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fwrnna 25, 1845. _ THE NORTHERN STAR. 7
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.,..--- '-;;; ' _We learn tfeat the coll...
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ftflriemtne-t *m& horticulture
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FIELD-<JA_RDEN OPERATIONS. For tlte WeA ...
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ADDRESS OF THE POOR'S PROTECTING SOCIETY TO THE INHABITANTS OF FAISLEf, AND SCOTLAND GENERALLY.
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Fellow Townsmen,—We again take the liber...
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Hawick. — The Public Footpaths. — The ad...
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TllllEATtfNED FAMINE IN IRELAND. The acc...
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Alarming Occurrence at St. Philip's Cuon...
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The DnuNKEN Biuwl and Stai.bi.vo at Uoux...
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Note: This text has been automatically extracted via Optical Character Recognition (OCR) software. The text has not been manually corrected and should not be relied on to be an accurate representation of the item.
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Fwrnna 25, 1845. _ The Northern Star. 7
_fwrnna 25 , 1845 . _ THE NORTHERN STAR . 7
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.,..--- '-;;; ' _We Learn Tfeat The Coll...
_.,..--- ' - ;;; ' _ _We learn tfeat the colliers of TBE o . _S _« hire ai « about again to turn out for S _» uUl StS £ n _ _iof _vra-es- The- thick coal _colliera ' 0 tl ' _^ vc 4 s . 6 d ., and the thincoal men 3 s . 6 d . per * fl _*" j _thpvaw about to demand a rise of Cd . a day . d * 5 _ a 7 „ ! x is equivalent to an addition of 5 s . a ton ? anufacture of iron . —Birmingham Journal . in the V Eg Ass 0 CUTios . —Mr . John Skelton _* _- sIlE !! u _ tcd lecturer to the above body ) delivered / the _aPr BUn ierons and respectable assemblage an add r _^ J . room of the Pavthei . iuro , St . Martin _' _sin tbe _la _^ * y eveninft October 19 th , on the _objjuje _. on _« -o tfl _» obtained by the United Trades jects soU _» _^ _ratIia ( , v was unanimously called to the > ir . J _** na ju ' 5 _^ speech introduced tlie lecturer , chair , a" J an concise history of the rise and who ga _** * iJje . _i Association of United Trades ;" p _ttcre ? "' foum \ ed on two " great facts "—first , a ** *" , _workin" classes do not receive "" a fair day ' s that the * . _^ _" _day ' _s _work ; _a _^ _siecondly , that for wag ? - ° _* ,, _^ 1 their endeavours to obtain this have , son * - _^ seeptions , been unsuccessful . He regretted w ' _l"k Se _vailin" apathy of the wealth producers to lhe _1 n iBteresvyet the _\* ast number represented _^ f _» late Conference , and the great ability with a i-1 trade matters was there discussed , showed pro-Tiic Conference had come to the conclusion _< TC 5 s _. , , * U- » 1 _* f _'V _^ _nAna _Tm _ r _»_>__ -1 _,...- « .. __ , , _> _.. * i lmuiui i uiu
_ _ _ __ , t lhe OKI WCUBIU « - _^ iu > _ v . _ u . vu .. «« w _n nd that a change was necessary . The great 0 U \ on « 3 . what should that change be ? lie _bewJ tliev all agreed that some change was _neces-;^ I ( H ear , hear . ) Strikes on the system of indi-* \ £ « l Trades had long been tried , and found want--, _illeai _* _. hear . ) Thus , in the year 1810 , the nBiton Sp inners were engaged in a strike whicli cost _± -y > 4 ( . 00 , and ended in failure , the Spinners being r _^ _TmeileJ to return to work at a reduction of wages . _Aaaiii iu _ltil _* 3 _ they were similarly engaged , at a cost ~ _7 . £ w <} , tiU _ . _f with similar results . The Trades of Manchester , Glasgow , Bradford , the Potteries , Nortliuuiberiaud , aud Durham had , in the course of a fro- rears , spent no Jess than three millions of money
_in a similar mode 0 f wamre—wmi what results the _weieui condition of the workers but too well and too latallv attested . ( Hear , hear . ) Well , then , the _Association he had the honour to serve , had come to the _inclusion that individual Trade strikes were futile ; _andlUat _, if anything was to be done to arrest and _< av thc agressions of capital , it must be by a united effort , and that each trade must combine for thc good of all —( ckeen . ); thus bringing numbers , wealth , and intelligence to bear at a given point against the madiiiiauous of the tvrannical employer , ( Loud cheers . ) Their second grand point was , the " employment of
lakmr in agriculture and manufactures , " thus doing what he conceived was of all things essential—viz ., drawing the surplus labour out of tbe market , and emp loying it on _tiie land for their own advantagealso emploviug other portions of their surplus hands in erecting buildings , factories , houses , & c , for _themselves to work in , and produce wealth for their own profit without the intervention of au employer , and thus ultimately abolishing the middle class altogether . . Loud cheers . ) But it mig ht be asked , how was this tobe done ? how could the fund be raised for such a purpose ! The Association had projected a joint < tot * company ; one of their rules run as follows : —
* ' Shares : The shares of the Association shall be £ 5 , upon which a minimum weekly instalment of 3 d . shall _beiiaiu bv each shareholder : Trades Unions to have tlic power of taking an unlimited number of shares . " Thus it would at once be seen that individual _member of trades could take shares , and even the poorest , provided he was in work , could contribute 3 d . a week for such a self-redeeming purpose ; and , as regards _Tni-le Soeictie ? , there was " scarce a trade but had soaic iue . ub-. is in it who were favourable to removing tlie surplus hands from the market : let them agitate die matter in their several bodies , and it would not tea dillictilt object to show tho Trades the benefit of their taking nn shares as a body . This is the age of
progress , —despite all prejudice and opposition we must go onwards ; let us , then , but investigate and pcreevere , and success at no distant day is certain . — Air . Skclton was listened to with breathless attention _throii-Tliout , and resumed his seat much applauded . — . Mr . Wilson , Shoemaker , made a few observations , and was ably replied to by Mr . llobson , of the same craft . — . Mr . J . F . Linden , Tailor , and Mr . Jones of the same trade , addressed thc meeting in favour of ibe objects broached by thc lecturer . —Mr . James , Shoemaker , said a few words disapprobatory , complaining that the lecturer had not shown or admitted the good tbat had been derived from strikes ; and a very violent Irishman , said to be a Shoemaker , in
the body of the meeting , demanded of the lecturer if he had not said that he would not rest until he had broke up , root and branch , all Trade Societies . —Mr . Skelton rose to make a general reply ; and , in answer 10 the question pat by his friend in the body of the meeting , said , he had most undoubtedly said that he would never rest until the present futile Trades Societies were changed —( hisses and loud cheers ); but as a member of a Trade Society , as a paying member —as a man who had contributed to Trade Societies all his lifo—he had no interest in breaking up Trade Sock-lies , except it was to supersede them by a better and mure _effectual organisation —( loud cheers ) , and sau _ ilH . i _ M . _ ned ' The Association of United Trades . "
A vote of thanks was then given to the Chairman , aud the meeting dissolved . Sheffield . _—Tue _Builmxc Trades . — On Monday the building trades of Sheffield walked in procession from their respective club-houses , with bands playing and bauuers " Hying , to the Corn Exchange _ground-, and from _iience to an adjoining village called Cherry Tree Hill , about three miles from the town , two a-breast , Joiners taking the lead , followed b y the Masons , Bricklayers , _l'lasterers _, and _labourers . A short address was delivered by Mr . George Evinson , Bricklayer , on the necessity ofthe trades uniting in one consolidated society . Thc members of the several trades afterwards dinned at their respective club-houses . A general union of all the Wldin" trades is being established in this town .
_Staan Wj __ i _ es _Mixehs . —At a meeting of Colliers held at the Plough . Iun , Rhosemedre , . North Wales , on the lGtk inst ., it was unanimously agreed , —1 st , That a vote cf thanks is due , and hereby given to the Lancashire Miners , for the noble and generous aid they have afforded us in our late struggle with flic Coal Kings of this district . 2 nd . That we , the Colliers present , regret the apathy and neglect ofthe _North Wales Colliers , hut pledge ourselves to use
every lawful exertion to forward thc cause of the Miners' association in this principality . The Colliers of Black Park , near Chick , "North Wales , in the _employ of Mr . Thomas Edward , struck work on thc 1 st inst . for an advance in their wages , which terminated about the 10 th inst , with an advance of about twenty per cent . "With thc advance , their wages will only average 2 s . Gd . per day , for from ten to twelve hours labour . The truck system is carried on in this district to a Tery great extent .
Boor asd _Shoemakeus' Strike at _Deiiby axd LocghiOKocGH . —Mr . Ward , of Derby , having lately made several reductions in his wages , and the men bein <> _- determined to resist these robberies on their already scanty wages , made application to their district committee , and they , seeing the injustice of Mr . Ward ' s conduct , sanctioned a strike at Derby . Mr . Ward - as a _shopin _l _* u < ji _ borough , and it was found necessity to strike that shop as well , aud thirty-four men sen his employment , leaving him two unprincipled vagabonds in each place to " scab" it for him . The committee afterwards detected a Mr . Flack , of Loughborough , getting up work for Ward , consequently his shop was struck also , and all his men left him . Subsequently , a Mr . Bombroff was found to
be manufacturing for Ward , and this shop was placed On strike . The employers finding thc men so determined to uphold their rights , had a meeting amongst themselves , and appointed a deputation to wait upon the committee of the men to argue the question , and try to arrange matters . Subsequently , a general meeting of the men was called to meet the employers , they trying to intimidate the men into compliance , by threatening to buy their work , and employ no more society men ; but this had no effect , for the operatives agreed to a man to stick to their original determination to stand out for the wages they formerly had . The employers afterwards had a meeting , and agreed to unite ' to defeat the men , and assist those shops already on strike : but this will be fruitless , as our district committee Lave sanctioned a
general strike at Loughborough , and the men are leaving as fast as they can finish their work , so that the employers will soon have the town to themselves , and then they will be compelled to give in and recall the men . James Goobe , District Secretary . nrY _^^ _t _^ _AraE " -iT ? R —From Hanoverwehear of *! practical dKcoverv of a kind so curious as to _reqmresomcfnrther explanation before we can quite anderstand it ; and we are rather suspicious , inasmuch as wehave , or fancy we have , some _rejection of a somewhat similar story malting the round of the continental papers several years ago . It is riven lowerer _. in this instance , with an imposing Si and the _guirantee of names-if there he b
m _^ rrow _ing of these for the occasion . The report is , that two young men , one a Swede and the other a _Konnantaking a lint from that sort of foot-gear of fir planks called f _Ues , by mains of which , in those northern countries , the inhabitants pass through vallevs and ravines filled with snow , without sinking—have been exhibiting in that capital the exploit of _walking on the water by means of sides— made , however , for the latterpnrpose , with iron plates hollow within . Backwards and forwards , much at their ease , _according to the report , did the exhibitors walk and run—going the ilitary exercise with
through m . knapsacks attheir tacks , and finally drawing a boat containing ei « ht persons , all without wetting their shoes . d ! he _Jfinister of War has , it is gaid , put a portion of the _garrison of Hanover under the training of these gentlemen , for the purpose of learning what mi ght prove so useful a military manoeuvre ; and as MM . _jy ellberg and Balcken propose carrying their invention into other countries , our readers will probably suspend their opinions till they have a _nearer view of this noyel meeting of sfa . and 's _^ f . —J _& _fcnfo ' _JkgaaRe .
Ftflriemtne-T *M& Horticulture
_ftflriemtne-t _* m & _horticulture
Field-<Ja_Rden Operations. For Tlte Wea ...
FIELD- < _JA _ _RDEN OPERATIONS . For tlte _WeA commencing Monday , Oct . 30 th , 1 S 43 . [ Extracted from a _Diarx of . _dctKaZ _Operations on five small farms on the estates of the late Mrs . D . Gilbert , near Eastbourne , in Sussex ; and on several model farms on the estates oi the Earl of Dartmouth at Slaithwaite , in Yorkshire , published by Mr . Nowell , ot Farnley Tyas , near Huddersfieid , in order to guide other possessors of field gardens , by showing them what labours ought to be undertaken on their own lands . The farms selected as models are—First . Two school farms at Willingdon aud Eastdean , oi
hve acres each , conducted by ( x . Cruttenden and John Harris . Second . Two private farms , of five or six acres : one worked by Jesse Piper , the other by John Dumbrell—the former at Eastdean , the latter at Jeviugton-rallof them within a few miles of Lastbourne . Third . An industrial school farm at Slaithwaite . Fourth . Several private model farms near the same place . The consecutive operations in these reports will enable the curious reader to compare the climate and agricultural value of the south with the no th of England . The Diary , is aided b y " Notes and Observations" from the pen of Mr . Nowell , calculated for the time and season , which we subjoin .
Can you keep a pig t You will find a pig the best save-all that you can have about a garden , and he will pay you well ior his keep . " — The Rev . Ji . W . Kyle ' s lecture . Note . —The school farms are cultivated by boys , who in return for three hours' teaching in the morning , give three hours of their labour in the afternoon for the master ' s benefit , ivhieh renders the schools sewsurponnxG . IVe believe that at Farnl y Tyas sixseuentlis of the produce of the _schuol farm ivill bc assigned ta tlie boys , ynd one-seventh to the master who _xvill receive the usual sckool-fces , help thc boys to _cultivute their land , and teach them , in addition to reading , writing , ibc , to convert their produce into bacon , by attending to pig-keeping , which at Christmas mag bc divided , after , paying rent and levy , amonyst them in _jproportion to tlieir services , and be ma . de thus indirectly to reach their parents in a way tlte most grateful to their feelings . " ]
SUSSEX . _Moxuay—Willingdon Sclwol . Wet weather , boys in school all day . Eastdean School . Wet , boys cleaning up the cellar , assorting potatoes . Piper . Sowing wheat . Dumbrcll . Wet weather , digging up a few potatoes . _FuEsnAT—Willingdon School . Wet weather , boys in school all day . Eastdean School . Wet day , boys in the afternoon platting straw to make themselves hats . Piper . Thrashing barley . Dumbrell . Digging up carrots , hoeing mangel wurzei . _VYedxesdat— Willingdon School . Boys digging for wheat . Eastdean School . Boys digging i ' or wheat , emptying pigstye tank , picking stones and haulm . Piper . Thrashing barley . Dumbrell . Digging up carrots , storing mangel wurzei .
_InuKSOAr— milingdon School . Boys digging for wheat . Eastdean School . Boys digging up and storing potatoes , drawing drills , sowing wheat , and treading the ground . Piper . The same as yesterday . Dumbrcll . Digging up carrots aud potatoes . Fkiuay—Willingdon He / tool . Boys digging lor wheat . Eastdean , School . Boys pulling and storing swede turnips , and gathering up weeds . Piper . The same as before . Dumbrell . Digging up carrots and potatoes , heifer carrying dung and potatoes . _Satuuday— Wiilingdm Sdiool , Boys carrying solid and liquid manure to tlie wheat . Eastdean School . Boys emptying portable pails , cleaning school room and pigstyes , aud getting Sunday foudforthe cows . Piper . Winnowing barley . Dumbrell . Digging carrots and turnips , topping them , heifer carrying dung .
COW-FEEWKG . Willingdon School . Cows feeding on white turnips , with a little barley straw . Dumbrell ' s . One cow fed three days with turnips , _potatoes , and straw , varied in the other three by giviug cabbage or chaff . One cow and heifer led with turnips , carrot tops , and straw , occasionally omitting the carrot tops , and giving potatoes . _ItEJUKK . —From this time until May-day all your cattle must be fed in the house or straw yard , upon good food , and plenty of it , such as turuips , carrots , mangel wurzei , ami a little clean straw , lteserve your hay , if you have any , for the calving kiiie .
DEEP v . SHALLOW DRAINAGE . I have attentively read Mr . Bennett ' s letter , aud agree with most of his remarks ; but scarcel y thiuk his diagram can represent the nature of your soil and subsoil , as you described the latter , in which the four-feet drains were placed at Woodford , to contain ciialk and flint injdaces , _interchanging with the elay . Your soil is satisfactorily proved to have been a pervious soil , not a gault , which I take to be a name implying indurated or impervious clays—clays which , in in situ , scarcely contain auy water , and allow no water to descend into or pass through them . Where such beds occur in thick unbroken strata , I agree wjth Mr , Beuuctt that it would probably be useless to Jay drains many inches deeper than into the gault , since no subterranean water would have to be removed .
1 will now proceed to explain my view of the cause of deep drains running after rain earlier than shallower drains in the same field ; but we must first clearly appreciate a much more important matter , viz ., how it happens that certain soils , like yours , remain wet with thirty-inch drains , and become dry when more deeply drained . This is the first step in the inquiry . We know very well that all soils possess the faculty of absorbing and retaining water , though in proportions which vary with , and arc dependent on their composition and texture . If a subsoil contain water
in excess over its power of retention , there exists what may be termed free -water * in the soil , and the level of this water—or the depth below the surface at which it can be kept—is determinable and determined by the depth of the drains . Let US suppose thirty inches to be tho depth of the drains , the subsoil—i . e ., the soil below thirty inches—may nevertheless be , and we know that in retentive soils it general- _^ is , overcharged with water—except in longcontinued hot weather . Thus the super or active soil , reposes , in reality , on a pillow of water thirty inches beneath the surface .
JVowit ; under these circumstances , which are the general conditions of clays and other retentive soils , the super-soil possess a powerful absorbing faculty , I imagine that so fast as the moisture is evaporated from the surface , fresh portions of water are continually drawn up by capillary attraction among the molecules of the soil , aud by the roots of plants , which act as so many pumps , to replace that lost by evaporation . An injurious wetness is thus preserved in , and becomes the prevailing habit of the supersoil , so long as the foree of capillary attraction equals or exceeds the evaporative force . But if we remove tne free , water to a greater distance from the surface by deeper drains , we not only place this reservoir of aqueous supply further irom the surface ,
but put & greater bulk of earth into a condition to absorb during rain , more water than it contains \ evy shortly after rain _; for wc have laid dry ( so to speak ) a greater mass of soil , and when rain falls the soil is capable of imbibing and benefitting by it , which it could not do when already drunk or saturated with bottom water . By rcmovins thc permanent water level to a greater depth , say to four feet from the surface , we , in fact , vastly diminish the force of capillary attraction in respec _ of the super and active soil ; for , although its agency is very powerful , the sphere of capillary action is limited as to the height to which it can cause water to be suspended ; and its force diminishes very rapidly as the distance increases between the surface of the soil and the bed of
water . A Tery simple experiment would illustrate and justify this explanation . Take four flower-pots or cylinders with open ends , of equal diameter , but varying in length respectively , as one , two , three , or four feet . Place one end of each pot vertically in a pan , and fill them all with similar soil ; then put water in the pans , and expose the surface of all ihe pots to the influence of the atmosphere . It will be found that much more water will be evaporated in the same time , from the shorter than from the longer
pots , because more will be drawn up to the surface in a given time ; and if the supply be maintained in the pans , there will be very little change in the particular hygrometric condition of the masses of earth in each pot ; yet the quantity ot humidity contained in each , at a given depth below the surface , will be found to be widely different . The earth in the fortyeight inch pot will be moist at twelve inches deep , but not wet ; whereas that in the twelve-inch pot will be always supersaturated with water , and so on in the other pots in different degrees .
Tou have experienced in your seven-acre thirtyinch-deep pot that the soil was always too wet for healthy vegetation ; but now that you have lowered the level of the free water , the injurious wetness of the active soil has vanished . Tou have now a pot with a pan four feet deep , and when rain , however excessive , falls , your soil is in a condition to receive and transmit the whole of it downwards , and the plants will not be injured by rain in ordinary seasons , as provision is made for removing all excess as quickly as experience has shown to be necessary . Tne water runs over _tfic pan through the _drains as soon as , or before , it becomes hurtful .
When rain falls on soils in this condition , it first saturates all the soil it encounters , as it would a piece of blottingpaper ; it then g oes on sinking downwards , b y gravity , until the soil about the level of the drains becomes unable to retain more water . The first drop in excess over the retaining power of the soil then passes into the drain—this is followed _° 7 otIier drops , and so on , the water which falls on tne surface continuall y following the escaping water _rr-i _? - _J i tnerefore . quite evident that your old tmrty-mch drains would cease to discharge water atter the construction of the four-feet drains , as the water passes by them in its descent to the deeper drams . Not a drop can linger at the level of the _o _^ ! _i esen . ce ' i water is _ascertainable by digging a hole , and see ? ng if my water flows into It-
Field-<Ja_Rden Operations. For Tlte Wea ...
upper drains until the mass of soil existing between that and the level of the deeper drains ' be also surcharged , which may happen in certain soils under very heavy long-continued rains : and this does sometimes happen . I know several instances of drains twenty-seven inches deep having occasionally discharged a little Jvater , though the land was underdrained again and across , like yours , with four-feet drains . This arises from the opposition of the lower bed of unworked soil to the passage of water , which hangs , as Mr . Bennett properly describes it , in that mass _andrequires time for its " complete disappearance . It is this obstruction to the horizontal _travelling of the water from midway between a pair of drains , which causes the exhibition of water standing
in the soil beneath the crown of your ridges at a higher level than at the drain bottoms ; and nothing , perhaps , can more clearly demonstrate the superior efficacy of deep over shallow drainage , for clays and highly retentive soils , than that experiment , whieh has been corroborated by many similar ones . I could enlarge on this point were it necessary , and show clearly why deep drains enable us to place them much wider apart than shallower drains , and yet retain , at all times , sufficient moisture in the soil , without excess at any time , even midway between the drains ; but this letter is already too long : I will only add , in confirmation of my view of the force of capillary attraction in supplying the upper bed with moisture from below , that I was lately shown a piece of land by a tenant of Sir T . D . Acland _' s , in Devon ,
who had drained it three feet deep . There were no springs in it , and the state of moisture was the same midway between as over the drains ; yet , according to Mr . Burdon ' s ( the tenant ) opinion , and I quite concurred with him , the whole field was too damp . Intermediate drainsdriven between theexistingdrainB to the same depth , would effect no good in this case ; no more water would be discharged froin the field by increasing the number of three-feet drains ; the only , but a perfect cure would be efiected by still deeper drainage , for the soil is evidently of a nature to conduct moisture upward from a very considerable depth by capillary attraction . There is no other force at work in such a case as I now cite , but capillary attraction , to cause the water to ascend ; and there are no other means of diminishing the quantity of suspended moisture , but by lowering the level of tho
bottom water . In concluding these remarks , I may observe , that the advocates and adopters of shallow drainage do not appear to me to be sufficiently aware of the fact , that it is the existence of free or bottom water too near the surface which keeps the upper soil wet , not the superabundance of rain . A farmer occupying deeply-drained land will rarely , in my opinion , quarrel with the rain , if the season be an average one as respects temperature . It is true that he cannot command the temperature of the seasons , but he may order excess of water off his fields , and render the bed of soil warmer by many degrees than it would otherwise be , by compelling the rain to sink to a proper depth , and diitribute below the greater heat with which it is charged on the surface . Josiah Parkes .
AGRICULTURAL INCONSISTENCIES . _Prejudice and error generally go hand in hand * _, a man may be allowed to indulge in obstinacy for his own gratification , but when society is affected by it , the sooner a new light breaks in upon him the better . Ask nineteen farmers out of twenty who _holu strong clay land , and they will tell you it is ' of no use placing deep four-feet drains in such soils—th ° water can't get in—a horse ' s foot-hole ( without an opening under it ) will hold water like a basin , and so on . Well , five minutes after , you tell tlie same farmers you propose di gging a cellar , well-bricked , six or eight feet deep : what is their remark ? " 0 ! it ' s of no use your making an underground cellar in our soil , you can ' t heep the water out ! " Was there ever such an illustration of prejudice , as this ? What is a drain-pipe but a small cellar full of air ? Then , again , common sense tells us , you can't keep a light
fluid under a heavy one . You mLht as well try to keep a cork under water as to keep air under water . " 0 ! but then our soil isn't porous . " If not , how can it hold water so readily ? I am led to these observations by a strong controversy 1 am having with some Essex folks , who protest that I am mad or foolish for placing one-inch pipes , at four feet depth , ill strong clays . It is in vain I refer to tho numerous proofs brought forward by Mr . Parkes , engineer to the Royal Agricultural Society , and confirmed by Mr . Pusey . They still dispute it . It is in vain I tell them / cannot heep tlie rainwater out of socketed pipes twelve feet deep , that convey a spring to my farm-yard . Do try and convince this large class of doubters ; for it is of national importance . Four feet of good porous clay would afford a far better meal to some strong bean or other tap-roots than the usual six inches ; and a saving of £ 1 to £ 5 per acre in drainage is no trifle .
Another glaring inconsistency is the subject of tillage . I proposed sub-soiling my heavy land for beaus , so as to admit thc action of frost and air abundantly . A demurrer was instantly raised by a farmer present . " 0 ! we always plough shallow for beaus . " " Well , I know you do . Do you ever doublespit your gardens ? " " O ! certainly we do . " " Do you ever graiv beans in your garden ? " "To be sure ; capital ones . " " What ! and that on doubledug ground ! impossible , surely . " It would puzzle a conjuror to tell why a farmer always digs his garden twenty inches , and ploughs his land only five inches . Docks , thistles , couch , and other strong deep-rooted
weeds , arc not to be found in his garden . What reason can a farmer g ive for drilling his beans at seven inches in liis held and _twentj ; -seven in Ms garden ? Does the former mode give liim u larger or earlier produce ? Again , a farmer will caution you against s . tting in a draught , or lying on a damp bed ; of course , he takes care not to do so himself , but , while he practises this for himself , and . recommends it to his friends , he pursues an entirely difforent plan with his cattle . Thoy must bo exposed to both , as if their sensations and physiology differed in that respect from our own ! Let us keep our cattle warm , dry , and well fed , and we shall seldom feel the cramp in our pockets . !• J _« Mechi .
Address Of The Poor's Protecting Society To The Inhabitants Of Faislef, And Scotland Generally.
ADDRESS OF THE POOR'S PROTECTING SOCIETY TO THE INHABITANTS OF FAISLEf , AND SCOTLAND GENERALLY .
Fellow Townsmen,—We Again Take The Liber...
Fellow Townsmen , —We again take the liberty of addressing you on the question of the Poor ' s Law . The New Poor Law Bill for Scotland has passed the legislature of the country with all its defective clauses . For this the people of Scotland are highly culpable : they have failed in their duty and the rich have prevailed . We do not hesitate to declare that the passing of this bill will prove a lasting stain on both Douses of Parliament . Wc arc told that the _design of Government is thc happiness of the governed , but what care the members of our present liouse of Commons for this great pr . nciple .
The New Poor Law Bill for Scotland—a measure deeply affecting the interest of the poor of the whole country—was apparently to them unworthy of a passing thought . Only a hundred or so took any interest in the matter , a great majority of whom used tlieir every endeavour to render the bill as defective US possible . It is painful to reflect how little the interest of the labouring poor is attended to by the Government and the wealthier classes . Will nothing but the terrible outburst of a starving people , smarting under the recollection of a thousand wrongs , awaken them to a just sense of duty ? , We have no desire to answer this question in the negative . God forbid that such an event should ever take place in this country ; but if it should so happen , they can
have no excuse . We are living m one ot the hnest countries in the world ; the people are noted for tlieir industry , frugality , and enterprise . Britain , during the last half century—notwithstanding her long and ruinous war with France , and the vast expenditure of her Government , amounting during that period to the enormous sum of three thousand four hundred millions sterling , in defiance of the insane policy of her rulers , of the many restrictions on commerce—has gradually increased in wealth . The annual produce of the people amounts to five hundred millions sterling . By the recent inventions and improvements in the arts and sciences , the produce of the people has been increased forty-fold * A verv limited part of these , our ample resources ,
if properly applied by the Government , would be sufficient to banish vice and misery from our shores . But , alas ! while our country has increased in wealth , poverty , disease , and death have increased amongst the people . Distinguished persons who have travelled over the principal parts ofthe world , inform usthat they had only to visit Ireland to witness thc climax of human misery ; and that distinguished philanthropist , Dr . Allison , declares , in his excellent work on the management of the poor , that the people of Scotland are fast approaching to a similar condition , and can only be saved from which by the establishment of a proper system of Poor ' * Laws . This serious truth must be apparent to all who have paid the smallest attention to the great suffering and destitution prevailing in the large towns of Scotland .
" Previous to the year 1815 , the number of fever patients taken into the Infirmary of Edinburgh never exceeded 130 in the year ; during the three years following 1817 they amounted to 2715 , or 905 in the year ; after the failures in 1825 they amounted to 3520 , or 1173 in the year ; in the three years following the great failures in 1835 they amounted to 9740 ; and during these three last years , 40 , 000 persons in the City of Glasgow , and 10 , 000 in the town ot Dundee , were seized with fever , " being one sixth ol thc inhabitants of these populous seats of commerce . Immediately subsequent to the late extensive failures in Paisley , fever prevailed to suchan extent that an extra Infirmary had to be obtained , which was far from being adequate to contain the numerous persons afflicted with that fatal disease . Thus we observe each period of distress has been accompanied with a great increase of fever , by which thousands of the poor have been consigned to the tomb , nnd the greater part of the survivors reduced to a state of irretrievable misery _, j Tb _? amount of fever Awing those periods "was
Fellow Townsmen,—We Again Take The Liber...
twelve times less in thelar _^ e towns of England than in those of Scotland ; and were it not for the continual influx ofthe unfortunate people of Ireland , who have no legal claim to relief , fever would be scarcel y known amongst them . Why is this ? England , during the last 250 years , has had the benefit of a proper administration of her Poor Laws . "A fever which consigns thousands to the grave , " says Dr . Harty , «• consigns tons of thousands to a worse fate , for fever spares the children and cute off the parents , leaving the wretched offspring to till up the future ranks of prostitution , mendicancy , and crime . " Hence the principal cause of wing after wing being added to the jails of our country , in which are crowded the unfortunate victims of poverty—the sons and daughters of the poor . - Our country presents US with
scenes ot the most appalling destitution . It is long since the great body of the people in the Lowlands of Scotland were ejected from the land , and the hard y and industrious _sdiis and daughters of the North are now driven in large masses Trom their native Highland homes . " Wc shudder , " says Dr . Allison , ' * at the savage answer , attributed to a Highland Chieftain , when asked what was to become of the numerous families whom he had ejected to make room for sheep walks ? ' Loeh Duick is deep enough for tlicm all . ' " Savage though this answer may appear , we conceive it au exclamation of mercy when compared with the _sufferings of the poor in many of our commercial districts . Thousands of the people have not a bed to lie on , nor a blanket to cover them : sleeping during the night with the clothes , or rather rags ,
which covor their bodies during the day . Perseas of eighty years of age are found stretched on boards , not having even the ' eomfort of a bed of straw . The poor , after toiling the best of their days for thc benefit of their country , are left to depend for subsistence on the charity of the humane . On such precarious means tliey live but few years in a mUerable condition , and sink into the grave from the effects of destitution . So great is the mortality amongst the poor of late years , that the demand for coffins has increased live-fold . The poor ' s laws of Scotland are truly a mockery of their misery . In 517 parishes no assessment is raised for the support of the poor , and ill 288 parishes tlie allowance given to the poor is only fourpence per week , and in a number of the parishes it is as low as oue farthing ; yet , in the face of these
incontrovertible facts , these laws are considered by the aristocracy of Scotland as the perfection of Jlliman wisdom . These men , brought up from iufancy in thc luxurious lap of affluence , basking throughout life iii the sunshine of prosperity , never deigning to cross the threshold of unfortunate poverty , are evidently reckless of the rights and interests of the poor ; yet , notwithstanding their indifference , they have a strong desire to be well thought of by the people . They declare that the establishment of _poor ' s laws would d y up the streams of public and private charity , and destroy that spirit of independence existing in the minds of the people , by rendering them wholly dependent on the wealthier classes during times of great distress . These statements , tnough plausible at first sight , are the very reverse of truth . Is it
right that the people should be allowed to continue in their present miserable condition , that the rich may have proper objects on whom to exercise their benevolence ? The want of a poor ' s law creates great misery , to the sight of which the rich become habituated , and therefore indifferent . Will thc people be more debused to learn that during times of distress they have a right to be supported agreeably to the law—tolcitt * nthaUheyaYe mm \ yvecming « aekapart of their own—than to know that it wholly depends on the casual whims of the wealthy donor , whether they shall Jive or die ? It is folly to think so . The New Poor Law has , with justice , been termed a landlord s bill ; without doubt , the influence of these men has been used secretly as well as openly to render it a dead letter to the people .
The salvation ofthe working classes most assuredly rests with themselves , and we fondly hoped that they would have come forward generally at this time to stem this torrent of human misery—to check this system of wholesale murder of the labouring poor ; but in this we are sorry to say we have been much disappointed . The resolutions adopted at your public meeting we immediately transmitted to leading men in all the principal towns and villages in the country . We accompanied our letters at different periods with copies of your address , calling on them to get up public meetings in sup ort of your resolutions ; but with the exceptions of Edinburgh , Glasgow , Aberdeen , Dundee , and a few of the villages , the letters in our possession from a number of the nrincinal towns of Scotland , prove that the people are
all but dead to this question so deeply affecting their interest . Even the people of Paisley have proven themselves very lukewarm on this question—Paisley , whose inhabitants have so recently emerged from a state d " great suffering— l'aisley , 1500 ta . nilie-. ot thc inhabitants to which were proven before a committee of the Ilouse of Commous _, during thc late distress , to be without a blanket in the dead of winter . Fellow-townsmea , we feel pleasure to have it in our power to state that these periods of great distress have passed away , and wc would that we had it in our power to state that they would never return , but direful experience ever reminds us that they have come , and it requires no spirit of prophecy to foretel that tlicy will at no distant date return again ; We , therefore , seriously call upon you to rouse from
your present lethargy * , rest assured that thc apathy now existing in the public mind is the surest prop of slavery . You are giving your oppressors every reason to hope that they have cnislicd the spirit of the people , and that they will therefore be able to trample on their rights with impunity . The wages of the labouring classes are to low over Scotland , that it is impossible for tlicm to provide against poverty arising from want of employment , old ago , infivinitj , or disease ; and with our great improvements in machinery , and the continual influx of the people of Ireland , in which country there are no less than two millions of people dependent for subsistence on voluntary _coniributinifS , we may feci certain there will ever be such a redundancy of hands in tlic market as will reduce the price of labour to thc lowest possible rate .
Let us therefore demand at the hand of the Legislature that thc poor shall not be allowed to starve in a land of plenty—that ample provision shaU be made for the labourer when he cannot find employment to provide for himself . By a blunder in the new Poor-Law Bill , it cannot legally come into operation till August , 1840 ; wc would therefore advise _ that a public meeting be convened to adopt resolutions recommending the people of Scotland to appoint a national deputation to wait on thc Government and every member of Parliament , at the commencement of next session , and to remonstrate with them ' on the injustice of refusing to make provision in the Bill for the support of the unemployed able-bodied poor , and to recommend such improvements in the Bill as will render it beneficial to the people . A very small sum from each of the towns and villages would-be sufficient to cover the expenses of the deputation , which , if properly backed by public opinion , could not fail to be of lasting benefit to the poor ol the
country . Wc arc , fellow-townsmen , in thc cause of suffering humanity , James Flemiso , 1 rcses . Duncan Sinclair , Secretary . Robert Gardner , Treasurer .
Hawick. — The Public Footpaths. — The Ad...
Hawick . — The Public Footpaths . — The adjourned public meeting of the inhabitants was held on Wednesday evening week in the Town- hall , called by the Committee on the Bye Paths , on their return from Jedburgh , where the patties were tried for opening the road through the Buccleuch property . The statement made to the meeting was to the following effect : — " That there were twelve panels , charged with tumultuous assembling , rioting , malicious mischief , and breach of the peace . Advocate-Deputy Brown had been brought from Edinburgh to conduct the prosecution . This is of a very rare occurrence at the fcheriffs' Court , but it shows the anxiety to secure a conviction , and he intimated to the a & ent for thc prisoner the evening before that he
would depart from the charge of malicious mischief , and accept the plea of guilty from seven of the prisoners , freeing the other five altogether , and recommend a fine to thc court . This offer was communicated to the committee , who , after maturely considering the circumstances , agreed to it , and sent an express to Jedburgh to notify the same to their agent . They also told all their witnesses that they would not be required . About two o ' clock in the morning a messenger from Jedburgh brought the news that the prosecutors had increased tlieir demands and that , consequently , all the prisoners would have to go to trial . This was quickl y intimated to those concerned , and conveyances hired to convey their witnesses to Jedburgh . At the
meeting of the court the same offer was made to the agent for the defence by the Advocate-Deputy , with this difference—that he would accept of a plea of _eui- . _ty _£ ' om ffve , and free the other seven altogether . Ihis offer was agreed to , and the five were fined three pounds each , and bound over to keep tho peace for six months under a penalty of ten pounds . The committee would not have agreed to this compromise , had they not been aware that several witnesses were ready to swear , though falsely , that they were put in bodil y fear , which it appears made tlie pro _. eeedmg " riotous and tumultuous . " The meeting _expreyed their approval of the proceedingsof the committee by unanimousl y passing _avote of thanks to them .
Dut tney reprobated the conduct of the prosecutors in no very measured terms , for the way they had conducted the prosecution—every means being taken to involve the committee in a ruinous expense , while the " roguemoney" was made available for all the expenses of the prosecutors . They also resolved to continue the contest to the last , notwithstanding the desertion of the middle classes ; and as they are now convinced that working men alone will have the burden _tjrbear , they resolved to face it out manlully , and ii they be overpowered , and erushed by the heavy purses of their aristocrat and milocrat opponents , the odium will rest on the town council and _shopocracy , who have basely betrayed and abandoned the rights , of the public .
Tlllleattfned Famine In Ireland. The Acc...
_TllllEATtfNED FAMINE IN IRELAND . The accounts of the _patatoe crop ill Ireland are of a _lUltUl'G to CUCllU lhe most serious apprehensions tor the ensuing year . The alarm , we are told , is somewhat abated ; " still , under the most favourable circumstances , ami allowing for every exaggeration , there will be a lamentable deficiency of the crop , which will bo fur under nu average one . " A correspondent in the couuty of Kildnresays—There is no doubt of the failure of tlie crop , and there is every reason to apprehend a famine in consequence . The attention of most persons appears to bc entirely derected to onepoiat—that of ascertaining how far any portion of the crop can be saved . Suppose the uatuiuted portion were secured from the destruction which threatens it —would the vast population of this country be secured from want approaching to famine ?—I think not . The Cork Reporter of the 14 th
says—Accounts continue to reach us of the deplorable state of the crop . The malady is increasing , anil the district which was free yesterday is to-day visited with the pestilence . Kerry , which was hitherto safe , is beginning to complain , and our Crookhaven correspondent , who last week informed us that all was right iu that district , now assures us that since he last wrote the potatoe murrain has made its appearance . _Things begin to wear au alarming aspect . We think . It fu . il time for the Government to act . The accounts from Meath , from the neighbourhood of Dublin , from Tyrone , Roscommon , Waterford , Kilkenny , and Carlow , Down and Armagh , are nil to the same effect . The vegetable pestilence , though not universal , and in some instances happily ascertained to have been exaggerated , is yet known to be spreading , and to be most destructive . The extent of thc loss cannot bit at present known . The first appearance , has often proved delusive .
The failure of this crop would now be a calamity in any ofthe _liorth-wcstcru countries of Europe , far beyond what it would Have been in thc last generation ; a greater calamity indeed that any could realize _till'they saw it fulfilled . But Ireland above all other countries is dependent on this crop , not only for well being , but for existence . England and Belgium , and other continental districts which share the disaster , have all many resources . The potato is only part of their labourers' diet . They have manufactures , and commerce , and capital , to procure foreign supplies equal to their deficiency at home . Tliey have largo accumulations both of money , and of stock ,
and food , which enable them to draw on their neighbours and on the future . The vast population is only provi . sioned for one year , Ofa food which no human ingenuity can preserve longer than one year it raises just enough to last one year . That is the one string to its bow . _llcduce it by an inch or two and the how- is useless . There are tribes which Hve on the fish that visit their shores . The shoal changes its route , and they -perish . There are tribes that live by the chase . The deer are exterminated , and so are their pursuers . There arc those who live on thc track ofthe bear _anilthe elk . TIig prey gets a day ' s too much start , and thsy die before ' they can come up . Such is the rude improvidence of Ireland ,
Thc peasant reckons not quite from day to day , but , what is not much better , from year to year . He puts into _tliBgi'Ound as much as on a narrow calculation will serve for a twelvemonth . It falls short , and he must starve for a month or two . He may be helped by his neighbours , but should all be iii the same ease , how are all to be helped ? An Irish famine is one of the most dreadful calamities which could be imagined to interrupt the present flush ol British prosperity , and the more _substantial blessings of a thirty years' peace . The circumstances of the time threaten aggravations beyond the usual catalogue of horrors . It may he said , indeed , that fortune and misfortune come equally amiss to a nation which rejoices in opportunities of evil , which chooses to consider itself always on tho eve ofa general war or a private rebellion ,
which ranks itself among the worst enemies ofthe empire , and which is never prepared to avail itself either of the mercies of Heaven or the kindness of man . But Ireland is just now , we fear it must be said , more than ever under the dominion ofa cruel and unprincipled faction , wliich has succeeded to the utmost of its uiiinitural _. anibitioii in alienating the affections and exasperating the jealousies ofthe two countries . Ol * all alienations , that between the poor and the rich , between the helpless aud their natural benefactors , is fraught with the most immediate suffering and wrong . Such is the relation wliich the inhuman industry of Mr . O'Gonuell and his ecclesiastical legion have succeeded in establishing between destitute Ireland and wealthy England . It answers , of course , their private purpose , which perhaps thc most airfulof famines might scarcely bc said to disappoint .
Iu the first place , every Irishman is prepared to set down any visitation whatever to British ascendancy . As his average of misery is a Saxon infliction , much more its occasional excess . Then there is really some reason to fear that the demagogue and the priest will deliberately stand between English charity and Celtic starvation , Every instinct of their fanaticism or their conspiracy will urge them to misrepresent and calumniate the good intentions of England , so as to paralyse both the hand that should give and that whicli should receive . When the report of dying myriads thrills through tho unanimous and sympathetic hearts of England , tho first impulses ol
an habitual _bcncvol-mcc will be instantly rewarded with the foulest of slanders , and , ou thc other hand , the perishing multitude , whom nature herself was teaching gratitude , will be instructed to see a worse deatli in the dole of English bounty . To act otherwise would be an extent of humility , of tenderness , and of candour , which it is scarcely possible to expect from the case-hardened leaders of Irish agitation . It is only just possible to imagine that they may treat the instinctive overflowings of British charity with a respectful , because a necessary , silence for a time , only that tliey may husband their calumnies i ' or a more fitting _occasion .
But it cannot be concealed that there are also circumstances too likely to chill the hand of the giver . Besides that it is not in human nature , whatever it may be in grace , to give quite so freely to those who have all their days reviled and traduced the giver , who have leagued and conspired against him , and otherwise injured him to the very utmost extent of their humble abilities , there is also the disheartening remembrance of former bounties lavished in vain , It is not in reason to plough the barren sand , or to cultivate for ever the affections of a heart ot stone . As a matter of calculation , the benefit has passed away . It is only a few years since that between £ 300 , 000 and £ 400 , 000 were freely gathered for the starving Irish peasant . Thousands contributed , not from their super _, _fluity , but from their need . Does tlie Irish peasant remember it ?—and . except that he was saved from
piesent death , is he now the better ! Moreover , it has transpired how much that fund was abused ; how much went , in effect , to the payment of rent , and to the discharge of a landlord ' s obligations ; how much to roadmaking anil such matters ot private advantage . Then it must be added that the cry ofthe nation is for permanent improvement . People in secular affairs , at least , do not act so much from impulse as they did even twenty years since . Tho appeal for succour from the sisterisland may , perhaps , meet with , as profound a sympathy , and as willing a hand , as of yore , but it is possible that prudence may interpose unseasonable delays . There may be even an inconvenient inquiry into the social condition of the
country . Englishmen , with so many hazardous speculations , and so many positive duties in hand , may exercise even too much forethought for the present necessity _. The best man becomes at last weary of help ing those who will not help themselves , as also of _trndemMvigforothers duties of ivhieh they are still too glad to be relieved . Should the appeal be made to Parliamentary benevolence , we are sure that it will not be answered without such a concentration of the public gaze on lhe Irish landlord as it would be worth his while to avert . The nation is steadily fixing its eye upon him , and will not release him from the most oppressing attentions till his tenants become rather less of a public nuisance and a national scandal .
It Ivould bo premature to suggest an immediate remedy till the extent of the disaster is known and reduced to calculation . To forbid exportation , as has been proposed , would be the surest way to prevent Ireland from ever having a stock iu hand beyond her present needs . To remove thc duties on all imported food , whatever its merits as a permanent measure , would bc a very rcsponsiblc act for a Minister , and even for a Legislature , if adopted only for the occasion . So abrupt an interference would not be very encouraging to that useful class whicli tills the ground and buys and sells for profit . Whatever is done , for mercy ' s sake , let it be for good . —Times
Alarming Occurrence At St. Philip's Cuon...
Alarming Occurrence at St . Philip ' s Cuoncii , Stepney . —About half-past seven o ' clock on Sunday evening , during the performance of divine service at the new church at the back of the London Hospital , thc congregation was thrown into a state of the utmost alarm by a sudden crash , which led to a supposition that the galleries were giving way . An instant rush was made to thc doors , and such was the eagerness for eecape that thc railings of the stairs gave way , and several persons fell outward . This circumstance greatly added to the excitement which hadbeen previously created , and the alarm was terrible . Several severe contusions were sustained , and two persons had to be removed to the London Hospital—one , whose name our reporter did not learn , suffering severely from the fright and
pressure , and the other from compound fracture ot the thigh bone . Dr . Godfrey , of Mount-place , Whitechapel _, was instantly in attendance , and recognised in the woman with the broken limb a poor creature named Potter , 70 years of age , upon whom he had operated five years previously for growth in the jawbone , of which he had to remove a portion . The age of the patient and the extent of the injury rendered her position very precarious . When the alarm subsided it was found , on inquiry , that the crash which led to the fearful rush was occasioned by the falling of a heavy weight in the clock-case during one of the still aiid solemn pauses in the ceremony * . but the alarm in the lirst instance was such that few stopped to inquire into the cause , as all were actuated by a desire to secure their personal safety .
Attempted Suicide . —On Friday night week , Mr . Coxhcad , well known in the theatrical world , and who , it is said , has lost _^ 15 , 000 in theatrical speculations , went into a hair-dresser ' s shop in Kennington , where , after he was shaved , he inflicted a dreadful gash across his throat .. Surgical assistance was instantly provided , and as soon aa the necessary remedies were applied the unfortunate gentleman was conveyed in a cab tolas residence in a very hopeless state .
The Dnunken Biuwl And Stai.Bi.Vo At Uoux...
The DnuNKEN Biuwl and Stai . bi . vo at Uouxslow Barracks . —Final Examination _^ op Lieut . _Kumvtx -Saturday boing the day appointed tor tho further examination of Lieutenant Martin _I-rancis Kerwan , of the 4 th regiment of Light Dragoons , stationed at Hounslow Barracks , on the charge of having _, on the 28 th of September last , stabbed with a sword Quartermaster Thomas Tarleton , ofthe same regiment , whei'obv his lifo was for somo time m danger , thc large room ' atthe Three Pigeons Inn , New Brentlord , in wliich the mag istrates customarily hold their sittings , was , long before the hour appointed ( twelve o ' clock ) , densely crowded by persons , anxious to witness the proceedings . Quartermaster Thomas Tarleton was then called forward , and took his
station in the witness-box . He is a much taller and more powerful man than Lieutenant Kerwan , and although lie looked rather p . ' . lc , he exhibited no weakness from the effects of the injury , but stood all the time he was giving his evidence " Having been sworn , he deposed ns follows : —! am quartermaster of the 4 th Regiment of Light Dragoons now stationed at Hounslow Barracks . On the evening of Sunday the 28 th of September last , about ten o ' clock , some of the officer ; . _H'ei'O showing 1 ' cats of strength iu the anteroom of the mess-room . Amongst others , Lieutenant Kerwan , with Lieutenant Greville , of the 2 d Kegiment of Life Guards , were wrestling , and Lieutenant Kerwan was thrown twice , when Captain Fane came forward and put a stop to it .
Lieutenant Kcnyau immediately addressed Captain Fane , and asked him why he interfered when ho was not the senior officer of the regiment then present . Captain Fane almost immediately left tlie room , and directly afterwards Lieutenant Kerwan also left the room . 1 was standing with my back to the lire _,, when Major _Parlby came to the door of the ante-room aud called mc out . When 1 went to hiin in thc passage he told me tliat Lieutenant Kerwan wanted to go into Captain Fane ' s room . I went to the front of the barracks , ami there saw Lieutenant Kerwan with two other officers . I saw that Lieutenant Kerwan was _exceedingly excited , and endeavoured to soothe him . Alter some little time Lieutenant Kerwan said he was ordered to the guard-room and would eo
there . I tried to dissuade him . He then ascended the stairs to go to his room to put his cap on , and I accompanied him . When we went into the room I shut the door , and when Lieutenant . lCerwan had procured his cap , he wanted to go out of the room and I prevented him , by shutting ttie door , and standing with my backto it . Lieutenant Kerwan then seized a sword which was hanging near to where he had taken thecap from , and after flourishing it about and threatening he would cut me down if 1 did not allow him to pass , he made a pass at me , whieh went under my left arm . Another sword was hanging close within my reach on the door in a scabbard . He said " There is another sword , defend yourself . " I
reached out towards it , and had got hold of thc scabbard , when I thought he wanted to pass between me and the door , and 1 threw myself hack against the door , and then felt the blow which inflicted the wound . I immediately said , "You have stabbed me , " and went towards the fire , and by thclightof it saw blood on my shirt . There was only a lire in the room . [ then left the room , and meeting some persons told them to letch the doctor , and then went to my ov . n room . The doctor came almost immediately . From the exceeding kindness I have on all occasions experienced from Lieutenant Kerwan since my promotion , 1 am perfectly confident that , had it not been for the excited state in which Lieutenant Kerwan
was at that moment , arising from the blows he had : received in the falls while wrestling , and the effects of the wine he had drunk , he would not have done me au injury . And , on my oath , I am also convinced , that at the moment Lieutenant Kerwan did so , lie entertained no malice or ill-will against me . I sent _, a message to that effect to Lieutenant Kerwan within half an hour after the occurrence took place . The magistrates , after an absence of nearly an hour , returned into the petty session room , and having resumed their scats , thc chairman said the bench had given their anxious consideration to all the facts ofthe case , and also to the able arguments of the learned counsel , and although they did not consider it necessary to send Lieutenant Kerwan to trial , or to bind over Quartermaster Tarleton to prosecute , they felt it to be their dutv to hold Lieutenant Kerwan in
recognizances to appear at the next , or any other session ofthe Central Criminal Court , to answer any indictment that may be preferred against him . The bail that would bc required would be the same as on the last occasion , viz ., Lieutenant Kerwan in £ 500 , and two sureties in £ 250 each . Mr . Clai'kson immediately tendered Charles Lionel Maitland Kerwan of Dalgin Park , in the county of Mayo , Ireland , brother to the accused , and Richard Raven Esq ., of King ' s Bench-walk , Inner Temple , both of whom entered into the required recognizances . The Bench then declared Lieutenant Kerwan to tc discharged .
Man Killed . —Fidelity of the Dog . —Yesterday morning , about half-past four o ' clock , a labouring man who had lately come from Edinburgh _,, where he had been working at the North British Railway , unfortunately met with his deatli by the falling ofa brick-kiln near to PortEglington _, Gorbals . It appears that the deceased , whose body is at ' present in the Gorbals police-office , had laid himself down to sleep near the kiln , where the accident occurred . He is a stout young man , and is dressed in
nioleskinjackct and trousers , with strong shoes and red thibet handkerchief , lie had with him a bundle containing wearing apparel , and 9 s . 9 d , in silver and copper . A remarkable incident connected witli the above occurrence was the fideli ty and sagacity exhibited by a dog belonging to the deceased . After the accident , by whieh tho poor man was literally buried among the bricks , the faithful animal used every exertion to aid the workman to extricate the body , and would not leave the spot afterwards until taken away by force . —Glasgow Chronicle .
Disgraceful _Militart Riot at Charlton Fair . —About nine o ' clock on Tuesday night the visitors to Charlton fair were much annoyed and alarmed b y the appearance of nearly 200 of the cadets , attired in various disguises , sonic armed with cudgels , who commenced attacking several persons indiscriminately . They were partially resisied by a bod y of ropemakers and some few othei s , who were , however , speedily put to flight , many of them taking shelter in the Crown and Anchor booth , into which the cadets attempted to force an entrance , but being
foiled in this , they deliberately smashed the whole of the exterior illuminated devices . A body of the police endeavoured to arrest their progress , hut without effect , and they proceeded to damage and destroy several gingerbread and other stalls . A party of tlie artillery were scut for , which the rioters having ascertained , contrived very prudently to make their retreat before the military had arrived . About five years since a similar disturbance took place , from which period , it is understood , the cadets , until this occasion , Have not been allowed to visit the above ancient suburban fair .
Destructive 1 'ire at Sydenham , Ki _ m \—On Simday morning , about one o ' clock , a fire broke out in the coach-house ofa gentleman named Flemming , of Perry-hill , Sydenham , Kent . No exertion wasspured by the inhabitants to arrest the progress of dcstruction , and with the most wonderful expedition the London Establishment and the West oi England engines , with several firemen , arrived , but no water could be procured for use , and by two o clock thc premises and contents wore consumed . A _Tiiuk TiiAGEDr . ~ Tliccriuiii " . al chamber ofthe Cour Royale of Algiers had , on the 2 d instant , to decide upon a case of double assassination from Spanish jealousy and vengeance . Emmanuel Carci , a young Spaniard of noble birth , unfurled nt Carthagena
the standard of insurrection , at the head ofa squadron of cavalry . Unfortunately he and his band were vanquished and dispersed , and most of tlicm compelled to expatriate themselves . Carci , having collected a few thousand francs , fled to Algiers , whither he was followed by his mistress , Manuela Pastor , a beautiful brunette of Madrid . With the inconsiderateness of youth they lived in a style of splendour and luxury which soon exhausted resources that they had no means of replenishing , and they were reduced to distress . As an expedient Carci got up a Spanish theatre , he playing the part of director aud premier jev . no homme with Manuela as his prima donna . The French were soon weary ol " the dulncss of the Spanish stage , ; embarrassments ensued , Carci became
melancholy and morose , and the vivid affection of Donna Manuela faded into coldness . A certain Don Ximcno , a refugee captain also , became one of the actors , and lived on terms of intimacy with Carci and Manuela . The latter , disgusted by the treatment she received from Carci , transferred her attachment to Ximcno . Carci treated the lady with so much severity that the magistrate was obliged to interpose his paternal authority to restore peace and effect reconciliation between them . Challenges were frequently interchanged and accepted between Carci nnd Ximcno , butthe kind and judicious intervention of their mutual friends always prevented their crossing then * swords . At length Manuela completely abandoned Carci , and Jived in the closest intimacy with Ilia rival . This was two much lor Carci to bear ; and seeing ' them one evening in June walking together in the Place Royale , he hastened home , disguised himself in one of the dresses of his theatre , and . _ roin _ r m _ t
again , overlook them under the arcade of the Rue Bab-d-Oued . Stealing behind them , lie first plunged a knife deep into the side of Ximcno , and then stabbed Manuela in the breast . In the murderous act his disguise partly fell off , and he was recognised , not onl y by his victims , but by others also . Ximeno ' s wound was deep , and ho expired of it very shortly , - but that of Manuela was slight and did not put her life in any danger . Carci , having more fear of the officers of Justice than ofthe wild Arabs , fled on foot to Oran , where he found a Spanish vessel , and prevailed upon its commander to carry him to Gibraltar . Being , however , without means of subsistence , he was , according to the hard rules of the rock , refused an asylum upon it , and forced to seek another , but in what region is not known , as his own country is closed against him . He therefore probably , remains ignorant that the tribunal oi Algiers has , in default ofhis appearance to defend himself , passed sentence of deatli upon him
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Citation
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Northern Star (1837-1852), Oct. 25, 1845, page 7, in the Nineteenth-Century Serials Edition (2008; 2018) ncse.ac.uk/periodicals/ns/issues/ns3_25101845/page/7/
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