , and found that the water ran out as fast as I pumped it in . I know of _wiHilng- to account forthii oa the previous day , beyond thefuct of the valves being tied and untied as usual . This w ' a _* on a _Sunday
morning . _C-arfc , who had acted _»* engineer , the ( lay before , had gone to _Greenwich . I went 03 _twarJ the Bee , andcalled Mr Buttress , who came on _bourd tbe Cricket , am looked at the . tube . While he was there CU * _k cam * , and proposed catfIcing the tute _" Buttress recbmniended ' 'it to he _repair _.-d fey screwing a bolt to' it which was done .- It still leaked a little- ' on pumping In the watfr , but afterwards it got tight and sound . On _another occas ' i-n ( about four _daysor a week after ) another tuba was in the same way ; it was not ' split , but leaked at the joint whieh _fastened ic to the boiler . Aftir T had pumped an hour Buttress' came on board , and got tiro hands to help me to pump . ' Chrk was " not there ¦" then . This injury was _r-paired by hammering round the tube .
This wus early in the morning , bifore the steam was got up . Buttress said , if Clark did not come in ten minutes , _IwastorAkcoutthofurriHCeB . Clark came witWii tlio time . Ball , who was then mate , assisted mo ia pumping , as he had done on _severil other occasions . I was told by _Bnttresj and other _criginetrs _, that if Clark stayed iu tbe vessel , and continued the practice of tying up the valves , there would be an explosion before long . Thi 3 determined me to leave . I aid not tell Chrk what had _betn said to me . I left tbo boat about three weeks after these ' warning ' s ; - I once thought of reporting the ccnductof Clark to _MrJIeacham _, atMr Joyce ' s ; but I _fonrod I -bould get ' served out'in the same way a * Edwards . I have seen Mr _Stsith on bowl the Cricket . I have seen him at least twice iu the engine room , talking to Cla'ifk ,
when the valves were tied down . ' I knew they were tied , for I had done it myself . I _den _' c mean that Mr Smith ivaspresciit when I tied them , I _htard no conversation between Mr Smith nnd Clark as to the valves . I never spoke to Mr Smith myself , 'Had any conversation passed as to'the safety valves , I should naturally have listened , knowing that'Clark was doing what was wrong , '' This was after the other engineers bad pointed out to ' me the danger ofthe practice ; but I . was obliged to continue toobsy Clark ' s orders , or I should have been sent out of _tlw engine-room '; If I omitted * to tie the valves , he would come « Bid do it himself , and ask why"I had not done It ; Sometimes I _m'gbt foiget to do it . He may bave tied them'" down himself five or sis times while I was there , I was afraid of an ' explosion , or I should not have left the vessel . Had Mr Smith and Clnrk cen .
versed about the safety-valves , I think I should have heard it ; but tbe engini was at wotk . When vhevalves were tied with yarns : round the rails , the ends would still hang down , about a foot or so ; and this would be the case when Mr Smith was there , lie could not well see the state ot" tha valves or ropes withoutlookingnoar , as it was rather dark _wlacre _theropes were twisted roinid , and they were sitting in a light place . lie' might see tho loose ends well enough , w ! ich bung down in front of the boiler . There was one from each lever , and ho other _^ lope . -There ' vas no pulley over the levers , for the purpose' of raising them by means of tho ropes . After the conversation between Mr Smith and Clark , nothing occurred as to the valves . I never heard Clark soy anything to any one about tho levers . I have known
him tube the boat away , more that once , witbout any water in the " bottom cock . That is _vtry dangerous . It _tras my duty to ascertain it . This has happened several times . When I "bave told bim , he has tried tlio water himself , and has still taken the boat away . The _sttampump was on , and , had he waited , the boiler would soon have been full . He said he wanted to get thc boat away , to get the other pumps iuto" action , meaning thepumps attached to the engine , " which work witb the motion of the engine . When we got to thc pier at the other end , the tvater was , perhaps , no higher . The other engineers always _stopped to get tbo water up . On . Sundays , there have been a great many persons drinking in the engineroom , and _straugenuseii to come to practice the engine , They have seen me tie tho valves . A person _namod Winn has seen it .
Mr _GiltthsbBiCCius , John-street , _Adclplii , _meclianist _; I have frequently been oil board ' tlie Cricket . The day before iho _explo . _'ion ' ' I " ' determined never to go by her again . On that day tha _tngine-robm was completely filled with steam , which hail to be shut eff , and the boat was brought to a _stand-stVil ; I know _noVhing of tbe cause I did not go into the engine . loom to niaka in * quiry _, lest I sliould excite _aliirm among tho _passengers . There was no explosion ; but the machinery suddenly stopped . It was about tivelve o ' clock ) near to Waterloobridge . ' After tha steam was' discharged from the frmn & l the boat went oil ; the delay did not exceed belf a minute . '• ' By-the Jury ' : The boat was rather long at tee pier before starting ; ' There were 250 or 300 personsion board . I 'did not notice whether the steam then blew eff . '•' - ¦ . : ¦ ¦¦
" John " Alfred Skinner , of Union-terrace , " > ptfora , engine-driver : I have been employed in'both the Ant and Cricket ' as engineer . I was last on Weird the Cricket , as engineir , on a Saturday , when Mr Meacham _wasexamiuinu the boat * . ' It-was on the same day as the conversation nt the Fox which Buttress has spoken to . I then saw / what was very unusual , ' two pieces' of _^ pun-yarn nttachedto thb levers ; and as the boat was in tbo actor _, starting , BdwarJs , then stokrr , n ' as proceeding to tie down one of them . I told ' Lirii rioit to touch . ' that , but leave it alone to me , ; I then observed that the other was fastened down , and I loosed it immediatel y . Edwards said he had orders from Chrk to ' tie down the valves every timo he left the pier ; ' nnd he made a practice of doitig so , ' He said if he did not do' it Clark ' ' did it himself .
I said I would hot have it dbiie while I was in the boat . ' He said :- 'I wish you were going to stop here altogether , for I expect that some day we-shallforget them , and we shall all go up together . ' lie said that on many occasions he had undone tho valves in thu ' absbv : ce of Clark , _« ho had afterwards rebuked him , and tied them up agnin . Tbe boat bas been left several times , for daya together , to a _manjihohad _» ot been , . six months at the stoking . I had a quarrel with Clark oh . the night ofthe conversation at the Fox , and _TslrWk bim , I dare say half a _dozsn times . It had nothing to do wiih the tying of tha valves , but related to the boiler . I did _notteave till several months after . Mr Meacham used to luspsist the engines occasionally , but I think not regularlymore so last year than the _present . He has come down
into thc engine-room , whero I was . I cannot give the date wben I told Mr Poletti of the _valres being tied . I cortainly anticipated a blow-up ifthe practice continued , btttl _considered that , as one man had mentioned it to Mr Smith , if he had been a gentleman , lib : would have listened to that man ' s statement , but he wag discharged ; 3 iid that was the reason why I said nothing . I was discharged because I did not blow up tho Ant same as the _Crk-kethas done . ( Luughtur . ) I was five years in her Majesty ' s _sorvlce , and bavo driven the engines of various manufacturers . Prom what I saw of Mr Joyce ' s _engines , I think they would bave worked well ; I saw nothing to daunt mr , The quarrel with Clark tr . ded with the blows I have spoken ef . It pnrly arose through the affair of tho valves being _nieuttoned to Clark . He abused and swore at me In the presence of about twenty
gentlemen . ; The-Inquiry was then adjourned till ten oclcck . on Wednesday . At tho adjourned _examiuttUon , Mr Thomas Lloyd was examined : I am chief eng ineer and inspector of ma . chineryintHe navy . I have examined the machinery of the Cricket _stcara-boat . I first examined t on the second Monday after tho . accident . I have had a few drawings prepared as illustrations . _JThese Mr Lloyd bid before tho jury . ) With regard tothe _enginssthem . selves , I do not think , many obsetyations necessary . They ore lii _gh-pressure _^ engines , on the principle well kuowu as Wolfe's . The materials ond . workmanship were g _ od . I think If all tbVvalves had all been pro . pcrly in operation , tbe steam could not bave sccumuUttd in the boi ' . er to any dangerous extent—that is , _suvoctius
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Sept. 25, 1847, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns3_25091847/page/7/
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